DOT/FAA/CT-96/1

HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN GUIDE

FAA Technical Center

For Acquisition of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Subsystems,

Non-Developmental Items, and
Developmental Systems

Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405

Dan Wagner, ACT-530

Joseph A. Birt
Michael Snyder
System Resources Corporation (SRC)
James P. Duncanson
CTA INCORPORATED

January 15, 1996

Final Report and Guide

This document is available to the public through the

National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia 22161

US Department
of Transportation

Federal Aviation
Administration

Office of the Chief Scientific

and Technical Advisor for
Human Factors
AAR 100

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Technical Report Documentation Page

1. Report No.
DOT/FAA/CT-96/1

2. Government Accession No.

3. Recipients Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle

HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN GUIDE (HFDG)
For Acquisition of Commercial Off-The-Shelf Subsystems, Non-Developmental
Items, and Developmental Systems

5. Report Date

7. Author(s)

8. Performing Organization Report No.

Dan Wagner (ACT-530), Joseph A. Birt and Michael D. Snyder (SRC), and James
P. Duncanson (CTA)

DOT/FAA/CT-96/1

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

10. Work Unit No (TRAILS)

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Aviation Administration Technical Center
Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405

11. Contract or Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Aviation Administration Headquarters
Program Management & Planning Division
800 Independence Avenue, SW
Washington, DC 20591

Technical Report

January 15, 1996

6. Performing Organization Code

ACT-500

F2203C

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

ALM-100

15. Supplementary Notes: This work was accomplished under the direction of Dan Wagner, ACT-530, as part of the FAA=s Airway Facilities

Human Factors R,E & D Program. The Program is sponsored by Brenda Boone, ALM-100, and managed by Lawrence Cole, AAR-100.
Technical consultation was provided by Kermit Grayson.
16. Abstract

The Human Factors Design Guide (HFDG) provides reference information to assist in the selection, analysis, design, development, and
evaluation of new and modified Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) systems and equipment. A preliminary edition was a draft
standard developed at the Human Factors Laboratory of the FAA Technical Center. This 1996 edition converts the preliminary draft
document to a guide and incorporates expert comments that were collected in 1994 and 1995 from selected reviewers. It is primarily
focused on FAA ground systems and equipment such as those that are managed and maintained by Airway Facilities. This guide covers
a broad range of human factors topics that pertain to automation, maintenance, human interfaces, workplace design, documentation,
system security, safety, the environment, and anthropometry. This document also includes extensive human-computer interface
guidance.

17. Key Words

18. Distribution Statement

Human factors, Human-equipment interfaces, Human-computer interfaces,

maintenance automation, design for maintenance, workplace design, user
documentation, system security, personnel safety, environment

This document is available to the public through the

National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161

19. Security Classif. (of this report)

20. Security Classif. (of this page)

21. No of pages

Unclassified
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72)

Unclassified

1012

Reproduction of completed page authorized

22. Price

HFDG

Foreword

Foreword
The Human Factors Design Guide (HFDG) for Acquisition of
Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) Subsystems, NonDevelopmental Items (NDI), and Developmental Systems is a
comprehensive reference tool that will help human factors
professionals within the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
and contractor organizations to efficiently carry out FAA human
factors policy.
A preliminary edition of the present document was a draft
standard developed at the Human Factors Laboratory of the FAA
Technical Center. This 1996 edition converts the preliminary
draft document to a guide and incorporates expert comments that
were collected in 1994 from selected reviewers.
FAA Order 9550.8, Human Factors Policy, states that:
Human factors shall be systematically integrated into the
planning and execution functions of all FAA elements and
activities associated with system acquisition and system
operations. FAA endeavors shall emphasize human
factors considerations to enhance system performance and
capitalize upon the relative strengths of people and
machines. . .
The Acquisition Strategy Paper required by the new FAA
Acquisition Management System, April, 1997, states that:
. . . human factors will be considered during architectural
and engineering design to achieve effective human
performance during operations, maintenance, and support.
The HFDG was developed by the Aviation Simulation and
Human Factors Division at the FAA Technical Center to
consolidate and capitalize upon multiple sources of human
factors design and evaluation guidelines. It provides FAA system
modernization programs access to the most applicable human
factors guidance. This guide is intended to overcome the
imitations associated with using other design standards in an
FAA environment.
Application of this design guide is not a substitute for in-depth
professional human factors practice. The Acquisition
Management System also refers to a military human factors
process standard, MIL-STD-46855, which calls for planning
human factors activities and procedures. Both human factors
acquisition guidelines and processes are to be professionally
applied. The use of the HFDG requires expert professional
judgment on its application to new systems and equipment.
This document compiles extensive guidance from diverse and
exhaustive sources for human factors applications integral to the
procurement, acquisition, design, development, and testing of
FAA systems, facilities, and equipment. It will aid in identifying

January 15, 1996

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center i

Foreword

HFDG
functional, product, and NAS specification requirements and in
ensuring acceptable human factors practice and products.
This edition of the HFDG is applicable to COTS and NDI
procurements as well as new developmental system or equipment
acquisitions. The relationship between hardware and software
subsystems and the human subsystems characteristics must be
determined and tested in advance of commitments to procure and
implement COTS and NDI equipment and systems. These
characteristics can include human roles, organizations, interfaces,
tasks, training, and human performance effectiveness.
This version of the HFDG remains primarily focused upon FAA
ground systems and equipment such as those that are managed
and maintained by Airway Facilities. Although good human
factors practices and principles apply to all FAA systems, this
guide is not directed at special considerations in Air Traffic
Control operations, aircraft maintenance, aircraft or airborne
equipment certification, or FAAs regulatory certification for
aviation personnel, although many of the HFDG provisions apply
to those environments. Future editions will more directly address
these areas of NAS development and operations.
The HFDG draws heavily from human factors information
published by the Department of Defense, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, and Department of Energy. The FAA
recognizes the excellent quality of information found in many of
the technical documents and handbooks written by these
agencies.
Request for feedback comments. Comments for corrections or
improvements are welcome. Comments can be made at any time
by using the form at the end of the document.

ii

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center

January 15, 1996

HFDG

Contents

Contents
Foreword

...............................................................................................................

Contents

...............................................................................................................

iii

List of exhibits

...............................................................................................................

vii

1 Introduction

................................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Purpose ..........................................................................................................
Objectives ......................................................................................................
Scope .............................................................................................................
Format ...........................................................................................................

1-1
1-1
1-1
1-3

2 Complementary documents ........................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 Government documents ................................................................................. 2-1
2.2 Nongovernment documents ........................................................................... 2-6

3 Definitions

................................................................................................................. 3-1

4 General design requirements ..................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Principles for designing systems and equipment ........................................... 4-1
4.2 Human performance ...................................................................................... 4-2
4.3 System interactions ........................................................................................ 4-4

5 Maintenance automation ............................................................................................. 5-1

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10

General goals and principles .......................................................................... 5-1

Human-centered automation ..........................................................................5-3
Process control lessons................................................................................... 5-9
Command, control, and communications..................................................... 5-13
System engineering ......................................................................................5-17
Human interfaces for maintenance automation............................................ 5-18
Monitoring.................................................................................................... 5-19
Control of remote maintenance ....................................................................5-24
Maintenance management information........................................................ 5-25
Additional technical and maintenance information considerations ............. 5-28

6 Designing equipment for maintenance ....................................................................6-1

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
January 15, 1996

General .......................................................................................................... 6-1

Designing equipment for handling ................................................................ 6-5
Packaging, arrangement, and mounting of equipment................................. 6-13
Access openings ........................................................................................... 6-23
Covers, guards, and shields ..........................................................................6-28
Cases ............................................................................................................ 6-34
Fasteners ...................................................................................................... 6-38
Connectors ....................................................................................................6-47
Lines and cables ........................................................................................... 6-56
FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center iii

Contents

HFDG
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

Packaging, layout, and mounting of internal components.............................6-71

Adjustment controls ......................................................................................6-80
Failure detection and isolation ......................................................................6-81
Fuses and circuit breakers .............................................................................6-83
Test points and service points .......................................................................6-89
Test equipment ..............................................................................................6-93
Tools............................................................................................................6-100

7 Human-equipment interfaces.......................................................................................7-1
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6

Display-control integration..............................................................................7-1
Visual displays ................................................................................................7-6
Audio displays...............................................................................................7-42
Controls .........................................................................................................7-53
Labeling and marking....................................................................................7-96
Accommodating people with disabilities ....................................................7-101

8 Human-computer interfaces .........................................................................................8-1

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

User-computer interaction...............................................................................8-1
Basic screen design and operation.................................................................8-40
Windowing ....................................................................................................8-54
Data entry ......................................................................................................8-85
Data display.................................................................................................8-101
User guidance..............................................................................................8-125
Data communication ...................................................................................8-130
Input devices................................................................................................8-136
Accommodating people with disabilities ....................................................8-149

9 Workplace design .............................................................................................................9-1

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7

General ............................................................................................................9-1
Workplace layout ............................................................................................9-3
Design of passageways....................................................................................9-8
Common working positions ..........................................................................9-31
Standard console design ................................................................................9-43
Visual display terminals ................................................................................9-52
Accommodating people with disabilities: accessible
elements and space ........................................................................................9-53

10 User documentation ....................................................................................................10-1

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6

General ..........................................................................................................10-1
Writing user documentation ..........................................................................10-3
Layout and formatting.................................................................................10-19
Components of documents ..........................................................................10-31
Specific user document contents .................................................................10-48
Accommodating people with disabilities ....................................................10-66

11 System security..............................................................................................................11-1
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

iv

General design practice .................................................................................11-1

Physical security and access control..............................................................11-3
Identification and authentication...................................................................11-4
Auditing.........................................................................................................11-9

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center

January 15, 1996

HFDG

Contents
11.5 Information and data protection ....................................................................11-9
11.6 Documentation of security safeguards ........................................................11-11
11.7 Security training ..........................................................................................11-11

12 Personnel safety ............................................................................................................12-1

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16

General ..........................................................................................................12-1
Work space safety..........................................................................................12-1
Equipment-related safety...............................................................................12-4
Electrical hazards ..........................................................................................12-5
Physical hazards ..........................................................................................12-13
Liquid and gas hazards................................................................................12-16
Toxic hazards ..............................................................................................12-16
Radiation hazards ........................................................................................12-18
Protection from special chemicals...............................................................12-18
Temperature hazards ...................................................................................12-19
Fire protection .............................................................................................12-20
Noise hazards ..............................................................................................12-21
Explosion and implosion hazards................................................................12-23
Radient energy hazards................................................................................12-24
Laser hazards...............................................................................................12-28
Safety labels and placards ...........................................................................12-29

13 Environment ................................................................................................................13-1
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

General guidelines.........................................................................................13-1
Ventilation.....................................................................................................13-2
Temperature and humidity ............................................................................13-3
Illumination ...................................................................................................13-7
Noise............................................................................................................13-14

14 Anthropometry and biomechanics ........................................................................14-1

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6

General application of anthropometric and biomechanical data ...................14-1

Anthropometric variability factors ..............................................................14-15
Anthropometric and biomechanical data.....................................................14-16
Reach...........................................................................................................14-36
Human strength and handling capacity .......................................................14-42
Design for physical comfort........................................................................14-52

Appendixes
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D

Index

References ...................................................................................................... A-1

Sources ........................................................................................................... B-1
"Standard" actions for push buttons ............................................................... C-1
"Standard" verbs............................................................................................. D-1
...................................................................................................................I-1

Comment forms (3).........................................................................................................after index

January 15, 1996

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center v

Contents

vi

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center

HFDG

January 15, 1996

HFDG

List of exhibits

List of Exhibits
1 Introduction
Exhibit 1.4.2.4

Navigating within the page format ..................................... 1-5

2 Complementary documents
3 Definitions

(This section has no exhibits)

(This section has no exhibits)

4 General design requirements

5 Maintenance automation

(This section has no exhibits)

(This section has no exhibits)

6 Designing equipment for maintenance

Exhibit 6.2.2.1
Exhibit 6.2.5.1.5
Exhibit 6.2.5.3.1
Exhibit 6.2.5.3.2
Exhibit 6.3.5.3.1
Exhibit 6.3.5.5.2
Exhibit 6.3.5.5.3
Exhibit 6.4.3.2
Exhibit 6.4.3.3
Exhibit 6.4.3.4
Exhibit 6.5.7.2
Exhibit 6.7.3.3.2
Exhibit 6.7.3.3.4
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit

January 15, 1996

6.8.2.4
6.8.5.2.3
6.8.5.2.4
6.8.5.2.7
6.9.1.1.13
6.9.1.2.6

Maximum weight limits for objects lifted by

one person using both hands for a combined
male and female population ............................................... 6-6
Maximum force limits for pulling and pushing
units of equipment using handles or grasp
areas ................................................................................... 6-9
Minimum handle dimensions ........................................... 6-10
Minimum handle diameter required by weight
of unit of equipment ......................................................... 6-11
Minimum character height for various viewing
distances ........................................................................... 6-21
Recommended colors ....................................................... 6-22
Good and bad arrows ....................................................... 6-23
Minimum dimensions of openings designed
for access by one or two fingers without
visual access ..................................................................... 6-24
Minimum dimensions of openings designed
for access by one hand or arm without
visual access ..................................................................... 6-25
Minimum dimensions of openings designed
for access by two hands without visual
access ............................................................................... 6-26
Type of covering appropriate for type of
access and environmental conditions ............................... 6-31
Examples of combination head bolts and
screws ............................................................................... 6-42
Example of an internal-wrenching bolt
and nut .............................................................................. 6-43
Example of a quick-action connector ............................... 6-49
Fanning out cables ........................................................... 6-53
Example of a crimp-on splice .......................................... 6-53
Examples of a U-lug and an O-lug ................................... 6-53
Cable winders ................................................................... 6-58
Recoiling slack cable ....................................................... 6-60

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center vii

List of exhibits
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit
Exhibit

HFDG
Quick-release clamps, hinged and spring .........................
Line and cable reel carts ...................................................
Line and cable mobile support .........................................
Electrical cable coding .....................................................
Values for color-coded fixed resistors and
small capacitors ................................................................
6.9.2.1.3
Externally visible seals .....................................................
6.9.2.4.1
Color coding of fluid conductors .....................................
6.9.2.4.2
Valve color coding scheme ..............................................
6.9.2.4.3
Hydraulic and pneumatic line coding ..............................
6.9.2.4.5
Valve position labeling ....................................................
6.10.4.1
Example of fold-out mounting construction ....................
6.10.4.7
Error-free mounting provisions ........................................
6.13.1.1
General comparison of fuses and circuit
breakers ............................................................................
6.13.3.1
Push-pull circuit breaker specifications ...........................
6.13.4.1
Toggle bat specifications .................................................
6.13.4.2
Legend switch specifications ...........................................
6.14.2.13
Terminal strips .................................................................
6.14.4.4 (a) Test plug with sliding cover .............................................
6.14.4.4 (b) Test point adapter .............................................................
6.9.1.5.3
6.9.1.6.6
6.9.1.6.8
6.9.1.8.4
6.9.1.8.7

6-62
6-63
6-64
6-65
6-66
6-66
6-69
6-69
6-70
6-70
6-76
6-77
6-84
6-86
6-87
6-88
6-90
6-92
6-92

7 Human-equipment interfaces
Exhibit 7.2.1.6.3
Exhibit 7.2.1.6.8

Lines of sight ....................................................................

Optimum vertical and horizontal visual
fields .................................................................................
Exhibit 7.2.2.1.20
Color coding of transilluminated displays .......................
Coding of simple indicator lights .....................................
Exhibit 7.2.2.3.3
Characteristics and ratings of fixed and
Exhibit 7.2.3.1
moveable pointer scales for various uses .........................
Exhibit 7.2.4.6.2
Minimum alphanumeric character height; as a
fraction of viewing distance and, at a viewing
distance of 457 mm (18 in) ..............................................
Exhibit 7.2.8.1.3
Stroke width for pixel-generated characters ....................
Exhibit 7.2.8.1.4
Height-width relationship for pixel-generated
characters .........................................................................
Exhibit 7.2.9
Characteristics and ratings of counters,
printers, and flags for various uses ...................................
Characteristics and ratings of audio signals
Exhibit 7.3.1.3
for various uses ................................................................
Exhibit 7.3.5.6.2
Speech intelligibility criteria for various
communication requirements and evaluation
methods ............................................................................
Exhibit 7.4.1.1.5 (a) Characteristics of common controls for
discrete adjustment ...........................................................
Exhibit 7.4.1.1.5 (b) Characteristics of common controls for
continuous adjustment .....................................................
Exhibit 7.4.1.1.6
Advantages and disadvantages of common
controls .............................................................................
Exhibit 7.4.1.3.7
Minimum spacing between controls ................................
Exhibit 7.4.1.4.1
Advantages and disadvantages of different
types of coding .................................................................
Exhibit 7.4.3.1
Foot-operated switch specifications .................................

viii

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center

7-11
7-12
7-16
7-17
7-19
7-26
7-33
7-34
7-38
7-43
7-53
7-54
7-55
7-56
7-59
7-60
7-64

January 15, 1996

HFDG

List of exhibits

Exhibit 7.4.4.1.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.2.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.3.8
Exhibit 7.4.4.4.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.5.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.5.5
Exhibit 7.4.4.6.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.7.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.8.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.10.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.11.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.12.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.13.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.14.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.16.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.18.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.22.1
Exhibit 7.4.4.24.1
Exhibit 7.5.3.1
Exhibit 7.6.3.2

Rotary selector switch specifications ............................... 7-66

Key-operated switch specifications .................................. 7-67
Discrete thumbwheel specifications ................................. 7-69
Knob specifications .......................................................... 7-71
Ganged control knob specifications ................................. 7-72
Relationship between ganged knobs and
their associated displays ................................................... 7-73
Continuous thumbwheel specifications ........................... 7-74
Crank specifications ......................................................... 7-76
Push button specifications ................................................ 7-77
Toggle switch specifications ............................................ 7-80
Legend switch specifications ........................................... 7-81
Rocker switch specifications ............................................ 7-83
Slide switch specifications ............................................... 7-84
Push-pull control specifications ....................................... 7-86
Lever specifications ......................................................... 7-88
Finger-operated displacement joystick
specifications .................................................................... 7-91
Ball control specifications ................................................ 7-93
High-force hand control specifications ............................ 7-95
Minimum character height for various
viewing distances under normal luminance levels ........... 7-99
Maximum force requirements for people with
arthritis or muscular dystrophy ...................................... 7-110

8 Human-computer interfaces
Exhibit 8.1.2.2
Exhibit 8.1.8.1
Exhibit 8.1.15.2.7
Exhibit 8.1.15.3.1
Exhibit 8.2.4.1.4
Exhibit 8.2.4.1.20
Exhibit 8.3.7.2.9
Exhibit 8.3.10.1.11
Exhibit 8.4.6.1.2
Exhibit 8.5.5.4.4
Exhibit 8.5.5.4.5
Exhibit 8.8
Exhibit 8.8.1.5
Exhibit 8.8.3.2.5
Exhibit 8.8.3.6.1
Exhibit 8.8.4.2.5

Maximum system response times for routine

system tasks ........................................................................ 8-5
Appropriateness of interaction types for
various task requirements, system
characteristics, and user abilities ...................................... 8-17
Example of a default push button .................................... 8-38
Two types of radio button sets ......................................... 8-39
Discriminable colors and their wavelengths .................... 8-51
Luminance contrast ratios for various conditions ............ 8-53
Example of mnemonics and accelerators ......................... 8-66
Example of a control window .......................................... 8-75
Examples of better and worse graphics
cursors .............................................................................. 8-99
Examples of acceptable and unacceptable
patterns ........................................................................... 8-111
Example of axes with breaks ......................................... 8-111
Advantages and disadvantages of non-keyboard
input devices .................................................................. 8-136
Cursor movement keys ................................................... 8-139
Dimensions of a mouse .................................................. 8-142
Pointer shapes associated with functions ....................... 8-145
Touch panel responsive area dimensions ....................... 8-148

9 Workplace design
Exhibit 9.2.2.1.2
Exhibit 9.3.1.1
Exhibit 9.3.4.2.1

January 15, 1996

Access space through integral design ................................ 9-6

Walkway and passageway dimensions .............................. 9-9
Door dimensions .............................................................. 9-14

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center ix

List of exhibits

HFDG

Exhibit 9.3.4.6.1

Whole body access dimensions ........................................ 9-18

Exhibit 9.3.5.1.1
Exhibit 9.3.5.3.1
Exhibit 9.3.5.3.3
Exhibit 9.3.5.4.1
Exhibit 9.3.5.5.1

9-19
9-22
9-22
9-24

Selection ...........................................................................
Critical dimensions for ramps ..........................................
Combined ramp and stairs ...............................................
Design requirements for stairs dimensions ......................
Design requirements for stair ladder
dimensions .......................................................................
Exhibit 9.3.5.6.1
Design requirements for fixed ladders .............................
Exhibit 9.3.5.6.2
Design requirements for fixed ladder
cage dimensions ...............................................................
Exhibit 9.3.5.7.1 (a) Design requirements for portable step
ladders ..............................................................................
Exhibit 9.3.5.7.1 (b) Design requirements for portable rung
ladders ..............................................................................
Anthropometric data for common working
Exhibit 9.4.1
positions ...........................................................................
Exhibit 9.4.2.2
Mobile work space dimensions and
illustrations .......................................................................
Exhibit 9.4.3.1
Standing workplace illustration and
dimensions .......................................................................
Exhibit 9.4.4.4
Seated workplace dimensions and
illustrations .......................................................................
Exhibit 9.4.4.10
Swing-away seat for short term use .................................
Exhibit 9.5.1.1 (a) Standard console dimensions ...........................................
Exhibit 9.5.1.1 (b) Standard console illustration and
dimensions key .................................................................
Exhibit 9.5.2
Example of horizontal wrap-around console ...................
Exhibit 9.5.3
Example of vertical stacked segments .............................
Exhibit 9.5.4.1
Basic and variations of multiperson console
arrangements with an example control room
arrangement ......................................................................
Exhibit 9.5.4.2
Concepts of functional reach arc and
equidistant visual arc for a stand console .........................
Exhibit 9.5.4.4
Recommended placement areas for controls
and displays on vertical and stand
consoles ............................................................................

9-25
9-27
9-28
9-29
9-30
9-32
9-37
9-39
9-41
9-43
9-44
9-45
9-46
9-47
9-48
9-50
9-52

10 User documentation
Exhibit 10.3.2.1.3
Exhibit 10.4

Margin sizes for standard paper sizes ............................

FAA directives and order of document
components ....................................................................
Exhibit 10.4.1.2
Type sizes for cover page elements ...............................
Exhibit 10.4.12.3 (a) User feedback form -- Front ...........................................
Exhibit 10.4.12.3 (b) User feedback form Back ............................................

11 System security

10-21
10-32
10-34
10-46
10-47

(This section has no exhibits)

12 Personnel safety
Exhibit 12.2.1.8
Exhibit 12.4
Exhibit 12.4.1.3
Exhibit 12.4.1.9

Specific task illumination requirements ........................... 12-3

Shock current intensities and their effects ............................... 12-6
Proof test values for protective gloves ............................. 12-7
An interlock switch .......................................................... 12-8

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center

January 15, 1996

HFDG

List of exhibits
Exhibit 12.4.3.3

Automatic shorting bar .................................................. 12-10

Exhibit 12.4.4.6
Exhibit 12.5.1.4 (a)

Equipment grounding .....................................................

Rolling edges of sheets less than 0.5 mm
(0.02 in) thick .................................................................
Exhibit 12.5.1.4 (b) Rounding exposed edges 0.5 up to 3.0 mm
(0.02 up to 0.12 in ) thick ...............................................
Exhibit 12.5.1.4 (c) Rounding exposed edges 3.0 up to 6.4 mm
(0.12 up to 0.25 in) thick ................................................
Exhibit 12.5.1.4 (d) Rounding of exposed edges 6.4 mm
(0.25 in) thick or greater ................................................
Exhibit 12.5.1.5 (a) Requirements for rounding of corners less
than 25 mm (1.0 in) thick ...............................................
Exhibit 12.5.1.5 (b) Requirements for rounding of corners
greater than 25 mm (1.0 in) thick ...................................
Upper and lower temperature limit ranges .....................
Exhibit 12.10.1
Exhibit 12.12.8
Permissible noise exposure ............................................
Exhibit 12.14.1.1
Exposure limit for ultraviolet radiant energy
(200 to 315 nm) ..............................................................
Exhibit 12.14.3
Relative contribution of different
wavelengths to luminance -- the
luminosity function ........................................................
Exhibit 12.14.3.1
Maximum safe exposure to 400-1400 nm
radiant energy .................................................................
Exhibit 12.14.3.4
Estimation of permissible image luminance ..................
Exhibit 12.16.2
Label and placard layout--two panel sign
with optional symbol panel ............................................

12-12
12-13
12-14
12-14
12-14
12-14
12-15
12-20
12-23
12-25
12-26
12-26
12-27
12-30

13 Environment
Exhibit 13.2.3
Exhibit 13.3
Exhibit 13.3.1
Exhibit 13.4.2.2
Exhibit 13.4.6.3
Exhibit 13.5.1.1

Large enclosure ventilation .............................................. 13-2

Comfort zone chart .......................................................... 13-4
Deriving effective temperature ........................................ 13-5
Specific task illumination requirements ........................... 13-9
Required brightness ratios .............................................. 13-13
Permissible exposure limits ........................................... 13-15

14 Anthropometry and biomechanics

Exhibit 14.1.4.7
Exhibit 14.1.5.1
Exhibit 14.3.2.1
Exhibit 14.3.2.1
Exhibit 14.3.2.1
Exhibit 14.3.2.1
Exhibit 14.3.2.1
Exhibit 14.3.3.2.1
Exhibit 14.3.3.2.2

January 15, 1996

Additive effects of clothing on

anthropometric measures ...............................................
Percentile values ............................................................
Static human physical characteristics
(head) .............................................................................
Static human physical characteristics
(seated) ...........................................................................
Static human physical characteristics
(standing) .......................................................................
Static human physical characteristics
(hands) ............................................................................
Static human physical characteristics
(standing position) .........................................................
Joint movement ranges ..................................................
Change in range of joint movement with
movement in an adjacent joint .......................................

14-11
14-13
14-18
14-22
14-26
14-29
14-30
14-32
14-35

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center xi

List of exhibits
Exhibit 14.4.2
Exhibit 14.4.4 (a)
Exhibit 14.4.4 (b)
Exhibit 14.4.4 (c)
Exhibit 14.5.2.1
Exhibit 14.5.3.1
Exhibit 14.5.3.2

xii

HFDG
Reach envelopes in vertical and
horizontal planes ............................................................
Touch, grip, and grasp functions that
interact with arm reach ...................................................
Thumb and forefinger grasp boundary data
for females in the 46 cm and 61 cm
horizontal planes ............................................................
Thumb and forefinger grasp boundary data
for females in the 0 and -15 cm vertical
planes .............................................................................
Male muscle strength of the arm, hand, and
thumb for control forces (5th percentile
values) ............................................................................
Horizontal push and pull forces that can
be exerted .......................................................................
Static muscle strength data for vertical pull
exertions .........................................................................

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center

14-37
14-38
14-40
14-41
14-44
14-47
14-49

January 15, 1996