Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Mar
ks
1
1
4.
The oxidation state of P in PCl5 is +5 it cannot increase its oxidation state beyond
+5 but it can decrease from +5 to +3.
5.
6.
Iodobenzene
Schottky defect
It is shown by ionic substances in which the cation and anion are of almost similar
sizes. / ionic substances having high coordination number.
The plot is nearly a straight line and can be extrapolated to zero concentration(i.e.
from the intercept) to find the value of 0m = 150.0 S cm2 mol-1
1
1
1
7.
[ mc = m0 - A c ]
y
A = - slope =
x
150.0 147.0
=
0.034
8.
r = 125 pm, a = ?
for fcc structure r
2 2
a 125 x 2 x 1.414
= 353.5 pm
9.
(i)
1
(ii)
OR
(i)
(ii)
10.
Tf i K f m
i
Tf
Kf m
Tf = 0 (-0.24) = 0.24 0
Molar mass of KCl = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5 u
substituting the values
i = 1.92
is the degree of dissociation
i=1+
=1.92 1 = 0.92
Percentage dissociation = 92 %
12.
Hydraulic washing:
Principle involved: differences in gravities of the ore and the gangue particles
e.g.oxide ores ( haematite), native ores Au, Ag (any one example)
Zone refining:
Principle involved: the impurities are more soluble in the melt than in the solid
state of the metal.
e.g. germanium, silicon, boron, gallium and indium (any one example)
(i)
A warm solution is obtained on mixing the two liquids A and B indicate that the
process of mixing is exothermic. ( H mixing = - ve). So the solution shows a
negative deviation from the Raoults law.
The forces of interaction between A and B molecules are more than in the A-A and B-B
molecules. So the partial vapour pressure of each component will be less and the
partial vapour pressure of the solution will also be less than that from the Raoults law.
(ii)
13.
i=0
i=2
i =4
Ecell 2.71
0.0591
[ Mg 2 ]
log
2
[Cu 2 ]
0.0591
[10 3 ]
log
2
[10 4 ]
Ecell = 2.68 V
Ecell increases with the increase in the concentration of Cu2+ ions and decrease in the
concentration of Mg 2+ ions.
(ii)
(iii)
Nernst equation:
0
E cell E cell
14.
(i)
1
1
15.
(i)
Mn has the configuration 3d54s 2. Hence the configuration of Mn2+ in [MnBr4]2- is 3d5.
Mn2+
3d
4s
Since it is tetrahedral in shape, the hybridization is sp3.
There are five unpaired electrons.
4p
(ii)
(
+)
[Pt(NH3)BrCl(NO2)](iii)
16.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
17.
(i)
When silver nitrate solution is added to potassium iodide solution, a precipitate of silver
iodide is formed which adsorbs iodide ions from the dispersion medium and a
negatively charged colloidal solution is formed.
As the size of the gold sol particles increases, the colour of the solution changes from red to
purple, then blue and finally golden because the colour of colloidal solution depends on
the wavelength of the light scattered by the dispersed particles and wavelength
further depends on the size of the particles.
When oppositely charged sols are mixed in almost equal proportions, neutralization of
their charges occur and precipitation occurs.
Cl
The para-isomer
Cl
Cl
has the highest melting point as compared to their ortho- and metaisomers.
The para-isomer is more symmetrical and fits into the crystal lattice better, as a result
intermolecular forces are stronger, higher temperature required to melt the paraisomer.
(iii)
18.
A (C7H6O)
NaOH
B (C7H8O)
[O]
NaOH + CaO
A
D
(A) undergoes disproportionation in presence of an alkali (Cannizzaro reaction) so there is
no hydrogen.
(C) undergoes decarboxylation.
CHO
CH2OH
C
COONa
D
CH2OH
CHO
NaOH
COONa
COONa
NaOH + CaO
C
19.
(a)
(i)
Chemical test
Methylamine
(10 aliphatic amine)
Dimethylamine
(20 aliphatic amine)
Carbylamine test:
To 1 ml of the organic
compound add an alcoholic
solution of KOH and CHCl3
(ii)
Chemical test
Azo dye test:
To 1mL of the organic
compound add HNO2
(NaNO2 + dil. HCl) at 273278 K. then add an alkaline
solution of naphathol to
the solution.
(b)
Aniline
(10 aromatic amine)
Benzylamine
(10 aliphatic amine)
No dye obtained
CH3-CH-CH3
NH2
No reaction for 20 and 30 amines
20 amine: CH3-NH-C2H5
30 amine:
CH3-N-CH3
CH3
20.
(a)
(i)
When acid chloride is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium sulphate they are
reduced to the corresponding aldehydes. This reaction is called Rosenmund reduction.
CHO
COCl
H2
Pd - BaSO4
Benzoyl chloride
(ii)
(b)
Benzaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Di-tert-butyl ketone
: CH3CHO
: CH3COCH3
: (CH3)3C-CO-C(CH3)3
1
CH3-CH2-COOH
CH3-CH-COOH
(ii) H2O
CH3
Cl
CHO
(i) CS2
(ii)
+ CrO2Cl2
(ii) H3O+
Benzoic acid
(b)
COOH
4-Nitrobenzoic acid
O2 N
4-Methoxybenzoic acid
COOH
COOH
CH3O
4-Methoxybenzoic acid < Benzoic acid <
21.
(i)
4-Nitrobenzoic acid
Buta-1,3diene : CH2=CH-CH=CH2
and Acrylonitrile : CH2=CH(CN)
(either name or structure)
(ii)
(iii)
22.
(i)
(ii)
-D-Glucopyranose
6
CH2OH
H
H
OH
HO
23.
(a)
(i)
OH
OH
2
H
(iii)
O H
Critical thinking
Social responsibility
(or any other two reasons)
1
1
(ii)
24.
(a)
HBr
H SO
2
4
CH3CH2CH2-OH
CH3CH=CH2
CH3-CH(Br)-CH3
Heat
(b)
(i)
aq. KOH
CH3-CH(OH)-CH3
Propan-2-ol
Propanol
SOCl
2
CH3CH2CH2-OH
CH3CH2CH2-Cl
NaOH
CH3CH2CH2-ONa
(ii)
OH
conc. HNO3
NO2
O 2N
(c)
NO2
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
OR
The mechanism of the reaction of HI with methoxymethane involves the following steps:
Step I : protonation of ether molecule
(a)
Step III : when HI is in excess and the reaction is carried out at high temperature, methanol
formed in the second step reacts with another molecule of HI and is converted to methyl
iodide.
1
Methyl iodide
ONa
OH
(b)
COOH
(i)
+
A : CH3CHO
B : CH3-CH(OH)-CH3
(ii)
OC2H5
OC2H5
conc. HNO3
conc. H2SO4
O 2N
1- Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene
(c)
25.
(a)
A : MnO2
B : K2MnO4
C : KMnO4
Mn3+ and Co3+ are the strongest oxidizing agents from the data given.
(ii)
Copper (I) compounds are unstable in aqueous solution and undergo disproportionation
2 Cu+ Cu2+ + Cu
Cu2+ (aq) is more stable than Cu+ because it has high negative hydrH0as compared to Cu+.
(iii)
The highest oxidation state of a metal is exhibited in its oxide as oxygen has the ability to
form multiple bonds to metal atoms.
OR
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
26.
(i)
2+
+ 14 H + 6 Fe
2 Cr
1
3+
3+
+ 6 Fe
7 H2O
The third series (5d elements) of the transition elements have the highest first ionization
enthalpy ( Hf to Au).
This is because of the poor shielding of the nucleus by the 4f electrons in the 5d elements
which results in greater effective nuclear charge on the valence electrons.
Due to the lanthanoid contraction the change in the ionic radii in the lanthanoids is very
small, their chemical properties are similar, so the separation is difficult.
For a chemical reaction with rise in temperature by 100, the rate constant is nearly doubled.
(T2 = T 1 + 10 0)
Increasing the temperature of the substance increases the fraction of molecules which
collide with energies greater than Ea (activation energy)
As the temperature increases (T2) , the fraction of molecules having energy equal to or
greater than activation energy gets doubled leading to doubling the rate of reaction.
k = A e-Ea/ RT
Ea
28000 K
RT
T
Ea = 232.79 kJ / mol
OR
(i)
t 99 %
2.303
a
2.303
2.303
log
log 10 2 2 x
k
a 0.99a
k
k
t 90 %
2.303
a
2.303
2.303
log
log 10
k
a 0.90a
k
k
From the graph it is evident that the concentration of R decreases linearly with time,
therefore the order with respect to R is zero.
[R ]0
2.303
log
k
[R ]
t3
4
t3
4
3
1
a a
4
4
2.303
a
log
1
k
a
4
2.303
log 4
2.54 x 10 3
= 545 s