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As

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logic methods
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a whole, a distinct science

methods
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its refusal to

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27
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1383

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1838

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Com-j?im?!j7)

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ti

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ths position as the negation of negs-

the actual ^hase s^cessar)

is

sta^e of hi*!' rica! development In the

KARL
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'

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veisa.

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Tha law >f the 'negation of the negation.
All
irters la*vj

RnciriiK

L..*

--f

iree are

developed by He^ei in his idealist fashtoB as

thought; the 1st in the 1st part of Ms Logic, in the

Bdnp, the i*oond fills the whole of the second and by

far the most important part of his Logic, the Doctrine of Essence;
finaUv the tb^rci figures as the fundamental law forthe ccostrucHon
.

ot

..... .......

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..

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3Sr>,* I860

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:

Enge3s talks about the three categories

but

for

as

me

do'nt believe in two of those categories. The jtixta position, on

level, of the transformation of quantity and qualify into
one another, ths negation of the negation and thj law of the unity
I

ihe fame

of the pposites is tripiism, not monism. The most basic thing is

ihc unity of opposite*?. The transformation of quantity and quality,
into one another is the uaity uf theiopposiics, quantity ard quality.
There is no such thing s the negation of negation. Affirmation,
"'

" "

.......

"

''

^^^

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..

----

____

------__________

^^ __ ^

rn_

Gc\c;opm .i:t of thing?.

in
the
chain
of
events
is
both
affirmation
fend Begadon.
Everylink
Socialism too will te eliminated, it \\ouid not do if n were act
eliminated for then there would be no comrauLisxn .... v,e say that
ihs end of mankind is something which will produce something
more advanced than mankind/'
negation

aifirniuiiun,

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at the

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is the essence of

book on Hcrachtus)

COONtTJON
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of

duiictics as a rule receives inadequate attention (c. . Flekhaocv)

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example, a seed, for examplf, primitiv-e coonr.unism. The same is

true of EngeJs. But with hiii, it is in the interests cf popuiaris-ition)" and not as a law of knowledge (acd as a law cf objective

world)

"*"

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knowledge of all processes of the?

self movement....is the knowledge of them as a unit>
Development is the struggle of opposites ...The unity

The condition
worli in their
of opposites.

for the

of Dpposites is conditional, temporary,

struggle of mutually exclusive opposites

lopment and motion and absolute

Dialectics

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is

is

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absolute,

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deve-

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...

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f the
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ths side of the matter

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50

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^Mathematics

is indeed a formal The

logical apparatus.
of
mathematical logic-pricisely because of Its purely
apparatus
formal character has served as the theoretical basis for the creation

of modern computing techniques .

It is

rather widely accepted that

mathematics

identical with formal logic....This view was

given
expressioh in Bertrand Russel, that logic is the

matics

and math ematica

the- maturity

of logic/*

in

general

most consistent
youth of matheits

CT"

ecsTl "But

an

te

thia

taken as d a* a

*oL aliniui scbace ia

of

inco;rect view

us

"D

spite tend to

chjracterof formal
es,

vi

L
and therry

S)g

some extent thanks to) the circumscribed

has had treraeadous conse-

logic, its application

h are already engulfing the social sphere as well

hi-

L (Lenin's definition of logic -dialectics

as a unity) tikes account of the legitimate

g c with c^Dirai
<

know edge

rghts of fo-mal

But

dialectics, like logic and theory of

knowledge
the deveopment of scientific cogaitton. The role of formal
logic in the
advance of cognition is most clearly revealed in
mathematics,
especially when applied to the processing of data supplied by the
uther sciences " (Marxist Dialctics and Scientific
logic.

bring?? />ut

the true role of formal logic in

Discovery.

"Some problems

of Dialeetical Logic"

w$

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z*&"&S

"The

of Marxist-Leninist philosophy regarded *it

(formal logic) as simpler than dialectical logic but this does not
signify any britttiment of formal logic, any suggestion that it if
primitive

or
8

classics

elementary

in

the

wont

sense

of

the

term/*

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itf,

>

s'rf?

21

"In recent years, new methods ef

cogaition that

.applied

m many

sciences have emerged (cybsrmtics,

be

may

semiotics

and

systems approach,..) Indisputably the role of theory and hence of

the logical apparatus of semiotic means of
cognition has increased
to an enormous extent,
Dulictical materialist philosophy does not
deny the role of formal logic methods research/* (Scintific cognit.on IX -day, Its Specific bcatures and Problems.
1917)

s^&.
,

1970S

sjrd^o Leningrad

of

Institute

S*cXfloCoS

V.

1980

Meana and Methods of

Scientific Cognition,

Cybernitic&e>l3

a. 'SoSseSSSN 275

*"
J"

rf

Consciousness, and

99

IV 10

oJ

oJ
.

JDs2[N63p83tfsSbg)

sS

^6,
esisS&'o
,,

^7?
<

ac?c^o
Q

sJ

&

a.

>o&rsio.

"SOD

>
^^

?
u

(1872

8=F*?>3'

,Sc5fc
v*.

fc'tf*
v^

tfasfoXo
u

5,

3
SI-EP

etf*srj.'jei>

;,,

(1977

n^aa^S (Complexes)
"SoS,

>

"

>
(

T have no wish to accuse soviet

philo^opbefs, most of
adopt -*d; ^o und views
S^und of thera, however, and others
who were not philosophers, rejected rather
strongly, as a matter
of fact, the principle of relativity, cybernetics and the
concept of
respnancin chemistry. There were also attempts to provide
philosophical substantiation for the erroneus gcneii^l
biological
theory propounded by Lysenko, Prczent aod others who wished to

wh >m

dictate to science."

&.
r>

963"$ oScS.SS'

^ibr^D^co,

cjoibSS

fc

24

# N,
co

3
o
<6

and technologicd discoveries of recent

q
limes have been made outside the U S. S. R."
sS5^.
A11 the great

scientific
_c

"

CO

N
tJ

0635
CJ

esl: ds 8

^ ^aap

c&orf^tS. CJPO^^CP, ^^6

"S
cS

sSr.

jSStfbfifjo
*

'F?a

a^8owS

6tfotfo &>$'$>
tfr&&c$^&.

^^^o ^
1

Ko^siaj s a a
B

OU

SiSF^cS^cSP, OD003

qtr'oldr

^,

,^^iGc$Go:o &S)S
f

K&QI'&

r?rttig&

I
13

O33^C?

^OrrOcT

"Sc^^CDU*

ic5x

&0&'$:Le'
2)
oL CD

oJ

Si *S
*>

a-

neotfp o\

As
J

Qt research

by philosophers

arad scientists

c$

I960

n*^ OJP

1950

tf

as 8
0-5

lfc4P

1857 t=-B
1870 jys

ea

1938

Journal of Ths

S-.,viet

^b'cbSo

Slb^s,

LJt.ioa

"The msdern bourgeois cosmogony

is

in a

confu%n resalting from its ctncept tht

materialistic concept,
namely
respect to space ?.n<l im?.

rfG3_-. 3 o

Sl*o^c&. as^oo-

^--^ Astronoroicai

the

of the

infinity

state
1

of deep

true diaJett
universe w?th

csSoc-eo. s'o^Sci

"The

hostile work of tiae agents of

Fascism, who at one
time managed to pcneirate to leudiog positions in
certain astronomical and other institutions ?ss wdl us in
press has lead to the
revolting propaganda of counter-revolutionary bourgeois ideolofiv
J
n the literature."

'The Eftpose cf the en mies of the Soviet

people
necessary the develc pment c.f a new Soviet mate* is li&tic

41

makes

wssr

so-

CO

CO

CO

S3

w"

"^^
tO

,^s5oo^O ;'Co;
\*

joyO

o> 5^c<5"

8
fir

^:^
ol
cl

ol

<>>

,
ol

cfc.

if)22

Sfc^&crfO
Se>e9fi
'

j*jfc

10331
.

1938

^jfl6osSo6. gfi"
.

wd&S*

ootfa-

*o

o
c

Sw^ra

cSSs>S

SK

ir&n. cse-

^^

^&'^

SaOteeBTT

atcgi*^.

^^

0.^ S"sir S70.Si';S^

i:

JS

BJi.

(P evolutionary Logician)

Of

- E3

logic)-

sSLsSc-i&o

&

57^.0

eaas

gfi.',

S>g

0&

fe's

(TrenrfoTiner

rdi.

g s^

'Sj5s't:

.oa.

(Lialietic

moment)
ol

(Fa tills exclusion pi

o

28

a.

s-jjoeso

s'

eo&gj_ocS'

28

"<Dc&#oe5&.

flpo3&per

53*5^5

$&;5x>

:5r;>

-:o\>\

Kdo-O.tf
Ocjc5)0.

&&*&>

era-,

*
s,

ar

KO

i'

a.cja

,a

csa

*A RaowJedge of mathematics and natural science is essenth*

to a concept of nature which is dialectical
and at the same
materialistic..^Marx was well versed

time,

mathematics

in

went through as complete as possible a moulting

mattes and natural sciences."

..

ma the

-Anti Duhring.

,:

CD

<

(3

ecu

1924^

C3

sStoSS'S^j

tstirr 70

GOT*
'

63

es^N "ado
r

afiosS)
_c

^S'D
*

COCOF?
**_*

C5oa"i wc&cSSS esZSborf S)"isisiSfco^oi) f

oJ

30

18395^ Great Soviet Biologist

es>oto

ow*e^

(although some biologists doubt

^o?:ocS-.25\iSS"
^>

Oil

his theories)

c
^
J

pa

Si

3<3>o&
w

wo<^)

""'

^3

-3o&

- LV-s$-S|3'^S
^-sS@3p^Sn
B

^r

estf^a
"**

**

CL

^o*Si5<3.

rfsroa

CSOefeb

^C3*0^0.
Q

csodb^o

S^^i"

S^c^Sc?^^
O
Q
^J

(Force)

(Special

3tf

form ot motion) eO

iForce)
estosJofi

csfi

1)5

.
.

r
J

31

(Triad)

1882

/motion

&,a'5-"3>rrt& f

is

71

indestructible)

ol*
.

Src55bo

^0000

&'e
5

"Bo^T

n
CO

LJ
ft

*
d*

C5

SSp SPG

cJ
,

L.

1900-1930
oJ

83

"

L
,

53

CO

tftiorrt

N
cJ-

2)

cS

CSCP

"If only on sccc unt of

clay

not to be dispensed
it must be
mutt come under the concept of matter. But
liglit,

tther of material nature?

t!-

the ether

matt rial camte, it

not aifectcd by g-

It, if

is

exista at a!J,

it is

y
.

sfS*srO. (Gravity as the

mateiiaili>

is

commonly

accepted.)

sSc3c> o

srs

mcst general determinatiion of

e)

esSe?3*cS&':a.

"

csi
V.

cff"Jf

csooo^

oJ

_,
w

ft

Q
;

"^r-

r (y>,J.'.-., ;

CJ

'd:>

^cSOci3 >o"&,

^3
ijS

S)oui:.r.,coS,

T:

c^orrco

-c

e>:i"3^

'-

'

rfc5tf g io>

OJJ

C-.

r>

1875

cJ

C oJ
f,

z>

.J

Cd>

cJ

S3
,

oxer* S^NC

'35 "g

OtforoO

ua

3=5)
.

v-

s5ca^K

v-

V,

CO

es

*u
u4

'^HMOT

Sf

1896
<J

gf
18

otftf

Sra* ?" (b^ck) Sooton'3

oi*

^S

ol.

53

"3

oJ

CX*

oJ

S,

c<*

ol

a
,

L
O
r-

^053 071*

OJ

i\
Selection)

s5r>,

l^o ^S5n*

&^5otfS w

S'^^Co)

cpj,

i>

(Natural

d*dSrD*

Sic

"*

aeStocSNs&ssbsa.

Sj^

sff

SSb^S

and Hercdny) esS'S

"s56jSo*^

jSa^tf

eao

sS

tfS,

cS-tfsSrfpsSa"

"
'Hakei's adaptation

bring about the whole process

selection

(Adaptation

cNatural selection)

of evolution,

and heredity can

need for

without

and Malthusianism."
XXtf 2

Soeo OOP

& ,0^
vQifr&aio&ito&^i?
v
OM
-P

/^s5ba^

a^a
t

S5

c
CD

^o.^s^ea

sStfcsScp

(Inheritance of acquired

characters)

el

ueoetcsj

**By recognising the inheritance of acquired character?, it

extends the subject ot experience from the individual to the genus"

Adaptation as the negative

inherited but ore can
been
has

side that continually

destro>s

just as well take adaptaticn

as

wh&t
the

creative, active, positive activity"

.^

o
i

^o

Q
(law of conservation and transformation of energy)

^oS^

(Mechanical energy^,

Ses>etf%
2)

l^nJf*

^9
1846

dfitf g....e)oJop ^<5>,D Kc?? qsSb> sStfsS%S

S3

J>

Ci*

ol

<J

<*>

Q
.

So*

cS&dx.o^
V

s58^ dbc55poS 1842_

oJ

,_^

O
1850

tJ tj_J*

5*

CG

Cao

&

;;

tJ

S3

'

as

13^0 ,s$^a<5*

(2
CD

4J

si

i-'

jo.i

2od law, bov/evcT :t may be f drmnlated, shows

energy Is lost, qualstitlvely if act quantitatively. Entropy cannot be
destroyed by sataral means bn" it can certainly be heated. Tfae
v;?rld cbct has *:o be w^uad up, thm it goes on Tiiunia^ until it

fom which only a miracle can set

Th" ecerpy expanded in wiadlng Jaas disappeared at least
qcdirr.tiveiy and can Oii!y b^ restored by an impulse fVom outdde*
Hence y iT.pube from oufeide was necessary at the
arrives at a state of cquiiibrium
if

cgVir.

-i

als?,

was no:
5.

a. it

beginning
of motion or energy existing in the universe
the same, hence, energy has been
artificially created

n*o \t he
quanfity

nl^jiys

mi"U bs creitable and therefore destructible.

Claudius-it' correct-proves that the

ted, ergo that

that the

ergo that

matter

is

all its

universe has been crea-

creatable, ergo that

whole theory of the

Ad Absurdum.

it is

destructible,

conservation of force
consequences arc also nonsense.

is

ergo

nonsense*

37

CO

'*Onc f jrnj of energy ca'i bs converted info anoth-r form of

,rc:;:y but the quantity of ener-.7v never looses anything Thereby, en
ibe cot.i.ary tLe icui caesgy ^-.'jscai in ha wild is jiiii as t-ji''
smnt /s ^hc5 1< ul amount of *nater Drs^er.t }n f j \^f u.
'

*"

!t

S3

T?

we.

fi>

>

!,'jc-

CO

cu03

27JC

Zero tftf

SI
S3

,^^ ^c
L

3 s S)

S Ci3 COP
04*

C5

38

S^asrtSo,
&"
&,

tf&s^o <3&'oo,

z?&*

,
I

SUCJ.

S'd^'Scoa.

U
OoJJJ-VWo^ov
V\
.%

oJOJJCJ

\J

sSOsSr'eo,

essSScJo,

out

s$8&>&ex>

Institute

of Marxism

c
OJ

sSog*siogcrer esod'n*

less kaowa at the

"Engels was unable to use such works,
time but no less valuable historically, as those of Lomonosov,
works on the
Lpbachevsky, Rieman and Butlerev or Maxwell's

theory of the electromagnetic field."

o
"

eS" sSrSS)

oSs)

^OCON
^

sgptfgtfotfo

H'C^ssi,

CT

(J

oi.

oJeo

_s

fcsooo'e
\

^o7?cx),sS&>

<

&

1.

>

39

,
,

V_

S'eS

0"
,

cl

v,

1880

CO

af

1865
3

Q eu-

CO

63

co

sSr
<0

sa

Wo

18885*
.

1875cT*

S'od

.sSfo'es

cO

sS

1886

oo

<0

oooo^'SSs
e?5)

40

"*

..

Si

'SaN&oa. "Albert
>,rfo OXP l>8g cS^c
<0
J
^

S2s\
oJ

Einstein**

V,

taeory uf reiativity concretised Eogels tfceoris

lime and bpaee"

,d&tfo

3
eJ

orr

en

matter, motion,

aa Sc?SoS* il5^sS^
J
oJ

<^^>r

SsStfo

;i;sSaS

soS

asid&o.

cO

(Lr\\i

bDii

coat,:ist U3 ./h

;he fru?.Cfcr of the mathemaiicst f the infinite

t.13

wdactiv

Newtm
S"

bv

ieib;*.;2

appears as
j5^6"o,

c.'on

pLg

ircxj/

<Md perhaps

^a"

itooipw

sS^o csSpajO, se3

0*3 e3u9^a

tf^s>.^o cSp^^n ^,

S>SDc&ft) 3"&N3?<iiTS)

CO

sSp^6'e3n

_c

dS&.

13iCa, &Q^fi"

ctflDS sSrpS^isojra-O
O

sJc?5,

K^oo:

is-.Tfi.fc-a
,,

:4

g'

(Concretisation)

oJ

41

cJ

8
"*

Natural Philosophy
there

is

no motion without

out motion

"

t?

e>cS>"
w*

^o&

OOD&

^&^"So
L
0_

matter, so also there

ss^co.
sco.

S'o,
o,

is

feo&.

J^st as

no matter with-

s
seo-.sc3

V,

tJ

cap

ET.

C'o Sisid^o^ ^o?^s^ O^P *e^?

o&& SS^on

etocsTsJ^o cssSoo(Dofi,

e
N
OJ

"According to Eerr Duhring, time exists only through

Matter for Duhring; is
change, not change in and through time.
the bearer of
^7^ o*
oL

ail reality" GSCPT? S'o.sS'Sreo, sScptfrtSiCTea,

V.

^l
05^2^ ^^^\^^S,83
d
at
:>

asicsfr'tf*
ro

Nageli)

SA>

(Karl
rE

ss-cyootoiJ

^oT^cov t3a?5 asbtf j^r-cr

co

L
I

61

^cxc^

cr>

tf

)cSfi5'ri

cSDgfl

J?

^d
CP

Withelm
fc<

ol

x^c-'

-..
.

(Science of inter<0

connections)

Katf^

oJ

S),

^ii&d (Absolute
Q

(Uniform motion along a

straight line)

32>%S

Rest) S

pS

Sb cfi IDcS&5'

L.

sSOBFS&'i:

c^S"

tf,

&r>$U

ol

cJ

,-r-u

^s

crc-r,

tfoeoo^T^&iS"

;-

:.\-%
oJ r3

2)

"S^

a^aeSl. t)Ko7?SS
O

->

fir,

c"o;d: sr

sS?c-

"^
Q__

(Accelerated bodies)

'.'

^f-.."

")SSr&. S^SdiPcSo^

r^So

*"'

V.

ci^:^

sj

.o

:,

oi

V
".

cJ,.

iVrL;"e

^'

Pr-

tf

i".

"""

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'

'

CO

(OJ

(^%J

__
c*ro

/)(

NW V*

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|

*^

.
"?..

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^* ^\

C*

**t

<

t,

.' i|k ^

c\.

^f

iv.

<

PV

o o.

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..

^ w >"*

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'

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},.

*'

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ta

tf

CM, ^

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teJh
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("NJ (*

*
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*.

f *'

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>

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coA:o-

(LrjJrD

c-

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1

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ifi

"'

'

pendent existence) ^.^"

^6

;J:>.

^^.f- l'^

--'

--'-

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(inde"

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(absolute)

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c;^:

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undergoing rotation) n*

.,

s-'^o (induction)

rS"

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.

oQovU.;o

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(vcnr:lno)

r^c- ,^^

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(Objective worloj ?i:

tf

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c'ic?:

1&70

Jies

44

,c

0J

Ob

cJ

oJ

sSo-S'3cS

5oS&. 1872^00

la,
S)
,

whole swindle of

Q
inductionist ass

cJ

induction

ol

physics; beware of metaphysics

S>

0*0"!

>#$>"!

one-sided empiricism
s

53

8)

motion

D, tfG

o<<

is

indestructible)
L

<J)

of
(mechanical theory
heat)

on'O,
ca

C5>5$cj-

jg,

Sj-So

K^5_

45

0*^5.

O
i

*
cDotfO

3*

Jjoas'tftfSa (theore
(es^Xb

tical

thiking)

atf

KfcS.)
'

outlook)

g*
KeS^o
i

""

CJ~"""

***

""'A ****

&*",

).

A.!

iOl

*ft

^**

%w

ffco.

o>o-

*j

['

In every field, even in that of mathematics; he made

independent
% -* s
L ^wr_*
.. ..>
_a .
discoveries QS>)

'

x>

rw^TTOfl'*

a.oa!

J7>

_*<k"75

**f6*Sl{
i

**'"-.T

V*
*

oo?K
v 3

?~u
i

'

46

& o

^"S
^Formal Logic;

rfsSrfotf

RiS

^^

tfor?S)

^Sibaesooooa
r

(1878^,1883)

6,E7.

V-

^^2^ &*&^

XAtftioXoS

'Sbrf

1886

,-.

-a

Cw

S;^.&oOc5too^
cr

Sofif

cr
;

"Progressive production of a Relative surplus-population

Industial Reserve

Army"

es>^

SaS

oCo

25^ (Wcc&s&eT

aofi.

corr*

8)

cl

co

^eSl
oJ

^^S^cKo

v-

ca

"This accelerated relation decline in the

variable constitu^
(wages), a decline that accompanies the

nt
accelerated increase in
the total Capital (organic Capital + wages) and
proceeds more
rapidly than this increase, takes the inverse form at the other
pole
of an apparently absolute increase in the

Ito

>

working population."

ro

TSB 6'o

efe'o csat'or

._.-........_

ol

l*%*vS$$ o^

srts

sSa^So

SteNfltf ZTS^toss^Co. sjorro&xir

,

S'cS

ar>o3;$fioff*75

rt

ji

^^csSsS

aoTteKSS

ea

^^qsS^rf

-5>e&

d^P'cSfiatr^^o'i) :Sa^sso tteson

who

is

&&

ax*

for
(Except
'
acquainted with Hegel) '['$SJ&&*
Kdtf;
.

schorlimmer,

tfofraoi'tfotf*

^_,*^

^rt

^*

<

i.

*^

C9rfS)Sj'tfSa>

^oTte
cO

in*
)

aO^-QcOrrjj,

oJ

cOC3"0on-J
*
^

s?5s sS))oCcS
)0,

f,

oco

tfS^d&c

cJCSJpO^W ^S'tD^DtoSo
^
,... ,.,
"I?

-3)

CO

cor8

SsS-sfcooDOoifo'c)

48

et

dfefco

AsSK^S)

SirfsS

1781^*
)OZ3*a>

6,jSo03&tf

v.

c
(Gauss)

As^^

(Ceres)

"S)SS"

"f)5^db.

Ai^KSf"

^o^^o^o

lr7?5"

"

'S^i^^oaS

tf

tfTT AsSfflpftotftfo
1

tffcSKofiS*cfir5*

cxxiej'

6o^ri 535

rfaa'6^.0

i^tf

48

(Mechanical Mass)

cy
V

^Tv*^.
oJ

CD

sStfS/^sy

P&CO,

jtf
*

^5)

c^c- asfcc&i.9
^^^

W*

S53*

a
o

50

(electromagnetic mass)

^>

ol

a*

ePS^a-a*

j>

oil

"(1) However bizarre from the stand point of commoasense,

transformation of imp^ndeiab<e ether into ponderable matter
and vie* versa may appear, (2) however strange may seem the

mass

absence of any other kind of

magnetic mass 5 (3)

tical mate i.lism/*

...

all this is

in

the electron save electro-

another corroboration of dialec-

^ T^e5b

<

CD

o <3tfc)03'&.
a

H*^) ^8,

sSa^^^Sco "So^P

v.

[mechanical inertial mass]

*
i

t^utwoousuw.

tJ

s&Sv

tftf^sSpto
-

v^oD\T"c3 ODOoJ

IT*

dialectics,

r>

^Ss^aT

rhe

^T^ ^

new

7B ecause

tije

physictsdid not

ph>sics strayed into idealism)

i.

sSo^o

"3

e>

know

&

<

^cSS

sn*tfo

"

1883,

1887<^c&,

%&

soJD&if 1805 f

X,
,

&&,&'#*

\-

v.

tf^Vo
u

^ &*

51

CT"

eo

<u-

CD

n
ir

1916

.sS

CD

(Absolute)

sirf

(N-dimensions)

.a

&,

.sr&afc^*
discover m)

1920^*

52

tftf^

oSS"

^"ea

dPSbdTV*

ol

^SoO

oo

^v ^

S3

00

"0^0^002$

"The

electron

is

inexhaustible as

The
nature in

all

ato^

subject matter of tcience

her parts has no begiqing and

r^Soorr

sS^aajtf^a

n->

fi

endless, for

end"

^a-'

<4

M-tn's

ness not only reflects the objective world, but also creates

v.

Ow

it

53

Text Book
M*rKist Philosophy

S>sJtf4tojS;
ffVfry*

^0^5

tf^fi

e.3-

teotres of
|iSo (Nucleir

special

wave process)

ons&o
'

ocoy.

cj

54

rtSeSV
n*3Jto&7?Saoer

J6^oa0^

S&ofcoofc.

$0X06*

tftfj.o

J872

(Paupers broth
eclecticism)

&sytfc,

Ir-'ROaoSf*

of

^4x77S

tffia

iwrge logic

b^tto^^o^^o^

&

55

1886^
SP
J.
i

E MacT
n

>"*

aggart

^X

'*

of Gotteaberg
Arch

idealist

s&ftotftfo

Taggart

"^"
"

lo

S'o"^

iag

tftf

Afl^'fttf

j-o

56
Sr

^^

S. 3.

croSSS"

fceS^tf*

185)8

<

erj

3d&o-rf&*i3

^&. etf^o

S&p^b,

tfS"

3ebSao5*&5* 'So-Cfo

Potto

1910

S)^^

"SoStfj

eu^ H>

^^Sr-^oa.

^23-0^

Was

'

"Without German Philosophy, particularly that of Hegel,

German

scientific socialism

that ever existed

the only scientific socialism

"
would never have come into being
Engels.

"Like every new theory, it (Modern Socialism) had, at

first to link itself on to the intellectual material which
lay ready to its hand, however deep its roots lay in
(material) economic facts ."

Engels-

Oil

tfa.

S8
.

(UTOP1A)

UTOPIAN

'

or Scientific
,,,

af*

g-d

toon-

SartSo,
.

&*38eo t-\
r&dfc
^^
\ /

S*N* ^oo ^
o

>

fc^
,

^"So

ss^ton-

-2ptfoiT&

rewSasSsyaa

soo,

s&aoa

^ss> t>

SSo^or-S)

ft

<v>

&rf N
e)

Ob

xO^coN
J

Science of Universal Gravitae

tion

ed^o^o
IB

ecsS tf&'&tftfi&tf orfft .

%*
JP

Politics

is

the?w science ofc

*

.v3*J)

^ycomnrsn

AI

production

tfrtftf

8^ (Pioneer of scientifc socialism)

Bazard

tffottfe,

rwfo-s
8 -ft
"
is.

Sto

ta3

science

^cMfiotfoJsS

cSSod)

^Sdfe

tfsSa

The

certain

sa

(Pitriarohatc)

tf

science

*3aoOSsr*?V' (Who makes

of politioarcconomy)

sSrtft

.
4sJ

fig

otifi

S'oaiT

real

82

3*

&ao (_)

,<&

Ssrtfo,

s-ts^. "4*

ittfcsjrcr

D-8,

..

3^

&<;$&

*J

"When
,^CJ^&.
v.

socialist

writers

ascribe this world historic role to the proletariat....''^^

S tf

jSnw

ft.

*g

e "3^50^ sSsfis
tfaS

cl

o%
CD

ro7?sSr5

---

Cii

CD

V.

es>8,

d^o

Sn&
<J

i^

&

atf e

a&oo&,

The most important thing in Proudhan's "On the Creation

of Order in Humanity'* is his serial dialectics, the attempt to
establish a method of thought in which the process of thinking
is

substituted for

independent thoughts,

from the French standpoint, for a

already given us.

Proudhan

dialectic such as

relationship with Hegel

is

is

looking,

Hegel has

therefore here

really in existence.....It

dialectic, if the

Proudhan's
been mastered*' e>> *& S"
criticism of

>

ss

&s$

to offer a
of Hegel's had

would have been an easy matter

criticism

&&&*&&&*

atfc&

&

nists

v-

Scientific

French

Commu*

r>

3D

ir*f
/^O'&Kw ctfo*&

&j*o % clJ
.

^l

u.

cJ

38

-O^OTT*

e
srfttfg

g aoa.&

sstfo.

65

%Ar

^F

g_

^ tfo*#

Vw

e>"3 rf

StffiJ*^,

oc?

ro

tf

Softow

&s?*an.

now

Germans have begun

ioiOi^it).

es&A

IP 71 53

Right

the

to spoil the

Communist

and the least active

movement, too. As always, the lato comers
for
believe that they can cover up their sleepiness by contempt
French
What the
their fore runners and philosophical bragging
even forty years ago-and the English said some ten, ^twenty or
this the Gerbeautiful
and
in
well
language,
very
and said very
and
learned
have
fragmentary
the
last in
at
past year

mans

long

have been rediscovering and publishing

as a wholly new discovery, what
in much worsened, abstract form,
exclude my own
their predecessors. Nor do I
was done
Hegelised,

At

best, they

by

can one say of the fact

with contempt the only
that these wise theoreticians also mention
whom many of
Gatmin who has really done something, Weitling,
of Founers ,
them don't even mentiott at all? (Bagels-.V Fragment
works from this stricture

on Trade-1845.)

...

And what

68

.e
L

tfr?-

tfdSMi 33*&.

tfd.eftfc

tftfj-atfo"*

dSk SPCP dd*

<x
e J*

SSSbje)eS)*
9

cu

SQ

Sra^^^^b
L

ss-a

-;(T

^
o
5)2)3

&

of Action

O^

e^o

*&

<X>

a eo

^*

National economy is the science of the earthly, as theology

"
science of the heavenly acquisition of goods

o-S)^

tfabpjD^

^.^

,
7

v
c:\^aotfri

is

'

the

1842

wcysS.

(in their present

form)

..

The system of industry and trade, of

ownership and exploitation

87

of people, however, leads even for more

rapidly than the increase
in population to a rupture in the
present day society, a rupture.
which the old society is not able to heal efc 1848
s?rd.'

&%

6* ta&Soff*,

&*o&5*

*"*

social

SosSSSS

Reform on

the Continent

sfr&sb

The Progress of

srojfo
StoTlo^
<V

g.@

Philosophy of Pight

1843

rttf
*

>

'

^
jd&Stf

oJVS'tf ,

^a^

^nfc*>0rto

fc'SDjra'l

.^tc^orj*

o-s*
,

sS

5OcSn* oxg

5 otf rf

"In regard to
world which

is

the

coming into being, the proletarian then finds himsame right as the German king in regard to

self possessing the

which has come into being, when he Calls the people as he

calls

the horse his horse/*

(1844
8>

otfdaT

drs-rSoS* sfr&-

qos*

""

fe
,

(1844)
CO

.srMtenr
V*.

CD

_?

ao,
c-s-

So
is

*r&.fcittfo.

real

^b-^&^jsa 3.^0

-SnTltafc

S2toS^S>

{fi^a

real

:is

rational,

on-

Saj,

rational

as&o
1846

The condition of the working

vepTT*
'BDJb

aoflOK

s^iSSC^

class in

England in

<S*

&

1844S*

cr

dogSn*

$?ss"e&

S&o,
.s

that
book
great stress is laid on the dictum
not a mere party doctrine of the working- class

In this

communism

is

but a theory compassing the emancipation of the society at large;

ox-

including the capitalist class <s3 48

c&tf;\
*

#o%e

siS>

**

3>

If

1845

oor

esStfOotfa

etf^S)**

tfao, "aas,

o
StfooOoD

<&

70

*'

i^& v

***

o oecs&

tbe position as the

negation

communism
8

Hegel

itself,

because of

Conmumism
onmumism

B^.
of negation..,. If

we

i$
i

characterise

character as negation of 7eS?

of the human essence
through the inerthe negation of
private P roperty....in
the
"

phea menology....e9o

its

^
I*

'

It

takes actual communist action to abolish actual

prfvatt
it-E&P. Manuscripts, 1844

property....History .will lead to

thtt the proletariat can and must emancipate

Question of what the proletariat is and what, im
accordance with this being, it will historically be compelled to do*
It

follows

Kisa

Its aim and historical action is

visibly and irrevocably fore*
shadowed in its own life situation as well as in the whole organi-

sation of bourgeois
society to-day.

Indeed private property drives itself in

its own dissolution
only ia as

ment towards

its

economic move-

much

as it produces
the proletariat as
proletariat, poverty....The proletariat executes
the sentence that
private property pronounces on itself by producing the proletariat-Holy
Family.

3* sra.s

c?a

ea

(Raw Communism)
c

sat*

72
Of

3*
rr
.

<o
,

sS^Sbors- SSp.

soft

v.

v*

1845, 1848

Ob
.

(empirical^

and inductive method)

oMfk

(Inferential) ,*,,*
~"
Kv=Vau^Sxw *&...
-au
i

V.

L.

/thought pro
duction)
80*7 <

(tool-maker)

rs*

(Philosophy of History)
J

"SnT^S"

''

Germs of Histo-

rical

Materialism in Hegel
.a

iftf

8>o&5>ff
ff*eao^af*

tftf&fc 43
V

b
Sf-

"The completed portion

consisted of an exposition

materialist conception of history

of economic

which proves only how

was at that

history still,
plete our knowledge
for the present purpose, therefore it was unusable'

<-

10"
1

>

'

of the
incomtime....

74

gs

SiK

5*.

55*.

s$8ea>^

Critique

of Political Economy

<

s$tf&

5
.

Capital

ORIGIN

of the Family, Private Family and the

4^r

V*

STATE

^_^

r.

* K.

Marx

Selected

works 1941 > 1946

76

(Philosophy of History)
,

cl

v,

a?

s.

L,

tfO

tfs'^y

,sS^

rf

a^S5SW>

SCPO-

&o&r*l>po
>

(r

e
argj.

^rS^ff

p.

tfd,^

JDo^rf'So

c^

tftftfff*

"So

is

tion,

He (Hegel) was the first who attempted to show aa evoluan inner coherence, in history; and while today much in

his "Philosophy of History"

may seem

peculiar to us,

yet the

grandeur of his fundamental outlook is admirable even today,

whether one makes comparison with his predecessors or with any
one who since his time, has taken the liberty of reflecting in
general concerning history.

Everywhere, in his "Phenomenology,

Esthetics, History of Philosophy, this magnificient conception of

history penetrates,

and everywhere

torically, in a defini te,

with history.

even

this material

if abstractly inverted,

is

treated

his-

interconnection

This epoch-making conception of history was the direct the

oretical prerequisite for the

new

materialist outlook,

and thereby

provided a connecting point for the logical method, too,

The

even according to the method

criticism of economics,
in two ways-, historically or
still te exercised

secured, could
logically.

Since, in history as in its literary reflection, developalso proceeds from the most simple to the more

ment as a whole

development of the literature of

natural
a
political economy provided
guiding thread with which
economic
criticism could link up,-and the
categories as a whole
would thereby appear in the same sequence as in the logipal development This form apparently has the advantage of greater
clearness, since indeed it is the actual development that is followed
but as a matter of fact it would thereby at most become more

complex

relations, the historical

popular. History often proceeds by leaps and zigzags and it

would in this v, ay have to be followed everywhere by not only
would much material of minor importance have to be incorporbut there would be much interruption of the chain of
ated,
thought, furthermore, the history of economics could not be written without that of bourgeos
society and this would make the
task endless-, since all preliminary

work

merhod of treatment was, therefore*, the

But this, as a matter of fact, is nothing
method;
tuities.

is

lacking.

only
else

The

logical

appropriate one*
but the historical

only divested of its historical form and disturbing forIhe chain of thought must begin with the same
thing

with which this history begins and its further course will be nothing else but the reflection of the historical course in abstract and
theoretically consistent form, a corrected reflection

according to laws furnished

the real

but corrected

course of history itself,

by
that each factor can be considered at its
ripest point of

in

development, in

*}

its classic

form

1859,

<J

sSrfij-^

^S

yfcfcff

''

,tfotfo*

tfO^Sfc

tfc&n*

g.

000^*

ees,
33

e=J

tfoFoSStfoSS),

^^Scro

ec^O

tifiScro

SP^O,

53-

SS)p^i
Soocr,

3*5?co

ec^Srj*

rbS),sScfiS

s?i

e-to^otf

1886^
.

tfotoo

a&
^>,
oJ

**

cx^

CO

S&firs5'aDtf5r*

^Scrf^oo*

^o^o

5*d

7B

r^

*&<*

Be-to,

***fr

(-)

*87f

w8S ^8

rora

:&. ^s-a

>

e-!|a,
ouS?e

^ ,,^^8

Statistics

"In considering such transformations a distinction should

the
always be made between the material transformation of
economic conditions of production, which can be cetcrjrined
with the precision of natural science, and the legal, political,
religious, aesthetic or philosophic~in short, ideological forms,'*

an*
J

<t_

CD

.&0&0*
.

"2>

S*<D

r --

V-

SicisSv

'-cS

^ofi)SJbStoo'co^

^
^

S3-& S'O'vOtf

sS^D sS31rAoiS*a&
Q

sSGsrsSr'e?

t3*a,^^

S^c
CO

e^^cS'fe

CO

1858.59^

^sar

1858

O.

&

80
8;

JtfSeao

1845

tfeR*

cSro.eg

o<S*

^tfS

(.cell)

SXb

^rfS *
(Conservation and Transformation of

8590*

Energy) l&ONrfo,

5aoa. 1838,
-5

^a

w D^JO

S'35nSJPCin

Ci. 20, 1(5

StD^r-Qx

1838 S
i6

2r-cv,

t.-S.

.'-.

3 DM'

Ds^S

iio

l.-.ii

OoOSa-or.

1858 a

'or

jrt'.a:

OB-&*

'CoC

1838

O-S 3fo3

c,S

S-,

w
,

S 1873
^
18865^

1)8

080S-&

81

8203"

cS

CQOtffif

iflB-BS^ ^3"^ 000.

8

S&PiJ

asteScSao &tf&

,sSa 533*0-

5S5?cotfo*ov"

sS)oaSapS)77cS>
s

cJ

*^

V.

Marxist Philosophy-A Popular Outline

Pre-requisites in Natural Science e$!D

"3

Sso^rf^iSbo'S

fio

sr

oJ

V*

_-eao

Fuerbach

.5?s*ai.

is

tude to the Hegelian

who has a serioaa critical

and who Las mace genuine

the only one

dialectic

coveries in the field

He
philosophy e>D 57&Sss 3.

atti-

disin Ta^t the trae co.iq-jerer of the old

is

B<

fe*acr^r

53-d^t) srsSaWao ^cSs^fi^oas?, e^,0

of Future)

eb

u]

sSfiToaa

rfS6'c*jjD

57^^r^D^

O
,

sSdp^S<!T

Kee*S^.tf ff^as

^^2 New

Materialism

(Philosophy
cJ

*^^

*>

VtJ

<-

oi.

ej

i)

V-

(TV)

Consistent materialism or IiU'iianism is distinct from both

materialism and nt the same tirae constitutes the

idealism and

unifying truth of both. Naturalism

the action of world history.

is

capable of comprehending

i8i

.e

cfc

$\& d&oaS
\co

r>
c

rfa<5*3,.$

j.s

a^jy

-sSsStfF?

e
i^ras^^o
o

::
,

**

oi

6;CT" S

yg

sat*,

':

.c-

ftc7>o

^So'A^a'tS^tf (ideological)

88

-N

IJ

B111

acFedbeo/a

6<$3&o>, ejtfs? tftfeo

S^S

li^ Science of Logic.

Every science
Idea

is

applied logic esS,

v,

OOP

<0

(J

"S C&K

^Si>o^,

^ixSo6

^c53bd

(order,

"2r7?ff

s&

tec
WPwO

thought, science

the logical

S7C

determinism)

es^^r'&S

"S

r>o5 S

.,
5^250,
,

>
i

SSv

(T^l'S3"^ofi *fiff*c7'.C55n

(determinacy).

o
(logical necessity)

.v
.

Cw

natural process a::d

,

is

(Past) history proceeds in the

also subject to the

3$^
(matcriul reality)

manner of a

same laws of motion,

84

sScSSrfSr

^rfo

li

8r

oS6eoo i sSrfo

CD

(Scientific)

SIfctfe8o

&i
esc&i

S6tfrp COP
.

v-

).

oJ

Cfe

33*5
Ob

Oca "S*Sj

C 8

e/s

def

cto^.cxD.

CT"

Cr

V.

,^Ti

85

(iVWlwivw

*w

i>fj\f\^

<*> *

I'w

f IS.AI

uc'iv^ OM A WC>

K*

>

jj,
fl>

ft .

G)

ipAjl"

C.J

tfoo. Statisticallaws^

^ Probability e>ofcr&
tf

^SSS^ sSr*.^^
*

3i v !fi!S^iNa8 Scb&toS
nJCAioJ

?SsSxr*cf*o

a^tfcSSa

2)^3

DW

^i5

^?sya8

^as

sStfsSrew^tfN

coDtftftoo^*

iotfT

d*

ti/

sr

"Svfia.

Cu

&*'a>.!db

&

d^5?tfor?

o-S

atf^Srd*a^ "Bco^^S*

Qt

cfe

s?

v-

ca

cp

as

3*503

ergsrco

(subsistence wage)

0J

e>&eo#o

57

<>

d&o,

v-

-*

+^
,

>

69

0303*

o-,c

s5j-tfliSSbpF?64s '^
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(J)

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q>

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to

ri

88

ww

^r^,

"S S>N

f'tfcSs'W J*

^Jfipi^iS

(J

,>
V.

Ss^

e93'?ot' toi^'D^

Gh

IM*

tf^frVo^ ^^v'o^^rD,

^afl, "Sea

ZV

c;*

V.

S^a
^o

S>gp;S&& A
u
a
1

(intellectual

materiah^

(link)

cos
**
,

-iL

Sf

Ow

Ow

S>tsfa'

ANNEXURE
ON SPACE, TIME, MATTER AND MOTION

Hegel

mable

pace and time are

filled

to its motion; hence

existence in matter.

its

'

Natural Philosophy
with matter. Space

is

not confor-

concept of space itself that creates

Often a begining has been made with
it is

matter and then space and time regarded as forms of matter

What is correct zs that matter is the real in regard to space and
time. But the latter, on account of their abstraction, has to appear
to us here as primary and then it must be shown that matter is their
truth.

Just as there is no motion without matter, so also there is

no matter without motion. Motion is the process, the transition
from time into space and vice versa. Matter, on the other hand,
the relation of space and time, as latent identity.

Feuerbach

Essence of Religion

Man has abstracted space and time from

Although
and
spatial
temporal things-, nevertheless he presupposes those as
the primary grounds and conditions of tfae'latter's existence. Hence
he thinks of the world i. e. the sum of real things, matter-as hav-

and time. Even Hegel makes matter arise

but
out
of
in,
space and time, AUo it is realty incomprehensible why time, seperated from temporal things should not
be identified with God
"Time outside temporal things = God "
its

ing

origin in space

not only

in reality, exactly the opposite

holds good
it is
not things
and
but
time,
presuppose spice
space and time that presuppose
things, for space or extension presupposes something that extends
that

li

and time, movement for time

is,

indeed, only a concept derived

that movesEverything

from movement, presupposes something

is spatial and temporal."

(Lenin's Philosophical Note-B^oks)

DUHRING

:-

According to Herr Duhring,

only through change, not change in and through time

NAGEL1

:-

We

can only know the

time exists
E*igs!s

finite, transitory,

chan-

(as far as\ we

ging and what differs in decree, the ralative etj.,
and rest
and
motion
what
force
know
do not
matter,
time, space,
etc."
cause and effect
Engels

ENGELS

The

empiricist becomes so steeped in the

habit of empirical experience that he believes that he is still in the
field of sensuos knowledge when he is operating with abstractions.
:-

We know what an hour is or a meter but not what time

and space are; As if time was anything other than just hours,
and space anything but just cubic meters. The two forms of matter
are naturally nothing without matter, empty concepts, abstractions which exist only in our minds.
But, otf course, we are also
not supposed to know what matter and motion as such have not,
for matter as such and motion as such have not yet been seen or
otherwise experienced by anyone but only the
existing material things and forms of motion."

various

actually

(Dialectics of Nature)

Lenin

Lenin makes Engels appear as rendering Feuerbach

them both along with his commentary :-

truth-

fully citing

"Space and time

1 '

says Feuerbach "are not mere

- -of
but
essential
conditions
phenomena
being."
basic forms of all being"

&

Engels

time and being out of time

ing "'are space
as
adsurdity
being out of space/'

is

forms of

admonished Duhrjust

as

^ross an

91

"Why was it necessary for Engels in the first half of the

quotation to repeat Feuerbach almost literally, and in the second,
to recall the struggle which Feuerbach
against the gross absurdities of theisn?

fought so successfully
Beciuse Duhring could
mot make his philosophy hang together without resorting now to
the final cause of the world, now to ths initial impulse."

modern

he (Mach) says, Newton's idea of

absolute time and space prevails of time and space as such. This
idea seems "to us" senseless, Mach continues - apparently not
suspecting the existence of materialists and of a materialist theory
'"In

physics,

of knowledge."

"Natural science was seeking, both

in

1872 and in 1906

now

&

is

to-

seeking and is discovering-at least it is groping its way

wards-the atom of electricity, the electron, in three dimensional
Since 1872,
soace.
dazzling scientific successes in the
problem of the structure of matter, the materialist view of space
and time has remained harmless L e. compitible, as here before
with natural science, while the contrary view of Mach rnd Co.
,

was a "'harmful" capitulation

to the position of f [deism."

"Recent mathematics," Mach says, "has raised the very

important and useful question of a space ofn-dimensions as a
conceivable space, nevertheless, only three - dimensional space
remain the "real case."
(Materialism and Empirio

Critcism)

right? was his formulation of the question, and

relevant
to the state of knowledge in science in 1908?
discussion,
Was Engels truthful to Feuerbach and Hegel? Judge for yourself.

Was Lenin

Don
and that the

you

rest

see,

Lenin and Engels differ from

all

others,

look better before Relativity ?

Lenin Uncomitted on
Timiryazev's Account of Einstein
While Timiryazev was obliged to observe in the first number
of the magazine that the theory of Einstein, who, according to
Timiryazev, is himself not making any active attack on the foundations of materialism, has already been

seized

upon by a vast

92

of all
representatives of the bourgeois intelligentsia
to
not
this applies
Einstein
only
countries, it should be noted that
but to a number, if not to the majority, of the great reformers of

number of

natural science since the end of the nineteenth century.

March

12, 1922.

Did Lenin agree with Timiryazev's version of

Einstein?

of Science
Engels on Feuerbach's Ignorance
of course, not the product of a chemical process,
natural force of
nor, in general, is it the product of an isolated
reduces it, it
materialist
the
metaphysical
phenomenon, to which

"Life

is

is,

a result of the whole of nature."

Feuerbach

in 1846,

from his

rural seclusion

whole of nature in no way

contradicts the fact that protein, which is the exclusive independent bearer of life, arises under definite conditions determined by
'That

life is a result

of the

the whole inter-connection of nature, but arises precisely as the

of a chemical process. Had Feuerbach lived in. condi-

product

which permitted him to follow even superficially the devenever have happened that
lopment of natural science, it would
an isolated
he would speak of a chemical process as the effect of
( 886)
force of nature.
(Dialectics of Nature.)

tions

Establishing Their
844-45. From Paris

Marx and

Engels,

Ignorance

in

own

is that, if has no proper*

specific propertv ofth> atom
oitsidc it by any
with
connected
therefore
not
beings
riband
The atom
natural
own
its
determined
necessity.
by
relationship

"The
is

"

has no needs,

it is

Engels*

-Holy

Family.

Marx.

Judgement of Science, Scientists,

Philosophy & Philosophers

And A'so His

(1)

self-sufficient

(Inter)

Nationalism

Nevertheless, the bulk of

natural

held fast in the old metaphysical categories

scientists

and

are

helpless

still

when

93

these modern facts which so to say prove the dialectics in nature

have to be rationally explained and brought into relation with one
another. And here thinking is necessary; atoms and molecules
etc., cannot be observed under the microscope,
but only by the

process of thought,

Compare the chemists (except for (1) Schorlemmer, who is acquainted with Hegel ) and (2) Virchoms cellular,
pathology, where in the end the helplessness has to be concealed
by general phrases. Dialectics divested of mysticism becomes an
absolute necessity for natural science, which has forsaken the
field where rigid catagories sufficed, which represent as it were
the lower mathematics of logic, its everyday
weapons. Philosophy
takes its revenge posthumously on natural science for th e latter
having deserted it; and (3) Yet the scientists could have seen even

from

the successes in natural science

achieved by

philosophy that

the latter possessed something that was

superior to them even in
their own special sphere (Leibniz - the founder of the mathe-

matics of the infinite, in contrast to

whom

the inductive ass

ten appears as a plagiarist and corrupter; Kant-the

New

theory of the

origin of the universe before Laplace; Oken-the first in Gemany

to (4) accept (!) (not to discover) the theory of
e S el
evolution;

whose comprehenshe treatment and

natural sciences (!)

than

all

grouping of the
materialistic nonsense put together).
rational

-Dialectics

"But according
is

(1873)

to Leibniz, of all mathematics upto the

time of Newton (since the genesis

half

Of Nature

till

1800) the

more important

due to Hewton."

MEN OF MATHEMATICS, B.

T.

BELL

"In one person, he (Newton) combined the experimenter,

the theorist, the mechanic and, not least, the artist in exposition"-*
Einstein-, in his preface to

13)

Newton's Opticsl

94
*

2) In opposition to the deification of

Newton which was han-

ded down from the French of the eighteenth century and the English
heaping of honours and wealth on Newton, Hegel brought out the
fact that Kepler, whom Germany allowed to starve, was the real
founder of the modern mechanics of the celestial bodies, and that

the Newtonian law of gravity was already contained in all three of

Kepler's laws; in the third law even explicity. What Hegel proves
by a few simple equations in his natural philosophy appears again

most recent mathematical mechanics in

Gustav Kirchhoff s Lectures on Mathematical physics, and in
essentially the same simple mathematical form as had first been
as the outcome of the

developed by Hegel.
relation,

to

Utopian to

The natural philosophers stand

consciously

dialectical

modern Communism,

natural

Foot Note

in

the

science

same

as

the

by Engels, preface

to Anti-Duhring, 1885.

But Gauss, the prince of maths, writing to his friend

'You see the same sort
Schumacher, on I "November, 1844, says
the
in
of thing (mathematical incompetence)
contemporary philosophers Schelling, Hegel, Nees Von Essenbeck, and their definitions? Read in the history of ancient philosophy what the big men
of that day-Plato and others (I except Aristotle V-gave in the way
of explanations. But even with Kant himself it is often not much
:

better."

"When he wrote

this (in 1844; Gauss has long been in full

of
non-Euclidean
possession
geometry, itself a sufficient refutation of some of the things Kant said about 'space' and geometry,
and he may have been unduly scornfull."
i

-(1) Can you find out a

great

single discovery to the credit of thi s

German dialectical

scientist,

Mr. Schorlemrner?

(2)

Can you
work

agree with Engels' remark against Virchow's

85
*

not repudiation of the original stand that

sci*
is no more a science standing above
ences as science of sciences in all its superciliousness?
Is it not that Engels means philosophical guidance &

(3) Is this

Philosophy

dictation to science ?
(4)

Can you agree that acceptance of the discovery

greater achievement than the discovery itself ?

is

If the Prussians win

3) The French need a thrashiag.
then centralization of the state power useful to the centralization
of the German working class. Furthermore, German predominance (inEurope) would transfer the center of gravity of the
West European labor movement from France to Germany, and
one need only compare the movement from 1866 to the present in
the two lands to see that the German working class is superior to
the French in theory and organization, Its predominance over the
French, on the world stage, would, at the same time, be the pre-

dominance of our theory over

that of

Marx

Proudhon

letter to Engels in 1 870 just before Paris

in his

Commune.

In the end, Alas, Prussian arms invoked to establish Marx's

theory in France in place of Proudhan's long after his death even-

Engels

On Need Of Dialectics

For Science

The natural scientists who have learnt to think dialectically

few and far between, and hence the conflict between the
.discoveries made and the old traditional mode of thought is the
are

still

theexplanation of the boundless confusion which now reigns in

and
students,
and
teachers
reduced
both
natural
science
oretical
writers

and

readers, to despair.-1877 Anti-Duhring.

Was there that boundless

And was it cleared by Engels
"It may be, however, that

confusion in sciences then ?

or his dialectics ?

my work

to a

great

extent or

even altogether, superfluous."...."The old, regid antagonisms,

sharp impassable dividing lines

the

more and more disappearing."

the
possible to come to this recognition because
we
but
do
to
us
so;
accumulating facts of natural science compel
of
character
come to it more e'asily if we approach the dialectical
"It

is

these facts equipped w'itlUhe understanding of the laws

of dialeo

tical

In any case, natural science has now advanced socan no longer escape the dialectical synthesis." - (1885)"To a large extent that process is already going on

thought.

far that

it

particularly in biology."

Anti-Duhring-Old preface, (1878)

-Don't you see that, not only his work on dialectic,

became superfluous as admitted by Engels, but also any need for
dialectic is not felt or recognised in sciences and science is pro*
gressing well without the dialectic but with formal logic?

Hegel

- Dialectic and Science

Since 1781 when Sir William Herschel (1738-1822) discovered the Planet Uranus, thus bringing the number of Planets
then known up to the philosophically satisfying seven, astro-

nomers had been diligently

members

of the

sun's

searching the heavens for further

whose existence was to be

family,

expected, according to Bode's law, between the orbits

and

of Mars

Jupiter.

By one of the most

ironic verdicts ever delivered in the

of
fact
versus
agelong litigation
speculation, the discovery of
Ceres coincided with the publication by the famous philosopher
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) of a sarcastic attack
on astronomers for presuming to search for ,an eighth planet.
"Would they but pay some attention to philosophy, Hegel asserted
they must see immediately that there can be precisely sevea
planets,

no more;

no

less.

Their

search

therefore

was

fc

stupid ^waste of time."

Ceres was rediscovered, precisely where the marvellously

ingenious and detailed calculations of the young Gauss had
predicted she must be found, Pallas, Vesta, and Juno, insignificant sister planets of the diminutive Ceres,

were quickly picked

up by prying
were found

telescopes defying Hegel, and their orbits too,,

to conform to the inspired calculations of Gauss.

-From

MEN OF MATHEMATICS, E.T. BELL,

how they made

Engels on

"Modern

socialism

is,

Socialism a Science

in its content,

primarily the product of

the perception,

on the one band, of the class antagonisms existing

modern society, between possessors and non-possessors, wage
workers and bourgoies and on the other hand of the anarchy ruling

in production. In its Theoretical form, however,

ears as a further

it

originally

app-

and ostensibly more consistent extension of the

by the great Freach eniighteners of the
Anti-Duhring

principles established

eighteenth century"

Is it not that socialism as the

product of the perception of
the class antagonisms and of anarchy in
production was also a

pre-Marxian phenomenon actually?

Is it not that Fourier was
*he first to point out to the anarchy in production calling it a
crise plethora
and that the theme of class aatagonisms was much
older in the history of socialism?

"Like every new theory, It had at first to link it self o n

to the intellectual material which lay ready to its hand, however
"
deep its roots lay in (material) economic facts,
-Anti-Duhring
Does the

Intellectual Material

'

include science also

other things? Is it not just a matter of mere external link
with science etc. that Engels was speaking about? Does this not
testify to the quality and nature of their effort, after a quarter of

among

a century after founding their specific theory, to interpret science

in tke interests of socialism?

#
*e

In order to make a science of socialism, it had first to be

placed upon a real basis. Meanwhile, along with and after the
French philosophy of the eighteenth century, the newer German

philosophy had arisen, terminating in Hegel. Its greaterst merit was

the re-adoption of dialectics as the highest form of thinking.-Anti-

Duhring.

So

it is

a scicace. If

that completed
11

re-adoption of dialectic that made their socialism

so, is it not Proudhan who initiated it and Marx

it is

it?

98

the materialist conception of

These two great discoveries,
of capitalist production by
secret
the
of
history and the revelation
to Marx. With these discoveries
owe
we
means of surplus value,
ANTI - DUHRING, 1877
a science."

Tocialism became

-So
s-lf to

Marx could convince himcommunism without these 'scientific'

after resisting for long,

become
and

a convert to

coald simply invert Hegel's

means of production etc
of
labour,
terms
concept of history in
of economic stuff and
much
and make it materialistic without
the society
the
of
exploitation
without unlocking the secret
it only after a
do
could
he
that
and
since the dawn of history
discoveries

after socneti-ne. he

decade and a half

f
of Capitalism
Young Engels Analysis

in

1843

As long as you continue to produce in the present uncon- for

just so
at the mercy of chance
scious, thoughtless manner,
crisis
successive
each
and
(l)is
ong, trade crises will remain,
the
than
one
worse
and
preceding
bound to become more universal
and
small
of
a larger body
capitalists,
is bound to
impoverish

(2)

increasing proportion, the numbers of the class

who live by labour alone, thus considerably enlarging the mass of
labour to be employed (the major problem of our economists) and
such as has never been dreamt
finally causing a social revolution
of in the philosophy of the economists.

to augment,

in

Large capital and large landed-property swallow small

and
small landed - property - i. e., centralisation of procapital
this centralisation proceeds
perty.In crises of trade and agriculture,
much increasingly
classes
middle
The
much more rapidly
(4)
world
is divided into millionaires and paupers,
the
until
disappear
All the laws; all
into large landowners and poor farm labourers.
the dividing of landed property, all the possible splitting - up of
unless it i s
capital are of no avail, this result must and will come,
a
of
social
condition
total
transformation
anticipated by
(3)

a fusion of

opposed

interests,

an abolition of private property.

-OUTLINES OF A CRITIQUE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

Dr. V.

VENKTESWRA RAO,

D. Sc.,

Professor and Head, Department of Physics

Chief Investigator. Electronics Commission

and Defence Research Schemes.

Regional
Engineering College,

YXJADAM^AI
WARANGALINDIA
Date

My

27-1 -'83

dear venkateswara Rao,

have gone through the manuscript which you have given me

perusal. I admire your capacity to collect and interpret
massive and modern science with desirable clarity.
I

my

for

have bsen entertaining the same doubt as what way the Soviet

Scientists achieved greater things in the field of scientific research,

being in the world of dilectical materialism, than the western

Their vain attempt to get everything on the face of the

earth under the perview of dilaectical materialism appears to be in
no way different from the present day God-men in India trying to
scientists.

interpret religion in terms of scientific principles

know

and laws.

antagonism towards the theory of

Relativity. It is really astonishing. Recently I have discussed some
of these points with a few of Indian Communists, supposed to be
theoreticians, but no purpose <vas served. Those who do not
wish to take dilectical materialism as faith should find a sharpener

So far

did not

their

to their views in your writing.

that

Before you take up further writing on these lines, I suggest

you better go through a book, Dialectical Materialism in

Modern

Physics.

With best wishes,

Yours

Sd. V.

Sincerely,

VENKATESWARA RAO

Dr. Y.

VENKATESWARA RAO

Principal, A.

M. Sc., Ph. D.

N. R. College

GUDIVADA-

521301
12 8-83

Dear Venkateswara Rao,

Thank you

for sending ;se a rough copy of your book.

Your presentation of
and

critical,

and arugments

facts

though to some,

it

may

is

be abrasive.

both scholarly

Any

reader

with an open mind should findithighly stimulating and thought

provoking.
I particularly like

ialism

and

immensely

its

the chapter dealing with dialectical mater-

irrelevance

to

body who welcomes Brave New

Yours
Sd. Y.

scientific

enjoyed reading the book

Ideas.

Sincerely,

VENKATESWARA RAO.

development.

and

commend

it

ha

to any