Dominance

One of Gregor Mendel's great discoveries was the Principle of Dominance. He noted that
when he hybridized two parents with different versions of a particular trait, one of those
versions apparently disappeared in the hybrid (heterozygous) offspring. If he then mated
those offspring to each other, the vanished trait reappeared in the third generation,
apparently completely unchanged despite being invisible in generation 2. He named the
version of the trait which was visible in the hybrids the dominant and the one that was
invisible in the hybrids the recessive.
We now know that Mendel discovered complete dominance, which is only one of
several different kinds of dominance relationships. Dominance relationships result from
the interactions of the gene products of different alleles of the same gene (not from
interactions between different genes). Note that dominance is virtually always defined
with respect to the phenotypic of the heterozygote.

Complete Dominance: If two alleles have a complete dominance relationship, the

phenotype of the heterozygote will be indistinguishable from the phenotype of the
homozygous dominant. For example, for one of the gerbil fur color genes, that wild type
agouti/brown allele (B) is completely dominant to the black (b) allele of the same gene.
BB gerbils are brown; bb gerbils are black; Bb gerbils are brown. And you can't tell by
looking at a brown gerbil whether it is BB or Bb, no matter how closely or carefully you
look.
Incomplete Dominance: If two alleles have an incomplete dominance relationship, the
phenotype of the heterozygote will be intermediate between the phenotypes of the two
homozygotes. This is often described as "blending," though the alleles themselves do not
blend. The phenotype of looks like the two traits have blended together. For example, in
snapdragons, one of the various genes which control flower color has two alleles, one for
red flowers and one for white flowers. The two homozygous plants will produce red and
white flowers, respectively. But the heterozygote will produce pink flowers--as if the two
homozygous conditions were blended together like paint. In this case, the actual flower
color (phenotype) probably results from varying amounts of production of the red
pigment. The homozygous red plant produces a lot of the pigment, the homozygous white
plant produces none of the pigment, and the heterozygote produces half as much as the
homozygous red. Note that there is no dominant allele here.
Codominance: Codominance is similar to incomplete dominance in that there is no
dominant allele. However, the phenotypic expression is quite different. If two alleles
have a codominance relationships, in the heterozygote both alleles will be completely
expressed. For example, in humand ABO blood types, two of the three alleles (the A
allele, properly designated as IA, and the B allele, properly designated as IB) are

codominant. This gene controls the deposition of antigenic markers on cells. A person
with blood type A (homozygous for IA or heterozygous for IA and the recessive i (for O
type)) has one kind of antigen marker, while a person with blood type B (homozygous for
IB or heterozygous for IB and the recessive i (for O type)) has a slightly different kind of
antigen marker. The heterozygote has blood type AB, and this person's cells have both A
antigens and B antigens on their surfaces. There is no "in-between" antigen, as would be
expected if the alleles showed incomplete dominance. Both of the alleles are completely
expressed, and the person has both blood types at the same time.
Dominance, of course, is all about phenotype. And a lot more goes into shaping the final
phenotype than just dominance. No gene exists or functions in a vacuum; all of them
operate in a cellular and organismal environment created by and influenced by all of the
other genes in the organism. In addition, many traits, such as the fur color and flower
color traits used above as examples, are actually impacted upon by more than one gene.
And, of course, there is always the external environment to be considered as well.