Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Temporal Spatial
Amplitude Phase
Magneto-Optic Modulators
OA
Applications:
Shutters in high speed photography – frequency response 1010 Hz
As light beam choppers – replacement for mechanical choppers-
utilized in the measurement of speed of light
As Q-switches in pulsed laser systems
Major Disadvantage: High voltage requirement and nonlinear response.
Electro-optic Modulators - Pockels Effect
Pockels Effect (Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels 1865-1913 ): In certain
crystals lacking inversion symmetry the induced birefringence is
proportional to the first power of the Electric field E, (and hence V) .
1 3
n x n o n o r 63 E z
2
1 3
n y n o n o r 63 E z
2
Field off
y
x
x
z
Field on
Vz
y
t
y
x
z
The phase difference between the two components after
traversing a length L of the crystal is φ = (2π / λ )(nx’~ny’) l
T 1
0.5
Observe that for Vz=0, φ/=0 but φ =
π/2 and the transmittance T =0.5.
bias This is brought about through the
φ/ use of the suitably oriented QWP.
0 π/2 π
Pockels Phase modulator
x/
y/
x
y
Polarizer Vz
1 3
n x n o n o r 63 E z
2
1 3
n y n o n o r 63 E z
2
Electro-optic Deflector using Pockels Effect
θ
d
l Δn
l
The difference in transit time = l Δn /c
Angle of deflection = l Δn /D
Implementation using KDP
x/ x/
Absorber
Piezo-
The RF voltage source, through the in- electric
contact PZT launches a compressional To RF
transducer
wave into the acoustic medium source
The RF voltage source, through the in-contact PZT launches a compressional wave
into the acoustic medium
The compressional wave propagates through the medium through local displacement
of molecules (strain) – causing thereby local changes in the refractive index
For a sinosoidal RF signal, a moving sinosoidal phase grating generates along the
length of the crystal. The perod of the grating is velocity of acoustic wave / RF freq.
The phase grating interacts with the incident optical wavefront to produce various
diffracted orders
With a liquid AO medium, the RF frequencies are ~ few 10s MHz, and on incidence of
light the moving grating generates several optical frequencies due to doppler shifts. This
is called the Raman-Nath regime of operation, The guiding equation being d sin θn =n λ
Crystal
d Absorber
Piezo-electric
transducer
To RF source
2θB
Absorber
Piezo-
electric
To RF transducer
source
When the AO medium is a crystal, the AOM works in the Bragg regime
A light beam is symmetrically deflected at the Bragg angle θ satisfying the condition
2d sin θ = nλ
As d can be varied by varing the RF freqency (typically 100s of MHz to Giga Hz
range) diffraction angle changes
More light can be pumped in one of the +1 or -1 orders by tilting the crystal
Silver Halide materials:
Equation of the working region : γ =
Density = log10 1/t
(D+D0)/log E
i.e., D= γlogE –D0
Log E
Liquid cell
Index matching
fluid Silver halide films may be bleached
to give phase transparencies with
Transparency both surface relief and refractive
index variations contributing to the
phase.
Spatial Light Modulators
Temporal Spatio-temporal
Amplitude Phase
Liquid Crystals
All LC displays are made from LC phases formed from elongated or rod
shaped polar molecules
E
In presence of an electric field a dipole moment develops and tends to rotate
the molecule in the direction of the applied field
What makes a LC click as an SLM ?
OA
X
Polarization effects in LCs
S
F
What if the molecules are tilted ?
OA
Y
ne no
no
OA
If the LC molecules align themselves either
along the direction of the incident beam – no effect
OR
along the direction of polarization of the incident beam- no effect
polarizer
Polymide ITO
layer
LC
spacer
LC
TFT
Diffuser
Light guide
Reflector
Direction of output NO transmitted light
polarizer
TN-LC Voltage
(Twisted- ON
Nematic)
VOLTAGE When the
OFF direction of
propagation of
light is along to
the optic axis of
Direction of input an uniaxial
polarizer crystal, the state
of input
polarization
100 remains
900 unaffected !
% Transmittance
Tilt angle
50
450
0 0
0
0 2 4
Applied
voltage
Individual Electrode addressed displays
Passive matrix displays
Thin Film Transistor (TFT) ot Active Matrix Technology
Time Multiplexing
STN-LC
Multiplexed addressed TN displays allow upto 32 rows to be
driven. Beyond that electrical power becomes so low that
optical properties suffer
Scheffer (1985) and Waters (1985) showed that by using
larger twist angles, threshold can be made very sharp and that
a Twist angle of 2400 best suited this purpose and instead of a
1/32 duty cycle, 1/240 duty cycles could be achieved.
Practically, this was achieved by addition of chiral LC
molecules and orientation of the rubbing direction so as to
introduce the desired tilt.
STN displays gave colour effects. This was minimized by the
addition of a retardation films located between the polarizers
and the LC cell.
Used in all mobile phone displays. Too slow for laptops.
Voltage / transmission curve vs. mid-plane tilt angle
for STN displays with various angles of twist.
900
Bistasbility and
Mid-layer Tilt angle
other unwanted
450 Twist angle effects appear
900 2400 3300
Sharp Threshold
2700
1800
00
0 2 4
Applied voltage
Adding colour to life
LC off LC off LC on
Each of the addressing leads leading from the bottom of the device makes
contact with the continuous high resistance electrode, through the
dielectric mirror. The impulse function around each lead can be
controlled by altering the applied voltage and frequency. The overall
effect is a superposition of the impulse functions all the electrodes.
Interferogram from the central area of a 16x16 actuator modal LC
wavefront corrector. The applied voltage was 5V rms, at frequencies Gordon D. Love et.al.,
University of Durham,
of 1KHz, 10KHz, and 100KHz, respectively. UK
Temporal Spatio-temporal
Amplitude Phase
K1
Read
light Write light
Flat Glass
Alignment Alignment Opaque
Flat Glass layer(CdTe) substrate
layer layer
substrate Transparent
Dielectric electrode
Transparent LC layer mirror Photoconductive
electrode layer (CdS)
Hughes Aircraft Research Laboratories, 1970, PA LC SLM
Slide 45
OFF STATE
OASLM
Correlator using OASLM
Drop in your critical comments on this presentation .