SE 151A - Concrete Project

1
East San Diego Pedestrian Bridge

SE 151A
Concrete Mechanics and Design
Department of Structural Engineering
University of California, San Diego
Jose Restrepo
Alvin Aguelo
Luke Robinson
Term Project
Fall 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. References ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5
II. Dimensions & Section Properties............................................................................................................................... 6
III. Design Loads ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
IV. Structural Analysis........................................................................................................................................................ 9
V. Slab Design ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
VI. Girder Design ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
VII. Development of Longitudinal and Miscellaneous Requirements ..................................................................... 21
VIII. Column Design ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
IX. Drawings ..................................................................................................................................................................... 28
X. Appendix....................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Appendix 1.1: Calculations for Ag,slab ,Ixx,slab and Se,slab ........................................................................................... 36
Appendix 1.2: Calculations for Ag,column, Ixx,column and Se,column. .............................................................................. 36
Appendix 1.3: Calculations for yb, yt, Ag,girder, Ixx,girder and Se,girder. ......................................................................... 37
Appendix 1.4: Calculations for Slab Design Loads................................................................................................. 38
Appendix 1.5: Calculations for Girder Design Loads. ........................................................................................... 38
Appendix 1.6: Calculations for the Slab Design ...................................................................................................... 39
Appendix 1.7: Calculations for the Positive Girder Design .................................................................................. 41
Appendix 1.8: Calculations for the Negative Girder Design ................................................................................ 44
Appendix 1.9: Calculations for the Shear Design Slab Section ......................................................................... 47
Appendix 2.0: Calculations for the Shear Design Girder Section..................................................................... 48
Appendix 2.1: Bar Development Girder Calculations ........................................................................................... 50
Appendix 2.2 : Column Design Sample Calculation .............................................................................................. 53
Appendix 2.3: MATLAB Program used for Linear Interpolation ....................................................................... 55
XI. Hours Spent per Student .......................................................................................................................................... 56
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DESIGN PROCESS
ARCHITECTURAL
RENDERINGS
I. REFERENCES
PURPOSE:
The proposed bridge is designed as a connecting two-span pedestrian path for a park located in
East San Diego County. The proposed geometric layout requires a crossing of a 5 lane lowvolume roadway designed for frequent loading (due to pedestrians). As stated, the bridge will
account for multiple loading cases that are designed to assure public safety (reference accordance
with the American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)). The
permanent load cases are defined as follows: dead load of structural components (DC, AASHTO
3.3.2) and dead load of wearing surfaces and utilities (DW, AASHTO 3.3.2). Transient loading
are also accounted for and defined as: pedestrian live load (PL, AASHTO 3.3.2).
The preliminary design for the bridge was originally a T-shaped girder cross section which was
re-designed to have a taper of 30 mm depth. This design was primarily chosen for aesthetic basis
and as well as safety purposes. In addition, the slab and overhanging girder depth are designed
with consideration of the minimum code requirements (with specifications from the
client). Column size for the bridge was designed to have a side dimension of 850 mm.
Additional specification for the loading is as follows: the structure shall be designed to support
its own dead weight, the weight of a 50mm asphaltic concrete overlay (unit weight of asphaltic
concrete is 16 kN/m3, a 1 kN/m handrail load at the slab edges, and a live load per AASHTO
LRFD of 4.1 kN/m2. The normal weight of concrete are also considered and defined as 23.5
kN/m3 with a specified compressive strength of fc = 38 MPa. The average aggregate size used
in the concrete is 25 millimeters in diameter.
Figure1: Elevation View of Proposed Bridge (Dimensions in mm)
Figure 2: Preliminary Cross-Sectional View of Proposed Bridge (Dimensions in mm).

II. DIMENSIONS & SECTION PROPERTIES
A.) Deck Slab:

Analysis of the decking slab and determination of the slab depth was based on idealizing
the T-section as a solid one way cantilevered beam. Checking against ACI Code in Table
9.5(a), to avoid calculating deflections the minimum depth of the fixed end of the
cantilever must be 0.19m or larger. For the proposed bridge a slab depth of 0.20m was
chosen for simplicity.
Figure 3: Cross-Sectional Measurements: Decking Slab measurement in mm.
The proposed slab has the following sectional properties:
Cross-Sectional Properties:
Decking Slab
Ag,slab
Ixx,slab
Se,slab
0.2 m2
6.667e-4 m4
6.667e-3 m3
Table 1: Sectional Properties of Decking Slab (For Calculation See Appendix 1.1)
B) Girder:
Analysis of the girder and determination of the girder depth was based on ACI Code for
non-pre-stressed beams. Checking against ACI Code in Table 9.5(a), to avoid calculating
deflections the minimum depth of the non-pre-stressed beam with one end continuous
must be a minimum if 0.95m. For the design proposed a depth of 1m was chosen for
calculation purposes.
Figure 4: Cross-Sectional Measurements: Girder measurement in meters.
The proposed girder has the following sectional properties:
Decking Girder
Ag,girder
yb
yt
Ixx,girder
Sb,girder
St,girder
1.510 m2
0.701 m
0.299 m
0.1254 m4
0.1788 m3
0.420 m3
Table 2: Sectional Properties of Girder (For Calculation See Appendix 1.2)
C) Column:
The design of the column is allowed to be 850mm, 900mm, 950mm. For the proposed
bridge, a slanted square cross section has been chosen with a width of 850mm. The
thinner column has a more aesthetic quality to it and gives an overall more transparent
appearance to the bridge. Should it be found later that the bridge needs a larger column, it
can always be increased easily.
The proposed column has the following sectional properties:

Column
Ag,column
Ixx,column
Se,column
0.723 m2
0.0435 m4
0.1024 m3
Table 3: Sectional Properties of Girder (For Calculation See Appendix 1.1)
III. DESIGN LOADS
A) Deck Slab Design Loads: The design loads for the deck slab were determined to be:
Design Factor
Design Loads: Deck Slab
WDC1,slab
PDC2,slab
WPL,slab
WDW,slab
4.70 kN/m
1.00 kN
4.10 kN/m
0.80 kN/m
1.25
1.25
1.75
1.50
Final Load
Design with
Factors
5.875 kN/m
1.25 kN
7.175 kN/m
1.20 kN/m
Table 4: Design Loads for Deck Slab Cantilever (For Calculation See Appendix 1.3)
B) Girder Design Loads:

The design loads for the girder were determined to be:
Design Loads: Girder

WDC1,girder
WDC2,girder
WPL,girder
WDW,girder
35.49 kN/m
2.000 kN/m
18.655 kN/m
3.640 kN/m
Table 5: Design Loads for Deck Slab Cantilever (For Calculation See Appendix 1.4)
Shear Value
Moment Value
WDW, slab
WPL, slab
WDC1, slab
WDC2, slab
Wcomb1, slab
2.28 kN
2.17 kN-m
13.63 kN
12.95 kN-m
11.16 kN
10.6 kN-m
1.25 kN
2.25 kN-m
28.33 kN
27.97 kN-m
Table: 6The shear and the moment values for the loads are calculated through SAP and yield:
IV. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
A) Slab:
i) Model:
Figure 5: Cross-Sectional View of the idealized model for transverse bending and shear in the slab.
ii) Load Factors and Combinations:

Using ASSHTO Code for structural analysis, limit states STRENGTH I and
STRENGTH III recommend a load factor of 1.75 for pedestrian live loads in Table
3.4.1-1. Referring to Table 3.4.1-2, ASSHTO Code recommends a minimum load
factor of 1.25 for DC Components and 1.50 for DW wearing surfaces. The following
load factors are incorporated in the Design Envelope.
iii & iv) Bending Moment Diagrams & Shear Force Diagrams:
NOTE: The following shear and moment diagrams were modeled for a solid fixed
end one-way cantilever of length 1.9m. The design loads used were according to
Table 4 of this document and did not use ASSHTO design load factors.
10
1)
Dead Load WDC1,slab (Dead Load due to Concrete)
Figure 6: Shear Force Diagram (Max Shear: 11.16 kN)
Figure 7: Moment Diagram (Max Moment: -10.60 kN*m)
2)
Superimposed Dead Load WDW,slab (due to Overlay)
3)
Handrail Road WDC2,slab (due to handrail)
4)
Pedestrian Live Load WPL,slab
11
5) Design Envelope: ASSHTO load factors considered.
B.) Girder:
i.) Model:
Figure 16: First-order SAP Model of the proposed bridge. All dimensions are in mm.
12
ii.) Load Combinations and Factors:

The un-factored loads used in the girder design can be found in Table 5. Five load
cases were considered for the proposed bridge to account for moving live loads and
variability in specific gravity of materials used in the construction of Pollo Gigante
Pedestrian Bridge.
Figure 17: Load Case 1 Live load across entire bridge span with max load factors used in dead weight of
construction materials.
Figure 18: Load Case 2&3 Live load across half bridge span with min. load factors used in dead weight of
13
Figure 19: Load Case 4&5 Live load across half bridge span with max load factors used in dead weight of
Load Case 1
Design
LF
Load
Load
(p)
(kN/m)
WDC1,girder 1.25 44.36
WPL,girder 1.75 32.65
WDW,girder 1.5 5.460
Load Case 4
Design
LF
Load
Load
(p)
(kN/m)
WDW,girder 1.5
5.46
Design Loads: Girder

Load Case 2
Load Case 3
Design
Design
LF
LF
Load
Load
Load
Load
(p)
(p)
(kN/m)
(kN/m)
WDC1,girder 0.9 31.94 WDC1,girder 0.9 31.94
WDC2,girder 0.9 1.800 WDC2,girder 0.9 1.800
WPL,girder 1.75 32.65 WPL,girder 1.75 32.65
WDW,girder 0.65 2.366 WDW,girder 0.65 2.366
Load Case 5
Design
LF
Load
Load
(p)
(kN/m)
WDW,girder 1.5
5.46
Table 7: Design Loads and Load factors used for Girder analysis.
Load Case 1 is considered to account for the possibility of the bridge being
completely loaded with pedestrians, LC 1 yields a maximum negative moment in the
girder near the column and in the top of the column and also yields maximum shear in the
girders and column. Load Cases 2, 3 were considered for possible maximum positive
bending in the girder, but was not large enough to control the design. Load cases 4 and 5
were also considered to determine maximum positive bending moments in the left and
14
right side of the girder and did control the design. The design loads for the load cases
used in analysis are as follows.
iii.) Bending Moment Diagrams:
Figure 20: Moment Diagram for Load Combination 1 with Max Values units in kN-m.
15
iv.) Shear Force Diagrams:
Figure 25: Shear Diagram for Load Combination 1 with Max Values units in kN.
16
17
v.) Shear and Bending Moment Design Envelopes:
Figure 30: Moment Design Envelope. All Load Combinations with Max Values in kN-m
Figure 31: Shear Design Envelope with All Load Combinations with Max Values in kN
vi.) Girder Analysis Result Table:

The results for the Girder Analysis are shown below. These results are consistent with
those found from the values in the Moment and Shear Diagrams. From the table, we
check for possible design loads:
1. Shear Analysis (Left Girder): The highest positive shear on the left girder (from
nodes 2 & 3) is 918 kN and the highest negative shear to design for is -567 kN.
2. Shear Analyis (Right Girder): The highest positive shear on the right girder
(from nodes 5 & 6) is 629 kN and the highest positive shear to design for is -848
kN.
18
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
LC 4
LC 5
Pos. M
(kN*m)
1664
1576
503
1892
815
Loc.
(m)
6.1
6.7
5.5
6.7
5.5
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
LC 4
LC 5
Pos. M
(kN*m)
2130
741
1901
1147
2309
Loc.
(m)
9.8
10.4
9.8
10.4
9.8
LC 1
LC 2
LC 3
LC 4
LC 5
Pos. M
(kN*m)
1222
905
611
1142
848
Loc.
Girder
Girder
Girder
Girder
Girder
Girder Analysis
Element Nodes 2-3: Girder Left
Neg. M
Pos. V
(kN*m)
Loc.
(kN)
Loc.
-3295
Col.
918
Col.
-2069
Col.
708
Col.
-2000
Col.
425
Col.
-2699
Col.
883
Col.
-2630
Col.
599
Col.
Element Nodes 5-6: Girder Right
Neg. M
Pos. V
(kN*m)
Loc.
(kN)
Loc.
-2102
Col.
602
Sup.
-1304
Col.
232
Sup.
-1285
Col.
512
Sup.
-1703
Col.
347
Sup.
-1684
Col.
629
Sup.
Element Nodes 8-9: Column
Neg. M
Pos. V
(kN*m) Loc.
(kN)
Loc.
-1863
Ft.
458
Ft.
-1016
Ft.
287
Ft.
-1302
Ft.
286
Ft.
-1381
Ft.
378
Ft.
-1667
Ft.
343
Ft.
Neg. V
(kN)
-532
-466
-191
-567
-293
Loc.
Sup.
Sup.
Sup.
Sup.
Sup.
Neg. V
(kN)
-848
-384
-662
-546
-824
Loc.
Col.
Col.
Col.
Col.
Col.
Neg. V
(kN)
425
262
262
344
377
Loc.
Girder
Girder
Girder
Girder
Girder
Table 8: Tabular results of load case analysis. Listed are the maximum and minimum moments and shears
for each load case and their locations on the girder and column. (Col. Column/Girder Node [3 or 5], Sup.
Support/Girder Node [2 or 6], Ft. Footing/Column Node [9], Girder Column/Girder Node [8]) If Location
is in meters, it is the distance from the left node [2 or 5] of the girder element analyzed.)
19
V. SLAB DESIGN
i.) Slab Flexure
Slab Design Single Layer Tensile Steel

Bar
Size
4
No.
Bars
7
d (mm)
c (mm)
c/d
144
14.881
0.1
c/d<0.42
db (mm)
Ab (mm2)
As (mm2)
smin (mm)
s (mm)
12.7
129
903
60
130.2
Mn (kNMcr (kNm)
m)
51.59
25.89
Mn > 1.85Mcr
Mu (kNm)
46.53
28
Mn > Mu
Mn (kN-m)
Table 9: This table lists the slab design for multiple spacing. It also includes the checks for each of the bars
recommended.
Figure32: Slab design with reinforcement. Unit in mm.
ii.) Slab Shear

From analysis of the load case for the slab sections, it was determined that the
concrete in the slab has a factored resistance of 79kN. The analysis listed a maximum
demand of 28kN at the base of the cantilevered section. Per ACI-318, when designing for
shear, no shear reinforcement is needed if the factored demand is less than half the
resistance of the concrete. With a factored resistance of more than 3x the demand, no
shear reinforcement was considered for the slab design.
20
VI. GIRDER DESIGN
i.)
Girder Flexure Design:
Girder Design - 1 Layer (Critical Positive Moment)
11
No.
Bars
7
d (mm)
919
c (mm)
29.38
Bar Size
Bar Size
17
d (mm)
923
db (mm)
Ab (mm2)
As (mm2)
smin (mm)
s (mm)
35.81
1006
7042
50.8
62
c/d
Mn (kN-m) Mcr (kN-m)
0.032
265
68
c/d<0.42
Mn > 1.85Mcr
Mn (kN-m) Mu (kN-m)
2383
2309
Mn > Mu
Girder Design - 1 Layer (Critical Negative Moment)

No.
db (mm) Ab (mm2)
As (mm2)
smin (mm)
s (mm)
Bars
9
28.65
645
10965
50.8
varies
c (mm)
c/d
Mn (kN-m) Mcr (kN-m) Mn (kN-m) Mu (kN-m)
240.44
0.26
3763
485
3387
3295
c/d<0.42
Mn > 1.85Mcr
Mn > Mu
Table 10: This table provides the chosen design for the girder
Figure 33: Design of Girder cross section for the critical positive moment case. Units in mm.
Figure 34: Design of Girder cross section for the critical negative moment case. Units in mm.
21
II.) ii.) Girder Shear Design:

III.)
IV.)
The shear Design was completed per ACI-318. All calculations may be found in
Appendix 2.0. It was found that the worst case shear dictated a large section of Case 2,
another Case 3 section near the columns and a small case 1 section at mid-span. Due to
seismic loading in California no unreinforced shear sections were designed for. Minimum
reinforcement was used in all sections of the girder up to section 3. Lastly even though
one side of the bridge experienced less loads per analysis, to be safe and make for easier
constructability, the worst case will be mirrored about the centerline at the column.
V.)
Case 4
Case 3
Case 2
Range
Vn (kN)
Start (mm)
3Vc<Vu<Vc
1600
733
50
4875
Vc<Vu<0.5Vc
End (mm)
# sets
Not Encountered
4690
32
17325
35
Rebar
Config.
s (mm)
#4
#3
4 leg
4leg
135
400
Table11: design results from shear analysis.
Figure 35a: Shear design near the column. Case 3
Figure 35b: Shear design near mid-span to the supports. Case 2.
22
VII. DEVELOPMENT OF LONGITUDINAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

REQUIREMENTS
A.) Bar development per ACI-381

From the ACI code, all calculations passed the design checks. It was decided that
the negative reinforcement would be cut off from 17#9 bars to 6#9bars more than
3.27m from the column. Then cut off from 6#9 bars to 4#9 bars at more than 5.61m
from the column and continue till the support for shear stirrups.
The positive reinforcement was determined that the 7#11 bars would be cut off to
4#11 bars at a distance greater than 15.29m from the column and less than 4.08m
from the column, taking proper development into account.
The shear calculations per ACI 12.10.5.1 all passed and no design changes were
needed in that regard. The following is the graphs used in the design of the bar
development. For calculations See Appendix2.1 and for more detail see drawings IV
and V in section IX. Drawings.
Shear Design Envelope

1800
Shear Force kN in Girder
1600
Case 3:
Vn = 1600kN
1400
Positive
Moment
1200
1000
800
Negative
Moment
Case 2:
Vn = 733kN
600
Design
Capacity
400
200
0
0
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12
Distance x from Column Face (m)
13
14
15
16
17
Graph 1: Shear Design Envelope including factored resistances per the girder shear design and plots of the
shear for the maximum positive moment case and maximum negative moment case.
23
Moment Degign Envelope & Bar Cutoffs

-4000
Positive
Moment
Negative
Moment
B-CutOff (+)
-1000
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
1000
3000
17
A-CutOff (-)
xBR+=15.29m
2000
16
B-CutOff (-)
Distance x from Column Face (m)
xBL+=4.08m
Moment kN-m in Girder
-2000
xA-=6.04m
xB-=3.27m
-3000
Max Positive
Moment
4000
Graph 2: Moment Design Envelope used for designing bar development of the girder section. The graph
includes maximum positive moment demand and maximum negative moment demand, then plotted are the
corresponding cutoff rebar locations and the distances from the column face.
24
VIII. COLUMN DESIGN
i.
Column Analysis Results

The analysis for the column was performed through the simplification of the bars chosen
for a potential design. The following schematic illustrates the simplification:
Figure 36: Column Reinforcement
The following results were calculated using five cases that determine the
resistance-flexure axial load interaction diagram. These results are then used as the limits
and criteria for determining the amount of #10 bars that will be used in the column
reinforcement. The cover for the stirrups from the edge of the column is considered to be
50 mm while the stirrup used along the reinforcement is a 12 mm bar. The calculations
for the column design can be found in Appendix 2.2.
25
Case
1
2
3
4
5
Pn(MN)
-17
2.7
-2.88
-4.26
-6.34
= .01
Mn(MN-m)
0
0
1.81
2.24
2.054
Pn(MN)
-22.3
10.76
-0.2
-2.66
-6.08
= .04
Mn(MN-m)
0
0
3.36
4.27
3.48
Table 12: Design schematic of the cross section of the bridge (girder) with appropriate dimensions
ii.
Factored Resistance-Flexure Axial Load Interaction Diagram
Graph 3: This table provides the chosen design for the girder; the graph displays all the maximum values
from the results of the structural analyses are within the red circle. The chosen design is marked by the red
dashed circle.
26
Linear Interpolation of
4
3.5
0.04, 3.5
3
Mn
2.5
2
0.0213, 1.86
1.5
1
0.01, 0.875
0.5
0
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
g
Graph 4: Linear Interpolation Graph
From the linear interpolation of the data from the resistance-flexure axial load interaction
diagram, the value for rho was found to be .0213. This can now determine the
reinforcement that will be used for the
column.
iii.
Column Final Design

The final column reinforcement
design is the following:
20 #10 Bars with a 50 mm

cover from the edge of the
column; 12 mm stirrup at 250
o.c.
Figure 37: Final Column

Reinforcement Design
27
iv.
Column Bar Development
Bar Development For Column

db10 32.26mm
12 fy t_bottome
d
1.3m
b10
20
f
MPa
c
ld_col
A development length 0f 1.3m will cause teh rebar to protrude from the decking surface. Use Std
hooks.
Factor 1.0
ACI 12.5.4 - At the ends of member, in this case

the coloumn member, the factor shall be 1.0
0.02e fy
ldh_col max
db10Factor8 db10 150mm 0.258m
fc MPa
12 db10 0.387 m
D10 8 db10 0.258 m
R10
(ACI 12.5.3)
D10
0.129m
2
For images and Detailed drawings of Bar development for the Column please refer to Section IX.
Drawings.
28
IX. DRAWINGS
I.
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e
R
e
b
a
r
S
p
a
c
i
29
II.
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
R
e
b
a
r
S
p
a
c
i
n
g
a
30
III.
L
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
R
e
b
a
r
S
p
a
c
i
n
g
31
IV.
G
i
r
d
e
r
R
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
32
V.
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
R
e
b
a
r
33
34
35
36
X. APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1.1: CALCULATIONS FOR A G , S LA B ,I X X, S L AB AND S E , S L AB
h 1m
hf .2m
Ag_slab hf be 0.2m
bw .750m
be 1.00m
b h 3
e f 6.667 10 4 m4
Ixx_slab
12
b h 3
e f
Ixx_slab
Se_slab
12
Ixx_slab
hf
2
Girder Calculations
APPENDIX 1.2: CALCULATIONS FOR A G , C O LU MN , I X X, C OL U MN AND S E , C OL U MN .
bc .850m
hc .850m
Acolumn bc hc 0.722m
b h 3
c c 0.044m4
Ixx_column
12
Se_column
Ixx_column
3
0.102m
hc

2
37
APPENDIX 1.3: CALCULATIONS FOR Y B , Y T , A G , G I RD E R , I X X, G I R D E R AND S E , G I RD E R .

h 1m
hf .2m
bw .750m
hw h hf 0.8 m
Agirder1 bw hw 0.6m
Agirder2 be hf 0.91m
hw
y1
0.4m
2
hf
y2 hw
0.9m
2
Ag_girder Agirder1 Agirder2 1.51m
yb
Agirder1y1 Agirder2y2
Ag_girder
0.701m
yt h yb 0.299 m
d1 yb y1 0.301 m
d2 yb y2 0.199 m
b h 3
2
4
w w A
Ixx1
girder1d1 0.086m
12
b h 3
2
4
e f A
Ixx2
girder2d2 0.039m
12
Ixx_girder Ixx1 Ixx2 0.1254m
Sb_girder
Ixx_girder
3
0.1788m
yb
St_girder
Ixx_girder
3
0.42m
yt
be 4.55m
38
APPENDIX 1.4: CALCULATIONS FOR SLAB DESIGN LOADS.

concrete 23.5
kN
m
asphalt 16
kN
m
hasphalt 0.05m
kN
WDC1_slab concretehf 1m 4.7
m
kN
WDW_slab asphalthasphalt1m 0.8
m
kN 1m 1 kN
PDC2_slab 1
kN 1m 4.1 kN
WPL_slab 4.1
2
m
m
APPENDIX 1.5: CALCULATIONS FOR GIRDER DESIGN LOADS.
kN
WDC1_girder concreteAg_girder 35.485
m
kN
WDW_girger asphaltbe hasphalt 3.64
m
kN
kN
WDC2_girder 2 1
2
m
m
kN b 18.655 kN
WPL_girder 4.1
2 e
m
m
39
APPENDIX 1.6: CALCULATIONS FOR THE SLAB DESIGN
Critical Negative Moment Slab - Flexure Check

fc 38MPa
fy 414MPa
hf 200mm
h 1000mm
db4 12.7mm
bw 1000mm
d 144mm
l 1900mm
c 14.61mm
Mu 28kN m
be 1000mm
(38 28) 0.779
1 0.85 0.05
a 1 c 11.375mm
2
db4
886.738mm2
As 7
2
0.25 38MPa
2
bw d 536.036mm
fy
As_min
Cracking Moment of Section

6
fr 0.625 38 MPa 3.853 10 Pa
yt 100mm
4 4
Ig 6.66710
fr Ig
Mcr
25.686kN m
yt
Internal Compressive and Tensile Forces

5
C 0.85fc 1 c bw 3.674 10 N
5
T As fy 3.671 10 N
C T 100 0.082
Error 2
CT
Moment Carrying Capacity of Section

a
Mn T d 50.776kN m
2
(d c) .003 0.027
s 0.005
c
0.9 if 0.42
d
d
c
0.65 0.15 1 if 0.375 0.42
c
d
c
0 if 0.42 otherwise
d
0.9
Mn 45.698kN m
Tesile Dominated Section
(5.5.4.2.1 LRFD)
40
AASHTO Code Checks
Mmin min 1.22Mcr 1.33Mu 31.337kN m
Check1 "PASS " if Mn Mmin
(5.7.3.3.2 LRFD)
"FAIL" if Mn Mmin
Check2 "PASS " if Mn Mu
"FAIL" if Mn Mu
Check3 "PASS" if 0.42

d
c
"FAIL" if 0.42 d
(5.7.3.3.1 LRFD)
Check4 "PASS" if As As_min
"FAIL" if As As_min
Check1 "PASS"
Check2 "PASS"
Check3 "PASS"
Check4 "PASS"
41
APPENDIX 1.7: CALCULATIONS FOR THE POSITIVE GIRDER DESIGN
Critical Positive Moment Case:

Assuming No.4 Stirrup and No.11 Flexural Rebar to get a rough As (design)
and a strength reduction factor of 0.9
fc 38MPa
fy 414MPa
be 3950mm
dclear 50mm db 35.81mm
dstr 12.7mm
db
d 1000mm dclear dstr
919.395mm
.9
Mu 2309kN m
a1
fy
2 .85 fc be
1
671.693 MPa
m
b b 2 4 a c
1
1 1
2
1
559849mm
b b 2 4 a c
1
1 1
2
1
6822 mm
2 a1
smin 50.8mm
bw 750mm
Mu
c1
2566kN
m
1
b1 fy d 380630 kN
m
2 a1
dNo9 28.65mm
2
A No9 645mm
dNo10 32.26mm
2
A No10 819mm
dNo11 35.81mm
2
A No11 1006mm
Assuming Number 4 stirrup
NNo9
bw 2 dstr
NNo10
NNo11
2 d clear s min
8.501
d No9 s min
bw 2 dstr
2 d clear s min
d No10 s min
bw 2 dstr
2 d clear s min
d No11 s min
A No9_max 8 A No9 5160 mm
8.131
7.798
42
Critical Positive Moment Girder - Flexure Check

fc 38MPa
fy 414MPa db11 35.84mm d 919mm
hf 200mm
h 1000m
bw 750mm
c 29.41mm
l 17500mm
Mu 2309kN m
l
3
be min bw 2 8 hf 3.95 10 mm
4
1 0.85 0.05
( 38 28)
7
0.779
a 1 c 0.023m
2
db11
As 7
7.062 10 3 m2
2
0.25 38MPa b d 2.566 103 mm2

w
fy
As_min

6
fr 0.625 38MPa 3.853 10 Pa
yt 701mm
fr Ig
m
689.21kN
yt
Ig 0.1254m
M cr

6
C 0.85 fc 1 c b e 2.921 10 N
6
T A s fy 2.924 10 N
Error 2
CT
C T
100 0.076

a
3
Mn T d 2.653 10 kN m
2
( d c)
c
.003 0.091
s 0.005
Tensile Dominated Section
c 0.42
d

d
c
0.65 0.15 1 if 0.375 0.42
c
d
c
0 if 0.42 otherwise
d
0.9 if
0.9
3
M n 2.388 10 kN m
(5.5.4.2.1 LRFD)
43
AASHTO Code Checks
Mmin min 1.22Mcr 1.33Mu 840.836kN

m
Check1 "PASS" if Mn Mmin
"FAIL" if Mn Mmin
(5.7.3.3.2 LRFD)
Check2 "PASS" if Mn Mu
"FAIL" if Mn Mu
c
"FAIL" if 0.42 c
d
(5.7.3.3.1 LRFD)
"FAIL" if As As_min
Check1 "PASS"
Check2 "PASS"
Check3 "PASS"
Check4 "PASS"
44
APPENDIX 1.8: CALCULATIONS FOR THE NEGATIVE GIRDER DESIGN

Critical Negative Moment Case:
Assuming No.4 Stirrup and No.11 Flexural Rebar to get a rough As (design)
and a strength reduction factor of 0.9
fc 38MPa
fy 414MPa
be 750mm
dclear 50mm db 35.81mm
dstr 12.7mm
db
d 1000mm dclear dstr
919.395mm
Mu 3295kNm
a1
fy
.9
2 .85 fc be
3 1
3.538 10
b b 2 4 a c
1
1 1
2
1
As_design1
96918mm
2 a
1
smin 50.8mm
bw 3950mm
Mu
c1
3661kN
m
1
b1 fy d 380630 kN
m
MPa
b b 2 4 a c
1
1 1
2
1
As_design2
10678mm
2 a1
dNo9 28.65mm
2
A No9 645mm
dNo10 32.26mm
2
A No10 819mm
dNo11 35.81mm
2
A No11 1006mm
Assuming Number 4 stirrup Max number of flexural rebar and Max areas.
NNo9
bw 2 dstr
NNo10
NNo11
2 d clear s min
48.778
d No9 s min
bw 2 dstr
2 d clear s min
d No10 s min
bw 2 dstr
2 d clear s min
d No11 s min
A No9_max 48 A No9 30960mm
46.658
A No10_max 46 A No10 37674mm
44.745
A No11_max 44 A No11 44264mm
NNo.9design
A s_design2
A No9
16.556
Use 17 No.9 bars for critical negative moment
45
Critical Negative Moment Girder - Flexure Check

fc 38MPa
fy 414MPa
hf 200mm
h 1000mm
db9 28.7mm
bw 750mm
d 923mm
c 240mm Mu 3295kN m
be 3950mm
1 0.85 0.05
( 38 28)
7
0.779
a 1c 186.857mm
db9
As 17
1.1 104 mm2
2

0.25 38MPa b d 2.577 103 mm2

w
fy
As_min

6
fr 0.625 38MPa 3.853 10 Pa
fr Ig
3
1.616 10 kN m
yt
yt 299mm
Ig 0.1254m
Mcr

6
C 0.85 fc 1 c b w 4.527 10 N
6
T A s fy 4.553 10 N
Error 2
100 0.582
C T
CT

a
3
Mn T d 3.777 10 kN m
2
( d c)
c
.003 0.009
s 0.005
c 0.42
d

d
c
0.65 0.15 1 if 0.375 0.42
c
d
c
0 if 0.42 otherwise
d

Tensile Dominated Section
0.9 if
0.9
3
M n 3.399 10 kN m
(5.5.4.2.1 LRFD)
46
AASHTO Code Checks
M min min 1.22M cr 1.33M u 1.971 10 kN m
Check1 "PASS" if Mn Mmin
"FAIL" if Mn Mmin
(5.7.3.3.2 LRFD)
Check2 "PASS" if Mn Mu
"FAIL" if Mn Mu
c
"FAIL" if 0.42 c
d
(5.7.3.3.1 LRFD)
"FAIL" if As As_min
Check1 "PASS"
Check2 "PASS"
Check3 "PASS"
Check4 "PASS"
47
APPENDIX 1.9: CALCULATIONS FOR THE SHEAR DESIGN SLAB SECTION
bw 1000mm d 144mm
Vu 28kN
fc 38MPa
1
Vc
6 38MPa bw d 147.946kN
Vc
Case "Case 1 - No Required Reinforcement" if Vu

2
Vc
"Needs Reinforcement" if Vu
2
Case "Case 1 - No Required Reinforcement"
0.75
48
APPENDIX 2.0: CALCULATIONS FOR THE SHEAR DESIGN GIRDER SECTION
Shear Design per ACI-318

bw 750mm
fc 38MPa
d 919mm
fy 414MPa
0.75
1
Vc
6 38MPa bw d 708.137kN

Case1max
Vc
2
Due To seismic loads native to California

Case 1 will be ignored and considered Case2
265.551kN
Case2max Vc 531.103kN
Case3 max 3 Vc 1.593 10 kN

3
Case4 max 5 Vc 2.656 10 kN
567kN
5
Vul
( 6.677m d ) 4.89 10 N
6.677m
kN
5
Vur 918
(10.810m d ) 8.4 10 N
10.810m
Case 2: Minimum Shear Reinforcement

s 2max min
600mm 0.46m
s 2 400mm
bw s 2 38MPa bw s 2
2
279.185mm
( 3 414)
16 fy
Av_min max
Design using 4#3 @ 400mm o.c.
db3 9.525mm
db3
2
Av2 4
285.023mm
Case 3: Shear Reinforcement

s 3max min
600mm 0.46m
s 3 135mm
3 Vc
1 s 3
2
Vc 502.534mm
f
d
A v3min
Design using 4#4 @ 400mm o.c.

2
db4
2
506.707mm
Av3 4
db4 12.7mm
49
Case 4&5: Shear Reinforcement

Does not occur in Design
Locations and # Sets for Cases in Girder

Per the Shear Envelope - Designing for Critical Case 3 and Using Case 2 everywhere else.
x3min
( 531kN 10.810m 918kN 10.810m)

918kN
4557.157mm
Case 3 must be designed for at 4557m from the column or more.

n3min
( 4557mm 50mm)
135mm
1 34.385
Use 35 sets of Case 3 - Stirrups
n3 35
x3 50mm n3 1 135mm 4640mm
Case 2 - starting at 50mm of clear cover from the end of the girder at the support
n2max
( 17375mm 2 50mm 4640mm)

400mm
1 32.587
Use 32 sets of Case 2 - Stirrups
n2 32
x2 50mm n2 1 400mm 12450mm
dx 17375mm 250mm x2 x3 185mm
50
APPENDIX 2.1: BAR DEVELOPMENT GIRDER CALCULATIONS
Bar Development per ACI-318

1450
Vu_neg ( x) 918
x kN
17.075
1450 2
Mu_neg ( x)
x 918x 3295 kN m
34.15
1453 x 824 kN
17.075
1453 2
Mu_pos ( x)
x 824x 1684 kN m
34.15
Vu_pos ( x)
fc 38 MPa
fy 414MPa
bw 750mm d max(919mm923mm)
Bar Cutoff per ACI-318
A s_min max 0.25 fc MPa1.4MPa
bw d
fy
2.577 10 mm
lr 17.075m
(10.5.1 ACI)
Development Length
t_top 1.3 t_bottom 1.0 e 1.0
1
db11 35.81mm
s 1
db9 28.65mm
12 fy t_top e
d 1.501m
20 fc MPa b9
ld_neg
12 fy t_bottom e
d
1.443m
20 fc MPa b11
ld_pos
Top Bars: Negative Moment
Bottom Bars: Positive Moment
(1) Negative Bar Cutoff

Bars Cutting off 11#9 bars- 10 in the flanges and one in the web
2
db9
AsA1 6
3.868 10 3 m2
2

2
db9
AsB1 11
7.091 10 3 m2
2

Mn A1 1283kN m Determined Via MATLAB
xtrB1 2.475m
Extrapolated From Graph
xrB1 max xtrB1 max d 12db9 ld_neg 3.398m

5
Vu_neg ( 3.398) 6.294 10 N
51
1
5
Vc fc MPa bw d 7.112 10 N
6
A v2 279.185m m
A v3 502.534m m
s 2 400mm
s 3 135mm
d
5
Vs2 Av2 fy 2.667 10 N
s 2
V n( x)
0.75 Vc Vs2
0.75 Vc Vs3
d
6
Vs3 Av3 fy 1.422 10 N
s 3
if x 4.690
if x 4.690
V n ( 3.398) 1.6 10 N
Check1neg
Check2neg
"PASS" if AsA1 As_min
(10.5.1 ACI)
"FAIL" if AsA1 As_min
Check1neg "PASS"
"PASS" if A sA1
"FAIL" if A sA1
Check3neg
"PASS" if
"FAIL" if
AsA1 AsB1
3
(12.12.3 ACI)
Check2neg "PASS"
AsA1 AsB1
Vu_neg ( 3.398)
V n ( 3.398)
Vu_neg ( 3.398)
V n ( 3.398)
2
3
(12.10.51 ACI)
Check3neg "PASS"
Negative moment ends @ xp1r
xpir 4.54m
lr
xrAmin max xpir max d 12 db9 xpir ld_neg 6.041m

16
52
(2) Positive Bar Cutoff

Bars Cutting off 3#11 bars, every very other in the in the web
2
db11
AsA2 4
4.029 10 3 m2
2
2
db11
AsB2 3
3.021 10 3 m2
2
Mn A2 1371kN m
Determined Via MATLAB
xtl2 4.9967m
Extrapolated From Graph
xlB2 max xtl2 max d 12 db11 ld_pos 5.92m

5
Vu_pos ( 5.623) 3.455 10 N
V n ( 9.7 5.623) 1.6 10 N
Check1pos
Check2pos
"PASS" if AsA2 As_min
(10.5.1 ACI)
"FAIL" if AsA2 As_min
Check1pos "PASS"
"PASS" if A sA2
"FAIL" if A sA2
Check3pos
"PASS" if
"FAIL" if
AsA2 AsB2
3
(12.12.3 ACI)
Check2pos "PASS"
AsA2 AsB2
Vu_neg ( 5.623)
V n ( 5.623)
Vu_neg ( 5.623)
V n ( 5.623)
2
3
2
3
(12.10.51 ACI)
Check3pos "PASS"
By Symmetry: x.l2 will pass the same checks so no calculations shown.

Bars A per (10.5.1-ACI) & (12.11.1-ACI) need to be embedded 150mm into column.
53
APPENDIX 2.2 : COLUMN DESIGN SAMPLE CALCULATION

Using AASHTO code for Design:
Column Schematic (Idealized version):
h 850mm
b 850mm
gh h 2 5 12
32.3
2
(Calculation of the distance from L1 fiber to L3 fiber)
gh 693.7mm
g .01
Column Analysis (Case 1):
Ast g Ag
Pn Ast fy Ag Ast .85fprime_c

Mn 0MN
Strength Reduction Factor
g .04
2
7225mm
28900mm
26.09MN
34.37MN
0MN
0MN
.65
.65
Pn Ast fy
2.99MN
Mn 0MN
0MN
0MN
.90
.90
Strength Reduction Factor
11.96MN
ccolumn .23h
Assumed the value of c at .23*h of the column
a 1 c .779(195.5.5
mm)
.90 since the yield s1 is less greater than .005
a 195.5mm

c
c
1.535 10
h
2
( 1 g) 772mm
54
Layer (1)
s1 (d c) .0085
s1 0fs1 min Es s1 fy
fs1 414MPa
fs2 414MPa
Layer (2):
s2
c .0035
s2 0fs2 min Es s2 fy
Layer (3):
h
s3 ( 1 g) c .0018
2
s3 0a
h
2
( 1 g) c
fs3 max s3 fy 0.85fprime_c

Summing the Forces:
fs 3 327.7MPa
g .01
g .04
1122kN
4487kN
748kN
2991kN
3
Fs1 Ast fs1
8
2
Fs2 Ast fs2
8
3
Fs3 Ast fs3
8
Cc .85fprime_cab
P n
889kN
3551kN
4181kN
4181kN
3200kN
253kN
Summing the Moments:
Mn Fs1 x1 Fs3 x3 Cc xc
gh
x1
3.468
2
gh
x3
3.468
2
h
a
xc 348.9
2 2
2.01MN m
3.73MN m
55
Results with Reduction Factors
P n M n
(2.88MN1.81MN m)
(.2MN3.36MN m)

3
ccolumn d 289.43mm
8
a 1 c 194.3mm

.003
289.43
1.037 10
The Calculations for these cases

is similar to Case 3.

ccolumn
cu
cu y
d 463.2mm
a 1 c 360.83mm
b
.003
463.2
APPENDIX 2.3: MATLAB PROGRAM USED FOR LINEAR INTERPOLATION
The linear interpolation of the actual graph was determined through the use of MATLAB code.
clc;
clear;
y1 = input ('y1 value=');
y0 = input ('y0 value=');
x1 = input ('x1 value=');
x0 = input ('x0 value=');
y = input ('y value=');
% x = input ('x value=');
x = x0+(y-y0)*((x1-x0)/(y1-y0))
% y = y0+(x-x0)*((y1-y0)/(x1-x0))
56
XI. HOURS SPENT PER STUDENT

Hours Spent
Luke
Robinson
Alvin
Aguelo
1. References
0
0.5
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0.25
4
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
2. Dimensions & Section Properties

a. Slab
b. Girder
c. Column
3. Design Loads
a. slab
i. Dead Load
ii. Superimposed Dead Load
iii. Live Load
b. Girder
i. Dead Load
ii. Superimposed Dead Load
iii. Live Load
4. Structural Analysis
a. Slab
i. Model
ii. Load Combinations
iii. Bending Moment Diagrams of Load Combinations
iv. Shear Force Diagrams of Load Combinations
v. Design Envelopes
b. Girder
i. Model
ii. Load Combinations and Factors
iii. Bending Moment Diagrams of Load Combinations
iv. Shear Force Diagrams of Load Combinations
v. Design Envelopes
5. Slab Design
a. Flexure Design of Critical Section
b. Design for Shear
6. Girder Design
a. Flexure Design of Critical Section
i. Negative Moment
ii. Positive Moment
b. Design for Shear
57
7. Development of Longitudinal Reinforcement and Miscellaneous Requirements

a. Slab reinforcement
i. Longitudinal Bar Development
ii. Shrinkage and Temperature
iii. Cross Section Sketches
b. Girder Reinforcement
i. Longitudinal Bar Development
ii. Cross Section Sketches
8. Column Design
a. Interaction diagrams
b. Pn, Mu combinations
c. Design for Shear
d. Longitudinal Bar Development
9. Handrail Base Design
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
15
25
10. Drawings
10. Editing/Formatting Report
Total Hours Spent
Luke Robinson
59.25
Alvin Aguelo
58.5

SE 151A - Concrete Project

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1

East San Diego Pedestrian Bridge

Figure1: Elevation View of Proposed Bridge (Dimensions in mm)

Figure 2: Preliminary Cross-Sectional View of Proposed Bridge (Dimensions in mm).

A.) Deck Slab:

Figure 3: Cross-Sectional Measurements: Decking Slab measurement in mm.

The proposed slab has the following sectional properties:

Figure 4: Cross-Sectional Measurements: Girder measurement in meters.

The proposed girder has the following sectional properties:

Table 2: Sectional Properties of Girder (For Calculation See Appendix 1.2)

The proposed column has the following sectional properties:

Table 3: Sectional Properties of Girder (For Calculation See Appendix 1.1)

III. DESIGN LOADS

B) Girder Design Loads:

Design Loads: Girder

IV. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

ii) Load Factors and Combinations:

Dead Load WDC1,slab (Dead Load due to Concrete)

Figure 6: Shear Force Diagram (Max Shear: 11.16 kN)

Figure 7: Moment Diagram (Max Moment: -10.60 kN*m)

Superimposed Dead Load WDW,slab (due to Overlay)

Figure 8: Shear Force Diagram (Max Shear: 2.28 kN)

Figure 9: Moment Diagram (Max Moment: -2.17 kN*m)

Handrail Road WDC2,slab (due to handrail)

Figure 10: Shear Force Diagram (Max Shear: 1.25 kN)

Figure 11: Moment Diagram (Max Moment: -2.25 kN*m)

Pedestrian Live Load WPL,slab

Figure 12: Shear Force Diagram (Max Shear: 13.63 kN)

Figure 13: Moment Diagram (Max Moment: -12.95 kN*m)

5) Design Envelope: ASSHTO load factors considered.

Figure 14: Shear Force Diagram (Max Shear: 28.33 kN)

Figure 15: Moment Diagram (Max Moment: -27.97 kN*m)

ii.) Load Combinations and Factors:

Design Loads: Girder

iii.) Bending Moment Diagrams:

iv.) Shear Force Diagrams:

v.) Shear and Bending Moment Design Envelopes:

vi.) Girder Analysis Result Table:

i.) Slab Flexure

Slab Design Single Layer Tensile Steel

Figure32: Slab design with reinforcement. Unit in mm.

ii.) Slab Shear

VI. GIRDER DESIGN

Girder Flexure Design:

Girder Design - 1 Layer (Critical Positive Moment)

Girder Design - 1 Layer (Critical Negative Moment)

II.) ii.) Girder Shear Design:

Table11: design results from shear analysis.

Figure 35a: Shear design near the column. Case 3

Figure 35b: Shear design near mid-span to the supports. Case 2.

VII. DEVELOPMENT OF LONGITUDINAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

A.) Bar development per ACI-381

Shear Design Envelope

Shear Force kN in Girder

Moment Degign Envelope & Bar Cutoffs

Distance x from Column Face (m)

Moment kN-m in Girder

VIII. COLUMN DESIGN

Column Analysis Results

Figure 36: Column Reinforcement

Factored Resistance-Flexure Axial Load Interaction Diagram

Column Final Design

20 #10 Bars with a 50 mm