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FERTILIZATION
Process by which male and female gametes fuse in the ampullary region of oviduct (widest part and
close to ovary)
Spermatozoa viable in female reproductive tract for several days ascent to uterine tubes
o Flagellar activity in cervical mucus
o Contractions of muscles of uterus and oviduct
o Isthmus = sperm reservoir movement to ampulla is SYNCHRONIZED
o Not able to fertilize oocyte require capacitation and acrosome reaction
CAPACITATION:
o Period of conditioning in female reproductive
tract
o Approx 7 hours
o Much occurs in uterine tube epithelial
interactions between sperm and mucosal
surface
o Glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins
removed from cm that overlies acrosomal
region of spermatozoa
o Only capacitated sperm pass through corona
for acrosome rxn
Phases:
Penetration of Corona radiata
300-500 reach site of fertilization
Only one fertilizes egg
Others aid fertilizing sperm in
penetrating barriers of female
gamete
Only capacitated sperm pass through
corona cells
ACROSOME REACTION
o Occurs after binding to ZP induced by zona
proteins
o Release of enzymes to penetrate ZP including
acrosin and trypsin like substances
o Cm of sperm covering acrosomal head cap
disappears
Penetration of ZP
ZP glycoprotein shell surrounding
egg that facilitates and maintains
sperm binding
-induces acrosome reaction
-binding mediated by ZP4 and
receptors on sperm cm
-acrosin allows sperm to penetrate
zona
Zona reaction
-permeability changes when head of
sperm contacts oocyte surface
release of lysosomal enzymes from
cortical granules lining cm of oocyte
alteration of properties of ZP
prevent sperm penetration and
inactivate species specific receptor
prevent polyspermy
biochemistry:
ZP3 O linked glycoprotein
receptor for sperm on oocyte surface
galactosyltransferase on sperm surface attach to oligosaccharide chains of ZP3 transmembrane signalling
induction of acrosomal reaction liberation of acrosomal enzymes
Outer cells
3 days: 16 cell stage (morula/ mulberry)
o Inner cells: inner cell mass = embryo proper
o Outer cells: outer cell mass = trophoblast = placenta
4 days: late morula disappearance of ZP
BLASTOCYST FORMATION
Morula enters uterine cavity fluid begins to penetrate through ZP into intercellular spaces of inner
cell mass confluence of intercellular spaces BLASTOCELE
Morula blastocyst
o Inner cell mass = embryoblast
o Outer cell mass = trophoblast flatten and form epithelial wall of blastocyst
6th day:
o trophoblast over embryoblast pole: penetrate between epithelial cells of uterine mucosa
o integrins by trophoblast
o laminin on ECM promote attachment
o firbronectin on ECM stimulate migration
o interact along signal transduction pathways regulate trophoblast differentiation
implantation a result of mutual trophoblastic and endometrial action
Uterus at time of implantation
secretory phase:
o uterine glands and arteries coiled
o succulent tissues
3 distinct layers in endometrium:
o Superficial compact layer
o Intermediate spongy layer
o Thin basal layer
Implantation along anterior/ posterior wall of body of uterus embedded between openings of glands
If not fertilized: venules and sinusoidal spaces packed with blood cells extensive diapedesis of blood
into the tissue MENSTRUAL PHASE
o Escape of blood from superficial arteries
o Stroma and glands break away
o Expulsion of compact and spongy layers
o Basal layer retained supplied by BASAL ARTERIES regenerative layer in rebuilding glands
and arteries in PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
Embryo dies about 2nd month severe hemorrhage and abdominal pain
2. Abnormal blastocyst 34.6%
o Corpus luteum does not persist
o Blastocyst aborted by menstrual flow
o H MOLE: Trophoblast develops and forms placental membranes with little or no embryonic
tissue
embryoblast differentiation
hypoblast
epiblast
Small cuboidal cells
High columnar cells
adjacent to blastocyst
adjacent to amniotic cavity
cavity
Form a flat disc BILAMINAR GERM DISC
AMNIOTIC CAVITY:small cavity within apiblast
Amnioblast: epiblast cells adjacent to cytotrophoblast
and line amniotic cavity
Endometrial stroma: edematous and highly vascular;
large tortuous glands secrete abundant GLYCOGEN AND
MUCUS
Day 9
-
cytotrophoblast
Exocoelomic cavity/
primitive yolk sac:
Lined by hypoblast +
Heusers membrane
Day 11
-
and 12
complete embedded blastocyst
surface epithelium entirely covers original defect in uterine wall
slight protrusion into lumen of uterus
DECIDUA REACTION:
o endometrial cells become polyhedral and loaded with glycogen and lipids
o intercellular spaces filled with extravasate and tissue edematous
Trophoblast
-lacunar spaces form intercommunicating network evident
at embryonic pole
-abembryonic pole: still mainly cytotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
-penetrate deeper into
stroma and erode
endothelial lining of
maternal capillaries
(SINUSOIDS)
-maternal blood enters
lacunar system
-establish UTEROPLACENTAL
CIRCULATION
Embryoblast
-growth slow compared to trophoblast: disc remains
samll
Hypoblast
Epiblast
EEM
-between inner surface of
cytotrophoblast and outer
surface of exocoelomic
cavity
-derived from yolk sac
cells
-forms fine loose
connective tissue which
eventually fills all of the
space between
(hypoblast cont.) trophoblast externally and amnion and exocoelomic membrane internally
-large cavities develop and become confluent CHORIONIC CAVITY/ EXTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM
>surrounds primitive yolk sac and amniotic cavity except at connecting stalk
1. extraembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm lining cytotrophoblast and amnion
2. extraembryonic splanchnopleuric mesoderm covering yolk sac
Day 13
healed surface defect in endometrium
occasional bleeding at implantation site because of increased blood flow into lacunar spaces usually
at 28th day of menstrual cycle
Trophoblast
Embryoblast
-villous structures
Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Hypoblast
Epiblast
-proliferate locally and
-additional cells that
*EEM = extraembroynic
penetrate
migrate along inside of
mesoderm
syncytiotrophoblast form
exocoelomic membrane
cellular columns
formation of SECONDARY
surrounded by syncytium =
YOLK SAC/ DEFINITIVE
PRIMARY VILLI
YOLK SAC
>new cavity within
exocoelomic cavity
>much smaller than
original primitive yolk sac
>large portions of
exocoelomic cavity pinched
off EXOCOELOMIC CYSTS
Rudimentary in humans
Completion of neurulation
o CNS representation:
SOMITES
o 20th day: 1st pair in cervical region
o 3 pairs per day
o End of 5th week: 42-44 pairs present:
Occipital = 4
Cervical = 8
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Sacral = 5
Coccygeal = 8-10
INTERMEDIATE MESODERM
Temporarily connects paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm
Cervical and upper thoracic regions: segmental cell clustures (NEPHROTOMES)
CAUDALLY: unsegmented mass of tissue (NEPHROGENIC CORD)
LATERAL PLATE MESODERM
Splits into 2 layers which line intraembryonic cavity and surround the organs (see table)
BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS
3RD week: visceral mesoderm of wall of yolk sac blood cells and blood vessels
Angioblasts isolated cell clusters and cords angiogenic cell clusters canalized by confluence of
intercellular clefts
Central cells: primitive blood cells programmed cell death as embryo develops and replaced by fetal
cells
o May arise from dorsal mesentery/ yolk sac
o Colonize liver (major hematopoietic organ of fetus)
o Migration again to bone marrow (source of adult blood cells)
Peripheral cells: flatten endothelial cells lining BLOOD ISLANDS approach each other rapidly
small vessels
Development of blood cells and capillaries in EEM of villous stems and connecting stalk establish
contact with inside embryo
Establish intraembryonic blood cells and blood vessels (heart tube) in the same way
Development of brain vesicles embryonic disc bulges to amniotic cavity cephalocaudal folding:
o Head fold
o Tail fold
Result: larger portion of endoderm lined cavity incorporated into body of embryo
proper
FOREGUT: anterior part of endoderm temporarily bounded by ectodermal-endodermal membrane
BUCCOPHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE
o 4TH week: rupture of membrane open communication between amniotic cavity and primitive
gut
HINDGUT: tail region temporarily terminates by ectodermal-endodermal membrane CLOACAL
MEMBRANE
o 7th week: rupture of membrane opening for anus
MIDGUT: between foregut and hindgut temporarily communicates with yolk sac by vitelline duct
Rapid growth of somites rounded appearance of embryo
Ventral body wall established except for a small part in ventral abdominal region where yolk sac duct
and connecting stalk attached
Body folding communication of midgut and yolk sac long and narrow vitelline duct obliterated
later lose connection with endoderm lined cavity
Partial incorporation of allantois into body of embryo CLOACA
o 5TH week: yolk sac duct, allantois, umbilical vessels and umbilical ring
Yolk sac = only nutritive role in early stages 2nd month: lies in chorionic cavity
Appear in hand region first foot (upper limb more advanced in development)
Neural crest
derivatives
Mesoderm
Supporting tissues = connective tissue, cartilage, bone
Striated and smooth musculature
Endoderm
CNS
PNS
Sensory
epithelium of
ear, nose, eye
Epidermis (hair
and nails)
SQ glands,
mammary
glands,
pituitary gland
Enamel of
teeth
Connective
tissue and
bones of face
and skull
Cranial nerve
ganglia
C cells of thyroid
gland
Conotruncal
septum in heart
Odontoblasts
Dermis in face
and neck
Spinal root
ganglia
Sympathetic
chain and
preaortic
ganglia
Parasympathetic
ganglia of GIT
Adrenal medulla
Schwann cells
Glial cells
Arachnoid and
pia mater
Melanocytes
Urogenital
structures
Nephrotomes
and
nephrogenic
cord: excretory
units of urinary
system and the
gonads
Parietal
mesoderm +
ectoderm =
lateral and
ventral body
wall
Visceral
mesoderm +
endoderm =
wall of the gut
Mesoderm cells
of parietal layer
= mesothelial
membranes/
serous
membranes
(peritoneal,
pericardial,
pleural
cavities)
Mesoderm cells
of visceral
layer = thin
serous
membrane
around each
organ
Epithelial
lining of
primitive gut
and
intraembryoni
c portions of
allantois and
vitelline duct
Epithelial
lining of
respiratory
tract
Parenchyma of
thyroid,
parathyroids,
liver, pancreas
Reticular
stroma of
tonsils and
thymus
Epithelial
lining of
urinary
bladder and
urethra
Epithelial
lining of
tympanic
cavity and
auditory tube
Time
-
10
TWINNING
Dizygotic twins
(fraternal)
2/3 of twins; incidence:
7-11/ 1000 births and
increases with maternal
age
Simultaneous shedding
of 2 oocytes and
fertilization of different
spermatozoa
Zygotes totally different
genetic constitutions
-no more resemblance
than any other brothers/
sisters
-may not be of different
sex
2 separate zygotes
develop separate
implantation
Own amnion
Own placenta but 2
placentas close together
may fuse
Own chorionic sac but
Chorionic sacs may also
fuse
Erythrocyte mosaicism
each twin possesses RBC
of 2 different types
fusion of 2 placentas so
intimate that RBCs were
exchanged
2 separate zygotes
develop separate
implantation
Own amnion
Own placenta
Splitting at early
blastocyst stage (usual)
2 separate groups of
cells within same
blastocyst cavity
Same implantation site
Splitting at bilaminar
germ disc stage just
before appearance of
primitive streak
Own amnion
Common placenta
Common amnion
Common placenta
Twin defects
Twin pregnancies high incidence of mortality and morbidity tendency toward preterm delivery
12% of premature infants are twins usually small at birth
Twins are conceived more often than they are born
o Vanishing twin death of one fetus during first trimester or early 2 nd trimester; may result from
resorption or formation of a fetus papyraceus
o Twin transfusion syndrome 5-15% of monochorionic monozygotic pregnancies
One twin receives most of blood flow and flow to the other compromised one twin
larger
Conjoined (Siamese) twins: partial splitting of the primitive node and streak
o Thoracopagus (thorax)
o Pygopagus (buttocks)
o Craniopagus (head)