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Moment of Inertia
In classical mechanics, moment of inertia, also called mass moment of inertia, rotational inertia, polar moment of
inertia of mass, or the angular mass, (SI units kg m2) is a measure of an object's resistance to changes to its rotation.
It is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation. The moment of inertia plays much the same role in
rotational dynamics as mass does in linear dynamics, describing the relationship between angular momentum and
angular velocity, torque and angular acceleration, and several other quantities. The symbol I and sometimes J are
usually used to refer to the moment of inertia or polar moment of inertia.
The moment of inertia of an object about a given axis describes how difficult it is to change its angular motion about
that axis. Therefore, it encompasses not just how much mass the object has overall, but how far each bit of mass is
from the axis. The farther out the object's mass is, the more rotational inertia the object has, and the more force is
required to change its rotation rate.
We will limit our application of the Moment of Inertia as it applies to Structural Components identified here.
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Given: the plate shown in the diagram has a weight of 1 #/in2 (1 pounds per square inch) of horizontal surface.
Determine:
the center of gravity of the plate knowing that it is symmetrical about the X-X axis.
Solution: The principle of moments states that the total weight about an axis is equal to the sum of the moments of the
component weights about that same axis. Thus, the first thing to do is to divide the plate into several simple parts. Then,
determine the area and the center of gravity (or centroid) for each of the component parts. After this is completed, take the
moments of each of the parts around a convenient axis (in this case select the Z-Z axis about which to take these moments).
The Z-Z axis is here identified as the Ref Axis.
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2 inches by 10 inches were laid side by side - one on the two inch side and the other on the eight inch side, the board which
is supported on its 2" edge is considerably stiffer than that supported along its 10" edge. Both boards have the same crosssectional area, but the area is distributed differently about the horizontal centroidal axis.
The moment of inertia of a rectangular shape such as this one is easily calculated by using the equation I = 1/12 bh3.
However, it is crucial that b and h are assigned correct values.
You may simply rotate the member by 90 degrees and recalculate, always remembering the original position of the Member.
Ixx= 1/12(4")(10")3 = 333.2 in4
Iyy= 1/12(10")(4")3 = 53.312 in4
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moment of inertia of a number of typical beam configurations. All of the members shown below are 2" x 10"; in cross
section, equal in length and equally loaded.
BUILT-UP SECTIONS It is often advantageous to combine a number of smaller members in order to create a beam or
column of greater strength. The moment of inertia of such a built-up section is found by adding the moments of inertia of the
component parts. This can be done, if and only if the moments of inertia of each component area are taken about a common
axis, and if, and only, if the resulting section acts as one unit.
Built-Up Sections
Given:
the following cross sections
Determine:
Ix of each section considering its component parts.
Solution:
In this example the Box is broken into 4 separate members, and the procedure of calculating the Ixx is shown.
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Example of Results of a Computer Program Available from our Free Software Section
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There are many built-up sections in which the component parts are not symmetrically distributed about the centroidal axis.
The easiest way to determine the moment of inertia of such a section is to find the moment of inertia of the component parts
about their own centroidal axis and then apply the transfer formula. The transfer formula transfers the moment of inertia of a
section or area from its own centroidal axis to another parallel axis. It is known from calculus to be:
Ix = Ic + Ad2
Where:
Ix = moment of inertia about axis x-x (in4)
Ic = moment of inertia about the centroidal axis c-c parallel to x-x (in4)
A = area of the section (in2)
d = perpendicular distance between the parallel axes x-x and c-c (in)
Transfer Formula
Given:
the glued asymmetric built-up cross-section below.
Determine:
the moment of inertia of the composite area about the x axis.
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Example of Results of a Computer Program Available from our Free Software Section
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