WATER INDUSTRY SEGMENT REPORT

DESALINATION
San Diego, July 2012

Prepared by:
Andreas Fried
Basel Serio

WORLD TRADE CENTER SAN DIEGO

2980 Pacific Highway
San Diego, CA 92101
T: (619) 615 0868
F: (619) 615 0876
www.wtcsd.org

General Provision
This report was conducted by the World Trade Center San Diego (WTCSD). The scope of this report is to
provide information about the water industry segment of desalination. The report will not be, and
should not be, considered as an opinion regarding a recommendation for, or the reasonableness of any
specific business action. No representations or warranties are provided with respect to the results
obtained from use of the analysis or surveys of this report. In no event shall the WTCSD be liable for
consequential, special, direct, or indirect damages arising out of use of this material.
To the best of our knowledge and belief, the statements contained in this report are true and correct.
Information, estimates and opinions provided to us and contained in the report were obtained from the
sources cited, and to the extent analyzed by us are believed to be true and correct. However, no
representation, liability or warranty for the accuracy of such items is assumed by or imposed on WTCSD.
Opinions in this report are the authors opinion, and are not the official opinion of WTCSD.

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Table of Contents
General Provision .................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Conversion Measures .......................................................................................................................... 4
Desalination ......................................................................................................................................... 5-6
Industry at the National Level .................................................................................................................. 7
Southern California........................................................................................................................... 7-8
MENA Desalination Industry .................................................................................................................... 8
Power Sector ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Water Sector ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Middle East .................................................................................................................................. 10-13
North Africa.................................................................................................................................. 14-15
Small Scale Projects ........................................................................................................................... 15
Trade Shows - Domestic and International............................................................................................. 16
Trade Publications and Internet Sources ................................................................................................ 18
Current Desalination Projects ........................................................................................................... 19-33
Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 34

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Introduction
This report is an introductory overview of the desalination (desal) industry. The report focuses on U.S.
export to the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region and India. Water scarcity is an acute and
growing problem. Essentially the amount of naturally occurring fresh water in the world is constant or
even declining because of the over-exploitation of non-renewable ground water resources. Demand for
water continues to grow as the need to increase agricultural production sucks up available water for
irrigation (85% of MENA water use for agricultural use), forcing urban water users to develop new
resources. Desalination has been favored as method to increase the water supply. The regional
desalination sector has grown into an $8 billion market in the last 5 years. Historically, especially the
Gulf (GCC) region has favored large scale projects to boost supply in favor of targeting the high demand
and water waste.1 The financial crisis though has opened policymakers eyes for alternative, less capital
intense projects. Campaigns for reduced water usage have also been launched as a method for tackling
the regions water shortage and less affluent countries are looking at smaller-scale desalination projects.
The attractiveness of desalination has been reduced due to rising oil prices, putting upward cost
pressure on a water supply process that consumes large amounts of energy. Desalination today is an
expensive technology, but most of the world's 2,000 desalination plants are currently located in the
Middle East where water is in short supply but energy has been cheap. Albeit, the low-cost energy has
been due to energy subsidies obtained by the mostly state owned utility companies operating
desalination plants in the MENA region. Desal plants are frequently built in connection with power
stations. The increase in electricity prices has actually recently spurred the power plant components of
desal plants. The latest desalination trend is that the increase in energy prices has made it possible for
bidders to increase the power plant component with increased excess power revenues, to subsequently
subsidize the desalinized water price offered in tenders.
Firstly, this paper will look briefly at the desalination industry in general; secondly, we will examine
current trends and forecasts for the industry per region. The paper concludes with useful tradeshow and
resource information as well as a list of current desal projects.

Conversion Measures
1 m3 = 220 Imperial Gallons (IG)

1 Ha = 2.47 Acres

1 IG = 0.0045 m3

1 Acre = 0.405 Ha

1 m3 = 264 Gallons (G)

1 Liter = 0.264 Gallons

1 G = 0.0038 m3

1 G = 3.785 Liters

1 IG = 1.2 G

1 IG = 4.54 Liters

http://www.gulfbase.com/site/interface/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?n=98458
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Desalination
Because only 1 percent of the Earth's water is fresh, the oceans are an obvious way of supplementing
the fresh-water supply. To be potable (drinkable), however, salt and other chemicals must first be
removed from the sea water. This process of salt removal known as desalination has been practiced
since ancient times.
The most common desalination processes used
today are distillation and membrane processes,
each accounting for about half the installed
global desalination capacity. Historically,
distillation technologies have dominated the
seawater desalination market, partly because
they lend themselves well to co-generation of
water and power, partly because energy
subsidies favored these more energy-intensive
technologies, and partly because of the lower
reliability of earlier membrane technologies.
However, most new desalination plants now use
membrane technologies, in particular reverse
osmosis (RO). This is mainly due to reductions in the costs and the energy intensity of reverse osmosis,
as well as improvements in its reliability. Reverse osmosis of seawater requires much less energy than
distillation processes.2
Looking forward, it is clear that
membrane desalination is going to
continue to pull away from thermal
desalination. Although multi-stage
flash and multi-effect distillation
represented around 26% of the
market during the period 20002009, their market share is
expected to amount to around 9%
in the period 2010-2016. This
reflects two factors. First, the
desalination market outside the
Gulf is expected to grow faster than
the desalination market in the Gulf region, where thermal desalination is more frequently used. Second,
2

The World Bank: Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia
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membrane desalination is making in-roads into the Gulf market a trend which is likely to accelerate
with the move towards independent water and power projects in Kuwait and Dubai, as well as greater
consciousness about energy efficiency due to rising energy prices.3
Overall global desalination capacity is expected to grow from 68.3 million m3/d at the beginning of 2011
to 129.9 million m3/d by the end of 2016.4 For 2010 and 2011 though, new capacity is on the decline,
with 4.7 million m3/d and 6.8 million m3/d respectively - well below the market peak of 7.5 million m3/d
achieved in 2007. There are a number of factors behind the cooling of the desalination market. These
include:
The completion of major desalination plant building programs in Algeria, Spain, and Australia.
The weakness of the real estate market in the UAE, Southern Spain and the Western U.S.
Project delays and postponements related to a variety of issues such as elections, financing
difficulties, heavy rains, and administrative issues.
Increased energy prices in 2011 will probably continue to restrain the market recovery.5

http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/11/7/market-insight/desalination-market-returns.html
GWI: Desalination Markets 2010
5
http://www.globalwaterintel.com/gwi-downgrades-desalination-market-expectations-201011/
4

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Industry at the National Level

The U.S. desalination industry is strongly concentrated in the region dependent on the Colorado River
and Lake Mead for its water supply. Florida is also looking for desalination as a water supply technology.
Perhaps one of the best opportunities to reduce the capital and operating costs of a seawater
desalination plant is to co-locate the desalination plant on or adjacent to a power plant. Especially for
regulatory approval purposes this strategy has been pursued in the U.S.6 The U.S. will be spending
$3,330 million per year on building and operating desalination plants, suggests a new report by Global
Water Intelligence (GWI). This represents a 191% increase on current expenditure.
There are a lot of major multi-national corporations that have desalination subsidiaries. Some of the
largest U.S. companies include General Electric, Dow Chemical, and Hydronautics. GE Water has a long
history in the Middle East, first operating in the Saudi water sector in the 1930s. It has a base in Dubai
and the company is involved in many desalination and wastewater plant across the region. GE Energy
recently opened its second USD$10 million water technology centre in Saudi Arabia aimed at providing
water solutions across the region.7

Southern California
The Southern California region is strong when it comes to water technology and desalination. As of April
2011, an estimated 3,000 people work for companies in the San Diego area supplying equipment or
logistical support for desalination plants, earning the industry upwards of $350 million in annual
revenues. Many of these companies also supply other related manufacturing segments. The Californian
coast may have about 20 desalination plants in a few years, but most of them are still in the early
planning stage.8 The regulatory approval process is rigid, especially with regards to environmental
protection. Proposed desalination plants must win approval from city and county governments as well
as the Public Utilities Commission in the case of investor-owned utilities. The largest project, Poseidon
Resources Desal Plant in Carlsbad, spent almost a decade in the State and Federal approval process,
receiving final go-ahead in February 2011.9
In California, an estimated 40 percent of the cost of desalination is energy to run the plant. Lobbying by
companies that stand to gain financially from desalination has helped earn widespread support from
California lawmakers. Poseidon has reportedly spent around $60 million on engineering and attorney
fees on its Carlsbad plant before a single spade of dirt has been overturned. A group of California water

Neil Callahan: Integration of Power Generation and Water Desalination Operations

http://www.ge.com/mea/docs/brochure_sa_english.pdf
8
http://www.dcbureau.org/201103081301/Natural-Resources-News-Service/the-water-business-desalinationmeans-big-business-to-california-industry.html
9
http://www.carlsbad-desal.com/
7

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companies and public agencies formed the non-profit CalDesal last year to educate and lobby for
desalination.10

MENA Desalination Industry

Power Sector
Desalination in the Middle East is closely linked to the power sector. We will therefore take a moment to
look at the MENA power sector. Due to population and industry growth, the power sector in MENA has
a demand that is growing at 5-7% annually. To meet this increasing demand; new power plants,
increased efficiency, improved transmission systems and new energy sources are required. The MENA
region has 146 GW of installed electrical capacity, a further 120GW of new capacity and 30 GW of
replacement capacity will be required from 2005-2020. Electricity is heavily subsidized in most countries
and as a result this has led to inefficient energy use. Electricity bills are often unpaid in some MENA
countries; almost half the electricity consumption was unpaid or illegally connected in 2005. Because of
the geography of the region, with sparse population, many communities exist off the grid. In recent
years, Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have been successfully encouraged, but there is still room
for more private electricity producers. The current challenge in the MENA region is diversifying the
energy mix beyond oil as a sizable proportion of the generation capacity is nearing the end of its lifespan
and capacity demands are rising. The high power demand matches the high water demand and much
work will have to be done to stabilize the resources of both.

10

http://www.dcbureau.org/201103081301/Natural-Resources-News-Service/the-water-business-desalinationmeans-big-business-to-california-industry.html
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11

Current and projected desal markets by country or region.

Water Sector
The region relies heavily on water for agriculture which comprises 85% of its water use so combating the
continued drying of the land mass will be a priority. The climate will become drier and hotter with less
rainfall and increased droughts. Water shortages will be experienced by 80-100 million people before
2025. This puts water supply on top of the agenda of the regions leaders. Due to recent infrastructure
investments, water supply has increased to allow 75% of the MENA population access to clean water
and improved sanitation. MENA already leads the world in desalination technology. The region will
require 6% per year water supply increase from desal plants. The majority of desalination plants use
thermal desalination technologies and large quantities of fossil fuel are required for the distillation
process. Even in small countries such as the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Israel and Jordon the pumping distances
have been a barrier, due to pipe leakages and poor water management in general. Furthermore, as a
result of poor regulations, desalination plants in the region have polluted the Gulf seawater by
discharging hot wastewater directly into the Gulf.
Like the power sector, private water utilities are struggling to perform due to an unreasonable
subsidization of tariffs in the public sector. Only two countries in the region have private water utilities
that can cover their operational and management costs. In MENA public spending on water accounts for
1-5% of the GDP but these investments have not been cohesive. The World Bank has heavily funded the
11

GWI: Desalinisation Markets 2010

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regions water development. The Bank financed new water projects totaling $229.5 million in 2008 and
$123 million in 2009. Iran, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt and Kuwait accounted for around 70% of energy
and water investments in the last five years. The total MENA investment in power and water was about
$60 billion during this period. Government owned utilities will continue to play the key investment role
as only 40% will be funded by the private sector.12

Capacity increase during the 2000s.

13

Middle East
The power and water desalination Industry in the Gulf (GCC) nations is characterized by a limited source
of supply struggling to cater to the escalating demand fuelled by increasing population and improved
standards of living. Spurred by a buoyant economy and population growth, UN-FAO forecasts over $250
billion will be invested in GCC water and desalination projects, over the next decade. Whilst privatization
occupies the centre stage in the overhauling process of power and water sector, the initiatives towards
alternative energy sources will enable GCC nations to diversify their economic growth from
predominantly oil based economies. New power plants often include desal components. Faced with the
extreme scarcity of groundwater, the GCC nations are focusing on increasing supply of water through
desalination and waste water treatments. The regional governments are also educating the population
on water conservation.14 In the GCC region, commonly more than 75% of water consumption is in the
agricultural sector, around 15% for public purposes and less than 2% for industrial purposes. Hence,
potential for the lower-quality reused wastewater (which is sufficient for irrigation but not for public
use) is larger than the potential for desalination. So far though, farmers have been hesitant to accept
reused wastewater for food-product irrigation.15

12

Chantel McGrath: Renewable Desalination Market Analysis

Global Water Intelligence: Vol 10, Issue 10 (October 2009)
14
Research and Markets: GCC Power & Water Desalination Industry Overview 2010
15
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/untd_arab_em/index.stm
13

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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia relies on seawater desalination for 50% of its water supply and has over 30 operating
desalination plant. Saudi Arabia has 4,000 km of water pipelines, but this network is under pressure
owing to increased water demand. Current projects include a new pipeline in Saudi Arabia to supply the
city of Taif near the Red Sea. Between 2006 and 2016 approximately 20 plants will be built or planned,
with over $5 billion of annualized investment in desalination (2005-2015). Environmentalists have
pushed for increased use of solar power in desalination, but the government has continued to rely on oil
and gas as energy sources. The Saudi Arabians plan to invest USD$170 billion in the energy sector over
the next five years, requiring private sector investment to satisfy water and electricity demands for the
country. Of this investment, $90 billion will come from Saudi Aramco (national oil company) and will
primarily be invested in oil production.16
The first large scale renewable desal plant is an IBM joint venture with King Abdulaziz City for Science
and Technology (KACST), the Kingdoms main research and development institute, building a solar
powered desalination plant in the city of Al Khafji in the northeast of the country. The plant will be
powered by ultra-high concentrator photovoltaic (UHCPV) technology and would provide up to 30,000
m3 of potable water a day to 100,000 people. The KACST/IBM joint research focuses on improving
polymeric membranes through nanoscale modification of polymer properties to make desalination
much more efficient and much less costly.17
Shoaiba Barge Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) plant is the largest in the world (completed in 2008),
producing 50,000 m3/day using Dow Film Tec membrane elements which have helped speed up the
production of treated water. The project was designed by WETICO Saudi Berkefeld. Saudi Arabias Saline
Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) purchases the water.18
Doosan Heavy Industries of South Korea has won a US$ 1.46 billion contract to supply the Ras Azzour
desalination plant, which, at a capacity of 228 MIGD (1,036,500 m/d), will be the largest in the world.
The project, for the Saline Water Conversion Corporation, will be a hybrid 160 MIGD (727,000 m/d)
evaporation and 67.5 MIGD (307,000 m/d) reverse-osmosis plant. It will supply water from the Gulf to
3.5 million people in the Riyadh area. The project was delayed during the financial crisis as one partner
of the proposed consortium withdrew. Doosan will now carry out design, manufacturing, installation,
and commissioning of the entire project, which is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2014. It will
be integrated with a 2,400 MW oil-fired power plant.19
The United Arab Emirates (UAE)
The UAE is the 2nd largest producer of desal water. The UAE relies on 70% desalinated water to supply
the country and Kuwait. The UAE has invested a total of $50 billion in power and desalination during the

16
17
18

Chantel McGrath: Renewable Desalination Market Analysis

http://www.ibm.com/news/sa/en/2010/03/31/z337573t40642u34.html

http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0259/0901b80380259476.pdf?filepath=liquidseps/
pdfs/noreg/609-00619.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc
19
http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=5480&channel=0
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past 10 years and they plan to build three more desalination plant. Dubai has embarked on a mission to
more than treble its desalinated water capacity over the next eight to 10 years. It will invest up to $20
billion in five power and water projects.20 The UAE will be spending $3,2 billion per year (2011-2016) on
building and operating desalination plants suggests a new report by Global Water Intelligence (GWI).
This represents a 305% increase on current expenditure. UAE currently has 8,885,366 m3/d of
contracted desalination capacity, but this will rise to 13,700,138 m3/d by 2016.21
Kuwait
Several desal plants are in operation and some under construction. A recent project is the pgrading of
the Doha desal plant, a $750 million project. In addition, many smaller sites are added. Yearly, up to ten
MSF plants each with a capacity of around 60 m3/d are completed.22 Kuwaits Ministry of Electricity and
Water (MEW) issued a tender at the beginning of 2010 for a new power and desalination station to be
located at the Az-Zour North site. The scope of work encompasses the engineering, procurement and
construction of the 463,692 m3/d and 1,500MW plant, followed by a 7-year period of operation and
maintenance. Its scheduled for completion in 2013. Kuwait authorities have had previous problems
with attracting bidders for their large-scale projects. One reason has been that negative cash-flow is a
frequent occurrence for contractors undertaking large MEW-funded power and water projects due to
tough tender requirements.23
Qatar
Qatar has limited and declining groundwater and is investing in desal to cover the supply shortage. The
country has one of the longest-standing desal programs in the Middle East, with considerable
experience in the sector. The largest desal IPWW is at Ras Laffan industry complex. It is owned by the
Qatar Electricity & Water Company (QEWC) and produces 180,000 m/d. The country has around 1.4
million m3/d of desal water capacity.24 Kahramaa, Qatars General Electricity and Water Corporation is
currently tendering for construction of a 60 MGD desal plant.25 Furthermore, Qatar is aiming to build up
its water reserves so they can meet the country's needs for a week in an emergency. Existing
desalinated water reserves can last only one-and-a-half days in an emergency. The country hopes to be
ready with the increased capacity by 2012, according to the Qatar General Electricity and Water
Corporation (Kahramaa).26Plans have also been floated to combine nuclear and desal plants, something
that probably will be evaluated again after the nuclear disaster in Japan.27

20

Chantel McGrath: Renewable Desalination Market Analysis

GWI: Desalination Markets 2010
22
Mohamed Al-bahou: Desalination experience in Kuwait
23
http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/11/3/general/kuwait-offers-new-flexibility-az-zour-northcomplex.html
24
http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=5323&channel=0
25
http://www.meed.com/sectors/water/kahramaa-to-launch-tender-for-desalination-plant/1972990.article
26
http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-eyes-water-desalination-plant-expansion-305936.html
27
http://www.ooskanews.com/middle-east-africa/qatar-desalination-among-projects-planned-nuclear-techology
21

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Bahrain
More than 65% of water supply is from desalination, but demand exceeds supply as the population
grows. The Ras Abu Jargur RO-desalination plant has been expanded during the 2000s.28 Bahrain-based
utility Energy Central Co (ECC) started construction of the Durrat Al Bahrain site in 2009, where the
company is building a seawater RO desalination plant with an ultimate capacity of 32,000 m/d.29
Jordan
Jordan entered the worlds top 20 desal markets in 2010.30 Jordan has several small desal plants. It plans
a major $125 million project with a Red Dead Sea Conveyor (RDSC), taking seawater for RO desalination
to the Dead Sea. This mega project would aim to restore the Dead Seas water levels. The future of the
project is in doubt; the amount of brine has been estimated to be 1,050 MCM/y and the marine
environment of the Gulf of Aqaba is very fragile.31
Iraq
There are two new desal plants near Basra planned and tendered. There are also plans for small-scale
solar-powered desal plants for rural areas.

28

http://www.desalination.biz/news/magazine_article.asp?id=4702&title=
http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=4775
30
http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/11/7/market-insight/desalination-market-returns.html
31
Hani Abu Qdais: Environmental impacts of the mega desalination project: the RedDead Sea conveyor
29

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North Africa
Algeria
Algeria has significant indigenous energy resources and has been involved in desalination for many years
but mainly in connection with oil and gas development projects for industrial use. Most of the
population lives near the coast, but there are also small inland towns and villages with access to brackish
water. The government has recently built some small desalination plants in the vicinity of Algiers as a
temporary measure pending the construction of larger seawater reverse osmosis plants. The country
has two recently built desal plants. There are plans for series of plants with capacities ranging from
100,000 m3/d to 500,000 m3/d.
Morocco
Morocco has a semi-arid climate and the country is rapidly experiencing a decrease in available water.
Without implementing desalination techniques water scarcity will continue. The country entered the
worlds top 20 desal markets in 2010.32 Morocco has access to more than 3,500 km of coastline.
Desalination has, however, been impeded by the fact that Morocco imports 95% of its energy, as plant
require a considerable amount of energy to operate. The Office National de lEau Potable (ONEP National Office of Potable Water) and the Cherifien Office of Phosphates (COP) have made considerable
efforts to implement desalination plants in the south of the country. The current national production
capacity from desalination is 30,000 m3/day.
ONEP operates the countrys largest desalination plant in Laayoune. The Laayoune Seawater Reverse
Osmosis Plant is conventionally powered and has a capacity of 7,000 m 3/day. ONEP chose Agadir for its
first privately financed desalination project in 2007. The plant will be located on Moroccos Atlantic
coast and will produce 45,000m3/day of desalinated water when finished.
The Secrtariat dEtat charg de lEau et de lEnvironnement (SEEE) has recently completed a nationwide
study on long-term desalination strategy. Although desalination has traditionally been confined to smallscale applications in Morocco, approximately 70,000m 3/day of new capacity is under planning and yet to
be tendered. The study also address how to approach the development of a large, new desalination
plant in the Casablanca region, with a proposed capacity of around 685,000m3/day. Morocco has a large
potential for wind and solar desalination technologies, and thus far, some small-scale projects have
demonstrated this potential. Moreover, recently completed wastewater treatment facilities are seen as
a project formula that can be replicated for future desal plants.33
Tunisia
Tunisia has four desal plants in operation, and the government had publicized plans to build 14 new RO
desal plants. The unrest might impact these plans. The countrys desal capacity is set to increase to
200,000 m/d during the next five years and 500,000 m/d by 2025.
32
33

http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/11/7/market-insight/desalination-market-returns.html
Chantel McGrath: Renewable Desalination Market Analysis
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Tunisia has gained very useful experience in brackish water desalination using both reverse osmosis and
electro-dialysis. These plants are located in the south of Tunisia, which is an arid zone. Additional plants
are planned; such as the first large seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant at Jerba.34 The
concession to build and operate a 50,000 m3/day plant at Jerba is tendered by the Tunisian
Government. After a pre-qualification process, three candidates have been selected.35
Egypt
A 35,000 m3/d desal plant on the Sinai peninsula is in operation since 2006, with an ongoing expansion
project. There are plans for a new larger plant in Hurghada and at the West Gulf of Suez. Egypt will be
spending $393.8m per year on building and operating desalination plants suggests a new report by
Global Water Intelligence (GWI). This represents a 120% increase on current expenditure. Egypt
currently has 652,024 m3/d of contracted desalination capacity, but this is expected to rise to 1,564,224
m3/d by 2016. During that time the cost of operating existing plants and the new plants that come on
line will rise to $172.0m, compared to $90.4m in 2010. These projections were made in late 2010 just
prior to the recent unrest, and are therefore subject to revision.36 In regards to smaller scale projects,
Ridgewood Egypt has provided over 20 local desalination plants, with capacities ranging between 500
and 6,000 cubic meters on a build, own and operate basis.37

Small Scale Projects

Various small-scale renewable desalination projects have been conducted in the MENA region over the
past twenty years. A hybrid MSF-RO system driven by a dual purpose solar plant was installed in Kuwait
which produces 25m3 of water per day. Pilot projects for solar pond collectors have been carried out in
Abu Dhabi with a 120m3/day plant. In Saudi Arabia a PV-RO brackish water plant was installed and
connected to a solar still with a production of 5m3/day. The feed water of the solar still is the blow down
of the RO unit (10m3/day). A wind powered brackish water plant was piloted in Jordan and shown to be
cheaper than diesel engine brackish water systems. These were all small-scale projects that have
contributed to the general consensus that renewable desalination is a feasible option in the Middle East.
The most popular combination is MEB with thermal collectors and RO with PV technology. Solar
technology is best suited to remote, off-grid communities. Use of renewable energy is more popular in
academic circles and at test sites, but has not been as popular with decision makers, who concentrate
on large fossil-fueled desalination plant to provide potable water to large populations. 38

34

The World Bank: Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia
http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2009/20090714.htm
36
GWI: Desalination Markets 2010
37
http://www.energyrecovery.com/index.cfm/0/0/41/17-Hurghada-Desalination-Plant-Egypt.html
38
Chantel McGrath: Renewable Desalination Market Analysis
35

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Trade Shows - Domestic and International

The International Desalination Association (IDA) plans to hold their 2011 conferences in Dubai, Algiers,
China and Antigua. Global Water Intelligence also convenes seminars around the world.
06/04/2011 to 08/04/2011, Tianjin, China
2011 Desalination and Water Reuse International Forum
http://www.2011desal.org/english/index.html
April 18-19, 2011, Berlin, Germany
Global Water Summit 2011
http://www.watermeetsmoney.com/
27 Apr 2011 to 29 Apr 2011, Venice, Italy
ICEE - International Conference on Energy and Environment 2011
http://tradeshow.free-press-release.com/15337,icee-international-conference-on-energy-andenvironment-2011.html
17/04/2011 to 20/04/2011, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
ARWADEX 2011 - International conference and exhibition on Water Desalination in the Arab
Countries
http://www.arwadex.net/Defualt_en.aspx
April 2326 2012, Barcelona, Spain
Desalination for the Environment Clean Water and Energy Conference
http://www.desline.com/BarcelonaFlyer.pdf
2 May 2011 - 5 May 2011, Doha, Qatar
Project Qatar 2011 Environment and Construction Trade Show
http://tradeshow.free-press-release.com/15338,project-qatar-2011.html
May 29-31, 2011, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Gulf Environment Forum - most prestigious environmental event in the region
http://www.gulfenvironmentforum.com/
Jun. 15-18, 2011, Oran, Algeria
SIEE Pollutec Algeria 2011 - Algerias only event for water industry professionals
http://www.siee-pollutec.com/fr/
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 July 18-21, 2011, Miami Beach, FL

AMTA/SEDA 2011 Joint Conference & Exposition Membranes are the Solution
http://www.membranes-amta.org/pdfs/2011MiamiExhibitorSponsorship.pdf
04/09/2011 to 09/09/2011, Perth, Australia
IDA World Congress
http://www.idadesal.org/
2nd - 3rd October 2011 - Doha, Qatar
GCC Power and Water Desalination Summit 2011
http://www.fleminggulf.com/utilities/middle-east/gcc-power-and-water-desalination-summit2011
Mar. 6-9, 2012, Zaragoza, Spain
SMAGUA 2012 Water Tradeshow
http://www.feriazaragoza.com/
September 29-October 3, 2012, New Orleans, Louisiana
WEFTEC 2012, Largest Annual Water Quality Exhibition in the World.

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Trade Publications and Internet Sources

This is a listing of the leading information sources. Each of these sources contains further links to local
partners and resources.
Global Water Intelligence
International Water Industry Analysis and Project Tracking: http://www.globalwaterintel.com/
Water Sciences and Technology Association (WSTA)
GCC Water Industry Association: http://www.wstagcc.org/
International Desalination Association
http://www.idadesal.org/
D&WR
The International Desalination & Water Reuse Quarterly industry website:
http://www.desalination.biz/
Desalination Directory Online
http://www.desline.com/
World Water Council
http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/
International Water Association
http://www.iwahq.org/Home/
Water and Waste Digest
http://www.wwdmag.com/

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Current Desalination Projects

Below follows a up to date list of the worlds desalination projects.
Project
Bejaia
Beni Saf
Cap Djinet
El Oued
El-Tarf
Fouka (fomerly Douaouda)
Hamma
Jijel
Kahrama
Mactaa
Mostagenem
Ouargla
Oued Sebt
Skikda
Souk Tleta (formerly Tlemcen-Sidna Ouchaa)
Tamman Rasset (formerly Ain Salah)
Tns
Tindouf BWRO
Tlemcen-Hounaine
Touggourt
Crocus Hill BWRO
Balashi (formerly Bubali)
ACT (Canberra)
Albany Seawater Desalination Plant
Brisbane - Kawana
Brisbane - Marcoola, QLD
Brisbane North Stradbroke Island
Brisbane South Stradbroke Island
Brisbane River (Brisbane), QLD
Brows LNG SWRO
Cape Riche
Carmichael Mining Project
Christie Beach Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgrade
Curtis Island LNG

Country
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
Anguilla
Aruba
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia

Status
Conceptual Stage
In construction
In construction
Planned
Conceptual Stage
In operation
In construction
Conceptual Stage
In operation
Contract awarded
In construction
In construction
Conceptual Stage
In construction
In construction
Awaiting Tender
Pre-construction
Awaiting Tender
In construction
RFP issued
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
On hold
Conceptual Stage
Abandoned
On hold
Abandoned
Abandoned
Abandoned
Conceptual Stage
Prequalification Ongoing
EIS Underway
Pre-feasibility
Accepting General Interests

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Darwin, Northern Territory

Denmark Seawater Desalination Plant
East Collie River, WA
Esperance, WA
Eyre Peninsula, SA (formerly SA Ceduna)
Hunter Valley Desalination
Kwinana (Perth)
Lytton (Brisbane River mouth), QLD
Miriamvale QLD
Oakajee Port & Rail Desalination Plant
Olympic Dam (Upper Spencer Gulf)
Onesteel Whyalla Plant
Onslow Water Supply Scheme
Port Germein
Port Stanvac
SE Queensland (possibly Caboolture)
Seabird to Jurien coastline (formerly Yanchep, WA)
Sino Iron Project
Southern Seawater Desalination Plant expansion
Sydney
Toukley Desalination Plant (formerly NSW Wyong)
Tugun Gold Coast expansion
Tugun, Gold Coast
Walpole Seawater Desalination Plant
Wellington Dam, WA
West Pilbara Water Supply Scheme augmentation
Wonthaggi, (Melbourne, Victoria)
Blue Hills expansion (formerly Arawak Cay)
Winton
Ad Dur
Ad Dur 3
Bahrain Petroenergy Complex (BPECO)
Durrat Al Bahrain
Hidd IWPP
Barbados
Tynes Bay
Niteri SWRO
Esterhazy New WTP, SK
Frank Sound, Grand Cayman
Agbar SWRO project, Copiap
AguasMin

Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Australia
Bahamas
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bahrain
Bahrain
Bahrain
Bahrain
Barbados
Bermuda
Brazil
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Chile

Abandoned
Conceptual Stage
Feasibility study in progress
Planned
Feasibility study in progress
Conceptual Planning Stage
In operation
On hold
In construction
Awaiting RFP
Feasibility Study Ongoing
Contract awarded
Conceptual Stage
Conceptual Planning Stage
In construction
Abandoned
On hold
In construction
Planned
In construction
Conceptual Planning Stage
Reserve Option
In construction
Conceptual Stage
Planned
Planned
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
On hold
Contract awarded
Expected 2012/2015
Progress Expected Soon
In construction
In operation
On hold
In operation
RFP issued
Early Development Stage
In operation
Cancelled
Feasibility Study Ongoing

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Antofagasta
Arica
Atacama Sacyr
Central Castilla (formerly Cerro Castilla)
Cerro Negro Norte
Chuquicamata
Collahuasi Mine
Copiap, MOP plants
Desaladora Sur, Antofagasta
El Morro
Esperanza
La Chimba
Mantoverde copper mine
Minera Candelaria
Minera Escondida
Punta Totoralillo
White Mountain Titanium
Baosteel Group Corporation, Zhanjiang
Cangzhou Coastal Port Chemical Industry Zone 2
Caofeidian Expansion
Changxing Island Economic Zone
Dalian City
Fujian Coal Group
Guohua Cangdong Power Company
Huangdao, Qingdao city
Huludao, Liaoning
Laoting Desalination Project
Lubei, Wudi county, Binzhou city, Shandong province
Qingdao
Qingdao Soda Ash (formerly Qingdao City, Shandong)
Tangshan Sanyou Group (formerly Hebei Province)
Tianjin
Tianjin
Wenling City, Zhejiang Province
Xiangshan County, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province
Yantai City
Zhanjiang Project of Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd.
Zhejiang Zhoushan and Guangdong Nanao
Zhoushan City (Liuheng Island) in Zhejiang Province
Zhoushan Power Plant
Guanacaste

Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
Chile
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
China
Costa Rica

Contract awarded
In Dispute
Conceptual Planning Stage
License Granted
Awaiting Tender
On hold
Impact Assessment
Awaiting Feasibility Studies
In planning
Prequalifies Named
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
Prequalification
Contract awarded
Preferred Bidder Announced
In permitting
Awaiting Licence
Awaiting Approval
Abandoned
In construction
MOU Designed
In construction
Early Conceptual Stage
In construction
Contract awarded
In operation
Construction Delay
In construction
Contract awarded
In construction
Abandoned
In construction
In construction
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
Abandoned
Planned
Planned
In construction
Planned
Developers in Negotiations

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Episkopi-Limassol
Kmkoy, Northern Cyprus (formerly Gzelyurt)
Larnaca
Mobile plant, Yermasoyia, Limassol
Paphos
Pre-engineered desalination unit
Temporary floating desal plant, east of Limassol
Vasilikos Power Station
Venus Rock Development, Paphos
Djibouti City
Abu Qir
Hurghada
Mirage Makadi
North Sinai
Red Sea, Sinai and Matrouh desalination projects
Stella Di Makadi
West Gulf of Suez
Nungua
Nungua SWRO, Accra
Greek Islands (formerly Cycladic Islands)
Tseung Kwan O
Chennai (Ennore)
Chennai (Minjur)
Chennai 3
Chennai Nemmeli
Dahej SEZ SWRO
Gujarat
Karaikal, Pondicherry
Krishnapatnam Port, Andhra Pradesh
Kutch (FOKIA)
Kutch (GIDB)
Mumbai
Mumbai 2
Mundra Port SEZ expansion
NIOT Chennai
Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Tatas Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project
Tuticorin, Tamilnadu
Vadinar refinery, Gujarat
Ancol Desalination Project
Asalouyeh

Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus
Djibouti
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Egypt
Ghana
Ghana
Greece
Hong Kong
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
Indonesia
Iran

In construction
Contract awarded
In construction
Abandoned
Contract awarded
Abandoned
In operation
In construction
Prequalification Process
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
Awaiting Advisory Tender
In operation
Awaiting Advisory Tender
Prequalification
In operation
Awaiting Advisory Tender
Planned
Contract awarded
Awaiting RFP
Early Conceptual Stage
Presumed online
Pre-construction
Awaiting Consultancy Bids
Contract awarded
Awaiting Water Purchase
In operation
Four Companies Shortlisted
Abandoned
Contract Awarded
Under Construction
Project Delayed
Early Conceptual Stage
Awaiting Tender
Bids submitted
Pre-RFP
Contract awarded
Planned
In operation
In operation
Contract awarded

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Asalouyeh Power Station

Assalouyeh
Bandar Abbas SWRO
Bushehr
Charak Port SWRO
Kerman
Kharg Island SWRO (rehabilitation)
Kish
Kish MED Plant
Lengeh Port SWRO
Pars Economical Energy Zone
Pars Site 2 Assalouyeh (Bushehr)
Qeshm Island (Hormozghan)
Qeshm SWRO
Ramchah SWRO, Qeshm Island
Salakh Village SWRO, Qeshm Island
West Bandar Abbas (Hormozghan)
Youngi Village SWRO Jask City
Zahedan BWRO
Dublin Region
Ashdod
Ashdod (Paz Oil Company)
Ashdod Municipality Plant
Ashkelon, Hadera and Palmachim
Ashkelon, Palmachim and Hadera expansion
Containerised desalination plants
Dan Region Association

Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel

Planned
Planned
Under Negotiation
On hold
RFQ Issued
Planned
Planned
Bids Under Evaluation
Contract awarded
Awaiting Bids
Prequalification Ongoing
Planned
Planned
Shortlist announced
Awaiting Bids
Awaiting Bids
Contract awarded
Awaiting Tenders
Contract awarded
Planned
Contract awarded
Planned
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
Feasibility study in progress
Planned
Planned

Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company (EAPC)

desalination plant
Five New Plants
Granot expansion
Hadera
Hadera Industrial Zone
Hadera inland
Jordan Valley BWRO
Kfar Masaryk
Lahat
Lahat site near Ashkelon
Maagan Michael
Red-Dead Sea Canal project
Rishon Le Zion

Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel

Planned
Conceptual Stage
Approved By Government
Approval Delayed
Planned
Planned
RFEI Issued
Project in Development
Final Approval Received
In construction
Hydrological Survey Ongoing
Feasibility Study Ongoing
Project Under Review

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Sabha
Sabha expansion
Soreq (formerly Shafdan)
Soreq 2
Temporary desalination plants
Timna
Western Galilee
Vulcano, Aeolian Islands
Aqaba
Jordan Red Sea Project Phase 1
Aktau SWRO
MAEK Kazatomprom Power Plant
Az-Zour North
Az-Zour North 1 IWPP
Az-Zour North Stages 2-5
Az-Zour North SWRO
Az-Zour South hybridisation
Doha East
Doha East Redevelopment
Doha West Redevelopment
Khirran IWPP
Shuaiba North Redevelopment
Shuaibah South
Shuwaikh
Abu Taraba extension
Benghazi
Benghazi North
Benghazi South
Darna extension
Derna
Jfara
Misurata
Sirte
Sirte ext.
Soussa
Soussa extension
Tobruk
Tobruk Cogen
Tripoli
Tripoli East
Zawia

Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Israel
Italy
Jordan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwait
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya

Planned
Planned
In construction
Approval Received
Planned
Planned
Conceptual Stage
Awaiting RFP
In dispute
Awaiting Bids
Feasibility Study in Progress
Presumed online
Abandoned
Bidder Announced
Conceptual Stage
Abandoned
Contract awarded
Tender Re-issued 2012
Conceptual Stage
Conceptual Stage
Advisory RFP Issued
Conceptual Stage
Tender Expected Soon
In construction
Conceptual Stage
Conceptual Stage
Abandoned
Abandoned
Tender Expected 2014-2016
In construction
Tender Expected 2014-2016
Tender Expected 2010-2016
Tender Expected 2014-2016
Abandoned
In operation
Tender Expected 2014-2016
Contract awarded
Abandoned
Abandoned
Tender Expected 2010-2013
Tender Expected 2017-2020

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Zawia Phase 2
Zueitina
Zwara
Zwara extension
South Province SWRO plants
Mauritius
Acapulco SWRO
Cabo San Lucas Expansion
El Salitral, Ensenada, Baja California
Ensenada Rural
Hermosillo
Ixtapa, Zihuatanejo
La Mision
La Paz, Baja California Sur
Maravia Country Club
Planta San Carlos (formerly Empalme, Sonora)
Puerto Peasco, Sonora
Rosarito (NSC Agua)
Rosarito Beach (SDCWA)
Rosarito-Tijuana
San Quintin, Baja California
Tijuana-La Mision-Ensenada, Baja California
Agadir
Al Hoceima
Boujdor
Chtouka
Dakhla
Dakhla BWRO
Essaouira SWRO
Jorf Lasfar
Laayoune
Laayoune SWRO extension
Nador
Safi
Sidi Ifni
Tan Tan
Tan-Tan and Guelmim
Mile 6 (formerly Swakopmund)
Swakopmund, Valenica uranium deposit
Uramin Wlotzkasbaken (formerly Swakopmund)
Aruba

Libya
Libya
Libya
Libya
Maldives
Mauritius
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Mexico
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Morocco
Namibia
Namibia
Namibia
Neth. Antilles

In construction
Abandoned
Tender Expected 2017-2020
In operation
Contract awarded
Planned
Conceptual Stage
Feasibility Ongoing
In planning
Tender Process Ongoing
Abandoned
Feasibility Studies Underway
Conceptual Planning Stage
Awaiting Tender
Presumed online
Conceptual Stage
Cross-border Negotiation
Preconstruction Stage
Feasibility Stage Ongoing
Early Conceptual Stage
Pre-study Phase
Awaiting Tender
Awaiting Bids
Tender Expected 2013
Bids Under Evaluation
Tender Expected End 2012
Abandoned
Planned
Conceptual Stage
Planned
Presumed online
Tender Expected 2013
Planned
EOI Expected 2013
Phase 1 Expected 2013
Planned
Prefeasibility Study
Awaiting Bids
Planned
In construction
Presumed online

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Al Ghubrah IWP
Containerised RO plant
Duqm
Mina Al-Fahal
Mukhaizna
New IWPP, likely to be at Barka or Sohar
Quhreiat
Salalah 2
Sohar
Sohar (#2)
Sohar Industrial Port
Sur
Suwaiq IWP
The Wave, Muscat
Tibat, Musandam governorate
Yiti Beach/Shinas
DHA Karachi
Gwadar Industrial Estate
Hawkes Bay
Karachi
Korangi (merged with Port Qasim)
Port Qasim Seawater Desalination
Gaza Desalination Plant
Aguas de Lima Sur II (formerly Lima South)
Lima North
Tia Maria Copper Mine
Bay City
Putatan WTP expansion
Rizal WTP
Cao Tiburones
Abu Samra
Mesaieed Industrial City (Facility B)
New RO plant
Ras Abu Fontas A2
Ras Abu Fontas refurb
Ras Laffan (Pearl GTL Project)
Ras Laffan C Expansion
Solar-powered desalination plants
Al Khafji
Al Khafji solar-powered SWRO
Al Wajh Phase 3

Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Oman
Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan
Palestine
Peru
Peru
Peru
Philippines
Philippines
Philippines
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Qatar
Qatar
Qatar
Qatar
Qatar
Qatar
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia

RFP Issued
Contract awarded
Conceptual Stage
In operation
In operation
Planned
Conceptual Stage
Conceptual Planning Stage
In operation
In construction
Contract awarded
In construction
Conceptual Stage
Tender Expected Soon
RFP Issued
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
Abandoned
Planned
Planned
Planned
Prefeasibility Study
Awaiting Tender
Tender Expected May 2012
Conceptual Stage
On Hold
On hold
Bids Under Evaluation
RFP Expected Soon
Water Study Ongoing
Tender Process Ongoing
Contract awarded
Awaiting Bids
Awaiting Bids
Contract awarded
In construction
Under Negotiation
Feasibility Study Underway
Project Design Complete
Early Stage of Procurement
Presumed online

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Al-Khafji Phase 3
Al-Khobar 2 expansion
Alleeth Phase 1
Al-Waji 4
Barge
Duba Phase 4
Farasan Phase 2
Gasan Industrial RO Plant
Haql phase 3
Jeddah
Jeddah Phase 3
Jizan Economic City
Jubai
Jubail (Marafiq)
Jubail Phase 3
Jubail RO upgrade
Khobar 4 IWPP
King Abdullah Economic City
Qunfuthah Phase 1
Rabigh IWSPP Stage 2
Rabigh Phase 3
Ras Azzour
Ras Azzour Maaden aluminium
Ras Azzour Maaden phosphate
Ras Tanura
Shoaiba 4 IWPP
Shoaiba Phase 3
Shuqaiq 3 IWPP
Shuqaiq Phase 2
SWRO-4/5 Portable Water Project
Ummluj Phase 3
Wasia BWRO
Yanbu
Yanbu (Marafiq)
Yanbu (Marafiq) 2
Yanbu 3
Yanbu MED
Multi-plant rehabilitation and upgrade package
Tuas II
Elektrrne Novky thermal power station, Bratislava
Cape Town SWRO

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Seychelles
Singapore
Slovakia
South Africa

Abandoned
Tender Process Ongoing
Presumed online
Re-tender Delayed
In operation
Design Stage
In operation
Early Conceptual Stage
Design Stage
In construction
In construction
Bids Under Evaluation
Contract awarded
In construction
Abandoned
Planned
Conceptual Stage
Decisions Expected Soon
Contract awarded
Awaiting Bids
Design Stage
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
In construction
Awaiting RFP
Conceptual Stage
Planned
Conceptual Stage
In construction
Awaiting Bids
Contract awarded
Awaiting Bids
Bids Under Evaluation
Contract awarded
Bids submitted
Bidders Announced
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
Preferred bidder announced
In operation
Bids Under Evaluation

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Coastal cities including Cape Town and Durban

Durban SWRO
Lamberts Bay
Plettenberg Bay
Port Elizabeth, Coega Industrial Development Zone
Saldhana Bay
Swartkops
Adeje Arona/Sur de Tenerife Phase II
Adra, Almeria
Aguilas, Murcia
Aguilas/Guadalentn, Murcia
Alcudia
Alicante II (ex Canal de Alicante)
Alicante Phase 2
Almenara, Castelln
Almuecar, Granada
Alt Empord, Catalunya
Andratx
Bajo Almanzora, Almeria
Balsa del Sapo, Almera
Calpe/Marina Alta, Alicante
Campo de Cartagena, Murcia
Campo de Dalas, Almeria
Carboneras II
City of Ceuta Phase 2
Ciutadella de Menorca
Denia, Alicante
Desalination for the Costa del Sol
El Campello, Alicante
El Mojn, Murcia Phase II
El Prat del Llobregat 2, Catalunya
El Prat del Llobregat, Catalunya
Embalse de Guadalhorce, Malaga
Foix/Cunit, Tarragona
Granadilla, Tenerife
Guadalentin
Guardamar/Vega Baja, Alicante
Gua de Isora, Tenerife
Janubio, Lanzarote
Jvea, Alicante Phase II
La Caleta, Tenerife

South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain

Planned
Contract Awarded
On Hold
Planned
In construction
Contract awarded
Planned
In operation
Conceptual Stage
In construction
In construction
In construction
Presumed online
Presumed online
Abandoned
Project not Implemented
Contract awarded
In operation
In construction
Planned
Impact Assessment Ongoing
Conceptual Stage
Pre-construction
Early Planning Stage
In construction
In construction
Contract awarded
Planned
Contract awarded
Planned
In construction
In operation
Abandoned
Project Postpond
Contract awarded
Presumed online
Awaiting Impact Approval
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
Abandoned
In construction

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La Pedrera, Alicante
L'Alacanti y Marina Baja, Alicante
Lanzarote V, Canary Islands
Las Palmas IV, Gran Canaria
Las Palmas V, Gran Canaria
Levante de Mallorca, Balearics
Llanadas BWRO
Mahon, Menorca, Balearics
Marbella, Malaga refit
Marina Alta/Calpe, Alicante
Marina Baja/El Campello/Mutxamel, Alicante
Marina Baja/Mutxamel Phase II, Alicante
Mazarrn, Murcia
Melilla BWRO
Melilla Phase II, Melilla
Mijas, Fuengirola
Moncfar, Castelln
Oropesa, Castelln
Pilar de la Horadada, Alicante Phase 2
Puerto de Rosario, Fuerteventura
Rincon de Leon, Alicante
Rincn, Malaga
River Guadalhorce BWRO
Sagunto, Valencia
San Bartolom and Mogn, Gran Canaria
Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canaries Extension
Telde, Gran Canaria
Tordera, Catalunya Expansion
Tordera, Catalunya II
Torrevieja (ex.Tajo-Segura Transfer), Alicante/Murcia
Valdelentisco, Murcia
Valdelentisco, Murcia
Valle de Gimar, Tenerife
Valle Guerra, Tenerife
Vinalop/LAlacant, Alicante
Taoyuan
Chaguaramas
Cove (Southwestern Tobago)
Cove Industrial Estate
Erin
La Brea (Point Fortin)

Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Taiwan
Trin. and Tobago
Trin. and Tobago
Trin. and Tobago
Trin. and Tobago
Trin. and Tobago

Abandoned
Planned
Contract awarded
Conceptual Stage
Conceptual Stage
Under Consideration
Conceptual Stage
Under Consideration
In operation
Abandoned
In construction
Conceptual Stage
Abandoned
Project Announced
Awaiting Tender
In construction
In construction
In construction
Contract awarded
Contract awarded
In operation
Conceptual Planning Stage
Conceptual Stage
In construction
Conceptual Stage
In planning
In operation
Contract awarded
Project Postponed
In construction
In construction
In operation
RFP Issued
Conceptual Stage
In construction
Contract awarded
Abandoned
Abandoned
Abandoned
Abandoned
Abandoned

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Mayaro
Ortoire
Point Lisas Expansion
Point Lisas Powergen
Pointe-a-Pierre Refinery
Djerba
Kerkennah
Phase 1 Southern Tunisia brackish water plants
Phase 2, Southern Tunisia brackish water plants
Sfax
Zaarat
Avsa
Colakoglu Steel Mill
Famagusta (Magusa), Northern Cyprus
Istanbul
Nuh Cimento, Gulf of Izmit
Abu Dhabi Port Authority
Abu Dhabi, Desert Islands
Al Hamra
Al Zawrah 2, Ajman
Al Zawrah, Ajman

Trin. and Tobago

Trin. and Tobago
Trin. and Tobago
Trin. and Tobago
Trin. and Tobago
Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE

Abandoned
Abandoned
Abandoned
Abandoned
Awaiting Invitation to Bid
Project Re-tendered
Seeking Funding for Studies
Awaiting Contract Reward
Contract Awarded
Awaiting Tender
Awaiting Contract Award
In operation
Presumed online
Planning Stage
Conceptual Stage
Presumed online
Contract awarded
Conceptual Phase
On hold
Contract awarded
Contract awarded

Desalination plant refurbishment at

E Station Phase 1, Jebel Ali
Dubal SWRO
Emals Emirates Aluminium Project
Fujairah Fresh Water SWRO
Fujairah 1 SWRO expansion
Fujairah 2
Ghalilah, Ras Al Khaimah
Hamriyah
Hamriyah IV MED
Hamriyah IV SWRO
Hassyan 2 (formerly P Station Hassyan Phase 1)
Hassyan IWPP
Hydrogen power and desalination plant, Abu Dhabi
Jafza
Jebel Ali L Phase 2
Jebel Ali M
Jebel Ali M Phase 2
Jebel Ali N
Layyah

UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE

Bids Under Review

Abandoned
In construction
Prequalification
Preferred Bidder Announced
Contract awarded
Bids submitted
In construction
Awaiting Contract Award
Awaiting Contract Award
Expected After Hassyan IPP
Planned
Awaiting Contract Award
Bids Under Evaluation
In construction
Contract awarded
Planned
Contract awarded
Planned

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Layyah/Khor Fakkan
Masdar
Mina Rashid
Mirfa IWPP
N Station
New plant and relocation, Ajman
Palm Jebel Ali (including Madinat Al Arab)
RAK Ceramics
RAK Petroleum
Ras Al Khaimah
Saadiyat Island
Shuweihat 2
Shuweihat 3 IPP
Takreer desalination plant
Taweelah C IWPP
Two SWRO Plants, Northern Emirates
Umm Al Nar
Umm Al Quwain
Brighton
London
Newhaven
Alamogordo New BWRO Plant, NM
Baker Water
Bay Area Regional Desalination Project (BARDP)
Broward County New RO Plant, FL
Brownsville, TX
Calleguas Creek
Cambria, CA
Camp Pendleton
Cape Coral, FL
Carlsbad SWRO, CA
Carlton Water Treatment Facility, Sarasota, FL
Chino II expansion, CA
City of Kenedy, TX
City of San Angelo, TX
Clearwater, FL
Coastal Water Project, Monterey County, CA
Coquina Coast, FL
Corpus Christi/Flour Bluff, TX
Dominguez Gap Barrier Project
East Hanover, NJ

UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
UAE
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States

In operation
Preliminary Stage
Awaiting Tender
Early Conceptual Stage
Planning Stage
Contract awarded
Three Bidders Shortlisted
Planned
Conceptual Stage
Contract awarded
Awaiting Bids
Contract awarded
Open for Desal Component
Planned
Expected After Shuweihat 3
RFP Expected Soon
Developers in Negotiations
Contract awarded
Plant Under Consideration
In construction
Long-term Supply for 2035
Project Under Evaluation
In construction
Site Studies Ongoing
Tender Expected 2015
On Hold
RFP Issued
In Permitting
Feasibility Studies Ongoing
In construction
Conceptual Stage
Contract Awarded
RFP issued
Contract awarded
Abandoned
Plant 2 to be Tendered Soon
Planned
Conceptual Stage
Pre-feasibility
Abandoned
Permitting/Funding Stage

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El Paso, TX
Florida Keys, FL
Fort Myers, FL
Freeport, TX
Galveston, Texas City &League City Desal, TX
Granbury BWRO, TX
Green Meadows BWRO, FL
Guadalupe-Blanco SWRO, TX
Gulf of Mexico to supply San Antonio, TX
H2Ocean Cristina
Haverstraw, NY (formerly Rockland) BWRO
Hialeah, FL
Hull, MA
Huntington Beach, CA
Kalaeloa, HI
Keansburg, NJ
Laguna Madre, TX
Long Beach, CA
Los Angeles Harbour Area
Marin County (formerly San Rafael), CA
Mid Pinellas, FL
Monterey County Regional Desalination
Morro Bay
Moss Landing/Duke Energy site, CA
Moss Landing/Kaiser Refractory site, CA
Oceanside, CA
Odessa BWRO, TX
Oldsmar City, FL
Otay River, CA
Oxnard, CA
Pioneers District New RO Plant, SC
Playa del Rey (Scattergood Generating Station), CA
Port St Lucie, FL
Rancho Dominguez, CA
Reynolds brackish ground water facility (Chula Vista)
Rio West, NM
Rockland, NY
San Antonio BWRO, TX
San Joaquin River, CA
San Luis Obispo, CA
Sand City, Monterey, CA

United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States

In operation
In construction
Planned
Abandoned
Early Conceptual Stage
Awaiting Approval
Design Ongoing
Prefeasibility Study Ongoing
RFQ for Feasibility on Hold
Awaiting Impact Studies
Awaiting Approval
Contract awarded
On hold
Permitting Process
Abandoned
Contract awarded
Conceptual Stage
Pilot Study Ongoing
Abandoned
On hold
Abandoned
Decision Expected 2014
Presumed online
Contract awarded
Early Stage of Planning
Feasibility Study Completed
RFP Issued
In construction
Planned
In construction
Location Changed-Delayed
On hold
On hold
Abandoned
Awaiting Tender
On Hold
Contract awarded
Contract Awarded
On Hold
On Hold
In construction

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Santa Barbara, CA

United States

Long-term Possibility

Santa Barbara, William B. Cater Advanced

Water Treatment Project
Santa Clarita New RO plant, CA
Santa Cruz SWRO, CA
Scottsdale Water Campus AWT expansion
Seminole, TX
Somerset County, Maryland
South Florida

United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States

Planned
Conceptual Stage
EIR Expected Soon
In construction
Awaiting Contract Award
Contract awarded
Abandoned

United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
Venezuela
Virgin Islands,
U.K.
Virgin Islands, U.S.
Yemen
Yemen

Feasibility Study Ongoing

Contract awarded
In operation
In permitting
In operation
In operation
RFP Issued
Feasibility Study Awarded
Planned
In construction

South Orange Coastal Ocean

Desalination Project (Dana Point, CA)
Southwest Groundwater Treatment Plant, Utah
Swansea. MA
Tarpon Springs, FL
Taunton River
Taunton River, MA
Texas BWRO, TX
West Basin, CA
Withlacoochee
Paraguan Refinery Complex
Paraquita Bay
St Thomas and St Croix
Mocha
Taiz

Contract awarded
Contract awarded
Development Agreement
Feasibility Study Underway

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Bibliography
http://www.gulfbase.com/site/interface/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?n=98458
The World Bank: Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination in the Middle East and North Africa
GWI: Desalination Markets 2010
http://www.globalwaterintel.com/gwi-downgrades-desalination-market-expectations-201011/
Neil Callahan: Integration of Power Generation and Water Desalination Operations
http://www.ge.com/mea/docs/brochure_sa_english.pdf
http://www.dcbureau.org/201103081301/Natural-Resources-News-Service/the-water-businessdesalination-means-big-business-to-california-industry.html
http://www.carlsbad-desal.com/
Chantel McGrath: Renewable Desalination Market Analysis
Global Water Intelligence: Vol 10, Issue 10 (October 2009)
Research and Markets: GCC Power & Water Desalination Industry Overview 2010
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/untd_arab_em/index.stm
http://www.ibm.com/news/sa/en/2010/03/31/z337573t40642u34.html
http://msdssearch.dow.com/PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_0259/0901b80380259476.pdf?fi
lepath=liquidseps/pdfs/noreg/609-00619.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc
http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=5480&channel=0
Mohamed Al-bahou: Desalination experience in Kuwait
http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/11/3/general/kuwait-offers-new-flexibility-az-zournorth-complex.html
http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=5323&channel=0
http://www.meed.com/sectors/water/kahramaa-to-launch-tender-for-desalinationplant/1972990.article
http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-eyes-water-desalination-plant-expansion-305936.html
http://www.ooskanews.com/middle-east-africa/qatar-desalination-among-projects-plannednuclear-techology
http://www.desalination.biz/news/magazine_article.asp?id=4702&title=
http://www.desalination.biz/news/news_story.asp?id=4775
http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/11/7/market-insight/desalination-marketreturns.html
Hani Abu Qdais: Environmental impacts of the mega desalination project: the RDSC
http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/11/7/market-insight/desalination-marketreturns.html
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 http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2009/20090714.htm
http://www.energyrecovery.com/index.cfm/0/0/41/17-Hurghada-Desalination-Plant-Egypt.html

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