Mastronarde Key and Appendices

v tO v J S
Introduction to
Attic Greek
Answer Key
Donald J. Mastronarde
-M
TAN ^,
^:
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY
LOS ANGELES
LONDON
C ji- i A ^ r
University of California Press

Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England
1994 by
The Regents of the University of California
ISBN 978-0-520-20177-4
Printed in the United States of America
08 07 06
9 8 7 6
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements
of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).
Preface
This booklet provides the answers to the exercises appearing in

Introduction to Attic Greek by Donald J. Mastronarde, University of California
Press 1993. The answers given here take into account the very few changes
and corrections in the exercises made in the corrected third printing of the
paperback edition (1995). The different answers applicable to the first and sec
ond printing are recorded in notes.
Please note that in many of the exercises the answers given are not ex
haustive of the possible correct answers. For instance, when an exercise asks
the student to give one definition of the word, any one of the definitions
supplied in the book is correct, but only one possible answer is indicated here.
Similarly, sentences to be translated from Greek to English may be correctly
answered with slightly different phrasing than that given in this Key. For
Greek sentences composed by the student, there are of course many variations
possible in word order and in treatment of details such as choice of con
junction and or choice of synonym or placement of an attributive modified
(article-modifier-noun vs. article-noun-repeated article-modifier).
For most of the Greek-to-English sentences that were based on actual
texts, the citation for the origin or inspiration of the sentence is given.
I
am grateful for the careful assistance of Benjamin Hughes in checking
the answers. But I alone am responsible for any errors or unclear answers that
remain.
UNIT TW O
I. [NOTE: the references to 6 are optional parts of the answers.]

1. acute on P, U is long, 8 (short accenfed P has acute); 6 (acute may appear
on A, P, or U)
2. circumflex on P, U is short, 8 (long accented P before short U has
circumflex); 6 (circumflex may appear on P or U)
3. acute on P, U is long, 8 (long accented P before long U has acute); 6
(acute may appear on A, P, or U)
4. circum flex on U, U is long, 7 (long U may have circumflex); 6
(circumflex may appear on P or U)
5. circum flex on U, U is long, 7 (long U may have circumflex); 6
6 . acute on U, U is long, 7; 6 (acute may appear on A, P, or U)
7. circumflex on P, U is short, 8 (long accented P before short U has
circumflex); 6 (circumflex may appear on P or U); (second accent due to
enclitic) additional acute on U, 12c
8 . acute on A, U is short, 9 (accented A has acute, U must be short); 6 (acute
may appear on A, P, or U); (second accent due to enclitic) additional acute
on U, 12c
9. acute on A, U is short, 9 (accented A has acute, U must be short); 6 (acute
may appear on A, P, or U)
10. acute on U, U is short, 7 (short accented U has acute in isolation); 6
11. (first word) grave on U, U is short, 7 (short accented U has grave before
another word); 6 (grave may appear only on U); (second word) acute on U,
U is short, 7 (short accented U has acute in isolation); 6 (acute may
appear on A, P, or U)
12. acute on A, U is short, 9 (accented A has acute, U must be short); 6
13. (first word) grave on U, U is long, 7 (long accented U may have grave
before another word); 6 (grave may appear only on U); (second word)
acute on A, U is short, 9 (accented A has acute, U must be short); 6
14. acute on U, U is short, 7 (short accented U has acute in isolation); 6
15. circumflex on U, U is long, 7 (long U may have circumflex); 6
II.
1. .
2 .
3.
4.
Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek
5.
6 .
1.
8 .
9.
10.
11.
12.
UNIT THREE
I.
1. acc. sing, of , , m., sun

2 . nom./voc. pi. of , , m., war
3. dat. pi. of , , n., book
4. gen. sing, of , , n., child
5. dat. sing, of , , m. (f.), god(dess)
6 . nom./voc. pi. of , , f., sickness
7. dat. sing, of , , {., pebble
8 . acc. pi. of , , m., death
9. acc. sing, of , , m., law
10. dat. pi. of , , m., messenger
11. nom./acc./voc. pi. of , , n., measure
12. nom./acc./voc. pi. of , , n., gift
13. gen. pi. of , , m., life
14. gen. pi. of ?, , f., road
15. gen. sing, of , ', m. (f.), horse
16. dat. sing, of , , m. (f.), human being
17. acc. pi. of , , f., sickness
18. voc. sing, of , , m., wind
19. acc. sing, of Aoyos, , m., word
20 . dat. pi. of , , n., work
21 . nom./acc./voc. sing, of , , n., gift
22 . gen. sing, of , , n., book
23. dat. pi. of , , f., road
24. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., pebble
25. dat. sing, of , , m., war
26. nom./voc. pi. of , , m. (f.), god(dess)
27. acc. sing, of , , m., life
28. nom./voc. pi. of , , m., messenger
29. nom./acc./voc. pi. of , , n., child
30. gen. pi. of , , m. death
31. gen. sing, of , , n., measure
32. acc. pi. of , , m., word
UNITS TWO-FOUR
II.
1. , f.
2. , m.
3. , n.
4. , f.
5. , n.
6 . 7, n.
7. , n.
8 . , m.
9. , m. (f.)
10. , m.
III.
1.
2 .
3.
4.
11. , n.
12. , m.
(f.)
13. , m. (f.)
14. , f.
15. , m.
16. , m.
. , .
18. , m.
19. , m.
20 . ', n.
21 . , n.
22 . , m.
23. , m.
24. , m.
25. , n.
26. , m.
27. , n.
5.
6 .
7.
8 .
9.
10.
11. , m.
12. , f.
13. , m. (f.)
14. , f.
15. , f.
16. , f.
17. , f.
18. , n.
19. , f.
20 . , f.
21 . , f.
22 . , f.
23. , f.
24. , f.
25. Oeai, f. (6eoi, f.)
26. , f.
27. , m.
28. , f.
29. , m.
30. , f.
UNIT FOUR
I.
1. , f.
2 . , f.
3. ?, f.
4. , f.
5. , f.
6 . , f.
7. , m.
8. , f.
9. , f.
10. , f.
II.
1. dat. sing, of , , f., soul
2 . acc. sing, of , , f., army
3. nom./voc. sing, of , , f., victory
4. dat. pi. of , , f., marketplace
5. gen. pi. of , , f., honor
6 . acc. pi. of ape , , f. virtue
7. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., event
8 . gen. sing, or acc. pi. of , , f., door
9. acc. sing, of , , f., beginning
10. acc. pi. of , , f., goddess

11. dat. pi. of , , n., gift
12. dat. sing, of , ?, f., education
13. acc. pi. of , , m., word
14. nom./acc./voc. pi. of , , n., book
15. dat. sing, of , , f., honor
16. dat. pi. of , , f., event
17. voc. sing, of , , m., messenger
18. gen. pi. of , , f., marketplace
19. acc. sing, of , , m. (f.), god(dess)
20 . gen. sing, of , , f., tent
21 . dat. sing, of , , f., voice
22 . nom./voc. pi. of , , f., justice
23. acc. pi. of , , f., flight
24. dat. pi. of , , f., victory
25. acc. sing, of , , f., soul
26. gen. sing, of , , f., virtue
27. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., pleasure
28. gen. pi. of , , f., beginning
29. nom./voc. pi. of , , f., honor
30. dat. pi. of , , f., day
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
9.
10.
11. , f.
12. , m.
13. , f.
14. , f.
1 5 . , m.
1 6 . , m.
17.
, f.
18. , .
19. , m.
20 . , f.
21 . , f.
22 . , m.
23. , f.
24. , f.
25. , f.
26. , m.
27. , m.
28. , m.
29. , m.
30. , f.
5 .
7.
8.
UNIT FIVE
I.
1. , m.
2 . , f.
3. , f.
4. , f.
5. , m.
6 . , m.
7. , m.
8 . , f.
9. , m.
10. , m.
UNITS FOUR-SIX
II.
1. nom. sing, of , , m., hoplite
2 . acc. sing of , , f., health
3. dat. sing, of , , f., sea
4. acc. pi. of , , m., soldier
5. dat. pi. of , , f., country
6 . gen. pi. of , , f., tongue
7. nom. pi. (or voc. pi.) of , , f., attempt
8. gen. sing, of , , f., beginning
9. dat. sing, of , , f., voice
10. acc. pi. of , , f., reputation
11. dat. sing, of , , f., bridge
12. nom. pi. (or voc.
pi.) of , , m., citizen
13. gen. sing, of , , m., master
14. gen. pi. of , , m., sailor
pi.) of , , f., flight
pi.) of , , m.,soldier
17. voc. sing, of , , m., citizen
18. dat. sing, of , , f., health
19. gen. sing, or acc. pi. of , , f., fate
20 . acc. pi. of , , m., master
21 . gen. sing, of , , f., reputation
22 . dat. pi. of , , f., tongue
23. acc. sing of , , m., hoplite
24. acc. sing of pa, , f., attempt
25. nom. pi. (or voc. pi.) of , , m., sailor
26. gen. pi. of , , f., pleasure
27. acc. pi. of , , f., sea
28. gen. sing, of , , f., sickness
29. dat. pi. of of , , f., table*
30. gen. sing, of , , m., judge
31. dat. sing, of , , f., truth
32. gen. pi. of , , f., fate
*Before the corrected 3rd printing: dat. pi. of , , f., country
same as 5.
UNIT SIX
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8 .
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
(19)
20 . /
21 .
22 . ?
II.

{)
( )
( )
( )
III.
1. away from the sea
2 . with the hoplites
3. against the soldiers
4. in pursuit of the children
5. in the marketplace
6 . from the jurymen
7. as a result of the friendship
8. from the general, from the
generals presence or side
9. on account of envy
IV.
1.
2.
3. (')
4. (, )
5.
6 . (, ')
7. / ()
10. in addition to the gifts

11. toward the sun
12. out of the land
13. with the jurymen
14. in the river
15. into the road
16. upon the tables
17. alongside the road
18. in addition to the gifts
8.
9. (')
10. ' () / '
*
11. *
12.
13.
14. ,
*In common and inherited phrases such as this, the article is often omitted,
because the idiomatic phrase originated when the article had not yet estab
lished itself as such (cf. air' apyn]s = from the beginning).
UNITS SIX-SEVEN
UNIT SEVEN
I.
1. (rot?)
2 .
3.
4.
5. )
6 .
7. )
8 .
9.
10.
II.
1. (a) with regard to the just account; (b) is acc. sing. masc. of ,
-a, -ov, (c) attributive modifying .
2. (a) The children are small, (b) is nom. pi. neuter of , -, -,
(c) predicative modifying .
3. (a) through the large doors; (b) is gen. pi. fem. of , -, -,
(c) attributive modifying .
4. (a) The just man is worthy of the office, (b) is nom. sing. masc. of
, -a, -ov; (c) used as a substantive; (b) is nom. sing. masc. of
, -a, -; (c) predicative modifying .
5. (a) with the noble (handsome, beautiful) gods (goddesses); (b) is
gen. pi. masc. or fem. (depending on what the gender of is taken to be)
of , -, -, (c) attributive modifying .
6 . (a) The road along the river is difficult, (b) is nom. sing. fem. of
?, -, -, (c) predicative modifying ?.
7. (a) Wicked men are deserving of sufferings, (b) is nom. pi. masc. of
, -a, -ov; (c) predicative modifying ; (b) is gen. pi.
neuter of , -, -; (c) used as a substantive; (b) is nom. pi.
masc. o f , -, -; (c) used as a substantive.
8. (a) into the tent of the general; (b) (c) no adjective form to identify.
9. (a) The young m ans envy is not small, (b) is nom. sing. masc. of
, -, -; (c) predicative modifying .
10. (a) toward (against) the enemy army; (b) is acc. sing. fem. of
, -a, -ov; (c) attributive modifying .
11. (a) together with the good (brave) men; (b) is dat. pi. masc. of
, -, -; (c) attributive modifying .
12. (a) on account of the shamefulness (ugliness); (b) is acc. sing,
neuter of , -, ~; (c) used as a substantive.
13. (a) Wise is the judgment of the generals on horseback, (b) is nom.
sing. fem. of , -, -; (c) predicative modifying .
14. (a) The fate from the gods (goddesses) is clear, (b) is nom. sing. fem.
of , -, -ov; (c) predicative modifying .
15. (a) The people by the sea are hostile, (b) is nom. pi. masc. of
, -a, -ov; (c) predicative modifying .
16. (a) The books of the umpires are sacred, (b) Upa is nom. pi. neuter of
iepos\ -a, -ov; (c) predicative modifying fiifikia.
III.
1. 7n
2.
3.
4.
5. rots ?
/

6. .
7. ? .
8 . .
9. 9
.
10.
.
UNIT EIGHT
I.
I. 7TtLQovGiiv)
2 . 7r/A7rei
3. Aiyere
4. apxovcri(v)
5. 77itpe7rco
6 . e'xeis
7 . p.VO/J.V
8. \v c i
9. ayei / <^>epei
10. AeiVeis
II.
1. you (s.) are driving
/ marching
2 . we bear
3 .1 write
4. he/she/it receives
5. they remain
6 . you (s.) have
7 .1 urge/persuade
8 . we are fleeing
9. he/she/it sends
10. we lead
11. 1 do not have
12. they are in exile
13. you (s.) release
11. e?e'A.oo
12. kQiXovativ)
13. k\avvop.cv
14. ypacpei
15. a yo va i(v)
16. 7rirpe77eTe
17. aTtodvfjcrKWi
18. ov Ttudu
1 9 . 7re'ju7rco
20 . \iyop.t.v
14. he/she/it bears

15. we entrust
16. you (pi.) do not
send
17. they are leaving
1 8 .1 receive
19. you (s.) rule
20 . he/she/it says
21 . we release
22 . 1 do not remain
23. you (pi.) are
willing
24. they have
21 .
22 .
23.
24.
25. ()
26.
27 .
28.

29.
30.
25 you (pi.) are

driving / marching
2 6 .1 abandon
27. we begin
28. they are willing
29. you (pi.) hold
office
30. you (s.) say
31. he/she/it is
abandoning
32. you (pi.) entrust
33. you (s.) remain
34. he/she/it is driving
/ marching
UNITS SEVEN-EIGHT
35. they are dying

3 6 .1 lead
37. we have
38. he/she/it is not

leading
39. you do not receive
40. you (s.) bear
III.
1. (a) The gods do not persuade the Fates, (b) is acc. pi. of ,
, f.; it is acc. because it is the direct object of .
2. (a) Wise men tell the truth, (b) is acc. sing, of , ,
f.; it is acc. because it is the direct dbject of .
3. (a) The goddess is driving the foot-soldiers out of the shrine, (b) is
acc. pi. masc. of , -, - used as a substantive; it is acc. because it is
the direct object o f .
4. (a) Because of the good deed the judge releases the bad man. (b) is 3rd
sing, present act. indicative of .
5. (a) Mankind has its sufferings from the gods, (b) is gen. pi. of ,
, m.; it is genitive because it is the object of the preposition used
in a sense requiring the genitive case.*
6 . (a) The young men are bringing the gifts for/to the worthy people, (b)
is dat. pi. masc. of , -a, -ov used as a substantive; it is dative because
it is the indirect object of .
7. (a) The citizens are writing the laws with wise judgment, (b) is gen.
sing. fem. of , -, -.
8 . (a) The enemy are abandoning the soldiers horses beside the bridge, (b)
is acc. pi. of , -ov, m.; it is acc. because it is the direct object
of .
9. (a) The messengers are telling the misfortunes of the army to the citizens
(who are) in the marketplace, (b) is dat. sing, of , -, f.; it is
dative because it is the object of the preposition ; is dat. pi. of
, -, m.; it is dative because it is the indirect object of .
*In a particular context, could be goddesses from ; but in a generic
statement without context the generic m asculine would be idiom atically
assumed.
IV.
1. ().
2 . ( ) ().
3. .
4. ().
5. .
10
UNIT NINE
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. ()
7.
8 .
4
9.
10.
II.
1. You (pi.) are urging the army to remain.
2. The sailor orders the soldiers to abandon their horses (mares).
3. He/she is willing to entrust the difficult tasks to the handsome young men.
4 .1
do not wish to die in the sea.
5. You (s.) are ordering the hoplites not to harm the rich citizens.*
6 . The god is unwilling to strike the goddess.
7. It seems best to the wise to speak the truth.**
8 . It is necessary (one ought, we ought) to drive the impious ones away from
the tent of the children.^
9. The allies are commanding the foreigners to take the marketplace.
10. The immortals urge human beings not sosay impious things.
11. Because of the fact that the enemy are remaining in the country the citizens
are fleeing.
12. It is easy for good men to write laws.
13. It is necessary for the sailors to await a fair wind. (The sailors must await a
fair wind.)
14. It is possible for the generals to harm the enemy.
*This could also mean: You are ordering the rich citizens not to harm the
hoplites. There is no way to decide which meaning is preferable except by the
context, and in the absence of context, as here, by general verisimilitude.
**Not impossible: It seems best to speak the truth to the wise.
tN o t impossible: It is necessary for the impious ones to march/ride away
from the childrens tent.
Not impossible: It is easy to write laws for good people.
III.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. () ' ( e\eiv).
6 . .
7. (<) .
UNITS NINE-TEN
11
8 . .
9. ) {) .
UNIT TEN
I.
1. They are immortal.
2. You (pi. [masc. or general]) are
not brave/good.
3. It is unjust.
4 .1
am a friend.
5. It is clear.
II.
1. ().
2. '. /
' . /
' ' . /
' .
3. . /
. /
. /
.
4. .
5. .
6 . . / . / ?. /
.
6 . Yoy (s. [masc.]) are wicked.

7. We are not wise.
8. She is wise.
9. It is difficult.
10. You (pi. [fem.]) are pious.
7. .
8. . /
' . /
. /
/
. /
' .
9. .
10. ./
. /
. /
.
III.
1. (a) The majority of the citizens are just, (b) genitive, partitive
2. (a) For (in the eyes of) the wicked man the laws are not fine, (b) dative of
reference
3. (a) The desire for wealth persuades hum an beings to suffer evils, (b)
genitive, objective
4. (a) On the following day they write a peace-treaty. (b) dative of time when
5. (a) The immortals are responsible for good things for mankind, (b) genitive,
objective with airio?
6 . (a) The victory belongs to the Athenians, (b) genitive of possession
7. (a) The impious men are pelting the shrine with stones, (b) dative of means
(instrument)
8 . (a) There is no need to mention the enem ys fear, (b) genitive, subjective
12
9. (a) Beauty exists. / The beautiful exists. / There is such a thing as the
beautiful, (b) nominative, subject

10. (a) In the previous battle most of the hoplites do not flee, (b) nominative,
subject
IV.
1. ? .
2 . () () .
3. ' .
4.
.
5. .
6 . .
7. (, )
.
8 . .
9. . .
UNIT ELEVEN
I.
1. 1 pres act ind of , we are pouring libations

2 . 2 s pres m/p ind of , you (s.) are fighting
3 . 1 s pres m/p ind of , I am beating m yself [i.e., in mourning]/ I am
being beaten
4. 3 p pres m/p ind of , they are indicting
5. 2 s pres act ind of , you (s.) are taking
6 . 3 s pres m/p ind of , s/he is being bom, it is happening
7. pres act inf of , to do
8. 1 s pres m/p ind of , I am deliberating
9. 3 p pres m/p ind of , they are going
10. 2 s pres m/p ind of , you (s.) cling to / you (s.) are being held
1 1 .3 s pres m/p ind of , it is being said, it is said
12. 2 p pres m/p ind of , you (pi.) believe
13. 2 p pres act ind of , you (pi.) suffer
14. 3 p pres act ind of , they are
15. pres m/p inf of , to participate in politics
16. 3 s pres m/p ind of , s/he wants
17. 3 p pres act ind of , they serve as jurors
18. 1 p pres m/p ind of , we are making a truce
19. 3 s pres act ind of , s/he is killing
20 . 2 s pres m/p ind of , you (s.) perceive
UNITS TEN-ELEVEN
13
21. 3 p pres m/p ind of , they are being carried

22 . 2 p pres act ind of , you ( p i.) are harming
23. 3 s pres m/p ind of , it is being thrown, s/he is being pelted
24. 2 s pres m/p ind of , you (s.) are being led
25. 2 p pres m/p ind of , you (pi.) are exhorting
26. 3 p pres m/p ind of at, they are inquiring
27. 3 s pres m/p ind of , s/he pleads a case
28. 1 p pres act ind of , we hear
29. 3 s pres m/p ind of , s/he (it) is being left
30. 3 p pres m/p ind of , they are becoming
II.
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7. {)
8 .
9. ]
10.
11.
12. /
()
1 3 .
14.
15.
16.
17. oh
18.
19.
20 .
21 .
22 .
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29. /
3 0 .
III.
1. In the war against the foreigners (Persians) the Athenians are fighting
against brave enemies.
2. Generals must deliberate.
3. They command the hoplites to position themselves (be positioned) along
side the river.
4. Most of the soldiers are unwilling to flee.
5. By means of difficult toils victory comes about for the Athenians. / By
means of difficult toils the Athenians get a victory.
6 . They make a truce on the following day.
7. One must cling to ones honor.
8 . You are not being harmed by the enemy.
9. It is not possible for (the) children to pour libations to the gods.
10. The sailors are being driven by the winds toward the land of the foreigners.
14
UNIT TWELVE
I.
1. in front of the tents
2 . under the power (control) of the
impious master
3. in accordance with the judgifient
of the judge
4. concerning the honor of the
Athenians
5. on behalf of the friends
6 . under the power (control) of the
enemy
7. (up) along the road

8 . throughout the previous day
9. in return for the toils
10. across (over) the sea
11. under (into) the tent
12. around the marketplace
13. against the umpires
14. before the battle
15. instead of wealth
16. about (over) victory
II.
1. The wise fare well, the bad do not.
2. We want to have not war but peace.
3. The citizens pour libations to the gods who fight on behalf of the country.
For they are responsible for (its/their) faring well.
4. The land across the river into which the children are going is beautiful.
5. By both the Athenians and their allies the foreigners are now justly being
harmed.
6 . To do just things is difficult for most people, but easy for the wise.
7. S/he exhorts the citizens to be pious both now and in the future.
8 . Good men always want to have honor instead of wealth.
III.
. ?, , , ,
2 . /
3.
4. . /
5. (
).
6 . , 6 .
7. ya p
.
8 . ' .
9. ' .
10. ( ) .
UNITS TWELVE-THIRTEEN
15
UNIT THIRTEEN
1.
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8.
12. -()
13.
14.
15.
16. ^()
17.
18. ,
9. {)
10.
11.
19. yiyvrj
20 .
21 .
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. aipfj
28.
29.
30.
II.
2 p pres act ind of
1. you (pi.) are ill
3 p pres m/p ind of
2 . they ask for
pres act inf of
3. to seem
4 . 1 am liked
1 s pres m/p ind of
1 p pres act ind of
5. we seize
3 s pres act ind of
6 . s/he (it) helps
pres m/p inf of
7. to arrive
2 s pres m/p ind of
8 . you (s.) are being conquered
9. they seem
3 p pres act ind of
1 s pres act ind of
10.1 dwell
2 p pres m/p ind of
11. you (pi.) are being wronged
12. s/he arrives
3 s pres m/p ind of
pres act inf of
13. to terrify
2 s pres act ind of
14. you (s.) make
15. we are afraid
1 p pres m/p ind of
16. s/he inquires
3 s pres m/p ind of
2 s pres act ind of
17. you (s.) hear
18. you (s.) find for yourself, you (s.) are being discovered
2 s pres m/p ind of eiipicrKco
19. to do wrong
pres act inf of
20 . it is necessary
3 s pres act ind of
21 . they conquer
3 p pres act ind of
22 . they are being inhabited
3 p pres m/p ind of
23. we choose, we are being seized
1 p pres m/p ind of
24. you (pi.) love
2 p pres act ind of
25. you (s.) engage in politics
2 s pres m/p ind of
26. you (pi.) rule
2 p pres act ind of
16
27. it is being made; s/he makes for her/himself

3 s pres m/p ind of 7roieco
28. you (s.) seem
2 s pres act ind of
2 9 .1 am being aided
1 s pres m/p ind of
30. we are becoming
1 p pres m/p ind of
III.
1.
6 .
7. ()
'
2 .
3. ()
8 . ] ())
4. ()
5.
9.
10.
IV.
1. The foreigners whom those men are conquering dwell by the sea.
2. These women terrify the children, those are afraid of them.
3. On this day it seems best to the citizens to make peace with the enemy, for
most of the soldiers are sick.
4. Those people do wrong to the good but help the bad.
5. The wise general has need of the following, I suppose: deliberating well
before the battle and faring well in the battle.
6 . This man easily wins honor for himself; so just and wise does he seem to
the citizens because of the fine laws that he writes.
V.
1. ' .
2 .
.
3.
.
4. (),
.
5. , .
UNIT FOURTEEN
1.
.
2 . ()
3.
4.
5.
6 .
7.
8.
9.
UNITS THIRTEEN-FIFTEEN
10.
11.
12. 7res
13.
14.
15. {)
16.
17
17.
18.
19.
20 .
21 .
22 .
23.
II.
1. gen. pl. of , , f.
2 . dat. pl. of >, , m.
3. dat. sing, of , , .
4. acc. pl. of , , m.
5. nom./acc./voc. pl. of ,
, .
6 . gen. sing, of ,
, f.
7. nom./voc. pl. of , ,
f.
8 . acc. sing, of , ,
m./f.
9. dat. sing, of , ,
m.
10. gen. sing, of , , f.
11. nom. sing, of ,
, f.
12. dat. pl. of , , f.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
{)
13. nom./voc. pl. of ,

, m.
14. dat. pl. of , ,
.
15. nom./acc./voc. sing, of
, , .
16. acc. sing, of , , f.
17. acc. sing. ? ,
?, f.
18. dat. pl. of , ,
f.
19. gen. pl. of , , .
20 . acc. pl. of , , m.
21 . gen. pl. of , , m.
22 . dat. pl. of ?, , m.
23. gen. sing, of , , .
24. dat. sing, of , ?, .
III.
1. Because of the good omens we are not afraid of the war against those
people.
2. It is bad to abandon ones shield, but good to save ones life.
3. After this [lit. these things] the old men carry water to the young men who
are fighting on behalf of the fatherland.
4. The sentinels whom the enemy capture are put to death.
5. Heracles must defeat both the lion in Nemea and the giants and the monsters
throughout Greece.
UNIT FIFTEEN
I.
1. dat. sing, of , , .
2 . gen. sing, of ,
, m.
18
, .
4. gen. sing, of , , m.
5. dat. sing, o f ' ^ ,
' , m.
6 . gen. pl. of , ,
m./f.
7. dat. pl. of , , m.
8 . acc. pl. of , , f.
9. voc. sing, of ,
?, f.
10. nom./acc./vo. pl. of ,
, .
11. gen. pl. of , , .
12. dat. sing, of , , .
13. dat. pl. of , , f.
14. dat. sing, of , , m.
15. acc. sing, of ?, , m./f.
16. acc. sing, of , , m.
17. voc. sing, of ,
, m.
, .
II.
1. ; / ;
2 . ? ? ()
3.
4. '*;
5.
6 .
7.
8 . ()

19. gen. sing, of nxkrjQo'i, irkriovs,
n.
20 . nom./acc./voc. sing, of tcAo?,
reAou?, n.
21 . gen. pl. masc./fem./neuter of
Tl?, TL
22 . acc. pl. of vijp, avbpos, m.
23. voc. sing, of iraTr/p, iraTps,
m.
24. acc. sing, of Tpirjprjs,
Tpnjpovs, f.
25. gen. sing, of yfjpas, yqpujs, n.
26. acc. sing, masc./fem. or
nom./acc. pl. neuter of u s , tl
27. dat. sing, of KpaTos, KpaTovs,
n.
28. nom./voc. pl. of haip.u>v,
baijAovos, m./f.
29. dat. pl. of ayw v, a yu vo s, m.
30. dat. pl. masc./fem./neuter of
Tl?, TL
9.
10. ;
11. ( )
12.

13. ();
14.
15. /
III.
1. Who is the speaker? Demosthenes, who urges the multitude to entrust the
triremes to the rich and to pay in taxes.
2. What should one do? For some of the Greeks are afraid to fight in the land
of the Persians, and others are unw illing to obey the general o f the
Athenians.
3. The father and the mother love their daughter and are loved by her.
4. Which contest are the umpires preparing? W hich young men are winning
prizes?
UNITS FIFTEEN-SIXTEEN
19
5. It is impious not to have (feel) gratitude for the good deeds which those men
are doing on behalf of the democracy.
IV.
1. oi , ' .
2 .
' .
3. () .
4. ()
7 .
5.
.
UNIT SIXTEEN
I.
1. you (pi.) were being asked, you (pl.) were asking for yourself
2 p im pf m/p ind of
2 . s/he (it) was leading away
3 s impf act ind of
3. you (s.) hold off (are distant)
2 s pres act ind of
4. they were praising
3 p impf act ind of /
I was praising
1 s im pf act ind of
5. to desire
pres act inf of
6. we were seeking
1 p im pf act ind of
7. they were leading, they believed
3 p impf m/p ind of
8. s/he (it) was being prevented
3 s im pf m/p ind of
9. s/he (it) was
3 s impf act ind of /
I was
1 s im pf act ind of
10. to be led astray
pres m/p inf of
11. s/he (it) provided
3 s impf act ind of
12. we were turning
1 p impf act ind of
13. they are leading, they believe
3 p pres m/p ind of
14. you (s.) were on your guard, you were being guarded
2 s impf m/p ind of
15. you (pi.) were doing wrong
2 p impf act ind of
16 .1 was perceiving
1 s impf m/p ind of
17. you (s.) are becoming
2 s pres m/p ind of
18. it was necessary
3 s impf act ind of ()
19. they seemed
I seemed
1 s impf act ind of
20 . it was being inhabited/managed 3 s impf m/p ind of
21.1 was exhorting
1 s impf m/p ind of
20
22 . they are learning by inquiry

3 p pres m/p ind of 7rvvQa.vop.a1
23. you (s.) were pouring a libation 2 s impf act ind of airevha)
24. s/he was fleeing
3 s impf act ind of (peoyoo
2 5 .1 was afraid
1 s impf m/p ind of (j>oj3eca
26. it was being accomplished, s/he was accomplishing for her/himself
3 s impf m/p ind of irpaTTui
27. they were
3 p impf act ind of
28. we were being arranged
1 p impf m/p ind of
29. you (pi.) were being helped
2 p impf m/p ind of /
you (pi.) are being helped
2 p pres m/p ind of
30. it is being carried, s/he is winning
3 s pres m/p ind of
31. they were entrusting
3 p impf act ind of
/
I was entrusting
1 s impf act ind of
3 2 .1 am being made, I am making for m yself
1 s pres m/p ind of
33. s/he was seeking
3 s impf act ind of
34. to be prevented
pres m/p inf of
35. they were being arrested
3 p impf m/p ind of
'
36. it was happening, s/he was becoming
3 s impf m/p ind of
37. to be asked, to ask for oneself
pres m/p inf of
38. we wanted
1 p im pf m/p ind of
39. they were ill
I was ill
1 s impf act ind of
40. you (s.) were inquiring
2 s impf m/p ind of
41. you (s.) supposed
2 s impf m/p ind of
42. we were taking
1 p impf act ind of
II.
1. e (pepeTO
2 . etyofiovpeOa
3. <f>iAei(T$ai
4. wcfreAovv
5. tn a a y o v
6 . epia)(ov
7. eXavveiv
8 . rjTe / ?7<XTe
9. airfiyt(v)
10. acpiKvovvTo
11.
12.
13.
14. -
15.
16.
17.
18. ()
19.
20 .
21 .
22 .
23.
24.
25. ]
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
III.
1. In this place the noble and good m en were unwilling to harm their
fatherland and seize wealth, but they wanted not to be harmed by the bad
men. But at that time it was possible for the bad men, who were always
longing for office and wealth, to control this country. For they put the
UNITS SIXTEEN-SEVENTEEN
21
generals to death, and they lead the orators off to the shrine and guard them
there. Then they were preventing the multitude from deliberating concern
ing the affairs.
2. These terrible things the daughters of Demosthenes hear from the old man
and immediately they kept asking the young men to lead them out of that
country, in which were wild beasts and harmful birds [or harmful animals
and birds].
3. Then Pausanias encourged the Athenians to send heralds concerning peace;
and they (the Athenians) heeded him.
4. (cf. Xen. Anab. 2.5.31-32) When they were at the doors of Tissaphernes, the
generals go into the tent, while the soldiers were waiting at the doors. And
after a short time (after no long time) the former were being seized and the
latter were being cut down. Then the foreigners were riding across the plain
and killing the Greeks.
UNIT SEVENTEEN
I.
1. ()
2 . ()
3. "
4. /
/
/

5. /
/ /

6. /

7. () /

8. () /
()
9.
10. () /
()
11. () /
/ /

12. () /
()
II.
1. The general of the Greeks remains (remained) in that country for ten days
and takes money from the foreigners who live by the sea. And the old men
and the mothers were afraid for the children, but some good hoplites were
preventing the sailors from doing any harm to them.
2. After this, the army marches (marched) seven stades and arrives (arrived) at
a river Chalos by name and at a certain old bridge which a large number of
strong men were guarding.
3. The teacher was making the accusation, the thief was the defendant, and the
rich men were serving as jurors.
22
4. The previous resolution comes (came) about in the aforementioned way, the
later resolution in the following way: the multitude (the common people)
obeyed Demosthenes.
5. The old men were looking for the ancient writings, but they [the writings]
were being concealed by some children.
III.
1. ; .
2 . .
3. ?
.
4. , ' ael ().
5. .
6 . ;
UNIT EIGHTEEN
[For more information on future middle forms attested in classical Attic with
passive meaning, see H. W. Smyth, Greek Grammar, rev. by G. M. Messing
(Cambridge 1956) 808-809, R. Kiihner-B. Gerth, Grammatik der griechischen Sprache. Zweiter Teil: Satzlehre (Hanover 1898) 1.114-117.]
I.
1. to be called / about to be called

2 . we shall learn
3. they will believe
4. they will fall
5. he will do wrong
6 . you (pi.) will ask
7. about to throw
8 . you (pi.) will pray
9 . 1 shall be in need of, I shall ask
for
10.you (s.) will excel
11.1 shall leave
12. s/he will suppose
13. you (pi.) will die
14. she will beat herself [in
mourning], he will beat himself
15. it will be possible
16. s/he will exhort
1 7 .1 shall desire
18. you (s.) will hide yourself / you
(s.) will conceal (for your own
benefit)
19. about to have
20 . we shall be distant / we shall
hold off
21 . you (s.) will kill
22 . you (s.) will arrive
23. you (s.) will be
2 4 .1 shall flee
25. about to send
26. about to suffer (7ra<t)() / about
to obey (7rei'0w)
27. they will take
28. about to terrify
29. you (pi.) will say
30. s/he will praise
UNITS SEVENTEEN -NINETEEN
II.
1. ()
7
2.
3.
4.
5. '
6. >
7.
23
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. 7
19 .
20 .
III.
1. (cf. Xen. Anab. 1.1.1) Two children are bom of (to) Dareios and Parysatis.
(And) when Dareios was about to die, he wanted his sons to be present.
(And) he sends messengers to summon [who will summon] Cyrus, and he
[Cyrus] arrives in his fathers presence. But later Cyrus will fight unjustly
against his brother over the rule and he will neither fare well nor win
victory, but will fall in the battle. And in the end his brother will rule
instead of him.
2. Never will you learn even those small things, wretched man. For it will
seem noble (good) to the citizens not to be persuaded either by money or by
blows to say these things.
3. (cf. Lysias 12.4) Cephalus, the father of Lysias, is persuaded by Pericles to
come to the land of the Athenians and he lives there for a long time and
becomes wealthy.
IV.
1. " ' .
2. , .
[Middle is also idiomatic in such a phrase.]
3.
.
4. ' .
5. ' '.
UNIT NINETEEN
I.
1. about to announce
2.
to announce (aor.)
3. you (s.) led
4. to choose (aor.)
5. we perceived
6.1
provided / they provided
7. you (s.) threw
8 . you (s.) were throwing
9. you (pi.) bore
10. it (s/he) seemed
24
11. we found
12. s/he led (believed)
13. about to remain
14. to remain (pres.)
15. you (s.) exhorted
16. they made a truce
17. you were fighting
18 .1 shall be distant / shall hold off
19. to provide (aor.)
20 . it happened, it came about, s/he
became
21 . you (pi.) concealed
22.1 carried across / they carried
across
23. we took
II.
1. Trapa(T)(elv
2 . 6TTeaop.ev
3. eveyKIv /
veyK.a i
4. (pvyofxev
5. ei8e?
6 . Traprjyayov
1. irapfiyov
8. a y i l v
9. ayyiXXovuL
10. vofiielv
11. ehre(v)
12. eyeveaOe
2 4 .1 shall train [someone else]

25. you (s.) exercised
26. to seek (aor.)
27. s/he came
28. to fight (aor.)
29. you (s.) inquired
30. to learn (aor.)
31. s/he died
32. you (pi.) hoped
33. to say (aor.)
34. we were
35. they put themselves on their
guard / they guarded themselves
against
36. we began / we ruled
1 3 . Kakiaat
14. a$LK6p.iQa
15. 13ov\evaap.e6a
16. aKovaeTai
17. Kw\vcraL
18. ebLKaaavTO
19. CL7T0KTCV6LV
20 . eXeaOac
21 . airedave(v)
22. /3aAAei?
23. eAmw
24. elbop.ev
25. cnrriyayov
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
emTpe\}/ai
'Set / xprjv
lirvQop.iQa
7Teaov/j.ai,
eATricrcu
kiraiviaai
KvaacrOat
?)A0es
hioLuu)
ypa\j/afxev
III.
1. The people by the sea used to fare well in other respects, but they suffered
badly at the hands of some of the enemy who were always plundering the
territory.
2. (cf. Lysias 12.4-5) Cephalus and his sons lived there for 30 years and they
never brought a suit or were defendants in a suit. For neither did they do
harm to other men nor did other men treat them unjustly. But when these
villains seized the rule, they put Polemarchus to death because o f his
money, and Lysias with difficulty left the country. But in the end the allies
of the democracy got the upper hand and that man spoke in accusation of
the impious men. For he was skilled at speaking.
25
UNITS NINETEEN-TWENTY
3. The messenger came to the general and said: I saw the enemy at the seven
gates. Who will fight in each gate on behalf of the citizens? To which gods
shall I order the mothers to pray? How will a victory come about? What
must one do? And he [the general] said: There is no need to be afraid. For
I have arranged the soldiers wisely (skillfully) around the walls.
UNIT TWENTY
I.
1. 1 p aor mid ind of

2. 3 p impf m/p ind of
3. 3 p aor act ind of
4. 2 p fut act ind of
5. aor act inf of
6 . 3 p fut act ind of
7 .3
p impf act ind of
8 . aor act inf of
9. fut mid inf of
10. 2 s pres act ind of
11. 3 s fut mid ind of /
II.
1. ,
2 . e/3
3. ,
4.
5.
6 . {),
()
7.
3 s pres m/p ind of

12. 1 p impf act ind of
13. 2 s aor act ind of
15. 2 p pres act ind of
1 6 .2 s aor act ind of
17. 1 s impf m/p ind of
18. 2 p aor mid ind of
19. 3 s fut mid ind of
20 . 2 s fut mid ind of
21 . 1 s pres act ind of
8 .
9.
10.
11. , ,
12. >
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. /
1 8 .
19.
20 . ?
21 . 7
22 .
III.
1. (cf. Lysias 1.5) Euphiletus,* who was on trial for murder, said the following
to the jurors: I shall narrate the affairs from the beginning and I shall not
hide [anything]. For he believed that in this way he would persuade the
citizens not to put him to death, but to release him from (acquit him of) the
charge.
2. How has some one of the gods not harmed this m ans judgment, [this man]
who kept saying impious things about the sun and the winds and the other
celestial phenomena and who kept doing a very great deal of harm to the
shrines of the Greeks? [rhetorical question, equivalent to How can it not
26
be the case that some one of the gods has harmed... or Surely some one of
the gods has harmed...]
3. (cf. Xen. Anab. 1.3.5-6) And no one will ever say, my fellow soldiers, that I
led Greeks to the Persians and then I abandoned the Greeks and chose the
friendship of the Persians. But since you are unwilling to obey me, I shall
obey you. This is what Clearchus said. For he believed that his fellow
soldiers were to him both fatherland and friends and allies. And the soldiers,
both his own and the rest, praised these things (statements).
4. The old man said that the thieves were about to carry away the money, but
that the guard prevented (them).
5. Do you believe that the gods will help the just people in the war?
6 . We hope that this herald will announce a victory.
*Before the corrected 3rd printing, Eratosthenes.
IV.
1. oi) t o i s , ( )
? .
2 . (>6, ) .
3. .
4. " ';
5. .
6 . ( )
.
UNIT TWENTY-ONE
I.
1. These men were put to death by the Persians. And when the king had gotten
these men out of the way, terrible things happened to the city after that; for
which things this man is to blame, for he him self persuaded the king to
come against Greece.
2. (cf. Xen. Hell. 4.1.15-16) And Agesilaus got a trireme ready and ordered
Kallias to take the girl away [sc. in it], and he himself went off to the sacred
city, in which dwelt the priest of the foreign goddess. This city was ten
stades distant from the kings* town, and in it was a river full of small fish.
3. The rich man said that he would entrust the cattle and the swine to his son,
but that it was not possible (to entrust to him) the mares.
4. Different people praise different habits.
5. He exhorted the cavalrym en to guard the other of the walls, while he
himself and the infantry guarded this one.
UNITS TWENTY-TWENTY-TWO
27
6 . (cf. Lysias 12.44-45) Thus you were plotted against not only by the enemy
but also by these fellow-citizens and you were prevented from doing
anything good. And they believed that you were eager to be rid of the
troubles o f the city and that you would not feel concern about the other
matters. For they were about to dissolve the democracy.
*The article goes with and has no article, as is usually the
case when it refers to the king of Persia: H. W. Smyth, Greek Grammar, rev.
by G. M. Messing (Cambridge 1956) 1140.
II.
1. ,
()
.
2 . ( )
.
3. ( ) r a ts
.
4. , a t
.
UNIT TWENTY-TWO
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. /
6 .
7.
8 .
9.
10.
11. /

12. /

13. ? ()

14. 7 ()
/ 7
()
15.
16.
17. . /
.
18.
. /
.
19. ()
. /
() .
20 . /
28
II. (cf. Xen. Mem. 2.1.21ff., a story ascribed to the sophist Prodikos)
Heracles was once deliberating about his life in a manner something like this:
W hat should I do? Shall I choose the road through (of) virtue, or the other
one? Two women came up to him, one being self-controlled and nobly-born,
the other charming but bad. And they tried to persuade the man in turn. The
latter said, You must make me your friend, for I will lead you on the pleasant
and easy path, and you will have all sweet things and avoid all hard things.
And Heracles said, W oman, what is your name? She replied, My friends
call me Happy Prosperity, but the others call me Vice. The second woman
said: The path that I say you ought to choose is neither short nor safe nor
easy. But it is not possible to become a truly noble and good man without toil.
For the fine things are difficult, but all men and all gods will praise you. This
womans name was Virtue.
III.
1. -
.
2. avbpa ,
.
3. ,
' .
UNIT TWENTY-THREE
I.
1. to display (aor.)
2 . you (s.) are handing over
3. they will release
4. you (s.) were sending on
5. to go away (pres.)
6 . it was being set down
7. to set free (pres.)
8 . s/he / it will go
9. you (pi.) are giving a share of
10. s/he is causing to stand
11. about to give
12. s/he was setting up
13. they are being yoked
14. s/he was breaking
15. they were going out
16.1
am attacking
17. they are betraying
aor act inf of 7TibeiKvvp.t

2 s pres act ind of napabibwiu
3 p fut act ind of a<^'n\p.i
2 s im pf act ind o f ecj>irnu
pres act inf o f aneip-i (go away)
3 s impf m/p ind of nadiaTrjjxi
pres act inf of aî'^p.i
3 s pres act ind of el/Xi
2 p pres act ind of xeTabibtofu
3 s pres act ind of i arrjp .1
fut act inf of bibcjii
3 s impf act ind o f avaridrjjj .1
3 p pres m/p ind of {tvyvvixi
3 s im pf act ind o f pr\yvv jui
3 p im pf act ind of eeijui (go out)
1 s pres m/p ind of iTrniQrjfxi
3 p pres act ind of -npobibwp-i
29
UNITS TWENTY-TWO-TWENTY-THREE
2 s impf act ind of 8i'8coî

18. you (s.) were giving
1 p pres act ind o f elfxi
19. we shall go
3 s impf m/p ind of pijyvv j.i
20 . it was being shattered
2 s im pf m/p ind of airohtLKVvixL
21 . you (s.) were being appointed
2 s pres act ind of eKvvp.i
22 . you (s.) are showing
2 p fut act ind of Karari07]/it
23. you (pi.) will put down
1 p pres act ind of 7rapa8i8cojui
24. we are handing over
1 s pres m/p ind of (pirjiiL
2 5 .1 aim at, I give orders
3 p fut act ind of Ka6i<TTTjjj.L
26. they will establish
3 s pres act ind of /ie ra 6t 8w/it
27. s/he is giving a share of
2 s pres act ind o f t'77^1
28. you (s.) are hurling
2 s pres m/p ind of
29. you (s.) are in charge of
pres m/p inf of 7rpo8i 8w/î
30. to be betrayed (pres.)
3 p impf m/p ind of irpoair]^
31. they were letting come to themselves
32. to sell (pres.); to be given back (pres.)
pres m/p inf of 7ro8t8aj/it
3 3 .1 am revolting from
1 s pres m/p ind of
34. you (s.) are placing
2 s pres act ind of t l Otjijll
3 5 .1 was being given
1 s im pf m/p ind of cojjj.t
36. they are hastening, they are being let go
3 p pres m/p ind of 'rail
37. you (s.) are offering
2 s pres act ind of 8i 8co/î
38. they are setting in charge of, they cause to stop
3
p pres act ind of (pia-Trj/jn
39. to make an agreement (pres.), to be put together (pres.)
pres m/p inf of 1tvvtlOthxl
40. you (pi.) are going out
2 p pres act ind of
(go out)
41.1 was yoking
1 s impf act ind of (evyvvpLi,
42. you (s.) were placing upon
2 s im pf act ind o f TXiTQrip.i
II.
1. 'iaadv)
2 . afpie/j.ei
3. KaTaTdr]s
4. p^yvvvai
5. averiOeTO
6. TTpoioTe
7. avud'qaeadai
S.prjfrL'
9. ixertbiboaav
10. ^ v y v v ix tv
11. KaQiarTyjcniv) /
18. ppr/yvvs
19. a m i
aTTOeKWcniv)
12. a ir d v a i
13. kCtvyvvTo
14. irpoaieTai
15. (piara/iaL
16. iriTdea-de
17. tTTLeuivva(n(v)
20. cfip-eda
21 . Lep.ev
22. riderai
23. 7re8i80fi77l
24. iaT adv)
III.
1. Our allies are revolting from us, our enemies are attacking our walls, our
generals are betraying the cities, but you citizens do not admit the messen
gers concerning peace.
30
2. Foolish people think that they will always be fortunate, while prudent
people believe that the affairs (fortunes) of humans are never secure.
3. (cf. Xen. Hell. 2.3.52-53) Theramenes jum ped up onto the altar and said:
Gentlemen, I believe that Critias ought not to be able to put me to death,
but that the judgment (trial) for both you and for me must be according to
this law which these men wrote concerning those in the register [of
citizens]. And this point is clear, that this altar will not help me at all, but I
want to demonstrate this fact as well, that these men are not only unjust
toward people but also impious toward gods.
UNIT TWENTY-FOUR
I.
1. they crossed
2 . you (pi.) sold
3. to attack (aor.)
4. you (s.) stripped off [someone
elses clothes/armor)
5. to give back (aor.)
6 . s/he let go, sent on
7. to come to an agreement (aor.) /
to happen (aor.)
8. you (pi.) set in charge of
9 . 1 put down
10. you (s.) undressed [yourself]
11.1 was established, I became
12. s/he distinguished
13. to cause to revolt (aor.)
14. we were captured
15. they will go out
16. to aim at (aor.) /to command
(aor.)
17. to read aloud (aor.)
18. you (pi.) will go
19. to be captured
20 . about to transgress
21 . you (s.) gave back
22 . s/he was setting down,

appointing
23. they were coming together /1
was coming to terms
24. they are being captured
25. you (s.) transgressed
26. they recognized
27. it sank
28. s/he placed upon
29. they admitted [to their
presence]
30. you (pi.) gave a share of
3 1. they were
32. you (s.) dedicated
33. to show (pres.)
34. they will recognize
35. to put together (aor.)
36. you (pi.) were captured
37. we appointed
38. s/he became in charge of, stood
upon
39. you (s.) attacked
40. it, s/he was being handed over*
41. we were distinguishing
42. to make an agreement (aor.)
*B efore the c o rrected 3rd printing: he h an d ed o v er (in his ow n in te r

est) but aor. m id. o f this verb is not attested in classical A ttic.
31
UNITS TWENTY-THREE-TWENTY-FIVE
II.
1. vrjes kirra Karibvaav.
2. 8e/ca TpiriptLS KarebvaapLev.
3. TTeOfcrde
4. TTpobovvat
5. eyev6p.e6a, naTearrjpiev
6. rjkL(TK0VT0
7. Trpoaeadat
8 . bia^riaeade
9. enelvos o veavias to v auxppuv
d v a i (pdro.
10. eTrerideao
11. avefirjcrav
12. a v ty v w re
13. Trapebopiev
14. aireo-T-qaas
15. m v T e s eakooaav {rjXuxrav).
16. Trapefirj
17.17 to v ftacn X em yvvrj airebv.
18. ovk eyvwpiev
III.
1. (cf. Herodotus 5.95) In that war other wondrous things happened in the
battles and Alcaeus the poet escaped (from the danger) himself, but left
behind his shield, and the Athenians captured it and dedicated it to the gods.
2. (cf. Lysias 16.1) Although these men want me to be caught (found guilty) in
this trial by every conceivable means, you are not being misled by their
false statements, but you always seek to distinguish the truly just and the
unjust.
3. (cf. Lysias 12.92-97) I am about to step down [from the speakers podium],
gentlemen of the jury, but first I want to say a few words to each group,
both to those from the town and those from Peiraieus. For I hope that you
will hold (regard) as examples the misfortunes which happened to you
through these men and that you will cast your vote justly and wisely. You
people from the town were ruled over harshly by these men and because of
these men you were waging a war against your brothers and sons and
fellow-citizens. You people from Peiaieus fell out of (were cast into exile
from) your fatherland and for no short time you were in need of all things,
both money and friends, but in the end you came back down (home) into
Attica.
4. (cf. Xen. Hell. 2.3.43) It is not these men the ones who prevent numerous
enemies from being made who make your enemy strong and betray your
friends, but rather those men, who unjustly take money away (from others)
and put just men to death.
UNIT TWENTY-FIVE
I.
1. Great (large) things are never secure.
2. You are the first who found for yourself (obtained, earned) this honor.
32
3. Foolish is this man, who seems to himself to be powerful in all things (to be
able to do all things).
4. Peisistratos established him self as king of the Athenians three times. For he
(fell out [into exile]) was driven out twice, but finally through great toils he
established himself with power over all things.
5. The foreigners were throwing many stones, so that it was necessary for each
of the Greeks to be on his guard and to hold his shield up over his head.
6 . Whereas the father was friendly and charming so that he was loved by all,
each of his two sons says many bad things about the other so that they are
praised by no one.
7. (cf. Herodotus 5.93) Sokles said that he did not believe it was just for the
Lace-daemonians to try to set up kingships in the cities, and all the others at
first kept themselves (in) quiet, but then every single one broke into speech
and chose his (Socles) opinion. And thus the allies comm anded the
Lacedaemonians to do nothing terrible concerning a Greek city.
8. (cf. Lysias 19.18-20) Aristophanes was always active in politics and was
eager for honor. And so at that time together with Eunomos he went off to
Sicily by ship, for he hoped to persuade Dionysios to become kinsman by
marriage to Euagoras, hostile to the Lacedaemonians, and a friend and ally
to your city. And there were many dangers related to the sea and the
enem ies, but nevertheless he tried to do these things, and finally he
persuaded Dionysios not to send some triremes which at that time he had
prepared for the Lacedaemonians.
II.
1. '
;
2. ' ,
.
3. .
4. , ,
, .
5.
, ] () ,
.
UNIT TWENTY-SIX
I.
1. , ,
2. , ,
3. , ,
UNITS TWENTY-FIVE-TWENTY-SIX
33
4 . 7TapanOeis, Trapandeiaa, irapandev

5. embeLâp.evos, e7r 1.8e 1.fap.ey 77, eTnbeia.p.evov
6 . voarj(Tu>v, vocrr/crovaa, voarjaov
7. (weak, 1st) airobvcras, aTrobvaaaa, airobvaav, (strong, 2nd) drrodvs,
aTTohvaa, arfobvu*
8 . VOfJ-LMV, VOp.LOV(TOL, VOjXLOVV
9. eepiepevos, (fuepevq, e(piep.evov

10. eftcoy, e f to i c a , e f t ov
11. irapafiriaopevos, TTapa/3r](rofievq, irapa(3'q(rop.evov
12. emOepevos, eTTi.dep.evr], einOepevov
*Before the corrected 3rd printing (weak, 1st) eKbvo-as, e<bvcraaa, exhvcrav,
(strong, 2nd) eubv s, eKbvcra, eubvv (not in the vocabulary of the book).
II.
1.
2 . ?
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 7
8 .
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. ,
16.7
17. -
18.
19.
20 .
21 .
22.
III.
1. nom s f fut mid part o f elpi
voc s f fut mid part of eip. 1
2 . dat p f fut mid part of (pevyoj
3. dat s m prs act part of efeipi
dat s n prs act part of efeijui
4. gen s m aor mid part o f (nrvbo
gen s n aor mid part of (nrvbw
5. dat p m prs act part of r rra )
dat p n prs act part of t t t m
6 . nom p n aor act part of dx/n77/11
acc p n aor act part of </>177/11
voc p n aor act part of <177/11
acc s m aor act part of $ 177/11
7. gen p m prs act part of Trot-eu
gen p n prs act part of 7rotew
23.
24.
25. ^yvevov
26.
27.
28.
29. >
30. deLacV
31.
32. 7apaeepevat
8 . nom s f (strong, 2nd) aor act part

of
voc s f (strong, 2nd) aor act part
of
9. nom p n pres m/p part of
acc p n pres m/p part of .
voc p n pres m/p part of
10. dat p n (strong, 2nd) aor act
part of
dat p m (strong, 2nd) aor act
part of
11. nom s n fut act part o f
acc s n fut act part of
voc s n fut act part of
12. dat p n fut act part of
34
dat p m fut act part of

dat p n aor act part of
dat p m aor act part of
13. dat s f prs m/p part of
ai
14. acc s m aor act part of

nom p n aor act part of
acc p n aor act part of
voc p n aor act part of
15. gen p f fut act part of
16. dat s m prs act part of
dat s n prs act part of

17. acc p m fut act part of
18. acc s m prs act part of
nom p n prs act part of
acc p n prs act part of
voc p n prs act part of
19. dat s m aor act part of
dat s n aor act part of
20 . gen s m aor act part of
gen s n aor act part of
21 . acc s m aor act part of
nom p n aor act part of
acc p n aor act part of
voc p n aor act part of

22 . gen p f aor act part of
23. acc p m (strong, 2nd) aor act
part of
24. acc s f fut act part of
25. nom p f (weak, lst) aor act part
of
voc p f (weak, lst) aor act part
o f
26. nom p m aor act part of

voc p m aor act part of

27. gen s m aor mid part of
gen s n aor mid part of

ai
28. nom s m aor act part of

voc s m aor act part of
29. nom p f aor mid part of
voc p f aor mid part of
30. acc p m aor mid part of
IV. (cf. Herodotus 2.20-24)

But certain of the Greeks, who wanted to show themselves to be notable
for wisdom, have spoken three ways of explaining concerning this water; two
of which it is not worthwhile to speak o f except in brief terms. O f these, the
one says that the Etesian (annual) winds are responsible for the fact that the
river becomes full (for [they say] the winds prevent the Nile from flowing out
into the sea). But often the Etesian winds have not blown, but the Nile does the
same thing. The second (explanation) is less scientific, the one that says that it
flows from the Ocean, and that the Ocean flows around the entire earth. The
third of the explanations is by far the most reasonable, but is false. For not
even this one makes sense [lit., says anything]; for it says that the Nile flows
from melting snow.
But since I must display my own opinion concerning this, I will tell why
(on account of what) the Nile seems to me to flood during the summer. During
the stormy season the sun is driven from its former (old) path by the winter
storms and it goes toward the inland parts of Africa. And the Nile alone is
caused to evaporate in such a way that during this time it flows with little
UNITS TWENTY-SIX-TWENTY-SEVEN
35
water, but during the summer it is evaporated equally with all the other rivers
and it flows with more water.
UNIT TW ENTY-SEVEN
I.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. ' .
6. (, , )
.
7. .
8. '
? ' .
9. , .
10. ? .
11.
1. The fools among m ankind let go of what is at hand and pursue what is
absent.
2. At the urging o f the leaders (archons), the citizens made peace with those
who were in exile.
3. Although many cavalrymen were attacking, we took up for burial those who
had died.
4. Demosthenes promised he would do these things, speaking falsely.
5. Although it is necessary (it being necessary) to care for ones parent (the
one who cared [for you]) in old age, the common mass of people are
unwilling (to do so).
6 . Who will be able to win victory in the contest if he is not tall and strong?
7. (cf. Xen. Anab. 1.1.3) The king arrests Cyrus with the intention o f putting
him to death.
8 . (Anthologia Palatina 7.348) Having drunk a lot and eaten a lot and said a
lot o f bad things about (having often insulted) my fellow men, here I lie,
Timocreon o f Rhodes.
9. (cf. Lysias 28.13) But I, gentlem en of A thens, do not have the same
judgm ent about each o f the two groups. These m en, who longing for
freedom and justice and wanting the laws to be valid and hating those who
do wrong partook of your dangers, I believe are not bad citizens. But those
m en, who having returned home from exile under democracy are doing
36
wrong to you the common people and are making their private households
great using (lit. out o f ) your property, one must very vehemently accuse,
just as one does the Thirty.
UNIT TWENTY-EIGHT
I.
1. You did badly in allowing these women to be treated unjustly by the other
women.
2. Who will get up to the acropolis before the foreigners? (Who will beat the
foreigners in going up to the acropolis?)
3. You will not err if you say this. / You will not be wrong in saying this.
4. The young man feels bad, for he never endures being second.
5 .1
will easily prove that he concealed this money.
6 . He happened to be taking exercise on that day.
7. Do you not know that death will stop both those who are faring well and
those who are not?
II.(cf. Lysias 2.7ff.)
When Adrastus and Polynices attacked Thebes and did not fare well in
the battle, and the Thebans were preventing anyone from burying the dead
bodies, the Athenians, since they judged (believed) that the former had paid a
sufficient penalty in dying, while the latter were committing an offense against
the gods, first, having sent messengers, they asked them (the Thebans) to grant
(the opportunity of) picking up the dead. W hen they were not able to obtain
this [favor], they (the Athenians) went on cam paign against them (the
Thebans), even though there was previously no disagreem ent with the
Thebans, because they (the Athenians) believed that those who had died ought
to receive the customary rites. And because they (the Athenians) had justice as
their ally they were victorious in battle and displayed their excellence to all
men.
At a later time, after Heracles had died, his children, in flight from
Eurystheus, kept being driven out by all the Greeks, who, although ashamed at
their deeds, were afraid of Eurystheus power. And* when the children came
to this city and Eurystheus was demanding their surrender, the Athenians did
not consent to hand them over. And when the Argives came on campaign
against them, they (the Athenians) did not change their minds when they got
close to the terrible events, but they kept the same decision and they were
victorious in battle a second time.
C onjunction was absent before corrected 3rd printing.
UNITS TWENTY-SEVEN-TWENTY-NINE
37
UNIT TWENTY-NINE
I.

2. 3 p im pf m/p ind of
3. 3 p prs m/p ind of
5. 3 p prs act ind of
6 . dat p f prs act part of
7. fut act inf of '
8.2
s aor act ind of
9. nom s m aor act part of
voc s m aor act part of
10. 3 s impf act ind of
11. prs m/p inf of
12. 3 s prs act ind of
13. nom s m fut act part of
voc s m fut act part of
nom s n fut act part of
acc s n fut act part of
voc s n fut act part of
14. 2 s fut act ind of
1 5 .2 s impf act ind of
16. 1 p perf act ind of
17. 3 s fut act ind of
18. 2 p fut mid ind of
19. prs m/p inf of
20 . dat s m prs act part of
dat s n prs act part of
21 . acc s m prs m/p part of
nom s n prs m/p part of
acc s n prs m/p part of
voc s n prs m/p part of
1 s impf act ind of
24. 2 s fut mid ind of
25. prs m/p inf of
26. 3 s prs act ind of
2 s prs m/p ind of
we were accomplishing
they were being emulated
they are being honored
we were seeing
they are scattering
(dat.) [women] honoring
about to have a share
you (s.) reminded
(nom.) [man] having reminded
(voc.) [man] having reminded
s/he was victorious
to be seen (pres.)
s/he is filling
(nom.) [man] about to scatter
(voc.) [man] about to scatter
(nom.) [thing] about to scatter
(acc.) [thing] about to scatter
(voc.) [thing] about to scatter
you (s.) will drive
you (s.) were filling
we know
s/he / it will reveal
you (pi.) will permit
to be emulated (pres.)
(dat.) [man] being at a loss
(dat.) [thing] being at a loss
(acc.) [man] being accomplished
(nom.) [thing] being accom
plished
(acc.) [thing] being accom
plished
(voc.) [thing] being accom
plished
they were honoring
I was honoring
you (s.) were being revealed
you (s.) will seize
to know (pres.)
s/he / it is revealing
you (s.) are being revealed
38
27. pres act inf of

29. nom p m pres m/p part of
voc p m pres m/p part of
30. 2 p pres act ind of
3 1 .1 s pres act ind of
34. fut act inf of
35. aor act inf of
36. 3 p fut mid ind of oiba
38. dat p f fut mid part of
39. 3 s aor mid ind of
II.
1. ,
2 . v,
3. ()
4.
5. ^
6.,
7. ?
8 .
9. ,
10. /

to honor (pres.)
s/he was at a loss
(nom.) [men] being emulated
(voc.) [men] being emulated
you (p.) win
I
see
we were filling
we shall scatter
about to bring to an end
to reveal (aor.)
they will know
they will be
(dat.) [women] about to be
angry
she stopped herself / he stopped
himself
11. / *
12. v
13.
14. **
15.
16.
17. '()
18. / '>
19.
20. ,
* B efo re the c o rre c te d 3rd p rin tin g , th is ite m in v ite d a o rist m id d le

-ejivriaacrOe, w hich is poetic or non-A ttic.
**B efore the corrected 3rd printing, eoiipas, sam e as 7.
III.
1. And three days later they again made their own virtue manifest by helping
those who were lacking food.
2. It is obvious, fellow soldiers, that you are mindful neither of what happened
then nor of what is now about to occur.
3. This villain was so clever at speaking that he appeared to be worthy of
office.
4. At first the old man remained inactive (kept quiet) when he saw these things
being done by those who were plotting against the archons, but finally he
revealed everything to the citizens in order to put a stop to the strife.
39
UNITS TWENTY-NINE-THIRTY
5. Since the Thebans were not coming out to battle, the Athenians continued
building a wall of large stones, four stades distant from the walls of the
town.
6 . The kings soldiers are equal to the Greeks in number, but not in valor.
7. Pentheus did not easily endure hearing that all the women were honoring
the god who had come from Lydia.
8 . (cf. Lysias 7.1) W hile formerly I used to believe that it was permitted to
anyone who wanted to, if he minded his business, to have neither court
cases nor troubles, now everything comes about contrary to expectation and
I am being placed in (am involved in) a terrible struggle (in court).
9. (cf. Lysias 33.7) I do not know what idea in the world the Lacedaemonians
have when they perm it Greece to be burned, since they are not unjustly
leaders of the Greeks both because of their inborn virtue and because of
their expertise in connection with war. [Literally, . . . making use of what
idea in the world the Lac. are permitting . . . ]
UNIT THIRTY
I.
1. - /

2. /
3 .
4.

5.
6 . ( )
I.
8 .
9.
10. 7 /

11. / /
12. /
/
13.
14. ?
15. /

16. ,
II.
1. () ,
() .
2 . , ()
.
3. .
.
4. ", ()

.
40
III.
At this point, ambassadors come from Sinope, fearing both concerning the city
of the Kotyoritans (for it belonged to them and the Kotyoritans paid tribute to
them) and concerning the land (of the Kotyoritans) (for they were hearing that
it was being plundered). And having come into the camp they spoke
(Hecatonymus, who was considered a skilled speaker, was their spokesman):
Gentlemen of the army, the city of the Sinopeans sent us both to praise you,
because being Greeks you are defeating non-Greeks, and secondly also to
rejoice with you, because you are present here after coming safely through
difficulties that were (as we have heard) many and terrible. And we think it
proper that, since we are o u rselves Greeks, we receive from you who are
Greeks some good treatment and suffer nothing bad. For nor have we on our
part ever yet taken the initiative in doing harm to you. These people of
Kotyora are our colonists, and we turned this territory over to them after
taking it away from the foreigners.
UNIT THIRTY-ONE
I.
1.
2 .
3. /?
4. ]
5.
6 .
7. )
8 .
9.
10.
11. 'ij)s
12.
13.
14. ]
II.
1. 3 p aor act subj of
2. 3 s pres m/p subj of
3 .2 s pres act subj of (be

away)
4. 3 p aor mid subj of at
5 .2 s aor act subj of
6 . 2 p aor act subj of
7. 1 p pres act subj of beU vvpi
8 . 3 s aor act subj of
2 s aor mid subj of
2 s fut mid ind of
9. 3 p pres act subj of
10. 3 s pres act subj of
15.
16.
17.
18. ()
19.
20 . ^
2 s pres m/p subj of

2 s pres m/p ind of
11. 3 p pres m/p subj o f
12. 2 p aor mid subj of
14. 2 s pres m/p subj o f
3 s pres act subj of
2 s pres m/p ind of
15. 2 s pres m/p subj o f
3 s pres act subj of
2 s pres m/p ind of
16. 1 s aor act subj o f
17. 3 s aor act subj of
2 s aor mid subj of
41
UNITS THIRTY-THIRTY-ONE
18. 3 p pres m/p subj of

3 p pres m/p ind of
20. 3 s pres m/p subj of at
23. 3 p pres act subj of (go

away)

25. 3 s aor act subj of
2 s aor mid subj of
2 s fut mid ind of
27. 2
p aor mid subj of
29. 2
p aor act subj of
30. 1 s aor mid subj of
.
1. jury , '.
2. .
3 .
.
4. ().
5 . () . /
() .
6 . ;
IV.
1. Whom am to harm (shall I harm) more justly than those who have wronged
me?
2. The Greeks, having ceased to make war against each other, agree on a peace
in order that the king may not easily conquer all.
3. Let us never be defeated by the female sex, since we are men.
4. Although we have exchanged (given and received) a pledge, we are afraid
that the Thebans may not be trustworthy.
5. If the city is not faring well, do not seem to be angry at those who are not to
blame, but rather at those who do not deliberate correctly.
6 . While the cavalry was pursuing those who were fleeing, the general with the
hoplites set up a trophy in order to demonstrate to all that his own army was
better (stronger) than the enem ys.
V.
Once when the Assem bly conceived a desire to put to death all those
associated with Thrasyllos and Erasinides by a single vote contrary to the
laws, Socrates, being a member of the Council and at that time getting his turn
as (having become) the presiding officer in the assembly, refused to put the
measure to the vote, even though the Assembly was becoming angry with him
and many powerful men were threatening him. But he considered it of more
importance to abide by his oath than to oblige the Assembly contrary to justice
and to guard himself against those threatening him. For indeed he believed that
42
the gods have concern for human beings, not in the (same) way that most
people believe. For they believe that the gods know some things and do not
know others, but Socrates believed that the gods know everything, both what
is being said and done and what is being planned in silence, and that the gods
are present everywhere and give signs to men concerning all human affairs.
UNIT THIRTY-TWO
1.
I. 1 s aor act opt of
4. 1 p aor act opt of
5 .3 s aor act opt of
6 . 2 p aor act opt of
7 . 3 s aor act opt of
8 . aor act inf of
10. 2 s aor act opt of
II. 2 p aor mid opt o f
12.
3 p aor mid subj of
1 3 .3 s aor mid opt of
14. 1 p pres act opt of (go
away)
15. gen s f pres m/p part of
16.3 s aor mid opt of

17.1 s aor mid opt of
II.
1. 'iva
2 . /
3. }.
4. .
5. ;
6. 'iva / iva
/ iva
/
1 8 .2 s pres act subj of

1 9 .2 s pres m/p opt of
22. nom p f pres act part of
voc p f pres act part of

24. aor act inf of
27. 3 p aor act opt of
28.1 p aor act subj o f
2 9 .2 p fut mid opt of
3 0 .3 s aor act opt of
aor act inf of
7. a /

8 .
9. .
10. . /
.
UNITS THIRTY-ONE-THIRTY-THREE
43
III.
1. ] ?
.
2. ?
.
3. . .
IV.
1. At Pytho (Delphi) Apollo used to give (this) as an oracle to the Greeks:
Nothing in excess.
2. To those from Croesus who were asking for an oracle the god replied as
follows: It is necessary for Croesus to destroy a great empire if he crosses
the Halys river. And having heard this Croesus thought that he him self
would conquer his enemies, not interpreting well. And not fearing that he
m ight be m aking a mistake in trusting his own judgm ent, he went on
campaign against the Persians in order that after defeating these people he
might rule all of Asia. But things turned out otherwise. For the Lydians are
conquered and Croesus and his wife and children are captured. And when
captured he said this to himself: I wish that I had never crossed the Halys.
And now what are we to suffer? Are we to be slaves to the Persians? It is
not a terrible thing for people in misfortune to die, but may the Persians not
cut off my head.
V.
There still is left the puzzlement which you feel concerning good men: why in
the world do good men teach their own sons the other subjects that fall within
the realm of teachers and make them wise (in these other subjects), but do not
make them (their sons) better than anyone (else) in that virtue in which they
themselves are good? And on this question, Socrates, I shall no longer speak a
fable to you, but a reasoned account. For this is how one should think of it: is
there or is there not some one thing which it is necessary for all the citizens to
partake of, if in fact there is going to be a city? For in this question is solved
this puzzlement that you feel or nowhere else. For if there is (such a thing),
then this one thing is not carpentry or bronzeworking or the art of ceramics,
but rather righteousness and self-control and being pious. And taken all
together I call it by a single name: a m ans virtue.
UNIT THIRTY-THREE
1.
1 . 1 s pres act opt of
2. 3 p pres m/p opt of
3. acc s m pres act part of

nom p n pres act part of
44
acc p n pres act part of

voc p n pres act part of
5. 2 s pres act opt of
6 . pres act inf of
2 s pres act ind of
8 . 3 p pres act opt of
9. nom s f pres act part of
voc s f pres act part of
1 1 . 3 s aor act opt of
aor act inf of
12. 1 p pres act opt of
13. pres m/p inf of
II.
1. /
2 .
3.
4. /
5. '

14. 3 p pres act ind of pa.u>
3 p pres act subj of epaia
dat p m pres act part of epio
dat p n pres act part of kpam
15. aor mid inf of rip/j.riv
(eipoâi)
16.
17.
18.
19.
3 s impf act ind of eaoo

2 p aor act subj of euepyereoj
2 p fut act ind of eikpyeTeoo
3 p aor act ind of
avyyiyv(i)a'Koo
20 . 1 s pres m/p opt of avaipiuj

2 1 . 1 s impf act ind of airavTau)
3 p im pf act ind of attavTau)
6 .
7.
8 . '
9. /
10.
III.
1. $
.

.

.
2 . ( ) .
3.
(), () ()
().

( ), ()
().
IV.
1. When the young man asked which of the three daughters it was advan
tageous to marry, we replied with a laugh that we did not know.
UNITS THIRTY-THREE-THIRTY-FOUR
45
2. Are we to permit the king to continue besieging the town, or are we to go to

the rescue?
3. The soldiers kept asking how they were to benefit Cyrus, since it was not
possible to carry out a campaign without money. For they did not think it
proper to obey a general who was spending less than he promised.
V.
I, gentlemen, am, to be sure, delighted to be honored by you, if in fact I am
human, and I feel gratitude and pray that the gods grant me the opportunity to
show m yself to be the cause of some good for you. On the other hand, for me
to be chosen by you as leader in preference to a Lacedaemonian who is present
does not seem to me to be advantageous to you, but it seems that you would
less likely obtain (your request) because o f this fact, if you should ask for
anything from them [the Lacedaemonians]; and for me in turn I do not really
think this is safe. For I observe that they [the Lacedaemonians] did not cease
waging war against my country before they com pelled the entire city to
acknowledge that Lacedaemonians were their leaders too. . . . And as for the
notion that you have in mind, namely that there would be less discord with one
man leading than with many, know well that if you pick someone else, you
will not find me engaging in dissension; for I believe that whoever while
involved in a war foments dissension against a leader, this man stirs up trouble
against his own safety. But if you chose me, perhaps you would find someone
becoming angry both at you and at me.
UNIT THIRTY-FOUR
I.
1. oi
' eibevaL, .
2 . , .
3. ), () ;
4. el , ovhev '
.
II.
1. W hoever treats ambassadors unjustly pays the penalty, if not immediately,
at least in the end.
2. If the three brothers steal without being noticed the weapons that the
Thebans dedicated, they will become rich although they have done impious
things.
46
3. At Athens in the old days the jurym en who after hearing the speeches of
both sides cast their vote in accordance with justice and the laws were
admired.
4. If you should run very swiftly, perhaps you would escape the danger.
5. In return for these things, whatever benefactions they might do now, they
would get back gratitute both while alive and after the end of their lives.
6 . If the young man spends a lot because he is in love with the courtesan, it
will not be good for his household, since it is already lacking in money.
7. It is fitting always to do whatever the wise recommend.
8 . (cf. Plato Parm. 126a) After I arrived at Athens, I met with Adeimantus and
Glaucon in the marketplace. And Adeimantus, taking hold of my hand, said,
Greetings, Cephalus, and if you have need o f anything of the things here
that we can do, tell (us). I said, But I am here for just this purpose, to
make a request of you.
III.
[Chremylos]
1 believe that this is clear to understand for all men equally,
that it is just for the good among men to fare well,
and for the wicked and godless to fare, surely, the opposite of this.
So then, longing for (this), with difficulty have we discovered this, a way so
that there arises
a plan fine and noble and useful for every purpose.
For if Wealth now gets his sight and does not go around being blind,
he will make his way to the good among men and will not leave them,
but the wicked and godless he will avoid. And then he will cause
all men to be good and certainly rich and reverent toward divine things.
And yet who could ever discover anything better than this for mankind?
[Blepsidemos]
No one could; I serve as your witness for this fact; dont ask her at all.
[Chremylos]
For as life is now disposed for us humans,
who would not believe that it is madness and, even more than that, accursed
misfortune?
For many among mortals who are wicked are wealthy,
having collected their possessions unjustly; and many who are altogether
virtuous
are suffering bad fortune and are starving and for the most part spend their life
with you [Poverty].
47
UNITS THIRTY-FOUR-THIRTY-FIVE
UNIT THIRTY-FIVE
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6 . paye
7.
8 .
9.
10. ,
11.
12.
13.
11.
1. aor pass inf of
2. 3 s fut pass ind of
6 . 2 s aor pass ind of
7. 3 p aor pass ind of
8. aor act inf of
9. aor pass inf of
10. gen p m aor pass part of
gen p n aor pass part of f
1 1 . 3 s aor pass subj of
1 3 . 2 s aor mid opt of
14. 1 s aor pass ind of
15. dat s f aor pass part of
16. 3 p aor pass subj of
17. nom s n aor pass part of
acc s n aor pass part of

voc s n aor pass part o f
18. 3 p aor mid opt of
19. acc s m fut pass part of
nom s n fut pass part of
acc s n fut pass part of
voc s n fut pass part of
20. 3 s aor pass opt of
21 . 1 p aor pass ind of
/
23. fut pass inf of
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 .

25. 3 p fut pass ind of
26. 1 p aor pass opt of
27. gen s m aor pass part of
gen s n aor pass part of
28. aor pass inf of

3 1 . 3 s im pf act ind of
33. 2 s prs act opt of
(intrans., 2nd, or strong aorist)
35. aor pass inf of
36. nom p f aor pass part of
voc p f aor pass part of

38. acc s m aor pass part of
nom p n aor pass part of
acc p n aor pass part of

voc p n aor pass part of
4 1 . 2 s aor pass ind of
42. 2 p fut pass ind o f
48
III.
[Socrates] Indeed wondering at these (very) things I have been asking for
some time now what in the world the power of the art of rhetoric is. For it
appears to me as quite miraculous in its magnitude, when I consider it this
way.
[Gorgias] Yes, Socrates, (you certainly would call it miraculous) if should
know all the facts, namely that so to speak it encompasses and controls under
itself all the powers. And I ll tell you an important piece of evidence. For I
have often in the past, when visiting with my brother or with the other
physicians one of the sick who is not willing to drink a drug or to allow the
physician to cut or bum [do surgery or cautery], though the physician was
unable to persuade (the patient), / persuaded him, using no other craft than the
art of rhetoric. And I also maintain that if a rhetorically skilled man and a
physician went to a city, wherever you want, if it should be necessary for them
to compete in speech in an assembly or in some other gathering as to which of
the two ought to be chosen (elected) as physician, then the physician would
make no showing at all, but the man who is able to speak would be chosen, if
he should want to be. And if he should compete against any other skilled
craftsman at all, the rhetorically skilled man would persuade (the assembly) to
select him more (easily) than any other person would. For there is nothing
about which the rhetorically skilled man would not speak more persuasively
than any other of the skilled craftsmen before a crowd.
UNIT THIRTY-SIX
I.
1. ovk (') 7Tpobibovat, avbpes .
2 . , ] rfj d oi e .
3. d oi kv 7, oi s .
II.
1. Everyone should have fought even on behalf of the Thebans if the
foreigners had besieged their city.
2. Then no one would have taken bribes from the enemy, but now every single
man seeks to become a traitor.
3. The woman, leaving their children and husbands at home, were running to
the mountain, different women from different directions (some from one
direction, some from another).
4. (= Plato Phaedrus 227a) My dear Phaedrus, where (are you going) and from
where (are you coming)? From Lysias the son of Cephalus, Socrates, and
I am going for a walk outside the city wall.
49
UNITS THIRTY-FIVE-THIRTY-SEVEN
5. (= Plato Phaedrus 237b-c) On every subject, child, there is a single (proper)

beginning for those who are going to deliberate well: one must know that
concerning which the deliberation is (taking place), or else one must miss
the entire goal.
6 . (cf. Xen. Anab. 6.6.17-19) I did this at the order neither of Xenophon nor of
anyone else. But when I saw a good man, one of my fellow-soldiers, being
led (along) by Dexippos, whom you know betrayed you, it seemed terrible
to me. And I took the man away (from Dexippos) by force, I admit it.
III.
I would consider it of great importance, gentlemen, that you should show
yourselves to be for me exactly the sorts of judges concerning this affair that
you would be for yourselves if you had suffered such treatment. For I know
full well that if you should hold the very same opinion concerning other men
as you do concerning yourselves, there would not be anyone who would fail to
be vexed at the things that occurred; rather you would all consider the
penalties applying to those who practice such behavior small. And these
matters would not be judged thus only among you, but in all of Greece. For
concerning this crime alone both under a democracy and under an oligarchy
the same right to vengeance has been granted to the weakest citizens against
those who have the greatest power, so that the lowliest man receives the same
rights as the noblest. To such a degree, gentlemen, do all men consider this
(form of) insolence most dreadful. Now then, as far as the magnitude of the
penalty is concerned, I believe that you all hold the same notion, and that no
one is o f such a careless disposition [who =] that he believes those who are
responsible for such deeds ought to receive pardon or deems them worthy of a
small penalty.
UNIT THIRTY-SEVEN
I.
2 . perf act inf of
3. nom p m perf m/p part of
voc p m perf m/p part of
4. 3 s perf m/p ind of

5 .3
s perf m/p ind of
6 . nom s n perf act part of

acc s n perf act part of

voc s n perf act part of

7. 2 p perf m/p ind of

8 . 2 p perf act ind of
9. nom p n perf m/p part of
acc p n perf m/p part of
voc p n perf m/p part of
10.3 p perf m/p ind of
50
11. acc s m perf (2 ) act part of
acc s perf act part of

voc s n perf act part of
24. perf act inf of
25. dat p m perf act part of
dat p n perf act part of
26. gen p f perf act part of
27. 1 p perf m/p ind of
28. gen s m perf m/p part of
nom p n perf (2 ) act part of
acc p n perf (2) act part of

i
voc p n perf ( 2) act part of
12. acc s f perf ( 1) act part of
gen s n perf m/p part o f

14. 2 s perf m/p ind o f
15. 3 s perf act ind of
16. acc p m perf m/p part of
17. dat s m perf act part of
29. gen p f perf act part o f

30. 3 p f perf m/p subj of
3 1. 2 p perf m/p ind of
32. 2 s perf act ind o f
33. perf act inf o f
34. 1 p perf act ind of -
35. 3 p perf m/p opt of
36. perf m/p inf o f
37. 1 p perf m/p ind o f
dat s n perf act part of

18. perf act inf of
19. perf m/p inf of
20 . 1 p perf m/p ind of
21 . perf m/p inf of
23. nom s n perf act part of
II.
1. ' /
2 .
3.
8 .
9. / /
(
10.
11. /
'
12. ^
4. ()
5. () /
()
6 .
7. ,
III.
1.
el\t
e\rj
ekoL
aipev
\ti>
a ip t
apf)
rjpei
flpVKJI / JIPVKS (ifp-) y

! () (
UNIT THIRTY-SEVEN
aipeiT at
aipiicreTcu
aiprirai.
51
ei'Xero
fipr^Tai
eKrjTai
fiprjixivos (f)pr)p.ivrj, fiprjpevov) 77

fip-qp.evos (r\pr)p.ivr), r\pr\p.tvov) erq
aipoiTO
dipr/crono
eKoiro
a ip d a d a i
aipr/aecrdai
iX ia d a i
gpf/adai
aipovp.tvo's
a[pj)<y6\i.ivos
ik o p .tv o s
i)pr)pAvo'i
aipedriO'eTai
fipidr/
aipe6ria-OLTO
alpeOeiq
fip e h o
a tpedfi
aipeO riaeadai
a lp fd ijva i
aipiOrjaop.tvo's
aipedeis
6'qaere
'dere
TedriKere
OrjTt.
TiQr)Kt]Ti / rt6r)K 0rts (redrtK viai )
2.
rid ere
Ti69)Ti
rjre
T id tiT t, T iQ iirjT i
Q qaoue
d u r e , d e iijT t
TtdriKOiTt / Tt6r)KOTfs (TedrjK viai)
r id e m t
dijcreiv
ddvai
redriKevai
n d e is
dijaoiv
6 tis
TtdrjK w s
Orjcreade
eOetrde
redeiade
ci7}T ( d r e )
h id e r t
rideade
Tidfjade
Orjade
Te6ei.fJ.evOL (reQeijj.evaL) rjre
riQeicrde
Q'qaoicrQe
Qeicrdt
re Q tijxevo i (Te6eifj.evai) e'iqre (eiYe)
riOeaOai
drjaea-dai
OeaQai
TedelaO at
Tidep-evos
Qrjcrop.tvo's
9ep.evo$
T tde.ip.ivos
T6ii<reade
ereOqTe
reO ria o ia d e
r td d r jr e /
Ttdiiaeadai
reQfjvai
TfdricrdpLtvos
Tedeii
hideade
redfjre
red d re
3.
p in r o v a i
p ty o v a t
pLTTTOjai
eppt\j/ap
eppl(paai
pi\j/U><TL
kppieputtn. / eppKpdres (eppt<f>vtai)

eppicpotev / e p p u p ire s (eppttpviai)
OXTt
pinTOLiv
p i^/o ie v
pi\j/a iev /
pirrreiv
p ty e iv
p ty a i
eppupevai
pinT iov
p i ijrmv
pi\j/as
epp icfaos
pi\j/eiai>
tp p n rro v
eiev (e'iqaav)
52
piiTTovTai

p ty o v T a i
pLTTTMVTaL
eppL\j/avro
eppip p evo i (ep p ip p eva i) eicri
pi\j/MVTai
eppip.fj.tvoi ( eppLfxpevaL) uicri
pilTTOlVTO
pi\j/0LVT0
ptyaiVTO
eppLp.jj.evOL ( eppip,p.evaL) elev
piTTTeadai
p ty e a Q a i
pi\fra<Tdcu
e p p ty d a i
pLTrrdpevo^
pi\jf6peV0'S
piyl/ap.evos
eppip p evo ?
pKpOijiTovTai /
pu^-qaovraL
eppicpdTjcrav /
(elrjaav)
tppilTTOVTO
eppi<pyj(yav
pi<$>6&)(TL /
pL(j>UO(TL
pi(p6ri(T0LVT0 /
pir\CTOLVTO
pitydelev /
puf)6eir}<rav
/ pifyelev /
pL^ti-qaav
papdr/o-ea'dai /
pLtp-jcrecrdat
pupdrjadpevos /
f>L(j)6T]vai /
pupijvaL
p L (f> 6 e i s / p i x e l ' s
puf>ricr6p,evos
4.
f i 0v k e v 0p.ev
3ovkevaopev
fio vkeviapev
3ovkevaapev
fio vk e va m p e v
fit fiovkiVK.ap.ev
fiefiovkevKtaptv /
f ie f io v k e V K o r a
(f3 e /3 o v \fv * v ia i) <Lp.ev

jio v k e v o ip e v
fiovkevaoLpev
fio v k e v a a ip e v
3e/3ovkevKoifiev /
f3ej3ovkevKOTes
{fiejiovkevKviaL) elptev
(tiijpLev)
f io v k e ie L V
fiovkeixreLV
SovkevcraL
fitfio v k e v K e v a i
fio vk evio v
/3ovkevau iv
fH ovkevaas
fiej3ovkevK w i
e fio v k e v o p tv
jiovkevopeO a
fiovh tvvdfxeda
fiovkevw p.e6a
efiovkevcrap.eOa
3ej3ovkevne6a
/3 ovkevcroip.eOa
fiefio vk e v yx v o i
fiovkevcraipeda
fiefio vk e v p .ivo i
(f3ef3ovktvy.eva i) >p.ev
f3ovkevoip.e$a
jiovkevcroLpeOa
(fiefio vk e v p ev a i) elpev
(eirjpLev)
3ov\evtcrdai
fto vk eva etrd a i
fiovkevaacrdaL
fiefiovkevtrdai
f3ovkev6p.evos
f3ovkevcr6p.evo$
f3ovkevcrdpevos
fiefio v k e v p e v o s
efiovkevop.e6a
UNITS THIRTY-SEVEN-THIRTY-EIGHT
iovktv6rjaoiJ.t8a
53
tfiovktv(h]ixf.v
f3ovhev6wiJ.ev
3ovkv6t]o-oL\j.i6a
/3 ovkev8eirjfj.ev /
fiovkevdeifjiev
3ovkev8riat(rdaL
iovktvO rjvai
3ovkev8ri(r6iJ.evos
fto vk e vd e is
III.
I believe, gentlemen, that I must demonstrate this fact, that Eratosthenes com
mitted adultery with my wife and both corrupted her and shamed my children
and wantonly insulted me myself, coming into my house, and that there was
no enmity between me and him except for this one, nor did I do this for the
sake of money, in order to become rich instead of poor, nor for the sake of any
other profit except the retribution provided for by the laws. Well then, I shall
show to you all of my own affairs from the beginning, leaving nothing out, but
telling the true facts. For I believe this course is my only means of safety, if I
prove able to tell you all the things that have been done. For, Athenians, when
I decided to marry and took a wife into my house, for the (other =) whole
earlier period of time I was so disposed that neither did I vex (my wife) nor
was it too much in her own power to do whatever she wanted, and I kept
guarding her as much as was possible and I paid attention, just as was
reasonable. But when a child was bom to me, from that time I trusted her and
turned over all my [household] affairs to her, believing that this [the birth of
our child] was the greatest bond of intimacy.
UNIT THIRTY-EIGHT
I. ( 1) . Sets " )
, , . (2) ' . (3) . (4) be ( , )
)
. (5) ,
.
II.
T hucydides of A thens com posed (this account of) the w ar o f the
Peloponnesians and Athenians, how they waged war against each other,
having made his beginning immediately when the war was starting and having
expected that it would be great and most noteworthy in comparison with those
that occurred e a rlie r.. . . For this unrest came about as extremely large for the
Greeks and for some part of the non-Greeks, and, so to speak, even (extended)
54
to reach a very great portion of mankind. For the events before these and the
events every more ancient it was impossible* to discover reliably because of
the great passage of time, but from the indications which it comes about that I
trust when I investigate to the greatest possible extent (in time), I do not
believe that they [the earlier events] were great either in connection with the
wars or in other respects. For it is clear that the land now called Hellas has not
been firmly settled from long ago, but clearly there were migrations previously
and each group easily used to leave its own territory when forced out by some
group that was on each occasion more numerous.
*1 follow Classen-Steup (who cite parallels) in interpreting as an
archaic use of the neuter plural where other Attic prose authors would use
singular : thus the subject is , the object of which is . . .
. Some instead treat . . . as nominative subject and
as epexegetic infinitive.
UNIT THIRTY-NINE
I.
1. /309 ecus
.
2. ecus , -
.
3. i d yap) .
4. Set
. / bei
.
5. eta
.
II.
Being in such a predicament I decided to take a risk, since being put to death
was already close to hand. And after summoning Damnippos I say this to him:
You happen to be a close acquaintance of mine, and I have now come into
your house, and I am guilty of no wrong, but am being destroyed for the sake
of money. You, therefore, furnish to me, who am suffering these things, your
own power eagerly disposed toward my salvation. And he promised that he
would do this. But it seemed better to him to make mention of it to Theognis.
For he believed that he (Theognis) would do anything if someone would offer
him money. And while that man was conversing with Theognis (since I
happened to be knowledgeable about the house and I knew that it had a door at
either end), I decided to try to save m yself by that way, considering that, if I
55
UNITS THIRTY-EIGHT-FORTY
get away unseen, I would be saved, while if I get caught, I believed that, on the
one hand, if Theognis should have been persuaded by Damnippos to accept
money, I would be let go none the less, and on the other hand, if not [if
Theognis had not agreed], I was going to die all the same.
III.
Now then, the truth is like this, and you will recognize it, if you move on to
more im portant things, finally leaving aside philosophy. For, you know,
Socrates, philosophy is a charming thing, if one touches upon it in moderation
in the prime of ones youth. But if one spends ones time in it farther along
than is proper, it is the ruination o f men. For if one is indeed very greatly
innately gifted and practices philosophy far along in o n es prim e, one
inevitably turns out to be inexperienced in all the things in which the man who
is going to be noble-and-good and famous must be experienced. For indeed
such men become inexperienced in the laws that operate in the city, and in the
speeches that one m ust use when associating with o n es fellow men in
contractual transactions both in private life and in public, and in the pleasures
and desires that are hum an, and to sum it up, they becom e com pletely
inexperienced in human behavior. So whenever they become involved in some
private or civic activity, they turn out to be ridiculous, exactly as, I suppose,
the politically savvy, when in turn they get involved in your pastimes and
discussions, are ridiculous.
UNIT FORTY
I.
1. nom p f aor pass part of t L6t)p.i

voc p f aor pass part of t Qthu
2 . 2 p fut pass ind of
3 . 2 s aor act impt of nai
nom s n fut act part of 7toug
acc s n fut act part of muoo
voc s n fut act part of tolL
4 .2 s aor pass opt of
5. nom s m fut pass part of
6 . 3 s fut mid opt of
7. nom s n aor pass part of
pLokoyc
acc s n aor pass part of

fiokoyt)
voc s n aor pass part of
xoXoy
8 . nom p n perf m/p part of

kpyaCpiMi

kpya(pp.ai
9 .2
s aor act impt of
10. nom s f aor act part of
voc s f aor act part of
11. aor act inf of
12. 3 p perf m/p subj of
1 3 . 1 s aor act subj of
56
16. 2 s aor pass impt of

17. 3 s aor act impt of
18. 2 p pres act impt o f
2 p pres act ind of
19. 2 s pres act impt of
20 . 2 s pres act impt of (
21 . 2 p perf act impt of oiha
2 p perf act ind of oiba
22. 3 p masc perf act impt of
\
23. aor act inf of

25. 2 s aor act opt of vikcluo

26. 2 s aor mid impt of ay
27. 3 p prs act impt of Trarao)
gen p m prs act part of Traraw

gen p n prs act part of anrarw
28. 2 s aor act impt of KaroAeiVa)
29. 2 p aor mid impt of o-KeVro/nai
30. dat s m perf act part of 7iaw
dat s n perf act part o f navuj
31. 3 p fem perf m/p ind of
32. 2 s aor act impt of KaraTQr\p.i
33. 3 s perf m/p impt n o f ree'oj
II.
1. TTejiyj/ov, Trep.if/aTw, 7re/rv//are, 7rep.yj/avT(t)V
2 yiy v o v , ytyveaO co, yiyveaOe, yiyvtaQ w v

3. e7H u 5ecro, iriTideado}, liTLTidtade, eriLTidearOow
4. awdrjTi, aoiOqTa), arwdijre, aoodevrojv
5. nrapacrypv, uapaa-yia-Qui, ttapatrêaBe, Trapaa-âOoiv
6 . avayvoiQi, avayvoDToj, avayvw re, avayvovTuiv
III.
For there was once a time when the gods existed, but mortal species did not
exist. And when the fated time of birth came for these too, the gods mold them
inside the earth com bining them out of earth and fire and those things,
however many are blended with earth and fire. And when they were about to
lead them toward the light, they assigned to Prometheus and Epimetheus the
task o f adorning and distributing faculties to each group as is proper. Epi
metheus asks Prometheus as a favor that he himself do the distributing, and
after I have distributed, he said, inspect (my work). And thus persuading
him (Prom etheus) he (Epim etheus) apportions. A nd in apportioning he
attached to some strength without swiftness, but the w eaker creatures he
equipped with swiftness. . . . Now since he was not really very smart,
Epimetheus did not realize that he had used up the faculties on the brute
animals. Now the human race still remained for him unequipped, and he was
at a loss as to how he was to deal with the situation. And while he is in this
puzzlement, Prometheus comes to him to inspect the distribution, and he sees
that all the other animals are suitably provided with everything, but mankind is
naked and without covering for the feet and without bedding and without
armor. And already the fated day was present, on which mankind too had to go
out of the earth into the light.
57
UNITS FORTY-FORTY-ONE
UNIT FORTY-ONE
I.
I. 3 p plup act ind of
2 .3 s plup act ind of
3 .2 p aor mid subj of
4. 1 s fut perf m/p ind o f
5 .3 s plup m/p ind of
6 . nom p n perf m/p part o f
7 .3 s plup m/p ind of
8.2
s plup m/p ind of
9. lst perf act inf of
10. acc s f perf act part of

II.
1.
2 .
3 , /
4.
5. /
6 . ()
7. /
8 . /
9.
10.
11.
11. aor act inf of

12. pres act inf of (go
away)
13. 1 p 2nd perf act ind of
()
14. 2nd perf act inf of
1 5 . 2 s aor act impt of
16.1
s plup act ind of
17. perf act inf of
1 8 . 2 s perf act ind of
1 9 . 3 s futperf m/p ind of
20. 3 p fem futperf m/p ind of
12.
13.
14.
15. / /
16.
1 7 .
18.

19. *
20 .
*Before the corrected 3rd printing: or [late].
m.
(1) ' (2) ,
, () . (3)
. (4) ,
).
IV.
So then, gripped by doubt as to what salvation he could find for mankind,
Prometheus steals the artistic skill of Hephaestus and Athena together with
fire for it was impossible for it [this skill] to become capable o f being
58
possessed by anyone or useful to anyone without fire and thus indeed he

makes a gift (of them) to mankind. Now then, although man obtained in this
way the skill concerned with (maintenance of) life, he did not have political
skill. For this was at Z eus side. . . . And since mankind partook of a divine
portion, first because of his kinship with the divine he alone of animals
believed in the gods, and he attempted to found altars and images of the gods;
secondly he quickly articulated the sound of the voice and words by the use of
art, and he discovered for him self dwellings and forms o f clothing and foot
wear and forms of bedding and nourishment from the earth. Equipped, then,
like this, in the beginning people used to live scattered here and there, and
there were no cities. Therefore they used to be destroyed by the wild beasts
because they were weaker than the animals in all places, and the craftsm ens
art was a sufficient helper for them with regard to nourishment, but with
regard to the war of the wild beasts it was deficient for they did not yet have
political skill, a part of which is the art of warfare thus they used to seek to
gather themselves together and to preserve themselves by founding cities.
W henever, then, they were gathered together, they used to wrong each other
because they did not have the political skill, so that again they were scattered
and kept being destroyed.
UNIT FORTY-TWO
I.
1. 1 p 2nd plup act ind of SedoLKa /

SeSia
2. 3 p 2nd plup act ind of
at/HOTTjjiu
3. nom p m perf act part of Tpetpw
voc p m perf act part of rpicpco
4. fut mid inf of rvyyavoi
5. 1 s aor pass opt of (paivoo
6 . perf m/p inf of (e v y v v p i
7. 3 s pres act opt of pcoraco
8. 3 p fut mid ind of rpe)(o)
9. 2 p aor act impt of criydco
10. pres act inf of uxpekioj
11. aor act inf of oêi'Aco
12. 3 p n perf m/p subj of
1 3 . 2 s aor act impt of \eyxoj

14. nom s m verbal in -reo? of
<pvkarrco
1 5 . 2 s aor act impt of

avyyiyvaxTKw
16. perf act inf o f ofxvvpi

17. 1 s plup act ind of 7raua>
18. dat p m aor pass part of
7ropevoo
dat p n aor pass part of itopevm
19. perf m/p inf of viKaco
20 . 2 p perf act subj of oi5a
21 . 2 s pres m/p ind of bLavoeop.ai
2 s pres m/p subj of Staôeojuat
T eA e v rd c o *
* B e fo re th e c o rre c te d 3rd p rin tin g : 3 p n e u te r p lu p m /p in d n o f

TiKevroLM [late form ].
59
UNITS FORTY-ONE-FORTY-TWO
II.
1.
2 .
3.
4 .
5.
6 .
7. )
8 .
9.
10. /
11.
12.
III.
( 1) v w 67rei ets ra s ' , (
yap ) , . (2 ) ' '
. (3) , , et
, ' (4) ,
' .
IV.
So then, Zeus, becoming afraid for our race, lest it be entirely destroyed, sends
Hermes bringing a sense of shame and justice to mankind, in order that there
might be organizations of cities and unifying bonds of friendship. So Hermes
asks Zeus in what manner he was to give justice and shame to mankind: As
the crafts have been apportioned, so too am I to distribute these (qualities)?
And the crafts have been apportioned as follows: one man having the
physicians skill is sufficient to serve many laymen, and (likewise) the other
craftsmen. Am I to place justice and shame too in this way in men, or am I to
distribute them to all? To all, said Zeus, and let all have a share. For cities
would not be created if only a few should partake of them as they do of other
crafts. And establish a law on my authority that they put to death as a source of
disease of the city anyone who is unable to have a share of shame and justice.
In this way, then, Socrates, and for these reasons both other man and the
Athenians believe that a few men have a share of deliberation whenever the
discussion is about excellence in building and any other excellence related to a
craft, and if anyone outside of the few (experts) gives advice, they do not put
up with it, as you say reasonably so, as I say but when they enter into
debate over political excellence, which must entirely involve righteousness
and self-control, reasonably they are willing to listen to every man, in the
belief that it is fitting for every man to have a share of this virtue or else that
there be no cities.
Answer Key corrections incorporated in 3rd printing (2003)

p. 8, U7, Ex. III.4:
p. 23,U 18, Ex. 11.19:
p. 27, U22, Ex. 1.5: /
p. 28, U22, Ex. III.2: ai .
. 35, U27, Ex. 1.9: .
. 42, U32, Ex. 1.3: 1 pres m/p subj of
p. 51, 3rd col., middle of page: read for
p. 55, U40, Ex. 1.5: delete the second identification (as voc s)
p. 57, U41, Ex. 11.13:
Other corrections [there will no further printings of Key to the first edition]
p. 6, U6, Ex. III.4: (from 7th printing of textbook on) read after the attempt (previously
in pursuit of the childrenpoetic)
p. 11, U10 Ex. II.7: . / .
p. 23, U18, Ex. II.1: for () read ( )
U18, Ex. IV.5: remove false spacing in
p. 48, U36, Ex. II.3: read women for w om an
p. 51, 3rd col., middle of page: read for
p. 54, line 2: read even for every
p. 59, U42, Ex. III.3: read , for ,
Correction History: Mastronarde, Introduction to Attic Greek (updated May 2007)
(8th) p. 11, last line of explanation for kappa: read before , , , and sometimes y .
(8th) p. 14, 5th line from top: read curved stroke for crown
c,
p. 14, 6.a, third line: diacritic on ? fixed

p. 14, 6.b, third line: period added at end of line
p. 14, 6.d, first line: read diphthong for dipthong
(10th) p. 19: incorrect header (introduced in 8th) corrected
(8th) p. 19, 12.a: modified to include 2-syll. encl. after final circumflex:
a. A word accented on U keeps its circumflex or acute (the acute is not changed to a grave,
because it is no longer felt to be on the final syllable of its word unit; the circumflex
followed by two syllables in the third example is the conventional treatment, but anomalous
in theory).
Ex.
, , eort
. 19, 12.b: modified to include mention of circumflex on enclitic , example added:
b. A word accented with an acute on P is unchanged in accent before anenclitic. But a
disyllabic enclitic following such a word receives an accent on its second syllable, usually an
acute (in isolation or before punctu-ation) or a grave (in a connected context), but in one
case by convention a circumflex (genitive plural indefinite )'. that is, the word unit
receives a second accent if more than one mora follows the contonation.
E x.
, , ,
(7th) . 24, 2 under nominative, third line: read Unit 7.6 for Units 5 and 11
p. 37, Ex. 11.29: read for
p. 40, 3.d, second to last line: read our for out
(7th) p. 41, entry for + acc.: for into the middle of; in pursuit of; after read after
(of time or rank)
(7th) p. 41, entry for : for
+ dat.
by the side of, at the house of
+ dat.
by the side of, at the house of (almost

always with a person as object)
read
(7th) p. 42, remove entry

robs
(movement) in pursuit o f ox after the hoplites
and place new entry after the o ther tw o acc. exam ple fo r era
era rovw deovw
(rank) after the gods
(7th) p. 44, E x.III.4, change to e r a r 0 v p e l p a v
p. 44, Ex. III.15, correct breathing: odov [this correction undone in 7th printing, repaired
in 8th]
(7th) Ex. IV .5, change to after the v icto ry
p. 45, A , line 8: read vieille for vielle
(7th) p. 52 voc. entry f i l i o w read
friendly, friendly to (+ dat. of person); beloved
p. 59, line 10: read They g a v e for The g a v e

(8th) p. 59, line 6 from bottom : read in d ic a tiv e for in d ic a tio n
(7th) p. 62, Ex. III.8 read ppow rfi g e f v p a instead o f p a p a rfi g e f v p a
p. 71, 5.a.(1), line 4: read U 2 2 .5 fo r U 2 2 .6
p. 77, line 8 from bottom : read es f i n d e t sich fo r es sich fi n d e t
(8th)
p. 79, last line: change cross-reference to [see p. 132 n. 1]
(7th) p. 80, definition o f y iy v o m a i; add definition o c c u r; that is, read
com e into being, be born, b ecom e; occur
[genus]
p. 81, top line: add ( p a p a ) after p a p a k e l e v o m a i
p. 105, Ex. III.5: read ' H p a k l e a fo r ' H p a k l'q [the latter is poetic]
(10th) p. 106, footnote 1 changed to read as follows:
1. T his form derives from a dat. pl. ending - a s i (cf. the ending in the nouns in 2 below ),
b ut w ith the vow el assim ilated to that o f the other cases.
p. 110, footnote, line 1: read 7.210 for 7.120
p. 116, 4, active paradigm , form s in parentheses: rem ove excess accents on first syllable
in 2nd and 3rd dual, 1st and 2nd plural ( " k i e r o v , " Keerrjv, " keom ev, " k e e r e )
p. 119, Ex. III.3: after kqpvkaw add [heralds]
p. 123, lines 4 and 6: m ore space before and after double-underlined w ord
p. 125, first line o f footnote: read co n sid e red fo r c o n sid e rd

p. 125, last tw o lines o f footnote: read S v K p a r r for S v K p a r r v
(7th) p. 126 note 2: add ; present is poetic, other tenses and com pounds used in p ro se .
(8th) p. 128, last line: read: e p a i v e v , e p a i v e s o m a i o r e p a i v e s v ) .
p. 131, 7, second sentence: replace w ith
In fact the future m id d le is in origin a m iddle/passive form and in som e verbs
(e.g., a y v , a d iK ev, a p y v , e y v , l e y v , l e i p v , f e p v ) it can be used as a passive:
(8th) p. 131, 8, add sentence after e s r a i . : B ecause o f the loss o f this syllable, the
com pounds are also accented on the penult in this form : p a p e s r a i , a p e s r a i , e j e s r a i .
(8th) p. 132, Ex. I.15: read e j e s r a i
(8th) p. 133
I.30; change to e p a i v e s e r a i
p. 133, Ex. II. 13: change to he w ill in d ic t

p. 134, line 12 o f table, second colum n: change le a d to begin
(8th) p. 135, fourth line from top: replace e p a i v e s v w ith e p a i v e s o m a i
third line from bottom : read p a p a s K e v a ^ v (correct accent)
(8th) p. 144, Ex. III.2, 2nd line, correct font o f om icron in e f v y o v
Ex. III.2, last line: correct K a T r y o p q s a T o to K a r r y o p r s e
p. 146, footnote, last line: read II.4 for I.4
p. 147, 3, line 6: read S v K p a r r for S v K p a r r v
p. 152, Ex. II.19: change to she w ill conceal h e rse lf
p. 152, Ex. III.1, line 1: read E v f i l r r o w fo r E p a r o s d e v r w and rem ove hyphen from
d iK a s-ra iw (now on one line)
p. 153, Ex. III.6: after KqpvKa add [h erald ]
p. 155, 3, second sentence: replace w ith
T he diphthong appears in nom . voc. sing. and dat. pl. o f all types and also in acc. sing.
and pl. of nouns in a v or ov.
p. 156, paradigm o f sh ip , acc. sing.: read v a v v for v q a
(4th) p. 156, line 13, second colum n from right: replace w ith ,
'i '
's '
p. 157, 5.b, line 5: read fo r

(6th) p. 157, 5.c, second line: delete , the v e r y
(6th) p. 159, 5.c, definition fo r : delete , the v ery
(8th) p. 168, 2nd to last line o f Greek: change to
p. 169, 2, last line: read and, for the verbs learned here, on P in the ao rist fo r and on P
in the ao rist
p. 170, line 1: read U 19.8b fo r U 19.7b
p. 170, line 9: read -, dido- fo r -, p. 170, footnote: read (U 19.8d) for (U 19.7d)
(7th) p. 173, add to line to entry on so that it reads
, ,

give; (pres. + imperf.) offer; grant, allow

apodosis]
pay a (the) penalty, be punished
[antidote,
(8th) p. 177, end o f 3: change m iddle/passive to m iddle(-passive)

(8th) p. 178, line 6 of para. 4: add after A ttic prose : (the sim ple form is poetic,
b ut com pounds like and occur in prose)
p. 180, Ex. I.29: read fo r
p. 180, Ex. I.40: read fo r
(10th) p. 181, 4, line 4: correct to rough breathing on
(7th) p. 182, add footnote m arker 2 after , - and add footnote as follow s
V ocatives ., , are found in poetry and later G reek.
(8th) p.183, line 2 o f para. 2; fo r (through 200) read (up to 200)
(8th) p. 192, lines 1-2 o f G reek in first table: add com m a betw een and and
betw een and
(6th) p. 194, 6th line of top paradigm : add opening parenthesis at start o f line before g.d.
p. 196, footnote: read (U 19.8d) for (U 19.5)

p. 197, Ex. I.7: read aor. act o f a p o d v v (both fo rm s)
(4th) p. 200 n. 1: replace equivalent G erm an id io m w ith possible G erm an ex p ressio n
and replace k om m en de w ith h in einkom m ende
(8th) p. 200: reprint to restore line at bottom accidentally lost in 4 th printing:
ra leyom eva
the things that a re s a id
p. 201, 4.a, line 2: for e je p x o m e v o v read e j i o v r a

p. 210, line 16 from bottom : read S v K p a r r fo r S v k p a r r v
p. 212, vocab. at m iddle o f page: after domai add (passive deponent: fut. pass.
qsdqsom ai) and delete one p oint o f line spacing above last subhead to m aintain
pagination
p. 213, Ex. I.3: read o v x for ovk
p. 213, Ex. II, line 5 from bottom : read a f i k o m e v v v dk fo r a f i k o m k v v v
(7th) p. 223, vocab item a p o p e v : add (+ g en .) after the definitions
p. 224, Ex. II.11: change to you (pl.) rem in d ed
p. 224, Ex. II.14: change (s.) to (p l.)
p. 225, first line: fo r k j e p y p m k v v v read e j i o v r v v ; rem ove footnote 1, renum ber 2 and 3
as 1 and 2, and add period after num eral o f last footnote.
(7th) p. 231, vocab item rayvw: add a line before line on r a x a to read
raxeww
(adv.) swiftly, quickly
p. 232, Ex. I: add 6 p t vertical space betw een heading and item s o f the exercise
(4th) p. 233, ex. III, lines 8-9, fix accents before punctuation, should be acute de, a v r o i
(8th) p. 233, line 6 of Greek: underline k p a i v k s o v r a w and add note:
epaivesovraw: the fut. of epaivev is normally middle in prose, but Xenophon uses the active, as do
some poets
p. 239, footnote 1, 1st line: read p article for particile
(7th) p. 240, vocab. entry fo r a vairiow : fo r a va ir io w , a v a i r i a , a v a i r i o v read
a v a ir io w , a v a i r i o v
p. 244, last paragraph, second sentence: substitute the dollow ing reading:
The aorists are similar except for the plural active, where shorter and longer forms are
sometimes found (thus -eirmev or -e>mev, -eirre or -ehe, -e ir sa v or -eiev, etc.)
p. 248, above sixth line from bottom : add

e'iQe, el yap
(particles introducing wishes with optative or with
imperfect or aorist indicative) would that
p. 255-6, vocabulary list: item a r im a Z v on p. 255 and item [Ionic eYpoâi] on p. 256
transferred from sublist co n trac t v e rb s to new sublist labelled o th e r v e rb s added on p.
256; line spacing o f m ainheads and subheads adjusted to m aintain pagination (except that
item y a m e v has m oved to p. 255)
p. 256, vocab. item s v r r p i a : tw ice in definition read safety fo r saftey
(7th) p. 256, note 1 has a sentence added at its end:
Form s w ith internal augm ent e v r p y e r - are probably all late.
p. 258, first line: for IV read V
(10th) p. 258, second colum n o f annotations, line 4: restore line-break for n a w
ti
note
(8th) p. 258, add underline to d o v v a i in line 2, and add notebelow

dovvai here in the sense grant with the gods as its subject and the acc. + inf. phrase expressing what is to
be granted (understand me as subj. of yevesOai, with airiov as pred. adj.)
p. 265, first line o f Greek: correct accent to p a l a i o v
(8th) p. 265, Ex. II.5, add [receive back] after a p o l a f i o i e v
p. 278, Ex. II.6, line 3: read vmdw fo r vmaw
p. 279, underlined w ords, left colum n, line 8 and line 11: read perf. m id./pass. p a rt. for
perf. p a rt.
p. 279, underlined w ords, rig h t colum n, line 7: transpose to perf. act. p a rt.
p. 281, 2.a, line 3: read (U 19.8d) for U 19.5)
p. 281, 2b, line 3: add sentence
(But note that memvrmai from mimvr\sKv [root mvr~] and Attic KeKrrmai from Kraomai are
treated like the verbs under a above.)
A lso change colum n spacing o f follow ing table so that it fits in three lines instead o f four
p. 291, underlined w ords, left colum n, line 7: fo r (neut. adj., nom . s.) read (neut. perf.
p articiple used as adj., nom . s.); also m ove last line (item I v p e v ) to top o f right colum n
(4th) p. 294, fix accents on K a l a (should be K a l a )
(7th) p. 299, note fo r r0v eavr&v: read
understand xwpav or yqv = land
(10th) p. 312, 4d, add footnote sym bol at line 3 f i a k o v . and add footnote below :
2. B ut there is som e variation in the m anuscripts and printed editions.
(10th) p. 312, 4d, end o f paragraph, add sentence:
C om pounds o f r y o v (eyw) behave sim ilarly: n a p a r y o v , v n o r y o v .
p. 315, Ex. I.9: add footnote sym bol 2 after a p o l a b e and insert footnote 2 as follow s:
2. Compound in apo- of a verb you know.
(8th) p. 316: add underline to l o i p o v in fifth to last line o f G reek
(8th) p. 320, 4.a: in first and third line correct to indicative (or. o p t.)
p. 325, Ex. II.19: fo r 3rd pl. neu ter read 3rd s.
(4th) p. 325, lines 2-3 from beg. and 4-5 from end o f P lato passage, replace w ith (4
tim es)
p. 330, footnote, line 4: read
for
(6th) pp. 330-1: in labelling o f top paradigm s on each page, fo r sing. n o m . read s in g .
n .v.
(6th) p. 332, line 5: read co n stru ctio n

p. 332, line 15: read W e fo r We
(7th) pp. 333-334
add vocabulary entry after layww
leww, lew, m.2
people (assembled in theater or assembly)
[laic]
and add new footnote 2 reading (renum bering old notes 2-6 as 3-7):
N on-A ttic laOw.
in footnote 4 (form erly 3), add long m ark over alpha in vaOw
p. 334, Ex. I.12: read - for q v
p. 334, Ex. II. 12: delete (m asc.) and close up

(8th) p. 343, line 15: read
line 17, read
(6th) p. 346, 14th row o f table, replace long dashes w ith ,

p. 352, top paradigm , fourth item in third colum n: read fo r

(8th) p.352, 7 th line from bottom : change font to rom an, read o r
(6th) p. 357, paradigm at bottom , 4th row o f colum ns 4 and 7 (dat. sing. m asc. and neut.):
read [that is, add subscript]
(6th) p. 362, m iddle paradigm , 1st colum n, 3rd row: read ( ) [that is, add nu
m oveable]
p. 363, add footnote sym bol 1 after (8th item in center colum n) and add
footnote at bottom o f page:
1. With neuter plural subject, periphrastic forms are sometimes found in the indicative, but more commonly the 3rd
sing. form is used instead.
p. 364, change the five 3rd pl neuter form s in the pluperfect m /p paradigm s to show
( ) etc. instead o f o r etc.; add footnote sym bol 1 after
( ) and add footnote at bottom of page:
/
's'
1. Thus in late G reek with a neuter plural subject; in classical Attic the 3rd sing. pluperfect is used with neuter plural
subject.
(8th) p. 364, reprint because triple em -dash in low er rig h t colum n had appeared in w rong
font as
L
(6th) p. 368, top paradigm , far rig h t colum n, 6th row (1st pl. im perfect active): read

p. 372, top paradigm , rig h t colum n, item s 1, 3 5: read (), ( ) , ( ) for

( ), ( ) , ( )
p. 385, 3rd colum n, 9th line from bottom : add (39) after
(7th) p. 387, aftert entry for : add new entry
(23)
pay a (the) penalty
p. 387, right colum ns, last entry: m ove last entry to follow ing page and insert here
eQe, el yap (32)
would that
p. 388, first entry: last entry o f old p. 387 m oved to top o f this page
p. 388, colum n 3, 6th entry ( e m b a i v v ) : read (34) for (33)
p. 389, left colum ns, after epiQvmia: add
e p i l a v O a v o m a i (32) fo rg et (+ gen.)
(8th) p. 389 : added as second item in fit colum ns:
ejapa ra v (38)
deceive, trick
(8th) p. 390: correct rK<x> (33) to (34)
p. 391, third colum n, line 9: read -ov fo r -ov
(7th) p. 392, after entry l e v v , third from bottom of right column, add
lews, lew , m. (42)
people
(note: creates repagination of 392-393 break)

(7th) p. 393, entry for mera: delete in pursuit of,
(8th) p. 396: t o p a p o v (27) (add m issing unit ref.)
(8th) p. 397: correct p o p e v v (33) to (34)
(7th) p. 404, entry for beside: add (person as object) in front of papa
p. 404, left colum n, line 15: read (33) fo r (34)
p. 408, right colum n, first entry, line 1: after (8) add , r\ykomai (1 6 )
p. 408, right colum n, entry lo n g : before e f i e m a i add e p iQ v m v (16),
(7th) p. 410, entries for both pay and penalty: add (23) after didovai
delete whole entry for pursuit
(4th) p. 412, col. 2,: should be through, throughout, dia + gen. (not acc.)
(7th) p. 412, entry for throughout, after dia + gen. (U6) add ; Kara + acc. (U12)
p. 413, right colum n, above third line from bottom : add
would that, eQe or efi yap (32)
(6th) left colum n, lem m a virtu o u s : read (7) fo r (6)

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v tO v J S

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

University of California Press

This booklet provides the answers to the exercises appearing in

I. [NOTE: the references to 6 are optional parts of the answers.]

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

1. acc. sing, of , , m., sun

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

10. acc. pi. of , , f., goddess

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

10. in addition to the gifts

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

14. he/she/it bears

25 you (pi.) are

35. they are dying

38. he/she/it is not

40. you (s.) bear

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

6 . Yoy (s. [masc.]) are wicked.

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

beautiful, (b) nominative, subject

1. 1 pres act ind of , we are pouring libations

21. 3 p pres m/p ind of , they are being carried

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

7. (up) along the road

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

27. it is being made; s/he makes for her/himself

13. nom./voc. pl. of ,

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

22 . they are learning by inquiry

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

1. to be called / about to be called

UNITS SEVENTEEN -NINETEEN

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

2 4 .1 shall train [someone else]

1. 1 p aor mid ind of

3 s pres m/p ind of

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

aor act inf of 7TibeiKvvp.t

2 s impf act ind of 8i'8co^i

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

22 . s/he was setting down,

*B efore the c o rrected 3rd printing: he h an d ed o v er (in his ow n in te r

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

4 . 7TapanOeis, Trapandeiaa, irapandev

9. eepiepevos, (fuepevq, e(piep.evov

8 . nom s f (strong, 2nd) aor act part

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

dat p m fut act part of

14. acc s m aor act part of

dat s n prs act part of

voc p n aor act part of

voc p m aor act part of

27. gen s m aor mid part of

gen s n aor mid part of

28. nom s m aor act part of

voc p f aor mid part of

30. acc p m aor mid part of

IV. (cf. Herodotus 2.20-24)

Answer Key to Introduction to Attic Greek

1. 1 p impf act ind of

27. pres act inf of