Programming Notes

2/3/2015
Review of C
Week 2
Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C
Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman
A C Program
/*
* Converts distance in miles to kilometers.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#define KMS_PER_MILE 1.609
int
main(void)
{
double miles,
kms;
/* printf, scanf definitions */

/* conversion constant
*/
/* input - distance in miles.

/* output - distance in kilometers
*/
*/
/* Get the distance in miles. */

printf("Enter the distance in miles> ");
scanf("%lf", &miles);
/* Convert the distance to kilometers. */
kms = KMS_PER_MILE * miles;
/* Display the distance in kilometers. */
printf("That equals %f kilometers.\n", kms);
return (0);
}
A C Program
/*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
int
main(void)
{
double miles,
kms;

*/

*/
*/

Preprocessor Directives


return (0);
}
2/3/2015
Preprocessor Directives
A C program line beginning with the #
symbol that provides an instruction to the
preprocessor.
Preprocessor a system program that modifies
a C program prior to its compilation
Two most common directives:
#include
#define
The #include Directive

This directive identifies that the program will be using
functions and/or symbols that are located in a
library file. The directive will cause the preprocessor
to include the definitions prior to compilation.
In the C language, libraries of common functions are
called Header Files and their names end with the
symbols .h.
For example:
<stdio.h>
<string.h>
<math.h>
The #define Directive

This directive associates a meaningful name to
a constant value to be used throughout your
program.
These meaningful names are called
Constant Macros and greatly assist us in
understanding the logic in the program.
For example:
#define PI 3.141593
#define US_LIFE_EXPECTANCY 77.7
#define US_AVG_INCOME 50233.00
2/3/2015
A C Program
/*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
int
main(void)
{
double miles,
kms;

*/

*/
*/

return (0);
}
A C Program
/*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
int
main(void)
{
double miles,
kms;

*/

*/
*/

Comments


return (0);
}
Program Comments
Programmers can add additional descriptions
and explanations on their processes via
Comments inside of their code.
The /* and */ symbols are used to identify
the comment. Text between these symbols
is ignored by the Preprocessor & Compiler.
For example:
/* This will be ignored during the compile. */
2/3/2015
Program Comments (cont.)

An alternative to using the start and stop
symbols, is to use the single line comment
symbol of //.
When using this symbol, the text written on the
same line in your source code is ignored by
the Preprocessor & Compiler.
For example:
// This will be ignored during the compile.
This will not be ignored during the compile.
// This will also ignored during the compile.
Comments
/*
* Programmer: Troy Zinderman
* Date Completed: September 23, 2005
* Class: INSS209
*
* Calculates final grade of students based
* on assignment weights
*
Must be included in all
*/
project source code
submissions.
A C Program
/*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
int
main(void)
{
double miles,
kms;

*/

*/
*/

return (0);
}
2/3/2015
A C Program
/*
*/
Main Function
#include <stdio.h>
int
main(void)
{
double miles,
kms;

*/

*/
*/

return (0);
}
Main Function
Every C program contains a main
function. This marks where the
program execution begins.
A function body is comprised of 2 parts:
Declarations
Executable Statements
Function Components
Declarations is the part of a program
that tells the compiler the name of
memory cells in the program.
Executable Statements program lines
that are converted to machine
language instructions and executed
by the computer.
2/3/2015
Function Punctuation & Symbols

Functions use punctuation & symbols to
identify specific elements or actions
inside the code.
Commas (,) separate items in lists
Semicolon (;) identify the end of a
statement
Braces ({}) mark the beginning &
end of the function
Reserved Words
A word that has special meaning in the
C language and can not be used for
any other purpose. Some examples:
Basic coding instructions
if, else, break, switch
Part of declarations
float, int, double
Standard Identifiers
A word that has special meaning but
one that can be redefined by a
programmer (not a good idea).
Common functions from libraries
printf, scanf
2/3/2015
User-Defined Identifiers
Words that programmers can assign to
memory cells to hold data & program
results.
User-Defined Identifiers make
programmers easier to construct,
read, & debug.
There are syntactical rules &
recommendations for their use.
User-Defined Identifier Rules &

Recommendations
1.
An identifier must consist of only letters, digits, &

underscores (e.g. ABC_123)
2.
An identifier cannot begin with a digit

(e.g. 1DIGIT)
3.
A C reserved word cannot be used as an identifier

(e.g. void)
4.
It is recommended that an identifier defined in a

C standard library should not be redefined
(e.g. printf)
5.
It is recommended that an identifier be not longer

than 31 characters in length
Back to Declarations
Most declarations in a program are for the
assignment of variables.
Variable a name associated with a memory
cell whose value can change.
Variable Declaration a statement that
communicates to the complier the name
of a variable in the program and the kind if
information stored in the variable.
2/3/2015
Variable Declaration
Variable Identifier
(Name)
double miles,
kms;

Variable Data Type
*/
*/
Comments describing
variable purpose
Data Types
A set of values and operations that can
be performed on those values
Standard Data Type a data type that is
predefined to the C language.
Enumerated Data Type a data type
that is defined by the programmer
(to be address later in the semester).
The Integer Data Type (int)

An integer is the set of natural numbers
(including 0) and their negatives.
The set of integers used inside of a language is
limited by the finite size of a memory cell.
The ANSI C standard require that the data type
of int must at least include numbers
-32767 through 32767.
Examples: -12453, -54, 0, 4325, 32211
2/3/2015
The Double Floating-Point Data

Type (double)
A form used to represent numbers with
fractional components.
An abstraction for real numbers since the finite
size of a memory cell limits total inclusion.
The ANSI C standard require that the data type
of double must at least include numbers
10-37 through 1037.
Examples: 3.14159, 1010.10, 123.0, 1.32e-9
The Character Data Type (char)

Represents a single character value, to
include a letter, a number, or a symbol.
In a C program, character values are
enclosed by the apostrophe symbol
(single quotes).
However char data type variables should not
have them.
Examples: A, 3, *, $, e
On to Executable Statements
Assignment Statement an instruction
that stores a value or a
computational result in a variable.
Variable Identifier
kms = KMS_PER_MILES * miles;

Assignment
Operator (=)
Constant Macro
2/3/2015
Before & After States
Assignment Statements
(continued)
sum = sum + item;
Executable Statements
(continued)
Input Operation an instruction that copies data from
an input device into memory.
Output Operation an instruction that displays
information stored in memory.
In the C language, most of the common input/output
functions are supplied in the standard
input/output library (stdio.h)
Access to the library is acquired through a preprocessor directive:
#include
<stdio.h>
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The Print Formatted Function

(printf)
A standard function that allows a
programmer to display a line of
program output.
A program must make a function call to
activate the function.
printf(That equals %f kilometers.\n, kms);
printf Function Components

Format String
Function Name
Function Argument
printf Function Components

Print List
Placeholder
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2/3/2015
Placeholders used in printf

Placeholder a symbol beginning with a
% in a format string that indicates
where to display the output value.
Characters (char data type)
%c
Integers (int data type)
%d
Double Float (double data type)
%f
Escape Sequences
A series of characters used to change
the state of computers and their
attached peripheral devices .
An escape character is used to identify
an alternative interpretation of the
next character in the character
sequence.
Newline Escape Sequence

A character sequence that is used in a
format string to terminate an output
line.
In the C language, the sequence \n is
typed to terminate a line of output
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2/3/2015
The Scan Format Function

(scanf)
A standard function that allows a
programmer to capture data from an
input device to be stored into
memory.
A program must make a function call to
activate the function.
scanf(%lf, &miles);
A Note on scanf
Microsoft has depreciated the use of
scanf within newer versions of Visual
Studio. For students using versions
above 2010, you will have to switch
to using scanf_s or add the following
line as the first preprocessor directive:
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
Placeholders used in scanf

Uses the same placeholders as printf
for characters & integers. Uses a
different placeholder for double
floats.
Characters (char data type)
%c
Integers (int data type)
%d
Double Float (double data type)
%lf
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2/3/2015
scanf Function Components

Variable
Placeholder
scanf(%lf, &miles);
Address-of
operator
Address-of Operator
A operator (&) that precedes a variable
declared in the scanf function. Its
purpose is to store where the data is
stored in memory (not what is stored
in the variable).
Effect of scanf
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2/3/2015
How a data line is scanned
The Return Statement

The return statement transfers control
from a function back to the activator
of the function.
For function main, control is returned to
the operating system.
return (0);
Arithmetic Expressions
Operator
Meaning
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Remainder
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2/3/2015
Evaluation Tree for area
Step-by-Step Expression Evaluation
v = (p2 - p1) / (t2 - t1)
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2/3/2015
z - (a + b / 2) + w * -y
Control Structures
Control Structure a combination of
individual instructions into a single logical
unit with one entry point and one exit
point.
Compound Statement a group of
statements bracketed by { and } that
are executed sequentially.
Compound Statement
{
statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
.
.
.
.
.
statement n;
}
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Conditions
Condition an expression that is either
false (represented by 0) or true
(represented by 1).
rest_heart_rate > 75
Relational & Equality

Operators
Most conditions take one of these forms:
variable relational-operator variable
variable relational-operator constant
variable equality-operator variable
variable equality-operator constant
Relational & Equality Operators

Operator
Meaning
Type
<
Less than
Relational
>
Greater than
Relational
<=
Less than or
equal to
Greater than or
equal to
Relational
==
Equal to
Equality
!=
Not equal to
Equality
>=
Relational
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2/3/2015
Logical Operators
Logical Expression an expression that
uses one or more of the logical
operators && (and), || (or), ! (not).
n >= 0 && n <= 100
salary < min || dependants > 5
Logical Complement
The complement of a condition has the
value 1 (true) when the conditions
value is false; the complement of a
condition has the value of 0 (false) when
the conditions value is nonzero (true).
!(0 <= n && n <= 100)
Operator Precedence
Operator
Precedence
Function Calls
! + - & (unary operators)
highest
* / %
+ < <= >= >
== !=
&&
||
=
lowest
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2/3/2015
Short-Circuit Evaluation
Stopping evaluation of a logical
expression as soon as its value can be
determined.
x = 0
x > 2
x > 2
y = 6
&&
||
y > 5
y > 5
Comparing Characters
Expression
Value
9 >= 0
1 (true)
a < e
1 (true)
B <= A
0 (false)
Z == z
0 (false)
a <= A
System dependant
a <= ch && ch <= z
1 (true) if ch is lowercase
Logical Assignment
Assigning the response of a logical
expression to a variable (used to identify
a true or false condition).
in_range = 1;
n = 99;
in_range = ( n > -10 && n < 10);
in_range = 0
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2/3/2015
Selection
if statement allows the value of an
expression to select a course of action.
if (rest_heart_rate > 56)
printf(Keep up your exercise program./n);
else
printf(Your heart is in excellent health./n);
Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Selection Structures
Types of Selection
One alternative:
if (condition)
statement;
Two alternatives:
if (condition)
statement;
else
statement;
Compound Statements within

if Statements
if (condition)
{
statement1;
statement1;
statement1;
}
else
{
statement1;
statement1;
statement1;
}
21
2/3/2015
Nested if Statements
An if statement with another if
statement as its true task or false task.
if (x > 0)
num_pos = num_pos + 1;
else
if (x < 0)
num_neg = num_neg + 1;
else
num_zero = num_zero + 1;
ifs in Sequence
if (x > 0)
num_pos = num_pos + 1;
if (x < 0)
num_neg = num_neg + 1;
if (x == 0)
num_zero = num_zero + 1;
Multiple-Alternative Decision Form

if (condition)
statement;
else if (condition)
statement;
else if (condition)
statement;
else
statement;
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2/3/2015
The switch Statement

switch (controlling expression) {
label set:
statements;
break;
label set:
statements;
break;
label set:
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
}
The switch Statement

switch (watts) {
case 25:
life = 2500;
break;
case 40:
case 60:
life = 1000;
break;
case 75:
case 100:
life = 750;
break;
default:
life = 0;
}
Repetition in Programs
Loop a control structure that
repeats a group of steps in a
program.
Loop Body the statements that
are repeated in the loop body.
Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Repetition & Loop Statements
23
2/3/2015
Kinds of Loops
Kind
When Used
Counting Loop
We can determine before loop execution

exactly how many loop repetitions will be
needed to solve the problem
Sentinel- Controlled
Loop
Input of a list of data of any length ended

by a special value
Endfile-Controlled
Loop
Input of a single list of data of any length

from a data file
Input Validation
Loop
Repeated interactive input of a data value

until a value within the range is entered
General Conditional
Loop
Repeated processing of data until a

desired condition is met
Counting Loops
Counter-controlled loop a loop whose
required number of iterations can be
determined before loop execution begins.
Set loop control variable to an initial
value of zero
While loop control variable < final value
Statement1
Statement2
Statement3
:
Increase loop control variable by 1
The while Statement

No Employees
Processed Yet
count_emp = 0;
while (count_emp < 7)
{
printf("Hours> ");
Testing
Condition
scanf("%d", &hours);
printf("Rate> ");
scanf("%lf", &rate);
pay = hours * rate;
printf("Pay is $%6.2f\n", pay);
count_emp = count_emp + 1;
}
Increment
Control Variable
printf("\nAll employees processed\n");
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2/3/2015
The Infinite Loop

a loop that executes forever due
to an erroneous control
condition evaluation or an
erroneous incrementing of the
control variable.
while ( 1 != 2 )
Computing Sums or Products

Loops are often used to accumulate a
sum or a product of an unknown
number of inputs.
Accumulator a variable used to store a
value being computed in increments
during the execution of a loop
Computing Sums or Products

total_pay = 0.0;
No Pays
Calculated Yet
count_emp = 0;
while (count_emp < number_emp) {
printf("Hours> ");
scanf("%lf", &hours);
printf("Rate > $");
pay = hours * rate;
printf("Pay is $%6.2f\n\n", pay);
total_pay = total_pay + pay;
Pay Accumulator
Variable
}
printf("All employees processed\n");
printf("Total payroll is $%8.2f\n", total_pay);
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2/3/2015
Compound Assignment Operators

An alternate way of writing assignment
operators that combine the mathematic
calculation with the assignment character.
Favored by programmers since it is a more
concise way to write the process.
variable = variable operator expression
variable operator = expression
count_emp += 1;
Compound Assignment Operators

time = time - 1;
time -= 1;
total_time = total_time + time;
total_time += time;
product = product * item;
product *= item;
n = n * (x + 1);
n *= x + 1;
The for Statement

an alternate form of loop structure that
gives a more concise way to address
the 3 portions of loop control.
for (
initialization of the loop control variable,
test of the loop repetition condition,
change (update) of the loop control variable,
)
26
2/3/2015
The for Statement

loop control variable
total_pay = 0.0;
initialization
for (
count_emp = 0;
count_emp < number_emp;
loop repetition
count_emp += 1
condition test
)
{
printf("Hours> ");
loop control
variable change
scanf("%lf", &hours);
printf("Rate > $");
pay = hours * rate;
printf("Pay is $%6.2f\n\n", pay);
total_pay = total_pay + pay;
}
printf("All employees processed\n");
printf("Total payroll is $%8.2f\n", total_pay);
Increment & Decrement Operators

Operators used to increment or decrement
variables by values of 1.
operator variable
++counter
Side Effect a change in the value of a
variable as a result of carrying out an
operation.
Placement of Increment or
Decrement Operators
Where the operator is placed upon the variable set
the time of Increment or Decrement.
Prefix Increment the expressions value is calculated
(up or down) and then used.
++variable
--variable
Postfix Increment the expressions value is used and

then calculated (up or down).
variable++
variable--
27

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2/3/2015

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

/* printf, scanf definitions */

/* input - distance in miles.

/* Get the distance in miles. */

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

/* printf, scanf definitions */

/* input - distance in miles.

/* Get the distance in miles. */

/* Convert the distance to kilometers. */

/* Display the distance in kilometers. */

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

The #include Directive

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

The #define Directive

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

/* printf, scanf definitions */

/* input - distance in miles.

/* Get the distance in miles. */

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

/* printf, scanf definitions */

/* input - distance in miles.

/* Get the distance in miles. */

/* Convert the distance to kilometers. */

/* Display the distance in kilometers. */

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Program Comments (cont.)

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

/* printf, scanf definitions */

/* input - distance in miles.

/* Get the distance in miles. */

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

/* printf, scanf definitions */

/* input - distance in miles.

/* Get the distance in miles. */

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Function Punctuation & Symbols

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Structured Programming Using Procedural Languages I NSS 225 Ov erview of C

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman

User-Defined Identifier Rules &

An identifier must consist of only letters, digits, &

An identifier cannot begin with a digit

A C reserved word cannot be used as an identifier

It is recommended that an identifier defined in a

It is recommended that an identifier be not longer

Copyright 2009 Troy A. Zinderman