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Questions with Answer

Instruments, Magnetism and Compasses

1) Given: pressure altitude 8000ft, QNH altitude 7500ft, OAT +30 degrees C, terrain elevation 5700ft. the
approximate altitude above ground is?
2650ft
2) Given: pressure altitude 11000ft, QNH altitude 9500ft, OAT -15 degrees C, terrain elevation 8300ft, the
approximate altitude above ground is?
900ft
3) During a stabilized climbing turn at a constant rate of turn, the instruments which indicate the correct
pitch and bank are the
Attitude indicator and the turn and slip indicator
4) The instruments, as well as the attitude indicator, which are pitch instruments are
Altimeter, airspeed indicator and vertical speed indicator
5) The instruments which are grouped as pitch instruments are attitude indicator
Altimeter, ASI and VSI
6) The instrument which provides the most pertinent information (primary) for pitch control in straight and
level flight is the
Attitude indicator
7) A practical test which should be made on electric tyro instruments prior to engine start is
Turn on the electrical power and listen for any unusual or irregular mechanical noise
8) If the Pitot tube and outside static vent or ports were clogged, the instrument or instruments which
would be affected are the
Altimeter, VSI and ASI which would provide inaccurate readings

9) If both the ram air input and drain hole of the pitot system are blocked, the airspeed indicator which can
be expected is
No variation of indicated airspeed in level flight even if large power changes are made
10) If the ASI ram air input and drain hole are blocked a pilot can expect that
The airspeed indicator will react as an altimeter
11) If the static pressure ports iced over while descending from altitude, the ASI would read
High
12) If the pitot opening is clogged by ice or dirt or the pitot cover is left on, the instrument(s) which will be
affected (separate static source) are
ASI only
13) If the ram air input to the pitot head of the pitot system becomes blocked (drain hole open), the
indicated airspeed will generally
drop to zero
14) The location of the static vent which would provide the best measurement of static pressure under
variable flight conditions is one installed?
On each side of the aircraft where the system will compensate for variation or aircraftaltitude
15) The effect on the instrument indications when using the alternate static source of static pressure
(which is vented inside an unpressurised aircraft) is that
The altimeter may indicate higher than the actual altitude being flown
16) If the static pressure tubes are broken inside a pressurized cabin during a high altitude flight, the
altimeter would probably indicate
Lower than actual flight altitude
17) If while in level flight, it becomes necessary to use an alternate source of static pressure vented inside
the aircraft, the variations in instrument indications which the pilot should expect are
The altimeter will read higher than normal, airspeed will not change and the VSI will
momentarily show a climb.
18) When a pitot tube is clogged, the instrument which would be affected is the
ASI
19) The pitot system provides impact pressure only for the
Airspeed indicator
20) Pitot static system errors are generally the greatest at
High airspeed
21) As an aircraft is rolled out of a left 180 turn to straight and level flight on the attitude indicator, the
aircraft will be in slight
Turn to the right a climbing slightly

22) The approximate point in a normal co-ordinated turn when the turn error in a vacuum driven attitude
indicator is at a maximum is
180 degrees of turn
23) Errors in both pitch and bank indication on an attitude indicator are usually at a
the aircraft rolls out of a

maximum as

180 degree turn

24) If a suction gauge indicates that the pressure is lower than the minimum limit, the air operated
instruments which would be affected are
Heading indicator
25) The instrument which would be affected by low pressure as indicated on the suction gauge is the
Heading indicator
26) When an aircraft is decelerated some attitude indicators will precess and incorrectly indicate
A descent
27) One characteristic which a properly functioning gyroscope depends upon for operation is
Resistance to deflection of the spinning wheel or disc
28) During deceleration of an aircraft some attitude indicators will precess and falsely indicate
A decrease in pitch attitude
29) When an aircraft is rapidly accelerated in straight and level flight, such as take off, the inherent
precession characteristic, if any, which will be displayed on the attitude indicator is
The miniature aircraft would indicate a climb
30) Acceleration error will be displayed on the attitude indicator by a false
Nose high indication
31) When an aircraft accelerates, some attitude indicators will precess and incorrectly indicate a
Climb
32) Aircraft deceleration (suction driven attitude indicator) may cause the attitude indicator to indicate
a
Bank to the left nose low attitude
33) When considering the effect of temperature changes on the indication s of a sensitive altimeter it
is true to say that
Colder than standard temperatures will place the aircraft lower than the altimeter indicates
34) When ambient temperature is warmer than standard temperature at a particular altitude, the
altimeter will indicate
Lower than true altitude

35) For a given indicated airspeed, a high density altitude will always result in
An increase in true airspeed
36) An increase in density altitude will mean an increase in
TAS
37) Pressure altitude is the altitude
Referenced to the standard datum plane
38) The pressure altitude at a given location is indicated by the altimeter after it is set to
1013.2 hPa
39) To determine pressure altitude before take off, set the altimeter to
1013.2 hPa and the altimeter indication noted
40) The reported altimeter setting of a given station is the
1013.2 hPa and the altimeter indication noted
41) The reported altimeter setting of a given station is the
Station barometric pressure corrected to mean sea level pressure
42) An altimeter is set to 1010.9 hPa and the correct altimeter is 1016.1 hPa. If under these conditions
a landing is made at an airport where the airfield elevation is 772ft, the altimeter would indicate
approximately
613ft
43) En route at FL270, the altimeter is set correctly. On descent, the pilot fails to reset to the local
altimeter setting of 1026.1 hPa. If the field elevation is 1300ft and the altimeter is operating properly,
the indication after landing is
913ft
44) En route at FL250 the altimeter is set correctly. On descent the pilot fails to reset the local
altimeter setting of 1037.8 hPa. If the field elevation is 650ft and the altimeter is operating properly,
the indication after landing is
-88ft
45) Flying into a colder air mass and while maintaining a constant pressure altitude
effect will be a

and CAS, the

Lower TAS and a lower true altitude

46) If flight made from an area of high pressure into an area of lower pressure without the altimeter
setting being adjusted. If a constant indicated altitude is maintained, the altimeter would?
Be lower than indicated
47) A flight is made from an area of high pressure into an area of lower pressure without the altimeter
setting being adjusted. If a constant indicated altitude is maintained, the altimeter would?
Higher than the actual altitude above sea level

48) True altitude will be lower than indicated altitude for an altimeter setting of 1013.2 hPa even with
an accurate altimeter
In colder than standard air temperature
49) True altitude is
Actual height above sea level corrected for all errors
50) If an altimeter indicates 3500 ft amsl with an altimeter setting of 1004.7 hPa the approximate
pressure altitude is
3745 ft
51) If an altimeter indicates 2500 amsl with an altimeter setting of 1026 hPa the approximate pressure
altitude is
2110ft
52) An altimeter of an aircraft on the apron will indicate lower than the actual elevation with a
Atmospheric pressure increase
53) A pilot parks an aircraft with the altimeter indicating the correct elevation. The atmospheric
change which will cause the altimeter to indicate lower than the actual elevation is an increase
In atmospheric pressure
54) Given indicated altitude 7000ft, OAT +20 degrees C, pressure altitude 7000ft, the true altitude is
7475ft
55) If while on the ground, a sensitive altimeter is set to 1013 hPa and the ambient pressure is 1013
hPa, the altimeter will indicate
Field elevation
56) Regarding vertical speed indicators it is true to say that
A lag of 6-9 seconds is required to stabilize pressure within the instrument
57) Regarding the vertical speed indicator, it is true to say that
A lag of 6-9 seconds occurs before pressure within the instrument stabilizes
58) Prior to engine start, the turn and slip indicator should be checked to determine if the
Needle is approximately entered and the tube is full of liquid
59) If a standard rate turn is maintained the time required to turn clockwise from heading of 090
degrees to a heading of 180 degrees is
30 seconds
60) In a coordinated turn the displacement of the turn needle
Increases as the angle of bank increases and the airspeed decreases

61) The indications from the turn and slip indicator during taxi should be
The ball moves freely opposite the turn and the needle deflects in the direction of the turn
62) If the outside air temperature increases during a flight at constant power and at a constant
indicated altitude, the true air speed will
Increase and true altitude will increase
63) True airspeed determined by correcting
RAS for density altitude error
64) Regarding the relationship of true airspeed and indicated airspeed as altitude increases, it is true
to say that
For a given true airspeed, indicated airspeed decreases

65) If a pilot plans to land at an airport where the elevation is 7500ft the indicated approach speed
should be
The same as that used at a sea level airport
66) When comparing IAS for take off from high elevation airports with IAS for takes off from lower
elevation airports, the correct IAS to use is
The same at all airport elevations
67) The highest indicated airspeed will be obtained during level flight at a constant power setting
when the outside air is
Cold and dry
68) An aircraft is at a constant power setting with constant indicated altitude. As a result of a decrease
in the outside air temperature, the true airspeed will
Decrease and the true altitude will decrease
69) An aircraft is descending at a constant Mach 0.6. The true airspeed will
Increase as temperature increases
70) Rectified airspeed is
Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and installation error
71) While in a shallow turn, the magnetic compass card
Remains stationary and the aircraft rotates around the compass card
72) Regarding the magnetic compass, it is true to say that
As speed decreases on a westerly heading the aircraft will indicate a turn to the north
73) Regarding the magnetic compass, it is true to say that
If on a westerly heading and speed is decreased, the compass will indicate a turn to the north

74) Deviation is
Magnetic disturbances within an aircraft that deflect the magnetic compass
75) Regarding the magnetic compass, it is true to say that
Magnetic dip increases with an increase in latitude
76) It is true to say about magnetic deviation of a compass that
Deviation varies for different headings of the same aircraft
77) Magnetic compass deviation is caused by
Magnetic attractions in the aircraft
78) The deviation error of a magnetic compass varies with the
Aircraft electrical systems in use
79) Deviation in a magnetic compass is caused by
Magnetic fields within the aircraft distorting the lines of magnetic force
80) The compensating magnets of a magnetic compass should be adjusted
With the engine running
81) On the taxi check, the magnetic compass should
Swing freely and indicate known headings
82) The term drift refers to the wander of the axis of a gyro rotor in
The horizontal plane only
83) The three variables in the earths magnetic field are
Variation, intensity and angle of dip
84) A line of zero variation is called
An agonic line
85) A magnetic material which is easily magnetized is called
Soft iron magnetic material
86) at a latitude of approximately 45 degrees
Both z and h are average
87) Compass accuracy is greatest
At the magnetic equator
88) Parameter P is
Fore and aft magnetism affecting coefficient B

89) If the static source to an altimeter becomes blocked during descent, the instrument will
Progressively under read
90) Dev on north Dev on south = 2
Coefficient C
91) The secular change in variation has a cycle of
960 years
92) On a 1:1000 000 chart it states that lines of equal magnetic variation are drawn for 1978 (annual
change 8 degrees eastwards). The 21 degrees W signal is now equal to
20W
93) An aircraft made in South Africa has a red pole in the nose and right wing and blue poles in the tail
and left wing. The heading during construction was
315 degrees
94) The component of aircraft magnetism along the athwart ships axis is
Component Q

For questions 95 to 103 use the following swing details

Correcting Swing

Landing compass

Check Swing

Aircraft compass

Landing compass

Aircraft Compass

003

359

316

317

085

091

358

000

170

178

042

042

265

267

089

093

134

135

177

179

110

223

269

272

95) Coefficient C is
+6

96) After correction for coefficient C, the compass should read

172
97) Coefficient B is
-2
98) After correction for coefficient B the compass card will read
269

99) Coefficient A is
-2
100) If coefficient A is corrected while standing on Compass heading 317, the compass reading after
correction will be
315
101) When making out the deviation card, the note against the heading of 045 is
Steer 043
102) The residual deviation on heading 180 would be
0
103) On a deviation card for heading (M) 225 should be written
Steer 225
104) Corrections for coefficient A assume that the error is
Apparent Coefficient A

The following readings were observed during the swing of a direct reading compass. Use this
information for questions 105 to 111.

Magnetic Heading

Compass Heading

004

001

047

045

088

091

130

134

176

181

224

226

270

271

317

315

10) Coefficient A would be

-1
106) Coefficient C would be
+4
107) If C were corrected on a compass heading of 181, the compass should read
177
108) Coefficient B would be
-1
109) If coefficient B were corrected on a compass heading of 271, the compass should read
272
110) If coefficient A were corrected on heading 270, the compass should be made read
269
111) On the deviation card against for 225 should be written
Steer 224
112) A direct reading compass has the following coefficients
A= -1, B= -6, C= +4 on a magnetic heading of 000 the compass will read
357
113) Using the same coefficients as in question 111 the deviation on a magnetic heading of 045 would
be
-2.4
114) Using the same coefficients as in question 111 the deviation on a magnetic heading of 313 would
be
+6
115) The wing tip detector unit has degrees of freedom of
25 degreed pitch and roll, nil in azimuth
116) When turning from east to south in the s hemisphere you should

Roll out on 160 degrees

117) Acceleration errors to the compass occur
On easterly and westerly headings
118) The stator rotor in a remote reading compass is on the same shaft as
The vertical bevel gear and the gyro unit pointer
119) Coefficient B has the blue pole
In the tail
120) Ideally, compass liquid should have the following properties
Low viscosity
121) The gyro selection of the remote reading compass would be used
Near the Poles
122) The part of the remote reading compass which senses magnetic heading is called
The flux valve
123) The type of compass least likely to suffer from parallax is a
Remote reading compass
124) Hard iron magnetism is the same as
Permanent magnetism
125) When a magnet cannot be made magnetic any more it is said to be
Saturated
126) A compass magnet would normally be made of
Hard iron
127) It is true to say that
The earths South Pole is red and Z is maximum
128) The magnetic equator is the same as
An aclinic line
129) A blue pole in the left wing would cause
-

Q component
130) Referring to question 129, the resulting coefficient would be
C

The following figures apply to the swinging of a compass. Use them to answer questions 131
to 144.

CORRECTING SWING

CHECK SWING

Landing compass, Aircraft Compass, Landing Compass, Aircraft Compass, Deviation

184

183

134

129

+5

272

268

181

177

+4

000

353

225

222

+3

088

088

272

270

+2

314

308

+6

357

353

+4

048

044

+4

094

091

+3

131) The value of coefficient C would be

+3
132) If you corrected coefficient C on heading 183, you would make the compass read
180
133) The value of coefficient B would be
-2
134) If correcting for coefficient B on 268, you would make the compass read
270
135) The original deviation on west was
+4

136) After correction for coefficient B the deviation on west is

+2
137) The original deviation on north was
+7
138) After the removal of coefficient C the residual deviation on north is
+4
139) After the check swing the value of coefficient A is
+4
140) When correcting for coefficient A on heading 091, you should make the compass read
095
141) After completing all corrections, the residual deviation on 225 would be
-1
142) The residual deviation on a compass heading of 045 would be
0
143) On your deviation card for south you would write steer.
180
144) On the deviation card for 315 you would write steer.
313
145) The term CAS has the same significance as
RAS

146) You are flying at 20 000ft at an IAS of 150kts. The static tube is blocked as you start
descent. You would expect the IAS to
Indicate +/- 170kts
147) Compressibility correction is usually applied at speeds
Over 300kts
148) The correction for compressibility gives
CAS
149) Altimeter setting which gives height above airfield level is
QFE
150) Regional QNH is

The lowest QNH which can be expected in the region

151) The airfield is 5000ft amsl. The QNH is 990hPa. The QNE would be
5696
152) QNH is 1007.2hPa and you are flying at FL055 over high ground 3850ft amsl. Your clearance
above the high ground is
1452
153) An aerodrome 990ft amsl has a QFE of 990hPa. The QNH is
1023
154) Flight level 170, OAT +10 degrees C, QNH altitude 16 500ft. true altitude is
18 500ft
155) An aircraft on track 189 degrees M wishes to fly at the lowest level which will give a clearance of
5 000ft amsl. If the regional QNH is 992hPa, the flight level is
FL060
156) An aircraft is at FL065 and the QNH is 1003hPa. There is high ground at 1350m amsl. The
actual absolute altitude of the aircraft over the high ground is
1772ft
157) The pressure instrument which does not suffer from instrument error is
VSI
158) In the servo altimeter
The capsules drive the I bar
159) The capsule movement of an ordinary altimeter would be least at
30 000ft
160) The effect of a blocked static line in a pressurized aircraft cruising at FL150 would be
Altimeter stationary, VSI zero
161) In the VSI
Delayed static is in the case and static in the capsule
162) The speed of sound varies as the square root of
Absolute temperature
163) The directive force on a compass needle is
H
164) The effect of dip is counteracted by

Low CG
165) It is correct to say that
Coefficient B is caused by parameter P acting fore and aft
166) If you would fly an aircraft from the s hemisphere to the n hemisphere you would expect
Changes in both drift rate and deviation
167) When you deflect a compass needle 10 degreed either side and check that it settles within 2
degrees each time you are checking
Pivot friction
168) The advantages of the remote reading compass are
Turning errors eliminated, permits multiple presentation of heading
169) In the remote reading compass the earths magnetic flux is sensed by
Secondary coil

The following details of headings obtained during a compass swing are to be used for
questions 170 to 182.

Aircraft Compass

Landing Compass

000

003

046

044

090

084

134

129

179

174

227

223

270

270

315

319

170) the value of coefficient C is

+4
171) if coefficient C is adjusted on heading 179 you would make the compass read
183
172) to make the adjustment you would
Place the key in the athwart ships hole of the micro adjuster

173) coefficient B would be

-3
174) to correct for coefficient B on heading 270, you would make the compass read
273
175) the value of coefficient A is
-2
176) to correct for coefficient A on heading 315, you would make the compass read
313
177) to make the correction in question 175, you would have to
Turn the bowl anti-clockwise
178) after correction for coefficients A, B and C the residual deviation on north would be
+1
179) after the same correction the residual deviation on 315 would be
+1
180) on a magnetic heading of 135 the compass would read
134
181) on a compass deviation card for east you would write
Steer 091
182) on a magnetic heading 225 you would write on the card
Steer 226
183) if coefficient A is -1, coefficient B is +2 and coefficient C is -2, the deviation on heading 315 is
-3.8
184) if coefficient B is +7 and coefficient C is -6, the deviation on heading 200 is
+3.25
185) assuming the compass is only affected by hard iron magnetism causing deviation, if the latitude
changed the deviation would change because of the change in the
Strength of the earth directive force
186) if you were making a turn in the s hemisphere from south-west to the right on to north you should
come out of the turn on
020
187) acceleration errors are caused because

The CG lies between the pivot and the equator

188) in the remote reading compass, the slow corrective rate of the tyro means that it is necessary to
align the unit by means of
The synchronizer
189) you are passing over a spot height of 1 600m amsl with a regional QNH of 996hPa FL70. The
actual clearance over the spot height is
1 206ft
190) you take off from Umtata (2 400ft amsl) with QNH 1020hPa set and fly to Port Elizabeth (225ft
amsl) at FL 080. Arriving at PE you are unable to obtain a QNH and decide to fly at 1500ft on QNH
1020hPa. The actual height agl if the real QNH at PE is 990hPa is
375ft
191) using the same details as in question 189, QNE at Port Elizabeth is
915ft
192) in the servo altimeter the servo motor drives
The counters and cam
193) an altitude alerting device can be incorporated in
A servo altimeter
194) after setting QNH at an airfield at 5 000ft amsl, you would expect the altimeter to read within
+/- 80ft
195) if the altimeter is 150ft high when you check airfield height against QNH you would
Cancel the flight until the altimeter is serviceable
196) the barometric pressure at aerodrome level reduced to sea level using the ISA formula is
QNH
197) cruising at FL200 in a pressurized aircraft with the cabin at 5 000ft, the pitot line in the cabin
breaks. You would expect
The ASI to be inaccurate, VSI to read zero and altimeter to read 20 000
198) in considering ASI errors, RAS plus density correction gives
TAS
199) an unusual feature of the VSI compared with other pressure instruments is
That it does not have static pressure in the case
200) the vertical speed indicator has
A logarithmic scale

201) the purpose of the scale on the dial of a VSI is to

Give better accuracy at the lower rates of climb
202) what is the function of the two capsules in the Mach meter
It solves the equation Mn = TAS/LSS
203) at flight level 330 in standard conditions the speed of sound is
579kts
204) in the same conditions as in question 202, Mach 0.84 represents a speed of
485kts

205) the gyroscopic property of rigidity is based on Newtons

First law
206) it is true to say that
The turn and bank rotates at 9 000, the A/H at 15 000, and the DI at 12 000 rpm
207) if pressure within a Bourdon tube is increased it tends to
Straighten
208) the artificial horizon (suction type) has a
Vertical axis
209) in an aircraft flying west in the s hemisphere the DI transport wander is
Negative
210) earth rotation wander at latitude 30S is
+7.5/hr
211) the limits in pitch of the suction driven Artificial Horizon are
+/-60
212) the gyro instrument which cannot be toppled is
The turn and bank
213) a rate 1 turn means changing heading at
3/second
214) on direct track 350T from FAQT to FABL, the highest ground on track is 6 882ft. mean variation
20 W. minimum safety height is 1 500ft. forecast QNH 1026hPa. The minimum safe lowest IFR flight
level assuming 1hPa = 30ft is
FL090

215) in an artificial horizon indicator bank indication is given by an index against a scale. This is
controlled by
Movement of the instrument face and scale about the sky plate
216) in flight the normal static port becomes blocked. The alternate static source is selected causing
an immediate increased reading on the ASI. The altimeter is dependent on the same standby source
with the result that the altimeter reading will
Increase
217) compressibility will make the airspeed indicator
Over read
218) an aircraft is flying at a constant indicated airspeed and constant indicated altitude. As a result of
a decrease in the OAT, the TAS and true altitude will
Both decreases
219) the Sperry CL2 compass system remains synchronized in a turn because
The signals from the detector unit to the signal Selwyn change at the same rate as the rotor of
the signal Selwyn turns
220) when executing a rate 1 turn onto north in the s hemisphere the aircraft should be rolled out of
the turn
Some 25 - 30 after the compass reads north
221) instrument errors in altimeters
Increase with an increase in altitude
222) to check an altimeter for serviceability on the ground at an aerodrome, the altimeter should be
set to
QNH and the reading confirmed by comparing with ground elevation
223) the magnetic system of a compass is suspended pendulously to counteract the effect of
component
Z
224) with standard pressure set on the sub-scale, indicated altitude will be that same as the true
altitude
At sea level under standard conditions
225) the turn and slip indicator utilizes a
Rate gyro
226) an aircraft at FL230, OAT -41C, QNH 983hPa, is at a true altitude of
21 112ft
227) in the operation of the turn indicator, a rate gyro is used which has

Complete freedom of movement in two planes, at 90 to each other and is constructed to

measure rate of turn in the third plane, at right angles to the other two.
228) assuming the speed of sound is 1 203.8km/hr at 15C and the mean lapse rate is 2/1 000ft, the
speed of sound at a temperature of -56.6C is
564.2kts
229) the angle of tilt of the rate gyro in a turn indicator is produced by
Secondary precession produced by spring tension balancing primary precession
230) after 4 hrs and 15mins the easterly axis point of a horizontal axis gyro set with its axis in an
east /west direction at N45 will have
Drifted clockwise and have risen above the horizon
231) the deviation of a direct reading magnetic compass affected only by coefficients B and C are 8E
on a heading 230C and 4W on heading 130C. Therefore the deviation on heading 315C is
3.3E
232) while cruising in IMC the needle of the ASI returns to zero. This is probably because of a
Leak in the capsule
233) in the s hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate a turn towards south as
A left turn entered from an easterly heading
234) deviation in a magnetic compass is caused by
Magnetic fields within the aircraft distorting the lines of magnetic force
235) prior to starting the engine(s) the turn slip indicator should be checked to ensure the
Needle is approximately centered and the tube is full of liquid
236) an aircraft flies from a high pressure area to a low pressure area. The altimeter (QNH) setting is
not altered. At destination the altimeter reading is
Higher than actual altitude
237) during flight the vacuum pump fails. This may result in failure of
The DI, AH and turn indicator of the turn and bank indicator
238) the E2 compass has correctors built in for coefficients
B and C
239) the true altitude for FL100 with a QNH of 1030 and OAT +6 is
10 940ft
240) the pitot system provides dynamic pressure for the
Airspeed indicator
241) the AH, DI and turn indicator have the following properties in common

Rigidity and precession

242) in order to indicate heading, the DGE employs a horizontal axis tyro and utilizes the principle of
Rigidity in space
243) the rigidity of a spinning wheel is directly proportional to
The speed of rotation and inversely proportional to the mass of the rotor.
244) the elevation of aerodrome A is 390ft and aerodrome B 450ft. A pilot at A sets his altimeter to
read aerodrome elevation and then flies to B without resetting the altimeter. If aerodrome pressure at
an on departure was 1004hPa and at B the altimeter reads 630ft on landing, the QNH is
+/- 998hPa
245) the value of compressibility error of the ASI will
Increase with increase in altitude and true airspeed
246) the required track is 155T. Variation is 24W and the deviation card reads for south steer 178. In
no wind the compass heading to steer is
177
247) to convert IAS to RAS, the factors taken into account are
Position error and instrument error
248) the principle used by the VSI to detect rate of change of altitude is
Variations of a capsule fed with ambient static pressure surrounded by delayed static pressure
supplied through a metering choke
249) ambient static pressure is fed to the airspeed indicator in flight to
Cancel static pressure entering the instrument diaphragm through the Pitot tube
250) for an aircraft climbing at a constant TAS
The rectified airspeed decreases and the Mach number increases
251) for an aircraft flying at 110 KIAS the approximate angle of bank to maintain a rate 1 turn is
18
252) including the plane of rotation, a space gyro is defined as having
Three gimbals, freedom of movement in four planes, gyroscopic inertia relative to space
253) the advantage of an electric turn coordinator when the aircraft has a vacuum system for other
gyroscopic instruments is that
It provides back up in case of vacuum system failure
254) on an easterly heading overhead Arena Academy, an aircraft is accelerated. The compass
indicates
An apparent turn to the south

255) flying into an area of low pressure, the altimeter will

Over read
256) the amount of flux induced into a horizontal Ferro-alloy bar by the earths magnetic field is
proportional to the
Strength of the earths directive force and the angle between the bar axis and the local
magnetic meridian
257) an ASI functions by moving through the air whereby the
Difference between pitot and static pressure is measured and indicated
258) the altitude in the standard atmosphere at which a TAS of 465kts corresponds to M0.80 is
32 950ft
259) at a constant pressure altitude of 1 250ft, a temperature drop from 29C to 18C will make the
density altitude
Decrease by 1 870ft
260) the altimeter is subject to barometric error which is caused by
Pressure variations from standard calibration conditions
261) to compensate for errors induced by expansion and contraction in the mechanism of the
altimeter caused by temperature changes the following system is used
A bimetallic strip is incorporated in the linkage which distorts in a corrective sense according
to the temperature
262) the rate of precession of a spinning tyro is directly proportional to
The force applied
263) in a coordinated turn the displacement of the turn needle of a turn and slip indicator
Indicates as the angle of bank increases and the airspeed decreases
264) in the Southern hemisphere, the magnetic compass will indicate
A turn to the north if the aircraft speeds is decreased on a westerly heading
265) the static vent serves the
Airspeed indicator, altimeter and vertical speed indicator
266) an unusual feature about the VSI when compared with other pressure instruments is
That it does not suffer from instrument error
267) if the pitot line in the cabin breaks when cruising at FL200 in a pressurized aircraft with the cabin
altitude at 5 000ft, it will cause
The ASI to be inaccurate, VSI to read zero and altimeter to read 20 000ft
268) when an aircraft is flying from a warm air mass into a cold air mass

TAS and true altitude decrease

269) while at a constant RAS and altitude an aircraft flies from a cold air mass into a warm air mass.
The mach no will
Remain constant
270) instruments which use pitot pressure are
ASI and Mach meter
271) an aircraft descends from FL310 to FL 040. At FL160 the Pitot tube becomes blocked by ice. At
FL120 the ASI would
Under read
272) the errors of an ASI are
Pressure error, instrument error, density error and compressibility error
273) an aircraft flies from cold air to warm air at a constant TAS. RAS would
Decrease
274) an aircraft is to fly a magnetic track of 310 at the lowest safe semi-circular flight level. High
ground en-route is 2 250m amsl and a minimum clearance of 3 000ft is required. The regional QNH is
1028hPa. The lowest flight level would be
FL100
275) for an aircraft flying at Mach 0.82 at FL350, OAT -35C, the RAS would be
264kts
276) an aircraft flying at Mach 0.78, TAS 479kts in ISA conditions at
FL200
277) an aircraft is at FL330 with the altimeter set correctly. On the descent the pilot fails to set the
QNH of 1026.1hPa. Airfield elevation is 1 800ft. the reading on landing is
1 400ft
278) an aircraft departs from A (elevation 240ft) with QFE 993hPa set, en-route to B (360 nm from A)
where the QNH is 1019hPa. A spot height of 1 660m amsl 60nm from A is cleared by 1 500ft. the
altimeter reading overhead the spot height was
4 470ft
279) airfield elevation 4 000ft, temperature +15C, QNH 996hPa. Density altitude is
5 600ft
280) pressure altitude 15 000ft, OAT +20C, QNH altitude 15 700ft. true altitude is
17 800ft

281) an aircraft departs A, airfield pressure 984hPa and the altimeter indicates airfield elevation of 1
050ft. the aircraft flies to and lands at B (elevation 2 500ft) where the altimeter reads 2 710ft. the QNH
at B is
1012hPa
282) a warning flag appears on an electrical turn and slip indicator. This means
Turn indicator failure slip indicator serviceable
283) the DGI, Artificial horizon and turn indicators are
Tied, earth and rate gyros respectively
284) the principle of primary precession only is used to control the gyroscopes of the
DGI and AH
285) the principle of rigidity is used by the
DGI and AH
286) with reference to gyroscopes: R = rigidity, P = precession, S = rotor speed, I = moment of inertia,
F = external force. The correct formula for rigidity is
ROSI
F
287) the acceleration (take off) error of an air driven artificial horizon is a false indication of
A climbing turn to the right
288) an aircraft compass system has the following coefficients present: A = +1, B = +3, C = -2. The
deviation on heading 315C is
-2.5
289) the following figures appear on a compass deviation card

For magnetic

Steer Compass

135

134

180

184

290) the required heading is 142T and variation is 20W. The compass heading is
164C
Magnetic heading

Compass heading

000

001

090

086

180

180

The coefficients present in the compass system are

A = +2, B = +2, C = -3
291) an aircraft accelerates on heading 270C in the s hemisphere. A direct reading magnetic
compass would indicate
An apparent turn to the south
292) an aircraft turns left from 045 onto 200C in the s hemisphere. The best heading to roll out of the
turn would be
220C
293) an aircraft compass system has the following coefficients, A = +1, B = -3, C = +2
Deviation on heading 225C will be
+1.7C
294) the Sperry CL2 compass system does not suffer from turning and acceleration errors because of
The slow precession rate of the gyro
295) an aircraft leaves airfield C (elevation 510ft) with QFE 999hPa set on the altimeter, en-route to Y
(510nm from Y) where the QNH is 1025hPa. A spot height (450m amsl) 114nm from X is cleared by 2
000ft. the altimeter reading overhead the spot height was
2 906ft
296) while parked on the apron with elevation 4 060ft, ATC passes a QNH which when applied to the
altimeter makes it read 4 140ft. the correct procedure is
Call a technician as the instrument is out of limits
297) according to an aircraft manual, the pressure error correction to be applied to the ASI is +3kts at
100kts. FL100, the VSI will
Read correctly.
298) If the Pitot head and Static Vent were blocked by ice, which instruments would be affected?
Altimeter, VSI and ASI would give inaccurate readings.
299) If the Pitot Head is blocked, that airspeed indication can be expected?
No change of IAS in level flight, even with large power changes.
300) If the static vent became blocked during a descent the IAS would read?
High.
301) If the Pitot opening is blocked, which instrument would be affected (separate static vent)?
ASI only.
302 Rectified Airspeed is?

IAS corrected for instrument and pressure error.

303) An aircraft is maintaining FL120 in cloud. The ASI reading falls to zero. The most probable cause
is?
ASI malfunction.
304) An aircraft is flying from a cold air mass into a warm air mass. The TAS and true altitude will?
Both increase.
305) An aircraft flying from warm air to cold air at a constant TAS. The RAS would?
Increase.
306) An aircraft leaves FL 160 for an approach and landing at an airfield. The pilot will set QNH at
the?
Transition level.
307) Transition altitude is obtained from?
Jeppesen or Aerad flight guides.
308) Transition level is obtained from?
ATC or VOR ATIS.
309) The location of the static vent which could provide the most accurate measurement of static
pressure under variable flight conditions is?
One on each side of the aircraft where the system will compensate for variation of aircraft
attitude.
310) Pressure Altitude at an airfield is indicated by an altimeter when the barometric subscale is set
to?
1013.25hPa,
311) If while in level flight, it becomes necessary to use an alternate source of static pressure vented
inside the aircraft, with the cabin pressure being lower than static, the following variations in
instruments indication would be expected?
The altimeter will read higher than normal, airspeed greater than normal and the vertical-speed
indicator will momentarily show a climb.
312) Assume that an aeroplane at 17000ft AMSL has a cabin pressure equal to an altitude of 7000ft. if
the pilot static tubes break at a point within the cockpit, the altimeter would read?
The cabin pressure altitude, i.e. 7000ft.
313) An aircraft maintains a constant TAS of 350kts in the climb?
LSS decreases and the RAS decreases.
314) An aircraft flying at FL330, Mach 0.82 flies into colder air mass. The TAS will?
Decrease.
315) An aircraft descends from FL410 to FL220 at a constant Mach number. The TAS will?

Increase.
316) Climbing at a constant Mach number, the RAS will?
Decrease.
317) As air density increases, the ASI compressibility error will?
Decrease.
318) An aircraft flies from cold air mass into a warm air mass at a constant FL and RAS. The Mach
number will?
Remain constant.
319) If the static vent becomes blocked during a climb the mach meter will?
Under read.
320) Ambient static pressure is fed to the ASI in flight to?
Cancel static pressure entering the instrument diaphragm through the pitot tube.
321) The static vent is blocked. If the glass covering the VSI is broken, the instrument will?
Readings will be reversed.
322) During a pre-flight check the VSI shows 100 ft/min climb. You may?
Have to adjust before flight.

323) The ASI has a pressure error of +5 knots at IAS 130 kts. At the airspeed the VSI would?
Read correctly.
324) The reported QNH of a given station is the?
Stations barometric pressure corrected to mean sea level pressure.
325) When ambient temperature is warmer than standard at a particular altitude, the altimeter will
indicate?
Lower than true altitude.
326) ASI compressibility error will increase with an increase of TAS and?
Increase with altitude.
327) The principle and operation of a Mach meter precludes the following errors?
Temperature, compressibility and pressure errors.
328) The Instantaneous VSI incorporates an accelerometer unit. The pistons of the accelerometer unit
are connected?
To the static pressure tube leading to the capsule and their movement creates an immediate
pressure change inside the capsule when climb or descent is initiated.

329) In the servo altimeter the servo motor drives the?

Counters and the cams.
330) By changing from QNH to QNE on a servo assisted Altimeter?
The anvil moves, changing the air gaps between the E and I bars.
331) If the static pressure ports iced over while descending from altitude, the airspeed indicator would
read?
High.
332) The rigidity of a spinning wheel is directly proportional to?
The speed of the rotation and indirectly proportional to the mass of the rotor.
333) Errors is both pitch and bank indication on an attitude indicator are usually at a maximum as the
aircraft roll out a?
180 turn.
334) When an aircraft is rapidly accelerated in straight and level flight, or at take-off, what inherent
precession characteristics will be displayed on the attitude indicator?
The miniature aircraft would indicate a climb and bank.
335) The Turn and Slip indicator pre-flight check consists of?
Aircraft level, turn needle central, ball central, fluid in tube.
336) What indications should you get from the Turn And Slip indicator during taxi?
The ball moves opposite to the turn and the needle deflects in the direction of the turn.
337) The effect of decreasing rotor speed in the turn and slip indicator will cause?
The turn indicator to under-read the rate of turn.
338) The angle of tilt of the rate gyro in a turn indicator is due to?
Primary precession which is generated by an aeroplane rate of turn.
339) To compensate a 360 turn using the Turn Co-coordinator, takes 131 secs. The rotor speed is?
High.
340) The rigidity of a gyro is directly proportional to?
Gyro inertia and rotor speed.
341) If the rotational speed of the Turn and Slip gyro rotor is below the calibrated speed the?
Turn indicator under-reads, slip is not affected.

342) A warning flag appears on an electrical Turn and Slip indicator, this means?

Turn indicator failure. Slip indicator serviceable.

343) The principle of rigidity is used for the operation of the following gyroscopic instruments?
Directional Gyro and Artificial Horizon.
344) An Artificial Horizon employs a?
Earth Gyro.
345) One characteristic that a properly functioning gyro depends upon for operation is the?
Resistance to deflection of the gyro rotor.
346) The Latitude Rider nut of a DGI compensates for?
Earth rotation wander.
347) The Latitude Rider nut of a DGI is set to give zero drift due to the Earths rotation at 30S. the
gyro readings will?
Increase when flying South from 30S.
348) The rotor of the DGI spins up and away from the pilot when 090 is indicated. The latitude
compensation nut situated on the near right side of the inner gimbal from the gyro axis, has been set
to give drift on the ground at the equator. To compensate for earth rotation at 30S the latitude
compensating nut?
Must be adjusted onwards.
349) What is earth rotation wander at 30 S?
+7.5 per hr.
350) If a vacuum gauge indicates the pressure to be lower than the minimum limit, the air operated
instruments that would be affected are?
Heading indicator (DGI).
351) The air driven Artificial Horizon erection error is due to?
Centrifugal Force displacing the vanes.
352) The DGI, Artificial Horizon and Turn indicator are?
Tied, Earth and Rate gyros respectively.
353) Erection errors in an air driven Gyro Horizon Indicator are due to?
The movement of the pendulous vanes during aircraft acceleration or a turn manoeuvres.
354) In an electrically driven artificial horizon, the axis wander about the pitch axis is controlled by?
A mercury switch at right angles to the pitch axis inducing torque about the roll axis.
355) During a stabilized climbing turn at a constant rate, the instruments which indicate the correct
pitch and bank are the?
Attitude indicator, and turn and slip indicator.

356) A RMI (Radio Magnetic Indicator) displays a warning flag which indicates a compass failure. The
radio bearing pointers?
Can be used to home to an NDB.
357) An agonic line joins places of?
Zero magnetic variation.
358) Variation is called westerly when?
Magnetic North is to the west of true North.

359) Compass deviation is caused by?

Aircraft magnetism distorting the earths magnetic field
360) The direct reading magnetic compass has magnetic correctors for?
Coefficient B and C only.
361) In regard to acceleration errors, they are caused because?
The C of G. lies between the pivot and the equator.
362) The magnetic system of a compass is suspended pendulously to counteract the effect of
component?
Z.
363) An aircraft being manufactured in the Northern Hemisphere is parked facing South West?
Parameter P is positive.
364) Parameter P is?
Fore and aft magnetism affecting Co-eff. B.
365) A compass swing should be conducted?
With the engine running.
366) A magnetic material that is easily magnetized is called?
Soft iron magnetic material.
367) Compass accuracy is greatest?
At the Equator.
368) The secular change in variation has a cycle of?
960 years.
369) An aircraft constructed in South Africa has a red pole in the nose and right wing and blue poles in
the tail and left wing. The heading during construction is?
315.

370) The type of compass least likely to suffer from parallax is?
Remote reading compass.
371) When a magnet cannot be made any more magnetic, it is said to be?
Saturated.
372) In direct reading magnetic compass, the effect of dip is counteracted by?
Low centre of gravity.
373) Assuming the compass to be only affected by hard iron magnetism causing deviation, if the
latitude changed the deviation would change because?
Of the change in the strength of the Earths directive force.
374) With reference to the Sperry Gyrson CL2 compass system. The precession rate of the gyro is
kept low in order to?
Suppress turning and acceleration errors.
375) The Sperry CL2 compass system remains synchronized in a turn because?
The signals from the detector unit to the signal selsyn change at the same as the rotor of the
signal selsyn turns.
376) The Sperry CL2 compass system does not indicate turning and acceleration errors because of?
The slow precession rate of the gyro.
377) The Sperry CL2 compass system indicates aircraft heading by?
The detector unit senses the angle between the aircraft fore and aft axis and the magnetic
meridian.

378) During a turn the remote indicator of a CL2 compass remains synchronized with the actual
heading because?
The horizontal gyro due to its rigidity drives the pointers keeping them aligned with the
heading.
379) The Central Air Data Computer (CADC)?
Eliminates the time lag error in pressure instruments.
380) Disregarding the effect of compressibility, at a constant IAS the ASI dynamic pressure will be?
The same at all altitudes.
381) If the pitot head and drain hole become blocked by ice during a climb the ASI would?
Over read.
382) Flying at a constant power setting, the highest indicated airspeed will occur when the air is?

Cold and dry.

383) Static pressure is supplied to the ASI in order to?
Balance the static component of pitot pressure.
384) True airspeed is calculated from indicated airspeed by?
Rectifying and correcting for density error.
385) An aeroplane is flying from a warm air mass to a cold air mass at a constant FL and indicated
airspeed. The TAS and true altitude?
Both will decrease.
386) The principle and operation of the Mach meter excludes the following errors?
Compressibility, temperature and density errors.
387) An aircraft flying from a cold air mass to a warm air mass at a constant FL and RAS will
experience?
No change in Mach number.
388) For an aircraft climbing at a constant Mach No?
The TAS and RAS will decrease.
389) If the static vent becomes blocked during a climb the mach meter will?
Under read.
390) Altimeter instrument errors?
Increase with altitude.
391) Altimeters indicate?
Altitude above the pressure level set on the altimeter.
392) When the barometric pressure sub-scale setting of a servo assisted altimeter is adjusted the
altimeter pointer and counters are aligned by?
Mechanically changing the position of the E bar followed by electronic realignment of the E
bar.
393) The DGI Directional Gyro Indicator operates on the principle of?
Rigidity in space.
394) The rigidity of a gyro is directly proportional to the?
Speed of rotation and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia.
395) The attitude indicator is primary pitch instrument, other indications of pitch are provided by?
ASI, VSI and Altimeter.

396) The gyroscopic instrument that cannot topple is the?

Turn indicator.
397) Apparent wander of a directional gyro in a stationary aircraft will cause the readings to?
Decrease in the northern hemisphere.
398) Precession or gyro drift of a DGI may be caused by?
Earth rotation, transport wander and reduced moment of inertia.
399) The DGI gyro with the axis aligned north/south may topple due to excessive?
Pitch on north and excessive bank on west.
400) the artificial horizon erection error is due to?
Displacement of the vanes covering the exhaust ports.
401) The artificial horizon outer gimbal has freedom of movement about the?
Roll axis.
402) If an aircraft makes a 360 turn the magnitude of the turning errors of an air driven artificial
horizon are at maximum at?
180 into the turn.
403) In an electrically driven artificial horizon gyro wander about the pitch axis is controlled by?
A mercury leveling switch at right angles to the pitch axis producing a torque about the roll
axis.
404) The rate gyro at the turn indicator has?
Freedom of movement in one plane only and indicates the angle of bank in a turn using the
principle of rigidity.
405) An aircraft enters a balanced rate 1 turn as indicated by the turn indicator. After 2 mins and 15
secs the aircraft has turned through 360. The rotor speed of the gyro is?
Too high.
406) The magnetism of acceleration errors of a direct reading magnetic compass depend on?
Magnetic latitude and aircraft heading.
407) The requirement of a periodicity in a direct reading magnetic compass is achieved by the use of?
2 or 4 short magnets suspended in a compass liquid.
408) The detector unit of the Sperry CL2 compass transmit s electrical signals to the master indicator
signal selsyn?
Which are proportional to the aircrafts heading?
409) The Sperry CL2 compass system is not affected by the turning and acceleration errors of a direct
reading compass due to?

The slow precession rate of the gyro.

410) The Sperry CL2 compass remains synchronized with the aircraft heading in a turn because?
The gyro remains rigid and drives the compass pointers as the aircraft turns about the gyro.
411) An aircraft in the Southern Hemisphere turns left from 175 onto 350. The aircraft should roll out
of the turn on a heading of?
330.
412) An aircraft heading 180(C) initiates a left turn onto 350(C) in the Southern Hemisphere. Initially
the compass will indicate a?
Turn in the opposite direction.
413) The Central Air Data Computer (CADC) has a Static Air Temperature (SAT) input in order to?
Calculate TAS from Mach number.

414) It the static vent becomes blocked during climb the ASI would?
Under read.
415) Movement of the ASI needle is proportional to?
Dynamic pressure.
416) If the pitot and drain hole of the ASI become blocked by ice?
The IAS would remain constant in level flight.
417) Converting RAS to TAS using a navigational computer?
The TAS will be lower than RAS if density altitude is lower than pressure altitude.
418) The value of compressibility error of an ASI?
Increases with an increase of airspeed and altitude.
419) ASI errors?
Increase with an increase in airspeed.
420) The Mach meter employs?
An airspeed capsule and an altimeter capsule, their axes 90 apart.
421) When the air temperature is higher than standard at altitude. The indication on an altimeter with
QNH set is?
Lower than true altitude.
422) The bi-metallic strip in an altimeter corrects for?
Temperature changes in the instrument.

423) A space gyro has?

Freedom of movement in three planes. Mounted in 2 gimbals and the property of rigidity in
space.
424) The term gyro drift applies to movement of the gyro axis in the?
Horizontal plane.
425) A perfectly balanced space gyro is spinning with its axis vertical at the equator. After 18 hrs the
gyro axis will be?
Horizontal with the axis east/west.
426) The directional gyro rider nut corrects for?
Earth rotation wander.
427) The gyroscope properties used by the directional gyro are?
Rigidity to provide a reference datum and precession to maintain the gyro axis in the aircrafts
yawing plane.
428) The transport wander of a DGI in an aircraft flying westbound in the southern hemisphere will
cause the DGI readings to?
Decrease.
429) the latitude rider control of the DGI is?
An adjustable weight attached to the inner gimbal.
430) The artificial horizon inner gimbal has freedom of movement about the?
Pitch axis.
431) Bank indication in an artificial horizon is given by?
Movement of the AH casing about the outer gimbal and sky plate.
432) The acceleration error of the electrically driven artificial horizon is less than the air driven type
because of?
Less pendulosity.

433) The fast erection system of an electrically driven artificial horizon may be used?
For straight and level flight only.
434) The erection error of the suction type artificial horizon in a turn is?
A lesser amount of bank indicated.
435) A fail flag appears on an electrical turn slip indicator which indicates that?
The turn indicator has failed but the slip indication is valid.
436) The angle of tilt of the rate gyro in a turn indicator is due to?

Primary precession being balanced by secondary precession.

437) In balanced turn the angle of tilt of the rate gyro in the turn indicator?
Increases as the angle of bank increases and the airspeed decreases.
438) The turn indicator uses a rate gyro, and including the spin axis has?
Freedom of movement in 2 planes at 90 to each other and measures the rate of turn in the
third plane.
439) An aircraft enters a balanced rate 1 turn as indicated by the turn indicator. After 2 mins the
aircraft has turned through 380. The rotor speed of the gyro is?
Too low.
440) The main reason that the rate gyro of the turn indictor is electrically driven rather than air driven
is?
To ensure a constant rotor speed.
441) The purpose of the torque motor in Sperry CL2 compass system is to?
Maintain the gyro spin axis in the aircrafts yawing plane.
442) The annunciator circuit of the Sperry CL2 compass system?
Monitors the synchronization state of the gyro and assists with manual synchronization.
443) The Sperry CL2 detector unit contains three flux-valves mounted 120 apart instead of a single
flux-valve in order to?
Resolve heading ambiguity.
444) The voltage induced into a secondary pick-off coils of a Sperry CL2 flux-valve is proportional to?
The value of component h of the Earths magnetic field and direction at which it intersects the
flux-valve.
445) An aircraft heading 360 (C) initiates a left turn onto 180 (C) in the Southern Hemisphere. Initially
the compass will indicate a?
Greater amount of turn than is actually being made.
446) A magnetic compass will show an apparent turn to the North in the Southern Hemisphere when?
The aircraft decelerates on 270(C).
447) The magnetic system of a compass is suspended pendulously to counteract the effect of
component?
Z.
448) During a turn the remote indicator of a CL2 compass remains synchronised with the actual
heading because?
The horizontal gyro due to its rigidity drives the pointers keeping them aligned with the
heading.

449) When ambient temperature is warmer than standard at a particular altitude, the altimeter will
indicate?
Lower than true altitude.

450) The value of the compressibility error of an Airspeed Indicator (ASI) will?
Increase with increase in altitude and true airspeed.
451) the reported QNH of a given station is the?
Stations barometric pressure corrected at mean sea level pressure.
452) At a constant pressure altitude of 1250ft, a temperature drop from 29 C to 18 C will cause the
density altitude to?
Decrease by 1250 ft.
453) Mach No. is equal to?
PS
S
454) The function of an accelerometer is to?
Measure the force required to accelerate a mass overcoming its inertia.
455) A Lewis Flush Bulb senses?
RAT.

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2 comments:
1.
Chitransh30 August 2012 at 11:29
Hi there. Nice blog. You have shared useful information. Keep up the good work! This blog is
really
interesting
and
gives
good
details.
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1.

Pratik Poudyal9 September 2012 at 12:38

Hello, thanks for your valuable comment and compliment, it works like a fuel
to run my blog and encourages me to share even more. Please let me know
what im lacking or what do I need to write more about or what kind of
information you are looking for.
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