4.

1 An engine operating on Carnot cycle between temperature limits of 20o C and 800o C rejects
heat at the rate of 200 kJ/s. Determine i) the ideal thermal efficiency of the cycle and ii) the
power output of the engine.
Given: TH = 800o C = 1073 K
TL = 20o C = 293 K
QL = 200 kJ/kg
To find; th and Woutput
Formula: Carnot = 1 TL / TH = 1 QL / QH and Wout = QH - QL
Calculation:
th = 1 TL / TH = 1-293/1073 = 0.727 = 72.7%
th = 1 QL / QH Or QL / QH = 1 - th Or QH = QL / (1 - th) = 200 / 0.273 = 732.6 kJ/s
Power output = Woutput / s = (QH QL) /s = 732.6 200 = 532.6 kJ/s (kW)
4.2 The compression ratio of an Otto cycle is 8.8. The minimum pressure and temperature are
0.95 bar and 25o C. The amount of heat added to the air per cycle is 1400 kJ/kg. On the basis of
air standard cycle, determine i) maximum temperature of the cycle and ii) the air standard
efficiency. Take CV = 0.718 kJ/kg and = 1.4.
Given: P1 = 0.95 bar = 95 kPa
T1 = 25o C = 298 K
r = 8.8
Q2-3 = 1400 kJ/kg
CV = 0.718 kJ/ kg K
= 1.4
To find: T3 and Otto
Formula: Otto = 1 1 / r-1
T1 V1-1 = T2 V2-1

Q2-3 = CV (T3 T2) kJ/kg

r = V1/V2
Calculation: T1 V1-1 = T2 V2-1 Or T2 = T1 (V1/V2)-1
= 298 (V1/V2)-1
= 298 (8.8)1.4-1
= 298 x 2.387
= 711.23 K
Q2-3 = CV (T3 T2) kJ/kg
1400 = 0.718 (T3 711.23)
T3 = 1400/0.718 + 711.23 = 2661 K = 2388o C
Otto = 1 1 / r-1
= 1 1 / 8.8-1 = 1 0.419 = 58.1%
4.3 The compression ratio of an Otto cycle is 9. Determine, for an initial condition of 1 bar and
313 K, the pressure and temperature at the end of compression and cycle efficiency.
Given: r = V1/V2 = 9
P1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa
T1 = 313 K
To find: Otto, P2 and T2
Assumption: = 1.4
Formula: Otto = 1 1 / r-1
T1 V1-1 = T2 V2-1
P1 V1 = P2 V2
Calculation: Otto = 1 1 / r-1 = 1 1 / 91.4 = 58.48%
T2 / T1 = (V1/V2)-1 = r-1

T2 = T1 r-1 = 313 x 91.4-1 = 753.77 K

P2/P1 = (V1/V2) = r
P2 = P1 r =100 x 91.4 = 100 x 21.67 kPa = 21.67 bar
4.4 A petrol engine has a swept volume of 500 cc and a clearance volume of 60 cc. If the
pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression are 1.02 bar and 24o C and the
maximum cycle temperature is 1400o C, calculate the air standard efficiency and the mean
effective pressure.
Given: P1 = 1.02 bar = 102 kPa
T1 = 24o C = 297 K
T3 = 1400o C = 1673
V2 = 60 cc = 60 x 10-6 m3
V1 = 500 + 60 = 560 cc = 560 x 10-6 m3
To find: air standard
Assumption: = 1.4, CV 0.718 kJ/kg-K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K for air
Formula: = 1 1 / r-1,
= Wnet/Qin, Wnet = Qin x
MEP = Wnet/(V1 V2),
T1 V1-1 = T2 V2-1 for an adiabatic process
m = P1V1/RT1 for an ideal gas
Calculation: r = V1/V2 = 560 x 10-6/60 x 10-6 = 9.33
= 1 1 / r-1 = 1 1/(9.33)1.4-1 = 59.07%
T1 V1-1 = T2 V2-1
T2 = T1 (V1/V2) -1 = 297 (9.33) -1 = 725.62 K
= Wnet/Qin, Wnet = Qin x
Qin = m CV (T3 T2) = 1 x 0.718 (1673 725.62) = 680.2 kJ/kg

Wnet = Qin x = 680.2 x 0.5907 = 401.8 kJ/kg

m = P1V1/RT1 = 102 x 560 x 10-6 / 0.287 x 297 = 670.1 x 10-6 kg
MEP = Wnet/(V1 V2) = 670.1 x 10-6 x 401.8 / (560 60) 10-6 = 538.5 kPa = 5.39 bar
4.5 Find the air standard efficiency of a diesel cycle if the clearance volume and the fuel cut-off
are 5% of the stroke volume. Assume the index of isentropic compression and expansion as 1.4.
Given: V2 = 0.05 Vswept
V3 = V2 + 0.05 Vswept
= 1.4
To find: Diesel
Formula: Diesel = 1 1 / r-1[(rc -1)/ (rc 1)]
Calculation: r = V1/V2 = (V2 + VS)/V2 = (0.05 VS + VS)/ 0.05VS = 21
rc = V3/V2 = (V2 + 0.05 VS)/V2 = (0.05 VS+ 0.05 VS)/0.05 VS = 2
Diesel = 1 1 / r-1[(rc -1)/ (rc 1)]
= 1 1 / 211.4-1[(21.4 -1)/ 1.4(2 1)]
= 1 0.3464 = 0.6536 = 65.36%
4.6 An engine working on Diesel cycle has a bore of 15 cm and a stroke of 25 cm. The clearance
volume is 400 cc and fuel injection takes place for the duration of 5% of stroke. Find the air
standard efficiency.
Given: d = 15 cm, l = 25 cm
V2 = 400 cm3
V2-3 = 5% of VS
To find: Diesel
Assumption: = 1.4
Formula: Diesel = 1 1 / r-1[(rc -1)/ (rc 1)]
Calculation:

VS = ( /4) x 152 x 25 = 4417.865 cm3

V2-3 = 0.05 x VS = 0.05 x 4417.865 = 220.893 cm3

V3 = V2 + V2-3 = 400 + 220.893 = 620.893 cm3
r = V1/V2 = (V2 + VS)/V2 =(400 + 4417.865)/400 = 12.045

rC = V3/V2 = 620.893/400 = 1.55

Diesel = 1 1 / 12.0451.4-1[(1.551.4 -1)/ 1.4(1.55 1)] = 59.35%

4.7 Calculate the loss in the efficiency of a Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 16, if the
cut-off is delayed from 7% to 10%.
Given: r = 16
rC1 = 7% of initial volume and rC2 = 10% of initial volume
To find: 1 2
Assumption: = 1.4
Formula: Diesel = 1 1 / r-1[(rc -1)/ (rc 1)]
Calculation: r = V1/V2 = 16 rC1 = V3/V2 = V3/V1 x V1/V2 = 0.07 x 16 = 1.12
rC2 = 0.1 x 16 1.6
1 = 1 1 / 161.4-1[(1.121.4 -1)/ 1.4(1.12 1)] = 66.22%
2 = 1 1 / 161.4-1[(1.61.4 -1)/ 1.4(1.6 1)] = 63.43%
Deterioration in efficiency = 1 2 = 66.22 63.43 = 2.79%