Feasibility Transsmission

Feasibility Study Estimates for Transmission
Network Extensions
Final Rev.2.1
16 November 2010
Feasibility Study Estimates

Network Extensions
Final Rev.2.1
16 November 2010
for
Transmission
Sinclair Knight Merz

ABN 37 001 024 095
32 Cordelia Street
South Brisbane QLD 4101 Australia
PO Box 3848
South Brisbane QLD 4101 Australia
Tel: +61 7 3026 7100
Fax: +61 7 3026 7300
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www.skmconsulting.com
COPYRIGHT: The concepts and information contained in this document are
the property of Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd. Use or copying of this document in
whole or in part without the written permission of Sinclair Knight Merz
constitutes an infringement of copyright.
LIMITATION: This report has been prepared on behalf of and for the exclusive
use of Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltds client, and is subject to and issued in
connection with the provisions of the agreement between Sinclair Knight Merz
and its client. Sinclair Knight Merz accepts no liability or responsibility
whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report by any
third party.
The SKM logo trade mark is a registered trade mark of Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd.
Feasibility Study Estimates for Transmission Network Extensions
Contents
1.
Executive Summary
2.
Introduction
3.
Scope
4.
Approach and assumptions
4.1.
4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
5
6
7
7
5.
Approach
Assumptions
General assumptions
Cost estimating assumptions used by SKM
Detailed scope and options analysis

5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.
5.7.
5.8.
5.9.
5.10.
5.11.
5.12.
5.13.
5.14.
5.15.
11
Greenfield Option 1.1 500kV AC double circuit line from Wilmington in South
Australia (SA) to Mt Piper in New South Wales (NSW) of 2000MVA capacity 11
Greenfield Option 1.2 - +/- 500kV DC bi-pole line Wilmington to Mt Piper of
2000MVA capacity
13
Greenfield Option 2 500kV AC double circuit line from Krongart (SA) to
Heywood in Victoria (Vic) of 2000MVA capacity
17
Greenfield Option 3 - 500kV AC double circuit line from Tepko (SA) to Yass
(NSW) of 2000MVA capacity
19
Option 4 500kV AC Backbone in South Australia to NSW of 2000MVA
capacity
21
Option 5 500kV AC Backbone in South Australia to Victoria
23
Modelled Projects in Vic/NSW 500kV AC double circuit line from Sydenham
(Vic) to Shepparton (Vic) of 2000MVA
25
Modelled Projects in Vic/NSW 500kV AC double circuit line from Yass
(NSW) to Bannaby (NSW) of 2000MVA capacity
26
Supporting Modelled Project Vic to NSW 330kV AC single circuit line from
South Morang (Vic) to Dederang (Vic) to Wagga (NSW) to Bannaby (NSW) of
1000MVA capacity
27
Supporting Modelled Project in SA - rebuild 275kV line to a double circuit line
Davenport (SA) to Brinkworth (SA) to Para (SA) of 1200MVA capacity
29
Supporting Modelled Projects in South Australia 275kV AC double circuit
line from Krongart to Tepko of 1200MVA capacity
31
Augmentation Option 1 Real time rate 132kV lines Robertstown (SA) to
Monash (SA)
33
Augmentation Option 2 1st stage 3rd Heywood (Vic) 500/275kV
transformer and Capacitor Bank at South East substation (SA)
33
Augmentation Option 2 - 2nd Stage: Real Time Rate South East to Heywood
275 kV transmission lines
35
Augmentation Option 2 3rd stage install series compensation for the
Tailem Bend (SA) to South East 275kV line (SA)
35
6.
Conclusions
37
7.
Appendix A
39
SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

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final Report rev2-1.docx
PAGE i
Document history and status

Revision
Date issued
Reviewed
by
Approved
by
Date
approved
Draft version 1
16 April 2010
K. Frearson
1 Draft
Draft version 2
16 April 2010
P. Tonking
2 Draft
Final Rev 0
30 April 2010
K. Frearson
R. Kisten
30 April 2010
Rev. 0
Final Rev 1
21 May 2010
K. Frearson
R. Kisten
21 May 2010
Rev. 1
Final Rev 2
08 June 2010
I. Moller
P. Tonking
08 June 2010
Rev. 2
Final Rev 2.1
16 November
2010
I.Moller
16 November
2010
Rev2.2
Revision type
st
nd
Distribution of copies
Revision
Copy no
Quantity
Issued to
Draft version 2
1 electronic
Client, 16 April 2010
Final Rev0
1 electronic
Client, 30 April 2010
Final Rev1
1 electronic
Client, 21 May 2010
Final Rev2
1 electronic
Client, 08 June 2010
Final Rev2.1
1 electronic
Client, 16 November 2010
Printed:
18 November 2010
Last saved:
18 November 2010 05:02 PM
File name:
\\Skmconsulting.com\bneprojects\QHIN\Projects\QH10197\Deliverabl
es\Reports\Final Report\AEMO-ElectraNet Feasibility Study estimates
Author:
Ian Moller
Project manager:
Derek Soetardjo
Name of organisation:
Australian Energy Market Operator
Name of project:
Name of document:
AEMO-ElectraNet Feasibility Study Estimates report
Document version:
Revision 2.1
Project number:
QH10197

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1. Executive Summary
ElectraNet and the Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) are undertaking a joint feasibility study
of transmission development options that will increase the transfer capability between South Australia
and the other National Electricity Market (NEM) load centres.
This report provides high level cost estimates with an order of accuracy of +/-30% for a suite of
transmission options provided by ElectraNet in conjunction with AEMO.
Preliminary assessments were made of fifteen (15) options ranging from small augmentations such as
real time rating of various 275kV lines in South Australia to long distance bulk transport of power using
500kV HVDC technology. A number of long distance 500kV AC transmission options with multiple
takeoff points and/or switching stations in Victoria and New South Wales have also been assessed.
The method to develop cost estimates was to assemble building block costs for major items and then
apply them to the various options.
The cost estimates are shown in further detail in Appendix A, Table A2 while the essential technical
details for each option are summarised in Table A3.
In any first pass desktop assessment of costs, a number of assumptions need to be made and these
have been set out in the report. The assessment of technical merits, constructability and potential
environmental issues were not part of the scope of this study and therefore comments have been
restricted to the actual cost estimates and the basis on which they were developed.

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2. Introduction
South Australias Transmission Network Service Provider, ElectraNet, and AEMO are undertaking a
joint feasibility study of transmission development options that will increase the transfer capability
between South Australia and the other NEM load centres. The purpose of the feasibility study is to
investigate and assess the economic merit of transmission development options.
A number of options to enhance transmission capability exist, ranging from tens of megawatts to
thousands of megawatts. There are also renewable resource locations elsewhere in the NEM which
need to be taken into account. The economic level of transmission capability enhancement must take
into consideration relative costs and benefits of developments in South Australia. This includes
transmission costs, for comparison with development options relating to all of the identified potential
network and resource locations.
SKM was engaged by AEMO to provide cost estimates for a range of augmentation options, which
have been developed by AEMO and ElectraNet. These options include a number of incremental
augmentations and three large greenfield augmentations. Each of these comprise several projects
contained within an area spanning the southern portion of the National Electricity Grid.
In the preparation of this report, SKM made use of benchmarking and asset valuation data, together
with various public domain sources of information such as published papers, presentations and
previous studies by other consultants.
SKM is aware of recent similar studies carried out for AEMO by Power Systems Consultants Pty Ltd
(PSC) in relation to network extensions to remote areas. These studies also considered long distance
500kV AC and DC lines and therefore where relevant, and/or where SKM supports the findings of
PSC, reference will be made to these previous studies.

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3. Scope
A total of thirteen (13) options were provided by ElectraNet for estimating. They are summarised as
follows;
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
Greenfield Option 1.1 500kV AC double circuit line from Wilmington in South Australia (SA)
to Mt Piper in New South Wales (NSW) of 2000MVA capacity
Greenfield Option 1.2 - +/- 500kV DC bi-pole line Wilmington to Mt Piper of 2000MVA
capacity
Greenfield Option 2 500kV AC double circuit line from Krongart (SA) to Heywood in Victoria
(Vic) of 2000MVA capacity
Greenfield Option 3 - 500kV AC double circuit line from Tepko (SA) to Yass (NSW) of
2000MVA capacity
Modelled Projects in Vic/NSW 500kV AC double circuit line from Sydenham (Vic) to
Shepparton (Vic) of 2000MVA
Modelled Projects in Vic/NSW 500kV AC double circuit line from Yass (NSW) to Bannaby
Supporting Modelled Project Vic to NSW 330kV AC single circuit line from South Morang
(Vic) to Dederang (Vic) to Wagga (NSW) to Bannaby (NSW) of 1000MVA capacity
Supporting Modelled Project in SA - rebuild 275kV line to a double circuit line from
Supporting Modelled Projects in SA 275kV AC double circuit line from Krongart (SA) to
Tepko (SA) of 1200MVA capacity
Augmentation Option 1 Real time rating of 132kV lines Robertstown (SA) to Monash (SA)
rd
Augmentation Option 2 1st stage 3 Heywood (Vic) 500/275kV transformer and
Capacitor Bank at South East substation (SA)
Augmentation Option 2 2nd stage - Real time rating of South East (SA) to Heywood (Vic)
275kV line
Augmentation Option 2 3rd stage install 50% series compensation Tailem Bend (SA) to
South East (SA) 275kV line
A further two options were subsequently added to allow cost sensitivities to be considered for
alternatives to reinforcing South Australias 275kV network. Two alternatives were considered
involving establishment of a 500kV backbone from Krongart to Wilmington connected to either the
NSW or the Victorian network. These are Options 4 and 5.
Section 5 expands on the details for all of the above options.
The above geographic locations refer to either existing network locations or proposed/assumed new
locations across South East Australia in the States of South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales
as shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 - South East Australian transmission networks
Source of map: AEMO

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4. Approach and assumptions

4.1.
Approach
A building block approach has been taken in developing the estimates for the various options. These
building block estimates have been built up over time by making use of data from previous asset
valuations carried out by SKM, benchmarking studies, and recent specific studies relating to large
transmission augmentations such as HVDC transmission links. In addition some reference is made to
cost estimates presented by other consultants. Specifically, SKM is aware that PSC, have recently
2
carried out similar studies for AEMO for transmission network remote connections.
While the cost estimates given in this report are of the order of +/-30% accuracy at 2010/2011 cost
level, it should be noted that as a result of significant price volatility in materials and labour applying to
new transmission plant in the last five years, it is not possible to guarantee the above order of
accuracy for all estimate components that make up the building block prices. Thus in the absence of
firm current data for the largest or more specialised transformers, estimates have been based on
average prices from a range of historical building block prices.
To put the cost estimating for this study into context, SKM suggests that there are four main stages
that engineering estimates go through before funding approval can be obtained. Figure 2 shows these
stages and the type of information required to produce appropriate cost estimates. With reference to
Figure 2, SKM suggests this study is at the pre-feasibility stage that is the first pass or order of
magnitude estimates.
Ranil de Silva and Andrew Robbie, Power Systems Consultants Australia Pty Ltd - Network extensions to remote areas Planning Considerations (Part 1), and Innamincka case study (Part 2), November 2009.
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This study
% Probable Accuracy
of Estimate
30
25
20
15
10
Type of Estimate
Order of Magnitude
Preliminary
Definitive
Provided
Documentation
Product capacity and

Location
Cost Data on Similar
Projects
Major Equipment List
Preliminary
Equipment List
Engineering Line
Diagram
Plant Outline
General
Arrangement
Maps and Surveys
Bench Test Results
Nature of Facilities
Equipment
Specifications and
Vendor Quotations
Construction Schedule
Electrical One Lines
Piping and
Instrumentation Flow
Diagrams
Soil Data and Architect
Features
Site Survey and
Labour Complete
Bulk Material
Specifications and
Vendor Quotes
Construction
Specification and Sub
Contractor Quotations
Engineering Advanced
Approximately 10%
Definition of
Scope of Work
Conceptual
Approximate
Clearly Described
Essentially Complete
Complete. Well
Detailed
Estimating
Procedure
Factoring
Combination of
Factoring and
Quantity Take-Off
Most Quantity TakeOff. Very little

Factoring
Complete Quantity
Take-Off
Use of Study
Comparison/
Rejection
Final Feasibility
Budget
Detailed
Funding
Figure 2 - Stages in engineering cost estimating
As the brief was essentially to provide high level cost estimates for a suite of transmission options
provided by ElectraNet in conjunction with AEMO, most of the comments are about the estimating
process and assumptions made. However some technical comments have been included. It should be
noted that these comments, where included, are simply based on SKM observations and as such are
provided for information only. The absence of technical comments for any particular option does not
imply that SKM is in agreement with the scope. In order to accurately define the scope, extensive
system studies need to be undertaken as part of a detailed technical review before forming any
conclusions.

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4.1.1.
General assumptions
Due to the nature of this analysis, a number of upfront general assumptions were provided by the
client in order to seek to minimise the number of possible technical solutions. These assumptions are
as follows:
All new substations and switching stations constructed to breaker and half layouts
All new substations require duplicated communication paths
All options require new dual path high speed communications links to be established
All new substations / switching stations to be AIS
Additions to existing substations to be as per the existing arrangements at those substations
Staged interconnection lines to 2000MVA (except 330 kV) main interconnection substations to
cater for 1000 MVA in the first stage unless otherwise noted
Twin Sulphur conductors to be used for 275kV lines
Twin Olive conductors to be used for 330kV lines
Quad Orange (or AAAC equivalent) conductors to be used for 500kV lines
4.1.2.
Cost estimating assumptions used by SKM
In the development of the estimates, the following additional assumptions have been made:
Transmission Lines
SKM building block estimates are based on a set of typical average conditions addressing wind
loading, span lengths, terrain, structure types, ratio of tension towers to suspension towers,
conductor design temperature, minimum ground clearance and conductor tension. As this is a
pre-feasibility study in line with Figure 2, it is not considered necessary to specify the above
conditions. However where more detailed studies need to be carried out, these parameters can
be tailored to specific applications if necessary.
There are many factors which impact on the design and hence cost of transmission lines and the
3
selection of routes. These factors have already been summarised by PSC and will not be
reiterated here.
Transmission line costs over the last 5-6 years have escalated significantly for a variety of
reasons not least of which had been the demand for commodities such as copper, aluminium and
steel and the escalating cost of labour in manufacturing and construction as experienced in the
electricity industry.
Part 1 Section 3, Ranil de Silva and Andrew Robbie, Power Systems Consultants Australia Pty Ltd - Network extensions to
remote areas - Planning Considerations (Part 1), and Innamincka case study (Part 2), November 2009.
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PAGE 7
Historical building block prices for transmission line construction that apply to Australian
conditions, are now proving to be less reliable. This is because of the rapidly escalating costs as
discussed above and because there has been limited exposure to the market of certain voltage
classes of alternating current EHV lines. For example there has been limited construction of
500kV AC transmission lines in Australia in recent years. As a result of the above considerations,
an alternate source of more up-to-date 500kV line construction rates has been found in recent
4
publically available network owner consultation reports . The rate per kilometre used from these
sources is considered very conservative.
Easement acquisition
Easement costs in this report are indicative costs only. In SKMs view, it is not possible to give
+/- 30% estimates at a pre-feasibility stage on the information available. Easement costs can vary
greatly depending on factors such as actual route, prudent avoidance to manage electric and
magnetic field strengths at easement boundaries, relevant jurisdictional requirements,
environmental constraints, cultural heritage issues, land tenure and specific Transmission
Network Service Provider (TNSP) policies. SKM supports PSCs range of likely costs used in their
5
6
study and therefore in the absence of a more detailed assessment, the underlying assumptions
used by PSC have been applied to this study. A further comparison was made with information
obtained from ElectraNet which reinforced the above basis of costs.
It has been assumed that line and substation environmental impact assessments are conducted
jointly.
Substations
Extending existing substations can be approached in different ways depending on physical,
environmental, electrical and network constraints, and the desired level of reliability. In this study
assumptions have been made on the way substations can be extended such as unconstrained
bus extensions, completing breaker and half bays and moving existing feeder and transformer
connections to other switch bays as required.
It is recognised that significant substation expansions may not always be possible without major
switchyard rebuilding and therefore substantial additional costs may result. No allowance has
been made for additional costs associated with rebuilding a substation on an adjacent site or
major relocation of line entries. No allowance has been made for upgrading primary plant or
secondary systems on the existing network because of the very detailed nature of such
investigations which is outside the scope of this study. Nevertheless it should be noted that these
costs can be significant if major upgrading is required.
Powerlink Qld Final Report June 2009 Maintaining a reliable electricity supply to Southern Queensland, and, Final report
augmenting the transmission network in South East Queensland 25 July 2008
5
Ibid; Table 2A Part 2
6
Ibid; page 12
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Addressing fault level issues can also add substantial costs to any augmentation. No allowance
has been made to replace any existing switchgear or line components on account of higher fault
levels that will most likely occur with the type of major augmentations being discussed in this
report. Similarly, it has been assumed that existing plant can be re-used.
No special allowance has been made for additional costs associated with the use of three phase
sets of single phase transformers which may apply for ratings over 400MVA.
In relation to reactive support, where specifically included in the scope, estimates reflect these
costs. However it is recognised that not all reactive support has necessarily been scoped due to
the absence of detailed system studies. The cost of all switched line reactors are included with the
line costs, while shunt capacitors are included in the substation costs.
Series Compensators
Due to the nature of this study, it was not possible to carry out detailed research into the latest
costs of series compensators particularly as they are highly specialised and Australia has only
limited recent experience with this type of plant. SKM has therefore based the cost estimates on
7
the estimates given by PSC. Further, in SKMs view, the technology now on offer such as flexible
AC transmission systems (FACTS) should be given consideration in addition to classic fixed
compensation solutions.
Weather stations
The establishment of weather stations for the purposes of dynamic line rating, has not in the past
been commonly viewed in terms of transmission network building block costs. Therefore specific
cost estimates have been sourced from bottom up estimates carried out recently by SKM. While
ElectraNet has offered an estimated cost of such, SKM has used the alternate SKM estimate
which is slightly higher. In any event, these cost differences are not considered significant.
High Voltage DC technology
HVDC technology, like other power electronics based systems is highly specialised and constantly
evolving. Only the classic HVDC technology has been considered in this study. Cost estimates
have been derived from recent studies conducted by SKM. Comparisons have also been made
8
with estimates published in other recent papers such as PSCs Innamincka Case Study , ABBs
9
2007 estimates for 3000MW +/-500kV bipole installations in the U.S.A., and Andersen Power
Ibid; Part 2 Table 2A

Ranil de Silva and Andrew Robbie, Power Systems Consultants Australia Pty Ltd - Network extensions to remote areas Planning Considerations (Part 1), and Innamincka case study (Part 2), November 2009; Part 2 Table 2B
9
M.P. Bahraman and B.K. Johnson, The ABCs of HVDC transmission technology IEEE Power & Energy Magazine
March/April 2007 Vol.5 No.2
8
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10
Electronic Solutions estimates of December 2005 for augmenting New Zealands transmission
network. The ABB estimates are discussed in Section 5.2.
10
Dr B. R. Andersen of Andersen Power Electronic Solutions Ltd Costing of Power Electronic Equipment for Alternative
Transmission Augmentation into Auckland
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PAGE 10
5. Detailed scope and options analysis

5.1.
Greenfield Option 1.1 500kV AC double circuit line from Wilmington in South
Australia (SA) to Mt Piper in New South Wales (NSW) of 2000MVA capacity
Construct a 500 kV AC double circuit line from Wilmington to Mount Piper (1150 km)
Build a new 275/500 kV substation at Wilmington with 3 x 1000MVA 275/500 kV transformers;

turn in 4 x 275 kV lines into the substation
Extend the Mount Piper 500 kV substation
Install of 2 x 1000 MVA 500 kV phase shift transformers (voltage and angle control) at Mt
Piper indicative rating only
Create two intermediate support switching stations using breaker and half configuration at
Broken Hill and Hillston respectively.
Include 200MVAr line connected shunt reactors at both ends of each line section
Add 50% series compensation progressively on each line section for transfers above
1000MW
Install a 500kV +400,-100 MVAr Static VAR compensator (SVC) on the bus at Wilmington and
Mt Piper
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
Option 1.1 Stage 1 Part 1 - 500kV AC Wilmington S/S
135,987
135,987
Option 1.1 Stage 1 Part 2 - 500kV AC Wilmington to Mt Piper Line 1000MVA
247,344
3,220,000
46,000
3,513,344
Option 1.1 Stage 2 - 500kV AC Wilmington to Mt Piper Add 330MVA
24,200
24,200
24,200
24,200
24,200
24,200
Option 1.1 Optional - 3rd Power Transformer 275/500kV 1000MVA at Wilmington S/S
28,335
28,335
Option 1.1 Total - 500kV AC from SA to NSW 2000MVA
484,265
3,220,000
46,000
3,750,265
Description
Table 1 Option 1.1 Cost Estimate

In view of comments made in Section 4, because of the nature of this study, the difference in
estimated cost between a phase shifting transformer and a regular transformer is not considered
significant in the overall cost estimate for this option, and therefore common transformer building block
prices have been used.
In this option SKM has assumed a switching station near Hillston, a small settlement in central western
NSW roughly halfway between Broken Hill and Mt Piper. This should be considered as a nominal
location only.
It has been assumed that the staged series compensation per line section would yield around
330MVA of increased transfer for each stage.

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PAGE 11
Figure 3 below shows the basis for this estimate:
Figure 3 Option 1.1 500kV AC Wilmington to Mt Piper

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PAGE 12
5.2.
Greenfield Option 1.2 - 500kV DC bi-pole line Wilmington to Mt Piper of

2000MVA capacity
Stage 1
Construct a HVDC line from Wilmington to Mount Piper (1150 km) with both poles strung
Establish converters at the two ends for monopole operation at half of the 2000MVA ultimate
capacity
Establish a 275kV switchyard at Wilmington and turn in 4 x 275 kV circuits into the substation
Establish a HVDC switchyard at Wilmington
Extend the Mount Piper substation and create a 500 kV converter transformer substation and
a HVDC terminal
Install of a +400/-100 MVAr SVC on the 500kV bus at Mt Piper
Install of a +400/-100 MVAr SVC on the 275kV bus at Wilmington
Stage 2
Add converters at the two ends to convert the monopole into a bi-pole and obtain 2000MVA
capacity
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
Option 1.2 Stage 1 - 500kV DC 1000MVA
620,131
1,823,900
46,000
2,490,031
Option 1.2 Stage 2 - 500kV DC Add 1000MVA
492,887
492,887
1,113,018
1,823,900
46,000
2,982,918
Description
Option 1.2 Total - 500kV DC 2000MVA
Table 2 Option 1.2 (Stage 1 & 2) Cost Estimate

Figures 4 and 5 below show the basis for Stages 1 & 2 estimate respectively:

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PAGE 13
WILMINGTON
Davenport
275kV
Converter
DC
AC
+400 -100
MVAr SVC
AC
converter
arrangement f or
1000MVA
monopole
Canowie/
Mokota f ilter
Quad Sulphur conductor - both poles strung
1100km line
+/- 500kV DC
MT PIPER
Converter
500kV
f ilter
+400100
MVAr
SVC
Figure 4 Option 1.2 500kV DC Wilmington to Mt Piper (Stage 1)

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PAGE 14
WILMINGTON
Davenport
275kV
Converters
DC
AC
Canowie/
+400-100
MVAr SVC
Mokota
filter
AC
converter
arrangement f or
2000MVA
bipole
filter
1100km line
+/- 500kV DC
Quad Sulphur conductor
MT PIPER
500kV
f ilter
f ilter
SVC
this option
Figure 5 - Option 1.2 500kV DC Wilmington to Mt Piper (Stage 2)

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PAGE 15
For the purposes of this study, quad sulphur conductor has been assumed in order to keep line losses
below 10% of maximum transfer capacity
Following a specific client request, the relative costs of +/-600kV and +/-800kV have been considered
briefly see below
In relation to the sensitivity of costs to changing voltages and transmission technology, the graph
below (Figure 6) illustrates a view by a major supplier of DC systems. The data is taken from a North
11
American 2007 ABB technical paper further details of which are given in Table A1 of Appendix A.
Comparison of Costs of Providing a 1200km 3000MW

Transmission Link
$3,500
millions of USD
$3,000
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$0
+/- 500kV Bipole +/- 600kV Bipole +/- 800kV Bipole 500kV AC Double
Circuit
TYPE OF TRANSMISSION
Figure 6 Cost Comparison of HVDC and AC Transmission Lines
In comparing the above ABB cost estimates of a 3000MW capacity link with the estimates in this
report for a 2000MW link, the following observations have been made:
There appears to be a linear relationship between expected costs and the chosen voltage of the
DC system.
11
M.P. Bahraman and B.K. Johnson, The ABCs of HVDC transmission technology IEEE Power & Energy Magazine
March/April 2007 Vol.5 No.2
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PAGE 16
From the above graph, the AC option has been shown to be around 80% higher than the DC
option. However in this report the SKM estimated AC option is only 27% higher than the DC
option. In seeking to explain the possible reasons for such a difference, it has been found that
while there is good correlation between the ratio of AC to DC line costs there is a substantial
difference in the ratio of AC substation costs to DC terminal costs.
SKM estimates for the DC converter station costs are substantially higher than those shown in
Table A1 of Appendix A even taking into account the differences in ratings. A possible explanation
is that converter station budget prices are very much market driven. In this case ABB is a major
supplier of converter equipment into the North American market which is quite different to the
Australian market. This reinforces the SKM view that the price of specialised large capital items is
difficult to predict as competitiveness and market conditions tend to play a significant role in the
final price determination.
5.3.
Greenfield Option 2 - 500kV AC double circuit line from Krongart (SA) to

Heywood in Victoria (Vic) of 2000MVA capacity
Construct a 500 kV AC double circuit line from Krongart to Heywood (125 km)
Build a new AC 275/500 kV substation at Krongart with 3 x 1000MVA 275/500 kV

transformers
Turn in 2 x 275 kV lines (Tailem bend to South East) into the new substation
Extend the substation at Heywood with two breaker and half bays and connect the 2 x 500 kV
circuits
Add a +400/-100 MVAr SVC to the 500kV bus at Heywood
Description
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
Option 2 Part 1 - 500kV AC Krongart S/S
82,139
82,139
Option 2 Part 2 - 500kV Krongart to Heywood Line 2000MVA
12,904
350,000
5,000
367,904
Option 2 Optional - +400/-100 MVAr SVC at Heywood S/S
56,737
56,737
Option 2 Optional - 3rd Transformer at Krongart S/S
25,624
25,624
Option 2 Total - 500kV AC from SA to NSW 2000MVA
177,403
350,000
5,000
532,403
Table 3 Option 2 Cost Estimate

Presently the Heywood substation contains minimum switchgear, that is, single breakers as opposed
to breaker and a half. It is understood that this substation is arranged such that development to a
breaker and half configuration may be possible. It is recommended that nothing less than a full breaker
and half switching configuration is warranted for this option.
Reference should also be made to the incremental augmentation option involving the connection of a
third 500/275kV transformer. Breaker and a half configuration is also assumed See Figure 16.
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Figure 7 Option 2 500kV AC Krongart to Heywood

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5.4.
Greenfield Option 3 - 500kV AC double circuit line from Tepko (SA) to Yass
Construct a 500 kV AC double circuit line from Tepko to Yass routed via Horsham and
Shepparton
Construct a 500 kV AC double circuit line from Tepko to Yass (1050 km)
Build a new AC 275/500 kV substation at Tepko with 3 x 1000MVA 275/500 kV transformers;

turn in 4 x 275 kV lines (Tailem bend to Tungkillo) into the substation
Extend the switchyard at Yass and connect the 2 x 500 kV circuits with three 500/330 kV
1000MVA transformers
Create two intermediate support switching stations at Horsham and Shepparton respectively,
with a breaker-and-half configuration
Install 200MVAr line connected shunt reactors at both ends of each line section.
Install 50% series compensation progressively in each line section for transfers above
1000MW
Include a 500kV +400/-100 MVAr SVC at Tepko and Yass substations

Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
Option 3 Stage 1 - 500kV 1000MVA Tepko to Yass
399,772
2,940,000
42,000
3,381,772
Option 3 Stage 2 - 500kV Add 330MVA Tepko to Yass
24,200
24,200
24,200
24,200
24,200
24,200
Option 3 Optional - 3rd Transformer at Tepko S/S
25,446
25,446
Description
Option 3 Optional - 3rd Transformer at Yass S/S
26,408
26,408
Option 3 Total - 500kV from SA to NSW 2000MVA
524,225
2,940,000
42,000
3,506,225
Table 4 - Option 3 Cost Estimate

In view of comments made in Section 4.1.2, because of price volatility and the nature of this study, the
difference in estimated cost between a phase shifting transformer and a regular transformer is not
considered significant in the overall cost estimate for this option, and therefore common transformer
building block prices have been used.
This option supports the Sydenham Shepparton modelled project as described in section 5.7.
It has been assumed that the staged series compensation per line section would yield around
330MVA of increased transfer capacity.

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PAGE 19
Tungkillo
TEPKO
500kV
275kV
+400100
MVAr
costed separately
1000MVA
transformers
350 Km
Tailem Bend
SHEPPARTON
HORSHAM
450 Km
500kV
500kV
*
*
250 Km
All 500kV lines use quad Orange

conductor. Total 500kV line length Yass to
Tepko is 1050km.
YASS
phase shifting
transformers
330kV
500kV
+400-100
MVAr SVC
costed separately
1000MVA
transformer
extends to existing switchyard
= series compensation staged for each section for transfers above 1000MW
Figure 8 Option 3 500kV AC Tepko to Yass

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Option 4 500kV AC Backbone from South Australia to NSW of 2000MVA

capacity
5.5.
As an adjunct to Option 1.1,
Establish a 275/500kV substation at Wilmington and switch the Davenport and

Canowie/Mokota 275kV lines. Terminate 2 x 500kV circuits connecting to the NSW 500kV
network at Mt Piper
Construct a 300km double circuit 500kV line from Wilmington to Tepko and a 340km double
circuit line from Tepko to Krongart
Establish a 275/500kV substation at Tepko and switch the Tungkillo, Tailem Bend and Cherry
Gardens 275kV lines. Separate out the cost of this substation to allow it to be excluded
during further analysis if required.
Establish a 275/500kV substation at Krongart and switch the Tailem Bend and South East
275kV lines
Include +400/-100 MVAr SVCs at each of the South Australian 500kV substations
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
Option 4 - 500kV AC Wilmington - Krongart 2000MVA
214,335
1,792,000
25,600
2,031,935
Option 4 Optional - 500kV Tepko Intermediate S/S
188,372
188,372
Option 4 Optional - 500kV +400/-100 MVAr SVC Installation
53,848
53,848
Option 4 Total - 500kV from SA to NSW Backbone 2000MVA
456,555
1,792,000
25,600
2,274,155
Description

The 500kV works separately costed in Option 1.1 may be added to the cost of this option to obtain a
total cost of a 500kV network in SA connected to the 500kV network at Mt Piper. Note that a third
transformer at Wilmington is not required in this option.
Options 4 and 5 have resulted from a specific client request to compare the cost of 275kV network
reinforcements with the alternate 500kV reinforcement as shown in Figures 7 and 8. Costs have also
been broken up to allow additional variations to be considered as required.
Figure 9 shows the basis for this estimate.

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Figure 9 Option 4 500kV AC Backbone from South Australia to NSW

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Option 5 500kV AC Backbone in South Australia to Victoria
5.6.
As an adjunct to Option 2,
Establish a 275/500kV substation at Wilmington and switch the Davenport and

Canowie/Mokota 275kV lines.
Construct a 300km double circuit 500kV line from Wilmington to Tepko and a 340km double
circuit line from Tepko to Krongart
Establish a 275/500kV substation at Tepko and switch the Tungkillo, Tailem Bend and Cherry
Gardens 275kV lines. Separate out the cost of this substation to allow it to be excluded
during further analysis if required.
Establish a 275/500kV substation at Krongart and switch the Tailem Bend and South East
275kV lines
At Krongart, terminate 2 x 500kV circuits connecting to the Victorian network at Heywood as

per option 2
Include +400/-100 MVAr SVCs at each of the South Australian 500kV substations
Description
Option 5 - 500kV AC Wilmington - Krongart 2000MVA
Option 5 Optional - 500kV Tepko Intermediate S/S
Option 5 Optional - 500kV +400/-100 MVAr SVC Installation
Option 5 Total - 500kV AC SA to VIC Backbone 2000MVA
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
214,335
188,372
53,848
456,555
1,792,000
0
0
1,792,000
25,600
0
0
25,600
2,031,935
188,372
53,848
2,274,155

The part of the works separately costed in Option 2 may be added to the cost of this option to obtain a
total cost of a 500kV network in SA connected to the 500kV network in Victoria.

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Figure 10 Option 5 500kV AC Backbone from South Australia to Victoria

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5.7.
Modelled Projects in Vic/NSW 500kV AC double circuit line from Sydenham

(Vic) to Shepparton (Vic) of 2000MVA
Construct a 500 kV AC double circuit line from Sydenham to Shepparton (170 km)
Extend the switchyard at Shepparton
Extend the switchyard at Sydenham
Description
Supporting Model 1 - 500kV Sydenham to Shepparton
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
45,605
476,000
6,800
528,405
Table 7 - Modelled Project #1 Cost Estimate

This estimate assumes the establishment of a new 500kV switchyard at Shepparton under Option 3.
Figure 11 Modelled Project #1 500kV AC Sydenham to Shepparton

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5.8.
Modelled Projects in Vic/NSW 500kV AC double circuit line from Yass (NSW)
to Bannaby (NSW) of 2000MVA capacity
Construct a 500 kV AC double circuit line from Yass to Bannaby (120 km)
Extend the 500kV switchyard at Yass
Extend the 500kV switchyard at Bannaby
Description
Supporting Model 2 - 500kV Yass to Bannaby
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
37,951
336,000
4,800
378,751
Table 8 Modelled Project #2 Cost Estimate

This estimate assumes Yass 500kV substation has been established (see Option 3).
It is assumed that the existing 4 breaker mesh at Bannaby can be reconfigured into a full breaker and
a half arrangement as shown and that all existing breakers can be re-used.
Figure 12 Modelled Project #2 500kV AC Yass to Bannaby

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5.9.
Supporting Modelled Project Vic to NSW 330kV AC Single Circuit Line from
South Morang (Vic) to Dederang (Vic) to Wagga (NSW) to Bannaby (NSW) of
1000MVA Capacity
Construct a 500km 330 kV AC single circuit line with twin Mango conductor , from South
Morang Dederang Jindera Wagga Barnaby (all 330kV Substations)
Install of 50% series compensation on the South Morang to Dederang line
Extend switchyards at South Morang, Dederang, Jindera, Wagga (all 330kV Substations)
Description
Supporting Model 3 - 330kV South Morang to Bannaby
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
32,186
426,240
25,600
484,026


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Figure 13 Modelled Project #3 330kV AC South Morang to Bannaby

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5.10.
Supporting Modelled Project in SA - rebuild 275kV line to a double circuit line

Rebuild Davenport-Brinkworth-Para as a 275 kV AC double circuit built with twin sulphur

conductors (280 km)
Establish 2 x 275kV breaker and half bays at Brinkworth
Add 2 x 275kV breakers at Davenport and at Para for each feeder
Description
Supporting Model 4 - 275kV Davenport to Para
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
19,570
221,200
11,200
251,970

No allowance has been made for the removal of the existing single circuit 275kV line as this cost is not
considered significant in the context of this study. However it should be taken into account for inclusion
in more detailed assessments as costs can escalate depending on the conditions imposed on the
asset owner.
It is possible that easements will need to be revised for the two new double circuit lines if a new
environmental impact assessment (EIA) or review of environmental factors (REF) is required. It is
possible that such reviews will result in minor route changes.
Figure 14 shows the basis for this estimate:

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Figure 14 Modelled Project #4 275kV AC Davenport to Para

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PAGE 30
5.11.
Supporting Modelled Projects in South Australia 275kV AC double circuit

line from Krongart to Tepko of 1200MVA capacity
Construct a new Krongart to Tepko 275 kV AC double circuit line using twin sulphur
conductors (340 km)
Add 2 x 275kV breakers at Krongart and at Tepko for each feeder
Description
Supporting Model 5 - 275kV Krongart to Tepko
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
24,772
268,600
13,600
306,972

Options 2 and 3 refer to the establishment of Krongart and Tepko respectively. It is understood that
both of these substations would not co-exist prior to the new 275kV line. With reference to Figure 14,
SKM has assumed that Krongart simply requires extension to accommodate the new 275kV line while
Tepko is to be established for the existing Tailem Bend to Tungkillo lines to be switched and the new
line to be terminated. If the reverse order of constructing these substations is considered, then the
estimate should be similar, as the scope of work is essentially the same apart from site specific issues.
It is possible that some rationalisation of switching at Tepko or Krongart could be made saving up to
two breakers. No allowance has been made for this.

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Figure 15 Modelled Project #5 275kV AC Tepko to Krongart

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5.12.
Augmentation Option 1 Real time rate 132kV lines Robertstown (SA) to

Monash (SA)
Install 5 additional Weather Stations as per ElectraNet standard
Install an additional 30MVAr 132kV Capacitor bank at Monash Substation (in addition to the
reactive support in ElectraNets Annual Planning Report)
Description
Augmentation Option 1 - Install Weather Stations & 132kV Cap Bank
Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
2,114
2,114
Table 12 - Augmentation Option 1 Cost Estimate

Only the 132kV capacitor bank has been estimated for this option. There is no diagram associated
with this Option.
5.13.
Augmentation Option 2 1st stage 3rd Heywood (Vic) 500/275kV transformer

and Capacitor Bank at South East substation (SA)
The original scope was described as follows;
At Heywood terminal station, add a third 500/275kV 370MVA, transformer.
Redevelop both the 275kV and 500kV switchyards to full breaker and a half configuration and
terminate all existing lines (see comments below)
Add 200MVAr 500kV capacitor bank at Heywood
Add a 100MVAr 275kV capacitor bank at South East Substation

Substation
($ '000)
T/Line
($ '000)
Easements
($ '000)
Total
($ '000)
Augmentation Option 2 Stage 1 Part 1 - 3rd Heywood Transformer
55,985
55,985
Augmentation Option 2 Stage 1 Part 2 - 500kV 200MVAr Capacitor Bank at Heywood S/S
6,888
6,888
288
288
Augmentation Option 2 Stage 3 - 275kV Series Compensation SA
27,961
27,961
Augmentation Option 2 Total - Heywood S/S & Line Capacity Upgrade
91,122
91,122
Description
Augmentation Option 2 Stage 2 - Weather Stations
Table 13 - Augmentation Option 2 Cost Estimate

The existing Heywood substation has a non-conventional switching arrangement for both the 500kV
and 275kV switchyards and the original scope sought to simply extend the existing facility. However
subsequent discussions with the client resulted in an agreement to estimate on the basis of conversion
to a full breaker and a half configuration. SKM is of the view that this is a more appropriate course of
action.
No allowance has been made for any additional property which may be required in the redevelopment
of the switchyards.
Figure 16 below shows the basis for the estimate of Stage 1:

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PAGE 33
rd
Figure 16 Augmentation Option 2 Stage 1 3 Transformer at Heywood and Capacitor Bank

at South East & Heywood

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PAGE 34
5.14.
Augmentation Option 2 - 2nd Stage: Real Time Rate South East to Heywood
275 kV transmission lines
Install four (4) additional Weather Stations as per ElectraNet standard
Note only the weather stations have been estimated for this option.
See Table 13 for the cost estimate.
There is no diagram associated with this estimate.
5.15.
Augmentation Option 2 3rd stage Install series compensation for the

Tailem Bend (SA) to South East 275kV line (SA)
Install 50% series compensation on the 275kV double circuit transmission line between
Tailem Bend and South East Substations
Install a +160/ -40 MVAr 275kV SVC at Tailem Bend Substation
See Table 13 for the cost estimate.

Figure 17 below shows the basis for the estimate of Stage 3:

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Figure 17 Augmentation Option 2 Stage 3 Series Compensation Between Tailem Bend &
South East
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PAGE 36
6. Conclusions
In this pre-feasibility study, the focus has been on high level cost estimating of a number of large
network augmentations and a number of incremental augmentations. Based on the brief, the time
allotted for the study and the information available at the time, SKM suggests that this study falls into
the category of a pre-feasibility study.
This study found that the estimated cost of the high capacity long distance network options ranged
from $2,982M to $3,750M while the low capacity augmentation options ranged from $2M to $28M.
Supporting options ranged from $252M to $528M. Appendix A Table A2 sets out a summary of costs
for each option while Appendix A Table A3 summarises the key technical parameters assumed in this
study.
In comparing the high capacity 500kV AC and DC options, this study found that the HVAC option is
somewhat more expensive than the HVDC option for a similar power transfer capacity and distance.
The magnitude of the cost difference is highly dependent on the cost of converter stations and line
costs.
All of the cost estimates for options that involve long transmission lines, are very sensitive to the per
km cost of those lines and because of this it is recommended that more detailed analysis into line
costs should be undertaken due to the volatility of construction costs in the last 5-6 years. In addition
environmental issues are having a continuing impact on the type of lines that the community will
accept and the route options. All of these impacts almost certainly drive line and easement costs
upwards.
SKM found that the cost estimates used for converter stations are in the same range as PSCs
12
estimates but somewhat different to the ABB estimates shown in Table A1 of Appendix A. Because
of the difficulty in arriving at a reliable estimate for this type of equipment as discussed in this report, it
is strongly recommended that further study of prices, preferably with input from manufacturers and
overseas utility experience, should be undertaken if advancing from the pre-feasibility stage.
In relation to the sensitivity of costs in comparing 275kV reinforcement options in South Australia with
alternative 500kV options, a breakup of costs for major 500kV network components has been provided
to allow comparisons to be made depending on the extent to which reinforcements are to be further
analysed.
Like a number of similar previous studies, SKM has used indicative costs for series compensators. In
order to obtain a better understanding of the expected price range of these and allied devices, SKM
suggests that further research needs to be undertaken with input from major suppliers of this type of
equipment as discussed above. Even then, pricing is normally a commercially sensitive area and it is
often the case that suppliers will give a range of budget prices which may or may not reflect actual
12
Ranil de Silva and Andrew Robbie, Power Systems Consultants Australia Pty Ltd - Network extensions to remote areas Planning Considerations (Part 1), and Innamincka case study (Part 2), November 2009; Part 2 report Table 2B
rev2-1.docx
PAGE 37
tender prices. Secondly, this technology is constantly evolving and a greater range of design options is
now available. Flexible AC transmission Systems (FACTS) and similar devices, present to the
transmission system developer a greater range of solutions than was generally available 10 years ago.

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PAGE 38
7. Appendix A
Table A1 Comparative Costs of HVDC and EHV AC Transmission Alternatives
Table A2 Summary of costs
Table A3 Summary of technical details

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PAGE 39

Feasibility Transsmission

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Feasibility Study Estimates for Transmission

Feasibility Study Estimates

Sinclair Knight Merz

Feasibility Study Estimates for Transmission Network Extensions

Approach and assumptions

Detailed scope and options analysis

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

Feasibility Study Estimates for Transmission Network Extensions

Document history and status

Final Rev 2.1

Client, 16 April 2010

Client, 30 April 2010

Client, 21 May 2010

Client, 08 June 2010

Client, 16 November 2010

18 November 2010 05:02 PM

Australian Energy Market Operator

Feasibility Study Estimates for Transmission Network Extensions

AEMO-ElectraNet Feasibility Study Estimates report

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

Figure 1 - South East Australian transmission networks

Source of map: AEMO

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

4. Approach and assumptions

Product capacity and

Most Quantity TakeOff. Very little

Figure 2 - Stages in engineering cost estimating

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

All new substations require duplicated communication paths

All new substations / switching stations to be AIS

Additions to existing substations to be as per the existing arrangements at those substations

Twin Sulphur conductors to be used for 275kV lines

Twin Olive conductors to be used for 330kV lines

Cost estimating assumptions used by SKM

Ibid; Part 2 Table 2A

5. Detailed scope and options analysis

Build a new 275/500 kV substation at Wilmington with 3 x 1000MVA 275/500 kV transformers;

Extend the Mount Piper 500 kV substation

Option 1.1 Stage 1 Part 1 - 500kV AC Wilmington S/S

Option 1.1 Stage 1 Part 2 - 500kV AC Wilmington to Mt Piper Line 1000MVA

Option 1.1 Stage 2 - 500kV AC Wilmington to Mt Piper Add 330MVA

Option 1.1 Stage 3 - 500kV AC Wilmington to Mt Piper Add 330MVA

Option 1.1 Stage 4 - 500kV AC Wilmington to Mt Piper Add 330MVA

Option 1.1 Total - 500kV AC from SA to NSW 2000MVA

Table 1 Option 1.1 Cost Estimate

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

Figure 3 below shows the basis for this estimate:

Figure 3 Option 1.1 500kV AC Wilmington to Mt Piper

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

Greenfield Option 1.2 - 500kV DC bi-pole line Wilmington to Mt Piper of

Establish a HVDC switchyard at Wilmington

Install of a +400/-100 MVAr SVC on the 500kV bus at Mt Piper

Install of a +400/-100 MVAr SVC on the 275kV bus at Wilmington

Option 1.2 Stage 1 - 500kV DC 1000MVA

Option 1.2 Stage 2 - 500kV DC Add 1000MVA

Option 1.2 Total - 500kV DC 2000MVA

Table 2 Option 1.2 (Stage 1 & 2) Cost Estimate

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ

Quad Sulphur conductor - both poles strung

Figure 4 Option 1.2 500kV DC Wilmington to Mt Piper (Stage 1)

SINCLAIR KNIGHT MERZ