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2 Christianity
Main articles: Exorcism in Christianity and Exorcism in
the Catholic Church
See also: Minor exorcism in the Catholic Church
In Christianity, exorcism is the practice of casting out
ing by oath) is the religious or spiritual practice of evicting demons or other spiritual entities from a person or an
area they are believed to have possessed.[1] Depending on
the spiritual beliefs of the exorcist, this may be done by
causing the entity to swear an oath, performing an elaborate ritual, or simply by commanding it to depart in the
name of a higher power. The practice is ancient and part
of the belief system of many cultures and religions.
ISLAM
2.1
Catholic
Hinduism
Beliefs and practices pertaining to the practice of exorcism are prominently connected with Hindus. Of the four
Vedas (holy books of the Hindus), the Atharva Veda is
said to contain the secrets related to exorcism,[13] magic
and alchemy.[14][15] The basic means of exorcism are the
mantra and the yajna used in both Vedic and Tantric traditions. Vaishnava traditions also employ a recitation of
4 Islam
Main article: Exorcism in Islam
In Islam, exorcism is called ruqya. It is used to repair
the damage caused by sihr or black magic. Exorcisms
today are part of a wider body of contemporary Islamic
3
alternative medicine called al-Tibb al-Nabawi (Medicine symptoms associated with physical or mental illnesses,
of the Prophet).[17]
such as hysteria, mania, psychosis, Tourettes syndrome,
schizophrenia or dissociative identity disorIslamic exorcisms consist of the treated person lying epilepsy,
[21][22][23][24][25][26]
der.
down, while a sheikh places a hand on a patients head
while reciting verses from the Quran.[17] The drinking of Additionally, there is a form of monomania called deholy water (Zamzam Water from Zamzam Well ) may monomania or demonopathy in which the patient believes
also take place.[18]
that he or she is possessed by one or more demons.[27]
Specic verses from the Quran are recited, which glorify The illusion that exorcism works on people experiencing
by some to placebo
God (e.g. The Throne Verse (Arabic: Ay- symptoms of possession is attributed
[28][29]
eect
and
the
power
of
suggestion.
Some cases sugatul Kursi)), and invoke Gods help. In some cases, the
gest
that
supposedly
possessed
persons
are
actually naradhan/"ah-zan (the call for daily prayers) is also read, as
cissists
or
are
suering
from
low
self-esteem
and act dethis has the eect of repelling non-angelic unseen beings
[30]
monically
possessed
in
order
to
gain
attention.
or the jinn.
Within the scientic community, the work of psychiatrist
M. Scott Peck, a believer in exorcism, generated signicant debate and derision. Much was made of his association with (and admiration for) the controversial Malachi
Martin, a Roman Catholic priest and a former Jesuit, despite the fact that Peck consistently called Martin a liar
and manipulator.[31][32] Other criticisms leveled against
5 Judaism
Peck included claims that he had transgressed the boundaries of professional ethics by attempting to persuade his
Josephus reports exorcisms performed by administer- patients to accept Christianity.[31]
ing poisonous root extracts and others by making
sacrices.[19] The Dead Sea Scrolls mention that exorcisms were done by the Essene branch of Judaism.
7 Exorcism and mental illness
The Islamic prophet Muhammad taught his followers to
read the last three suras from the Quran, Surat al-Ikhlas
(The Fidelity), Surat al-Falaq (The Dawn) and Surat alNas (Mankind).
One scholar has described psychosurgery as Neurosurgical Exorcisms, with trepanation having been widely used
to release demons from the brain[33] Meanwhile, another
scholar has equated psychotherapy with exorcism.[34]
Scientic view
Demonic possession is not a valid psychiatric or medical diagnosis recognized by either the DSM-V or the
ICD-10. Those who profess a belief in demonic
possession have sometimes ascribed to possession the
Anneliese Michel was a Catholic woman from Germany who was said to be possessed by six or
more demons and subsequently underwent a secret
ten-month-long voluntary exorcism in 1975. Two
motion pictures, The Exorcism of Emily Rose and
9
Requiem are loosely based on Annelieses story. The
documentary movie Exorcism of Anneliese Michel
[37]
(in Polish, with English subtitles) features the
original audio tapes from the exorcism. The two
priests and her parents were convicted of negligent
manslaughter for failing to call a medical doctor to
address her eating disorder as she died weighing only
68 pounds. The case has been labelled a misidentication of mental illness, negligence, abuse, and
religious hysteria.
Bobby Jindal, governor of Louisiana, wrote an essay
in 1994 about his personal experience of performing
an exorcism on an intimate friend named Susan
while in college.[38]
Michael Taylor in 1974.[39]
A boy identied as Robbie Mannheim,[40][41] was
the subject of an exorcism in 1949, which became
the chief inspiration for The Exorcist, a horror novel
and lm written by William Peter Blatty, who heard
about the case while he was a student in the class of
1950 at Georgetown University. Robbie was taken
into the care of Rev. Luther Miles Schulze, the boys
Lutheran pastor, after psychiatric and medical doctors were unable to explain the disturbing events associated with the teen; the minister then referred
the boy to Rev. Edward Hughes, who performed
the rst exorcism on the teen.[42] The subsequent
exorcism was partially performed in both Cottage
City, Maryland and Bel-Nor, Missouri[43] by Father
William S. Bowdern, S.J., Father Raymond Bishop
S.J. and a then Jesuit scholastic Fr. Walter Halloran,
S.J.[44]
Salvador Dal is reputed to have received an exorcism from Italian friar Gabriele Maria Berardi while
he was in France in 1947. Dal created a sculpture of
Christ on the cross that he gave the friar in thanks.[45]
Clara Germana Cele was a South African school girl
who claimed to be possessed in 1906.[46]
Johann Blumhardt performed the exorcism of Gottliebin Dittus over a two-year period in Mttlingen, Germany from 18421844. Pastor Blumhardts
parish subsequently experienced growth marked by
confession and healing, which he attributed to the
successful exorcism.[47][48]
George Lukins in 1778.[49]
Cultural references
CULTURAL REFERENCES
5
Penn & Teller: Bullshit! (Showtime TV series) Season 5, Episode 5 Exorcism, air date: April 19,
2007. Provides some skeptical commentary on the
usefulness and scientic validity of exorcisms.
Babylon 5: The Lost Tales (2007 direct-to-DVD
anthology) has one episode where a worker arrives
back on the Babylon 5 space station after a trip to
Earth with a biblical demon possessing him, and one
of the few remaining priests (religion is waning) is
requested to exorcise the demon... a request made
by the demon itself!
1920 (2008 Bollywood movie)
True Blood (2008 HBO television series)
Paranormal State (2008 A&E TV series)
The Unborn (2009 lm)
The Last Exorcism (2010 American mockumentary
horror lm)
Exorcismus (2010 horror lm)
The Rite (2011 lm)
Season of the Witch (2011 lm)
6 Days on Earth (2011 lm)
The Devil Inside (2012 lm)
The Possession (2012 lm)
American Horror Story: Asylum (2012 FX TV series)
The Conjuring (2013 lm)
The Last Exorcism Part II (2013 lm)
Pazuzu (2014 lm)
Exorcism (2014 lm)
Penny Dreadful (2014 Showtime TV series)
Natsumes Book of Friends (2005 Japanese manga
and later anime series by Yuki Midorikawa)
11 References
[1] Jacobs, Louis (1999). Exorcism. Oxford Reference Online (Oxford University Press). Retrieved 24 Jan 2011.
[2] Martin, M (1992). Hostage to the Devil: The Possession and Exorcism of Five Contemporary Americans. San
Francisco: Harper San Francisco. p. 120.
[3] Mohr, M. D., & Royal, K. D. (2012). Investigating the
Practice of Christian Exorcism and the Methods Used to
Cast out Demons, Journal of Christian Ministry, 4, p.
35. Available at: http://journalofchristianministry.org/
article/view/10287/7073.
[4] Malachi M. (1976) Hostage to the Devil: the possession
and exorcism of ve living Americans. San Francisco,
Harpercollins p. 462 ISBN 0-06-065337-X
[5] Libreria Editrice Vaticana; Pope John Paul II, eds. (April
28, 2000), Part II: The Celebration of The Christian Mystery, Section II: The Seven Sacraments of The
Church, Chapter IV: Other Liturgical Celebrations, Catechism of the Catholic Church (2ND ed.) (Citta del Vaticano: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops):
928, ISBN 978-1-57455-110-5, retrieved Feb 15, 2012
|chapter= ignored (help)
[6] THE ROMAN RITUAL Translated by PHILIP T.
WELLER, S.T.D.
[7] http://www.liturgia.it/ritrom.pdf
MANUM
RITUALE
RO-
10
See also
Exorcist
Maha Sohona
Deliverance ministry
International Association of Exorcists
Kecak
List of exorcists
Yoruba religion
Gay exorcism
[17] http://www.theblaze.com/stories/
some-asian-muslims-giving-up-western-meds-for-islamic-exorcisms-treatm
[18] http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/14/214122.
html
12 FURTHER READING
[38] http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/05/
bobby-jindal-exorcised-his-college-girlfriend
[39] Bill Ellis. Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and
the Media. University Press of Kentucky. p. 97.
[40] Powers of the mind. TV Books. May 1999. ISBN 9781-57500-028-2. Retrieved 2007-12-31. The Reverend
Luther Miles Schulze, was called in to help and took
Mannheim to his home where he could study the phenomenon at close range;
[41] Paranormal Experiences. Unicorn Books. 2009-0608. ISBN 978-81-7806-166-5. Retrieved 2007-1231. A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert
Mannheim, started using an...The Reverend Luther Miles
Schulze, who was called to look into the matter,...
[42] A Faraway Ancient Country. Lulu. 2007. ISBN 978-0615-15801-3. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
[43] St. Louis News Hell of a House
[44] Part I The Haunted Boy: the Inspiration for the Exorcist
[45] Dalis gift to exorcist uncovered Catholic News 14 October 2005
[46] Rosemary Guiley. The Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology. Infobase Publishing. p. 12.
[47] Blumhardts Battle: A Conict With Satan. Thomas E.
Lowe, LTD. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
[48] Friedrich Zuendel. The Awakening: One Mans Battle
With Darkness. The Plough. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
[49] Tessa Harris. The Devils Breath. Kensington Books. p.
349.
12 Further reading
Gabriele Amorth. (1999). An Exorcist Tells His
Story. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
Barry Beyerstein. (1995). Dissociative States:
Possession and Exorcism. In Gordon Stein (ed.).
The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus
Books. pp. 54452. ISBN 1-57392-021-5
David M. Kiely and Christina McKenna. (2007).
The Dark Sacrament : True Stories of Modern-Day
Demon Possession and Exorcism. HarperOne. ISBN
0-06-123816-3
Malachi Martin. (1976). Hostage to the Devil: The
Possession and Exorcism of Five Living Americans.
ISBN 0-06-065337-X
M. Scott Peck. (2005). Glimpses of the Devil: A
Psychiatrists Personal Accounts of Possession, Exorcism, and Redemption.
7
Josephine McCarthy. (2010). The Exorcists Handbook. Golem Media Publishers. ISBN 978-1933993-91-1
Girolamo Menghi, Gaetano Paxia. (2002). The
Devils Scourge Exorcism during the Italian Renaissance. Weiser Books.
Kazuhiro Tajima-Pozo et al. (2011). Practicing exorcism in schizophrenia. Case Reports.
Frederick M. Smith. (2006). The Self Possessed:
Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature
and Civilization. New York: Columbia University
Press. ISBN 0-231-13748-6
William Trethowan. (1976). Exorcism: A Psychiatric Viewpoint. Journal of Medical Ethics 2: 127
37.
Walter F. Williams. (2000). Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy.
Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 10304
Catechism of the Catholic Church, nn. 39195;
407.409.414.
13
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