Sensors in Photography

2/10/2015
ImagesensorWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Imagesensor
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Animagesensorisadevicethatconvertsanopticalimageinto
anelectronicsignal.Itisusedmostlyindigitalcameras,camera
modulesandotherimagingdevices.Earlyanalogsensorswere
videocameratubescurrentlyusedtypesaresemiconductor
chargecoupleddevices(CCD)oractivepixelsensorsin
complementarymetaloxidesemiconductor(CMOS)orNtype
metaloxidesemiconductor(NMOS,LiveMOS)technologies.
Contents
1CCDvsCMOS
2Performance
3Colorseparation
4Specialtysensors
ACCDimagesensoronaflexible
circuitboard
5Sensorsusedindigitalcameras
6Companies
7Seealso
8References
9Externallinks
CCDvsCMOS
Today,mostdigitalstillcamerasuseeitheraCCDimagesensor
oraCMOSsensor.Bothtypesofsensoraccomplishthesame
taskofcapturinglightandconvertingitintoelectricalsignals.
Amicrographofthecornerofthe
photosensorarrayofawebcam
digitalcamera
EachcellofaCCDimagesensorisananalogdevice.Whenlight
strikesthechipitisheldasasmallelectricalchargeineach
photosensor.Thechargesareconvertedtovoltageonepixelata
timeastheyarereadfromthechip.Additionalcircuitryinthe
cameraconvertsthevoltageintodigitalinformation.
ACMOSimagingchipisatypeofactivepixelsensormade
usingtheCMOSsemiconductorprocess.Extracircuitrynextto
eachphotosensorconvertsthelightenergytoavoltage.
Additionalcircuitryonthechipmaybeincludedtoconvertthe
voltagetodigitaldata.
Imagesensoronthemotherboardofa
NikonCoolpixL26MP
Neithertechnologyhasaclearadvantageinimagequality.On
onehand,CCDsensorsaremoresusceptibletoverticalsmear
frombrightlightsourceswhenthesensorisoverloadedhighendCMOSsensorsinturndonotsuffer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor
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fromthisproblem.Ontheotherhand,cheaperCMOSsensorsaresusceptibletoundesiredeffectsthat
comeasaresultofrollingshutter.
CMOSsensorscanpotentiallybeimplementedwithfewercomponents,uselesspower,and/orprovide
fasterreadoutthanCCDsensors.CCDisamorematuretechnologyandisinmostrespectstheequalof
CMOS.[1][2]CMOSsensorsarelessexpensivetomanufacturethanCCDsensors.
AnotherhybridCCD/CMOSarchitecture,soldunderthename"sCMOS,"consistsofCMOSreadout
integratedcircuits(ROICs)thatarebumpbondedtoaCCDimagingsubstrateatechnologythatwas
developedforinfraredstaringarraysandnowadaptedtosiliconbaseddetectortechnology.[3]Another
approachistoutilizetheveryfinedimensionsavailableinmodernCMOStechnologytoimplementa
CCDlikestructureentirelyinCMOStechnology.Thiscanbeachievedbyseparatingindividualpoly
silicongatesbyaverysmallgap.Thesehybridsensorsarestillintheresearchphaseandcanpotentially
harnessthebenefitsofbothCCDandCMOSimagers.[4]
ThenewersensortechnologyisBacksideilluminatedCMOS(BSICMOS)whichuseslesselectricity
thantraditionalCMOSwithbetterperformancethanCCD,solowerendcamerasstilluseCCDsensors
suchasthoseimplementedbyFujifilminitsBridgecameras.CCDsensorsarerarelyusedinnew
models,exceptforveryhighpixelcount,bigsensorcameraswhichstilluseCCDs.
Performance
Therearemanyparametersthatcanbeusedtoevaluatetheperformanceofanimagesensor,including
dynamicrange,signaltonoiseratio,andlowlightsensitivity.Forsensorsofcomparabletypes,the
signaltonoiseratioanddynamicrangeimproveasthesizeincreases.
Colorseparation
Thereareseveralmaintypesofcolorimagesensors,differingbythe
typeofcolorseparationmechanism:
Bayerfiltersensor,lowcostandmostcommon,usinga
colorfilterarraythatpassesred,green,orbluelightto
selectedpixelsensors,forminginterlacedgridssensitiveto
red,green,andbluethemissingcolorsamplesare
interpolatedusingademosaicingalgorithm.Inordertoavoid
Bayerpatternonsensor
interpolatedcolorinformation,techniqueslikecolorcosite
samplinguseapiezomechanismtoshiftthecolorsensorin
pixelsteps.TheBayerfiltersensorsalsoincludeback
illuminatedsensors,wherethelightentersthesensitivesilicon
fromtheoppositesideofwherethetransistorsandmetal
wiresare,suchthatthemetalconnectionsonthedevicesside
Foveon'sschemeofvertical
filteringforcolorsensing
arenotanobstacleforthelight,andtheefficiencyis
higher.[5][6]
FoveonX3sensor,usinganarrayoflayeredpixelsensors,separatinglightviatheinherent
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wavelengthdependentabsorptionpropertyofsilicon,suchthateverylocationsensesallthree
colorchannels.
3CCD,usingthreediscreteimagesensors,withthecolorseparationdonebyadichroicprism.
Specialtysensors
Specialsensorsareusedinvariousapplicationssuchasthermography,creationofmultispectralimages,
videolaryngoscopes,gammacameras,sensorarraysforxrays,andotherhighlysensitivearraysfor
astronomy.
Untilnowalldigitalcamerasuseaflatsensor,butin2014Sonyhasaprototypeofacurvedsensor
whichwillreduce/eliminatePetzvalfieldcurvaturethatoccurswithaflatsensor.Althoughitisa
prototypedesign,itispossiblethecurvedsensorwillbeimplementedinSony'snewfixedlenscameraat
theendof2014.Useofacurvedsensorallowsashorterandsmallerdiameterofthelenswithreduced
elementsandcomponentswithgreaterapertureandreducedfalllightoffattheedgeofthephoto.[7]
Sensorsusedindigitalcameras
Width
Height
Aspect
(px)
(px)
ratio
100
100
640
1:1
Actual
pixel
Megapixels
Cameraexamples
count
Kodak(byStevenSasson)
10,000
0.01
480
307,200
0.3
AppleQuickTake100(1994)
832
608
505,856
0.5
CanonPowershot600(1996)
1,024
768
786,432
0.8
OlympusD300L(1996)
1024
1024
1,048,576
1.0
NikonNASAF4(1991)
1,280
960
1,228,800
1.3
FujifilmDS300(1997)
1:1
Prototype(1975)
FujifilmMX700,FujifilmMX
1,280
1,024
5:4
1,310,720
1.3
1700(1999),LeicaDigilux
(1998),LeicaDigiluxZoom
(2000)
1,600
1,200
1,920,000
2,012
1,324
2,663,888
2.74
2,048
1,536
3,145,728
NikonCoolpix950,Samsung
GTS3500
NikonD1
CanonPowerShotA75,Nikon
Coolpix995
OlympusStylus410,Contax
3/9
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2,272
1,704
3,871,488
i4R(althoughCCDisactually
square2,2722,272)
2,464
1,648
4,060,672
4.1
Canon1D
OlympusE1,SonyCybershot
2,560
1,920
4,915,200
DSCF707,SonyCybershot
DSCF717
2,816
2,112
5,947,392
5.9
OlympusStylus600Digital
D100,NikonD40,D50,D70,
D70s,PentaxK100D,Konica
3,008
2,000
6,016,000
MinoltaMaxxum7D,Konica
MinoltaMaxxum5D,EpsonR
D1
CanonEOS10D,CanonEOS
3,072
2,048
6,291,456
6.3
3,072
2,304
7,077,888
3,456
2,304
7,962,624
300D
OlympusFE210,Canon
PowerShotA620
CanonEOS350D
OlympusE500,OlympusSP
3,264
2,448
7,990,272
350,CanonPowerShotA720IS,
Nokia701,HTCDesireHD,
AppleiPhone4S
3,504
2,336
8,185,344
8.2
1DMarkII,CanonEOS1D
MarkIIN
3,520
2,344
8,250,880
8.25
CanonEOS20D
CanonPowerShotG11,Canon
PowerShotG12,Canon
PowerShotS90,Canon
3,648
2,736
9,980,928
10
PowerShotS95,NikonCoolPix
P7000,NikonCoolPixP7100,
OlympusE410,OlympusE
510,PanasonicFZ50,Fujifilm
FinePixHS10,SamsungEX1
NikonD40x,NikonD60,Nikon
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3,872
2,592
10,036,224
10
D3000,NikonD200,Nikon
D80,PentaxK10D,Pentax
K200D,SonyAlphaA100
3,888
2,592
10,077,696
10.1
4,064
2,704
10,989,056
11
400D,CanonEOS1000D
CanonEOS1Ds
CanonPowershotG9,Fujifilm
4,000
3,000
12,000,000
12
FinePixS200EXR,Nikon
CoolpixL110,KodakEasyshare
MaxZ990
NikonD3,NikonD3S,Nikon
4,256
2,832
12,052,992
12.1
4,272
2,848
12,166,656
12.2
CanonEOS450D
4,032
3,024
12,192,768
12.2
OlympusPENEP1
D700,FujifilmFinePixS5Pro
NikonD2Xs/D2X,NikonD300,
4,288
2,848
12,212,224
12.2
NikonD300S,NikonD90,
NikonD5000,PentaxKx
4,900
2,580
12,642,000
12.6
REDONEMysterium
4,368
2,912
12,719,616
12.7
CanonEOS5D
5,120
2,700
13,824,000
13.8
REDMysteriumX
7,920
SigmaSD14,SigmaDP1(3
(2,640 1,760
13,939,200
13.9
3)
layersofpixels,4.7MPper
layer,inFoveonX3sensor)
4,672
3,104
14,501,888
14.5
4,752
3,168
15,054,336
15.1
PentaxK20D,PentaxK7
500D,SigmaSD1
FujifilmXPro1,FujifilmXE1
4,896
3,264
15,980,544
16.0
(XTranssensorhasadifferent
patterntoaBayersensor)
4,928
3,262
16,075,136
16.1
4,992
3,328
16,613,376
16.6
NikonD7000,NikonD5100,
PentaxK5
CanonEOS1DsMarkII,
CanonEOS1DMarkIV
5/9
2/10/2015
CanonEOS7D,CanonEOS
5,184
3,456
17,915,904
17.9
60D,CanonEOS600D,Canon
EOS550D,CanonEOS650D,
CanonEOS700D
4,928
3,696
18,200,000
18.2
SonyHX20
5,270
3,516
18,529,320
18.5
LeicaM9,REDDragon
5,616
3,744
21,026,304
21.0
CanonEOS1DsMarkIII,
CanonEOS5DMarkII
Sony850,Sony900,Sony
6,048
4,032
24,385,536
24.4
Alpha99,NikonD3Xand
NikonD600
26,419,600
26.4
LeicaS1(linescanner,1997)[8]
4,912
36,152,320
36.2
NikonD800,SonyAlpha7R
7,500
5,000
37,500,000
37.5
LeicaS2
7,212
5,142
39,031,344
39.0
HasselbladH3DII39
7,216
5,412
39,052,992
39.1
LeicaRCD100
7,264
5,440
39,516,160
39.5
Pentax645D
7,320
5,484
40,142,880
40.1
PhaseOneIQ140
7,728
5,368
41,483,904
41.5
Nokia808PureView
8,176
6,132
50,135,232
50.1
11,250
5,000
56,250,000
56.3
8,956
6,708
60,076,848
60.1
8,984
6,732
60,480,288
60.5
10,320
7,752
80,000,640
80
10,328
7,760
80,145,280
80.1
PhaseOneIQ180
9,372
9,372
1:1
87,834,384
87.8
LeicaRC30(pointscanner)
12,600
10,500
6:5
132,300,000
132.3
5,140
5,140
7,360
1:1
~10:7
9:4
HasselbladH3DII50,
HasselbladH4D50
BetterLight4000EHS
(scanned)
HasselbladH4D60
PhaseOneIQ160,PhaseOne
P65+
LeafAptusII12,LeafAptusII
12R
PhaseOnePowerPhaseFX/FX+
(linescanner)
6/9
2/10/2015
18,000
8,000
9:4
144,000,000
144
BetterLight6000HS/6000E
HS(linescanner)
21,250
7,500
16,352*
17:6
159,375,000
159.4
12,264*
200,540,928
200.5
18,000
12,000
216,000,000
216
24,000
15,990
383,760,000
383.8
30,600
13,600
9:4
416,160,000
416.2
62,830
7,500
~25:3
471,225,000
471.2
62,830
13,500
~5:1
848,205,000
848.2
38,000
38,000
1:1
1,444,000,000 1,444
157,000
18,000
~26:3
2,826,000,000 2,826
Seitz6x17Digital(linescanner)
HasselbladH4D200MS
(*actuatedmulti(6x)shot)
BetterLightSuper6KHS(line
scanner)
scanner)
scanner)
SeitzRoundshotD3(80mm
lens)(scanned)
SeitzRoundshotD3(110mm
lens)(linescanner)
PanSTARRSPS1
BetterLight300mmlens
Digital(linescanner)
Companies
Thelargestcompaniesthatmanufactureimagingsensorsincludethefollowing:
Agilent
Aptina(formerlydivisionofMicronTechnology)NowpartofONSemiconductor[9]
Canesta
Canon
Caeleste
CMOSIS
Dalsa
EastmanKodak
ESSTechnology
Fujifilm
MagnaChip
Matsushita
MAZeTGmbH
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Mitsubishi
Nikon
OmniVisionTechnologies
ONSemiconductor(formerlyCypressSemiconductor)
PixArtImaging
Pixim
Samsung
Sharp
Sony
STMicroelectronics
Toshiba
TowerJazz
TownLineTechnologies
TransChip
Trusight
TrusenseimagingNowpartofONSemiconductor[10]
Seealso
Videocameratube
Semiconductordetector
FullframedigitalSLR
Imagesensorformat,thesizesandshapesofcommonimagesensors
Colorfilterarray,mosaicoftinycolorfiltersovercolorimagesensors
Sensitometry,thescientificstudyoflightsensitivematerials
Historyoftelevision,thedevelopmentofelectronicimagingtechnologysincethe1880s.
Listoflargesensorinterchangeablelensvideocameras
Oversampledbinaryimagesensor
References
1. ^dalsa.comCCDvsCMOS
(http://www.dalsa.com/public/corp/Photonics_Spectra_CCDvsCMOS_Litwiller.pdf)fromPhotonicsSpectra
2001
2. ^dpreview.comSensors(http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Glossary/Camera_System/sensors_01.htm)By
VincentBockaert
3. ^scmos.com(http://www.scmos.com/),homepage
4. îeee.orgCCDinCMOS(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04489895)PadmakumarR.
Raoetal.,"CCDstructuresimplementedinstandard0.18mCMOStechnology"
5. ^semiconductor.netSonyBacksideIlluminatedCMOSImageSensor
8/9
2/10/2015
(http://www.semiconductor.net/blog/Chipworks_Inside_Angle/15329
Sony_Backside_Illuminated_CMOS_Image_Sensor.php)
6. ^nikkeibp.co.jpOmniVisiononBacksideilluminatedCMOSSensors
(http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20090414/168778/)
7. ^SteveDent."Sony'sfirst'curvedsensor'photomayheraldbetterimages,cheaperlenses"
(http://www.engadget.com/2014/07/08/sonyshowsofffirstpicturetakenwithcurvedsensor/).Retrieved
July8,2014.
8. ^Digicamhistory1997(http://www.digicamhistory.com/1997%20IO.html)
9. ÔNSemiconductortoAcquireAptinaImaging(http://www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/newsItem.do?
article=3116)
10. ÔNSemiconductortoAcquireTruesenseImaging,Inc
(http://www.onsemi.com/PowerSolutions/newsItem.do?article=3076)
Externallinks
DigitalCameraSensorPerformanceSummary
(http://www.clarkvision.com/imagedetail/digital.sensor.performance.summary/)byRogerClark.
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