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Autofocus
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Anautofocus(orAF)opticalsystemusesasensor,acontrolsystemandamotorortunableoptical
elementtofocusfullyautomaticoronamanuallyselectedpointorarea.Anelectronicrangefinderhasa
displayinsteadofthemotortheadjustmentoftheopticalsystemhastobedonemanuallyuntil
indication.Autofocusmethodsaredistinguishedbytheirtypeasactive,passiveorhybridvariants.

Contents
1General
2History
3Active
4Passive
4.1Phasedetection
4.2Contrastdetection
4.3Assistlamp
5Hybridautofocus
6Comparisonofactiveandpassivesystems
7Trapfocus
7.1AIservo
8Seealso
9References
10Externallinks

General
Autofocussystemsrelyononeormoresensorstodeterminecorrectfocus.SomeAFsystemsrelyona
singlesensor,whileothersuseanarrayofsensors.MostmodernSLRcamerasusethroughthelens
opticalAFsensors,withaseparatesensorarrayprovidinglightmetering,althoughthelattercanbe
programmedtoprioritizeitsmeteringtothesameareaasoneormoreoftheAFsensors.
Throughthelensopticalautofocusingisnowoftenspeedierandmoreprecisethancanbeachieved
manuallywithanordinaryviewfinder,althoughmoreprecisemanualfocuscanbeachievedwithspecial
accessoriessuchasfocusingmagnifiers.Autofocusaccuracywithin1/3ofthedepthoffield(DOF)at
thewidestapertureofthelensisnotuncommoninprofessionalAFSLRcameras.
MostmultisensorAFcamerasallowmanualselectionoftheactivesensor,andmanyofferautomatic
selectionofthesensorusingalgorithmswhichattempttodiscernthelocationofthesubject.SomeAF
camerasareabletodetectwhetherthesubjectismovingtowardsorawayfromthecamera,including
speedandaccelerationdata,andkeepfocusonthesubjectafunctionusedmainlyinsportsandother
actionphotographyonCanoncamerasthisisknownasAIservo,whileonNikoncamerasitisknown
as"continuousfocus".
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ThedatacollectedfromAFsensorsisusedtocontrolanelectromechanicalsystemthatadjuststhefocus
oftheopticalsystem.Avariationofautofocusisanelectronicrangefinder,asysteminwhichfocusdata
areprovidedtotheoperator,butadjustmentoftheopticalsystemisstillperformedmanually.
ThespeedoftheAFsystemishighlydependentonthemaximumapertureofferedbythelens.Fstops
ofaroundf/2tof/2.8aregenerallyconsideredoptimalintermsoffocusingspeedandaccuracy.Faster
lensesthanthis(e.g.:f/1.4orf/1.8)typicallyhaveverylowdepthoffield,meaningthatittakeslonger
toachievecorrectfocus,despitetheincreasedamountoflight.
Mostconsumercamerasystemswillonlyautofocusreliablywithlensesthathaveamaximumaperture
ofatleastf/5.6,whileprofessionalmodelscanoftencopewithlensesthathaveamaximumapertureof
f/8,whichisparticularlyusefulforlensesusedinconjunctionwithteleconverters.

History
Between1960and1973,Leitz(Leica)[1]patentedanarrayofautofocusandcorrespondingsensor
technologies.Atphotokina1976,Leicahadpresentedacamerabasedontheirpreviousdevelopment,
namedCorrefot,andin1978theydisplayedanSLRcamerawithfullyoperationalautofocus.Thefirst
massproducedautofocuscamerawastheKonicaC35AF,asimplepointandshootmodelreleasedin
1977.ThePolaroidSX70SonarOneStepwasthefirstautofocussinglelensreflexcamera,releasedin
1978.ThePentaxMEF,whichusedfocussensorsinthecamerabodycoupledwithamotorizedlens,
becamethefirstautofocus35mmSLRin1981.In1983NikonreleasedtheF3AF,theirfirstautofocus
camera,whichwasbasedonasimilarconcepttotheMEF.TheMinolta7000,releasedin1985,wasthe
firstSLRwithanintegratedautofocussystem,meaningboththeAFsensorsandthedrivemotorwere
housedinthecamerabody,aswellasanintegratedfilmadvancewinderwhichwastobecomethe
standardconfigurationforSLRcamerasfromthismanufacturer,andalsoNikonabandonedtheirF3AF
systemandintegratedtheautofocusmotorandsensorsinthebody.Canon,however,electedtodevelop
theirEOSsystemwithmotorisedlensesinstead.In1992,Nikonchangedbacktolensintegratedmotors
withtheirAFIandAFSrangeoflensestodaytheirentrylevelDSLRsdonothaveafocusmotorin
thebodyduetoabroadrangeofavailablelenses.

Active
ActiveAFsystemsmeasuredistancetothesubjectindependentlyoftheopticalsystem,and
subsequentlyadjusttheopticalsystemforcorrectfocus.
Therearevariouswaystomeasuredistance,includingultrasonicsoundwavesandinfraredlight.Inthe
firstcase,soundwavesareemittedfromthecamera,andbymeasuringthedelayintheirreflection,
distancetothesubjectiscalculated.PolaroidcamerasincludingtheSpectraandSX70wereknownfor
successfullyapplyingthissystem.Inthelattercase,infraredlightisusuallyusedtotriangulatethe
distancetothesubject.CompactcamerasincludingtheNikon35TiQDand28TiQD,theCanonAF35M,
andtheContaxT2andT3,aswellasearlyvideocameras,usedthissystem.
Anexceptiontothetwostepapproachisthemechanicalautofocusprovidedinsomeenlargers,which
adjustthelensdirectly.

Passive

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PassiveAFsystemsdeterminecorrectfocusbyperformingpassiveanalysisoftheimagethatisentering
theopticalsystem.Theygenerallydonotdirectanyenergy,suchasultrasonicsoundorinfraredlight
waves,towardthesubject.(However,anautofocusassistbeamofusuallyinfraredlightisrequiredwhen
thereisnotenoughlighttotakepassivemeasurements.)Passiveautofocusingcanbeachievedbyphase
detectionorcontrastmeasurement.

Phasedetection
Phasedetection(PD)isachievedbydividingtheincominglightintopairsofimagesandcomparing
them.Throughthelenssecondaryimageregistration(TTLSIR)passivephasedetectionisoftenusedin
filmanddigitalSLRcameras.Thesystemusesabeamsplitter(implementedasasmallsemitransparent
areaofthemainreflexmirror,coupledwithasmallsecondarymirror)todirectlighttoanAFsensorat
thebottomofthecamera.Twomicrolensescapturethelightrayscomingfromtheoppositesidesofthe
lensanddivertittotheAFsensor,creatingasimplerangefinderwithabasewithinthelens'sdiameter.
Thetwoimagesarethenanalysedforsimilarlightintensitypatterns(peaksandvalleys)andthe
separationerroriscalculatedinordertofindiftheobjectisinfrontfocusorbackfocusposition.This
givesthedirectionandanestimateoftherequiredamountoffocusringmovement.[2]
PDAFinacontinuouslyfocusingmode(e.g."AIServo"forCanon,"AFC"forNikon,Pentaxand
Sony)isaclosedloopcontrolprocess.PDAFinafocuslockingmode(e.g."OneShot"forCanon,
"AFS"forNikonandSony)iswidelybelievedtobea"onemeasurement,onemovement"openloop
controlprocess,butfocusisconfirmedonlywhentheAFsensorseesaninfocussubject.Theonly
apparentdifferencesbetweenthetwomodesarethatafocuslockingmodehaltsonfocusconfirmation,
andacontinuouslyfocusingmodehaspredictiveelementstoworkwithmovingtargets,whichsuggests
theyarethesameclosedloopprocess.[3]
AlthoughAFsensorsaretypicallyonedimensionalphotosensitivestrips(onlyafewpixelshighanda
fewdozenwide),somemoderncameras(CanonEOS1V,CanonEOS1D,NikonD2X)featureTTL
areaSIRsensorsthatarerectangularinshapeandprovidetwodimensionalintensitypatternsforafiner
grainanalysis.Crosstypefocuspointshaveapairofsensorsorientedat90tooneanother,although
onesensortypicallyrequiresalargeraperturetooperatethantheother.
Somecameras(Minolta7,CanonEOS1V,1D,30D/40D,SonyDSLRA700,DSLRA850,DSLR
A900)alsohaveafew'highprecision'focuspointswithanadditionalsetofprismsandsensorstheyare
onlyactivewith'fastlenses'withcertaingeometricalapertures(typicallyFnumber2.8andfaster).
Extendedprecisioncomesfromthewidereffectivemeasurementbaseofthe'rangefinder'.

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Phasedetectionsystem:7Opticalsystemforfocus
detection8Imagesensor30Planeofthevicinity
oftheexitpupiloftheopticalsystemforphotography
31,32Pairofregions70Window71Visual
fieldmask72Condenserlens73,74Pairof
apertures75Aperturemask76,77Pairof
reconverginglenses80,81Pairoflightreceiving
sections

Contrastdetection
Phasedetection

Contrastdetectionautofocusisachievedbymeasuringcontrastwithina
sensorfield,throughthelens.Theintensitydifferencebetweenadjacent
pixelsofthesensornaturallyincreaseswithcorrectimagefocus.The
opticalsystemcantherebybeadjusteduntilthemaximumcontrastis
detected.Inthismethod,AFdoesnotinvolveactualdistance
measurementatall.Thiscreatessignificantchallengeswhentracking
movingsubjects,sincealossofcontrastgivesnoindicationofthe
directionofmotiontowardsorawayfromthecamera.
Asitdoesnotuseaseparatesensor,contrastdetectautofocuscanalsobe
moreflexibleandpotentiallymoreaccurate.Thisisacommonmethodin
videocamerasanddigitalcamerasthatlackshuttersandreflexmirrors.
MostDSLRsusethismethod(orahybridofbothcontrastandphase
detectionautofocus)whenfocusingintheirliveviewmodes.Mirrorless
interchangeablelenscameras,usuallyusecontrastmeasurement
autofocus,althoughphasedetectisavailableonsomemodels,giving
themsignificantlybetterAFtrackingperformance.
Contrastdetectionplacesdifferentconstraintsonlensdesignwhen
comparedwithphasedetection.Whilephasedetectionrequiresthelens
tomoveitsfocuspointquicklyanddirectlytoanewposition,contrast
detectionautofocusinsteademployslenseswhichcanquicklysweep
throughthefocalrange,stoppingpreciselyatthepointwheremaximum
contrastisdetected.Thismeansthatlensesdesignedforphasedetection
oftenperformpoorlyoncamerabodieswhichusecontrastdetection.

Assistlamp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus

Ineachfigure(nottoscale),
thepurplecirclerepresents
theobjecttobefocusedon,
theredandgreenlines
representlightrayspassing
throughaperturesatthe
oppositesidesofthelens,the
yellowrectanglerepresents
sensorarrays(oneforeach
aperture),andthegraph
representstheintensity
profileasseenbyeach
sensorarray.
Figures1to4represent
conditionswherethelensis
focused(1)toonear,(2)
correctly,(3)toofarand(4)
muchtoofar.Thephase
differencebetweenthetwo
profilescanbeusedto
determinewhichdirection
andhowmuchtomovethe
lenstoachieveoptimal
focus.
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Theassistlight(alsoknownasAFilluminator)"activates"passiveautofocussystemsinlowlightand
lowcontrastsituationsinsomecameras.ThelampprojectsvisibleorIRlightontothesubject,whichthe
camera'sautofocussystemusestoachievefocus.Manycamerasthatdonothaveadedicatedautofocus
assistlampinsteadusetheirbuiltinflash,illuminatingthesubjectwithstroboscopicburstsoflight.The
strobeburstsaidtheautofocussysteminthesamefashionasadedicatedassistlight,buthavethe
disadvantageofstartlingorannoyinglivingsubjects.Anotherdisadvantageisthatifthecamerauses
flashfocusassistandissettoanoperationmodethatoverridestheflash,itmayalsodisablethefocus
assistandautofocusmayfailtoacquirethesubject.Similarstroboscopicflashingissometimeusedto
reducetheredeyeeffect,butthismethodisonlyintendedtoconstrictthesubject'seyepupilspriorto
theactualshotbeingtaken,andthusreduceretinalreflections.
Insomecases,externalflashgunshaveintegratedautofocusassistlampsthatreplacethestroboscopic
oncameraflash.AnotherwaytoassistcontrastbasedAFsystemsinlowlightistobeamalaserpattern
ontothesubject.ThelasermethodiscommerciallycalledHologramAFLaserandwasusedinSony
Cybershotcamerasaroundtheyear2003,includingSony'sF707,F717andF828models.

Hybridautofocus
Inahybridautofocussystem,focusisachievedbycombiningtwoormoremethods,suchas:
Activeandpassivemethods
Phasedetectionandcontrastmeasurement
Thedoubleeffortistypicallyusedtomutuallycompensatefortheintrinsicalweaknessesofthevarious
methodsinordertoincreasetheoverallreliabilityandaccuracyortospeedupAFfunction.
ArareexampleofanearlyhybridsystemisthecombinationofanactiveIRorultrasonicautofocus
systemwithapassivephasedetectionsystem.AnIRorultrasonicsystembasedontimedreflectionwill
workregardlessofthelightconditions,butcanbeeasilyfooledbyobstacleslikewindowglasses,and
theaccuracyistypicallyrestrictedtoaratherlimitednumberofsteps.Phasedetectionautofocus"sees"
throughwindowglasseswithoutproblemsandismuchmoreaccurate,butitdoesnotworkinlowlight
conditionsoronsurfaceswithoutcontrastsorwithrepeatingpatterns.
Averycommonexampleofcombinedusageisthephasedetectionautofocussystemusedinsinglelens
reflexcamerassincethe1985s.Thepassivephasedetectionautofocusneedssomecontrasttowork
with,makingitdifficulttouseinlowlightscenariosoronevensurfaces.AnAFilluminatorwill
illuminatethesceneandprojectcontrastpatternsontoevensurfaces,sothatphasedetectionautofocus
canworkundertheseconditionsaswell.
Anewerformofahybridsystemisthecombinationofpassivephasedetectionautofocusandpassive
contrastautofocus,sometimesassistedbyactivemethods,asbothmethodsneedsomevisiblecontrast
toworkwith.Undertheiroperationalconditions,phasedetectionautofocussingisveryfast,sincethe
measurementmethodprovidesbothinformation,theamountofoffsetandthedirection,sothatthe
focusingmotorcanmovethelensrightinto(orcloseto)focuswithoutadditionalmeasurements.
Additionalmeasurementsonthefly,however,canimproveaccuracyorhelpkeeptrackofmoving
objects.However,theaccuracyofphasedetectionautofocusdependsonitseffectivemeasurement
basis.Ifthemeasurementbasisislarge,measurementsareveryaccurate,butcanonlyworkwithlenses
withalargegeometricalaperture(e.g.1:2.8orlarger).Evenwithhighcontrastyobjects,phasedetection
AFcannotworkatallwithlensesslowerthanitseffectivemeasurementbasis.Inordertoworkwith
mostlenses,theeffectivemeasurementbasisistypicallysettobetween1:5.6and1:6.7,sothatAF
continuestoworkwithslowlenses(atleastforaslongastheyarenotstoppeddown).This,however,
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reducestheintrinsicalaccuracyoftheautofocussystem,eveniffastlensesareused.Sincetheeffective
measurementbasisisanopticalpropertyoftheactualimplementation,itcannotbechangedeasily.Very
fewcamerasprovidemultiPDAFsystemswithseveralswitchablemeasurementbasesdependingon
thelensusedinordertoallownormalautofocusingwithmostlenses,andmoreaccuratefocusingwith
fastlenses.ContrastAFdoesnothavethisinheritdesignlimitationonaccuracyasitonlyneedsa
minimalobjectcontrasttoworkwith.Oncethisisavailable,itcanworkwithhighaccuracyregardless
ofthespeedofalensinfact,foraslongasthisconditionismet,itcanevenworkwiththelensstopped
down.Also,sincecontrastAFcontinuestoworkinstoppeddownmoderatherthanonlyinopen
aperturemode,itisimmunetoaperturebasedfocusshifterrorsphasedetectionAFsystemssuffersince
theycannotworkinstoppeddownmode.Thereby,contrastAFmakesarbitraryfinefocusadjustments
bytheuserunnecessary.Also,contrastAFisimmunetofocusingerrorsduetosurfaceswithrepeating
patternsandtheycanworkoverthewholeframe,notjustnearthecenteroftheframe,asphase
detectionAFdoes.Thedownside,however,isthatcontrastAFisaclosedloopiterativeprocessof
shiftingthefocusbackandforthinrapidsuccession.ComparedtophasedetectionAF,contrastAFis
slow,sincethespeedofthefocusiterationprocessismechanicallylimitedandthismeasurementmethod
doesnotprovideanydirectionalinformation.Combiningbothmeasurementmethods,thephase
detectionAFcanassistacontrastAFsystemtobefastandaccurateatthesametime,tocompensate
aperturebasedfocusshifterrors,andtocontinuetoworkwithlensesstoppeddown,as,forexample,in
stoppeddownmeasuringorvideomode.
RecentdevelopmentstowardsmirrorlesscamerasseektointegratethephasedetectionAFsensorsinto
theimagesensoritself.Typically,thesephasedetectionsensorsarenotasaccurateasthemore
sophisticatedstandalonesensors,butsincethefinefocussingisnowcarriedoutthroughcontrast
focusing,thephasedetectionAFsensorsareonlyneedtoprovidecoarsedirectionalinformationin
ordertospeedupthecontrastautofocusingprocess.
InJuly,2010,Fujifilmannouncedacompactcamera,theF300EXR,whichincludedahybridautofocus
systemconsistingofbothphasedetectionandcontrastbasedelements.Thesensorsimplementingthe
phasedetectionAFinthiscameraareintegratedintothecamera'sSuperCCDEXR.[4]Currentlyitis
usedbyFujifilmFinePixSeries,[5]FujifilmX100S,Ricoh,Nikon1series,CanonEOS650D/RebelT4i
andSamsungNX300.

Comparisonofactiveandpassivesystems
Activesystemswilltypicallynotfocusthroughwindows,sincesoundwavesandinfraredlightare
reflectedbytheglass.Withpassivesystemsthiswillgenerallynotbeaproblem,unlessthewindowis
stained.Accuracyofactiveautofocussystemsisoftenconsiderablylessthanthatofpassivesystems.
Activesystemsmayalsofailtofocusasubjectthatisveryclosetothecamera(e.g.,macro
photography).
Passivesystemsmaynotfindfocuswhenthecontrastislow,notablyonlargesinglecoloredsurfaces
(walls,bluesky,etc.)orinlowlightconditions.Passivesystemsaredependentonacertaindegreeof
illuminationtothesubject(whethernaturalorotherwise),whileactivesystemsmayfocuscorrectlyeven
intotaldarknesswhennecessary.Somecamerasandexternalflashunitshaveaspeciallowlevel
illuminationmode(usuallyorange/redlight)whichcanbeactivatedduringautofocusoperationtoallow
thecameratofocus.

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Activeautofocus
systemviainfrared
CanonAF35M(1979)

Earlypassive
autofocussystem
integratedinthelens
withPentaxMEF
(1981)

Modern(2014)
Autofocussinglelens
reflexcamera

Trapfocus
Amethodvariouslyreferredtoastrapfocus,focustrap,orcatchinfocususesautofocustotakeashot
whenasubjectmovesintothefocalplane(attherelevantfocalpoint)thiscanbeusedtogetafocused
shotofarapidlymovingobject,particularlyinsportsorwildlifephotography,oralternativelytoseta
"trap"sothatashotcanautomaticallybetakenwithoutapersonpresent.ThisisdonebyusingAFto
detectbutnotsetfocususingmanualfocustosetfocus(orswitchingtomanualafterfocushasbeen
set)butthenusingfocusprioritytodetectfocusandonlyreleasetheshutterwhenanobjectisinfocus.
Thetechniqueworksbychoosingthefocusadjustment(turningAFoff),thensettingtheshootingmode
to"Single"(AFS),ormorespecificallyfocuspriority,thendepressingtheshutterwhenthesubject
movesintofocus,theAFdetectsthis(thoughitdoesnotchangethefocus),andashotistaken.[6][7][8]
ThefirstSLRtoimplementtrapfocusingwastheYashica230AF.Trapfocusisalsopossibleonsome
Pentax(e.g.KxandK5),Nikon,andCanonEOScameras.TheEOS1Dcandoitusingsoftwareonan
attachedcomputer,whereascamerasliketheEOS40Dand7Dhaveacustomfunction(III1andIII4
respectively)whichcanstopthecameratryingtofocusafteritfails.OnEOScameraswithoutgenuine
trapfocus,ahackcalled"almosttrapfocus"canbeused,whichachievessomeoftheeffectsoftrap
focus.[9]ByusingthecustomfirmwareMagicLantern,someCanonDSLRscanperformtrapfocus.

AIservo
AIservoisanautofocusmodefoundonCanonSLRcameras,althoughthesameprincipleisusedwith
NikonandsomePentaxcameras,knownthereas"continuousfocus"(AFC).[10]Alsoreferredtoas
focustracking,itisusedtotrackasubjectasitmovesaroundtheframe,ortowardandawayfromthe
camera.Wheninuse,thelenswillconstantlymaintainitsfocusonthesubject,henceitiscommonly
usedforsportsandactionphotography.AIreferstoartificialintelligence:algorithmsthatconstantly
predictwhereasubjectisabouttobebasedonitsspeedandaccelerationdatafromtheautofocussensor.

Seealso
Fixedfocuslens
Circularpolarizer,theonlypolarizertoworkwithsome

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoAutofocus.

SLRautofocusers
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ListofNikoncompatiblelenseswithintegratedautofocusmotor
Plenopticcamera,acamerathatenablesfocusinginapostprocessingstep

References
1. ^http://www.lfionline.com/ceemes/page/show/issue_4_09_3
2. ^NikonTechnologyPredictiveFocusTrackingSystem
(http://www.nikon.com/about/technology/rd/core/software/caf/index.htm)
3. ^TheMythofOpenloopPhasedetectionAutofocus(http://www.dpreview.com/articles/5402438893/busted
themythofopenloopphasedetectionautofocus)
4. ^FujifilmLaunchesPowerhouse15XLongZoomPointandshootDigitalCamera:TheFinePixF300EXR
(http://www.fujifilmusa.com/press/news/display_news?newsID=879875),Fujifilm,USA
5. ^"FujifilmlaunchesFinePixHS50EXRandHS35EXRhighendsuperzooms"
(http://www.dpreview.com/news/2013/01/07/Fujifilmfinepixhs50exrhs35).RetrievedJune8,2013.
6. ^TrapFocusforNikonUsers(http://www.shutterstock.com/tipstricks/TrapFocusforNikonUsers
100.html),byKennethWilliamCaleno,January28,2009
7. ^Howtoshootsport(http://www.kenrockwell.com/tech/sports.htm),KenRockwell,2006
8. ^FocusTraporCatchInFocus(http://photographyrulez.blogspot.com/2009/04/focustraporcatchin
focus.html),April4,2009
9. ^EOSDocumentationProject:AlmostTrapFocus(http://eosdoc.com/manuals/?q=ATrapFocus),byJulian
Loke
10. ^AFServo:CameraSystem:Glossary:Learn:DigitalPhotographyReview
(http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Glossary/Camera_System/af_servo_01.htm)

NormanGoldberg.CameraTechnology:TheDarkSideoftheLens
SidneyRay.AppliedPhotographicOptics
RalphJacobson,SidneyRay,GeoffreyGAttridge,NormanAxford.ManualofPhotography:
PhotographicandDigitalImaging

Externallinks
interactiveFlashdemo(http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs178/applets/autofocusPD.html)
showinghowphasedetectionautofocusworks.
interactiveFlashdemo(http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs178/applets/autofocusCD.html)
showinghowcontrastdetectionautofocusworks.
HowStuffWorksAutofocus(http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/autofocus.htm)
CanonEOSDSLRAutofocusExplained(http://www.thedigitalpicture.com/Photography
Tips/CanonEOSDSLRAutofocusExplained.aspx)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autofocus&oldid=626234907"
Categories: Photographyequipment
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