for/since, just, yet, and already

Use this tense to emphasize that something not only

happened but is still true.

English Grammar Review

Nouns, adjectives and adverbs

me

yo
u
yo
u

he
hi
m

sh
e
he
r

it

we

it

us

yo
u
yo
u

they
the
m

Reflexive pronouns

Shall I/we; Will he/she/it/you/they.

Possessive adjectives and pronouns

VERB FORMATIONS

The passive
noun/pronoun + to be + past participle
Someone washes the car every week
The car is washed every week

The definite article the

Comparatives and superlatives

Comparatives: er; Superlatives: the + adj. + est.

too, enough + to
It's too cold to swim today.
(We can't swim today - it's too cold.)
It isn't warm enough to go to the beach.
(We can't go to the beach - it's not warm enough.)

Adverbs of manner
Regulars (add ly): quick > quickly; polite > politely.
Irregulars: good > well; hard > hard; fast > fast;
early > early; late > late; loud > loud or loudly.

Verbs
THE PRESENT TENSE

Present Simple and Present Continuous

THE PAST TENSE

Past Simple and Past Continuous

Past Continuous
I had had some unhappy times, and then I met your
mother.
Use this tense to emphasize that something happened but
is not true anymore.

Present Perfect

used to
I used to work at night.
(I often worked at night, some time ago)
I'm used to working at night.
(It is normal for me to do this)

The indefinite article a

the is used when a word is used a second time, when only

one object exists, before the places we visit in a town,
before names of seas, rivers, groups of islands or
mountains, kingdoms, republics, deserts and plural
names of countries and with musical instruments when
we talk about playing them or listening to them.

Future Perfect
Use this tense to emphasize that something has not
happened but it will happen.

a is used with countable nouns to indicate one or when

talking about cost, speed or how often we do something..

when + Present Simple to describe the future

Ill phone you when/as soon as//after I see him.

No articles
No article before names of academic subjects, languages,
sports, meals, villages, towns, streets, cities, countries or
continents.

THE FUTURE TENSE

Present Continuous + time word

going to

Future Simple

The object is the same person or thing as the subject.

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
The possessive adjective is always followed by its noun
and the possessive pronoun is never followed by its noun.
hi
it
my
your
her
our your their
s
s
min
your hi her
our your their
e
s
s
s
s
s
s

Present Perfect Continuous

I've been studying English since I was a child.
'You look tired.' 'Yes, I've been working all night.'

Subject and object pronouns

I

The imperative

Conditionals

The first conditional

If she works harder, she will pass the exams.
Neutral condition: might happen, might not.

The second conditional

If she worked harder, she would pass the exams.
Unlikely, hypothetical: probably will not happen.

The third conditional

If she had worked, she would have passed the exams.
She didnt pass the exams because she didnt work.

Zero conditional
if has the same meaning as when

Modals

Modals
Shouldn't we stay? Should we not stay?

can, could
may, might
may is occasionally used to mean to be allowed to

should, must
have + to + infinitive

Gerunds and infinitives

The gerund
The gerund is used like a noun.
When a verb follows a preposition, it takes the gerund.

The infinitive

Certain verbs take the infinitive.

Can express purpose: to + infinitive, in order to +
infinitive and so as to + infinitive.

Reported speech
DIRECT SPEECH

Writing direct speech

He said, 'I'm going home.'
'I'm going home,' he said.

say, tell
tell has a personal direct object (e.g. me, hint, her, etc)
and say never has a personal direct object.

INDIRECT SPEECH

Reported statements with no change of tense

Reporting verb in present, present perfect, or future.

Reported statements with a change of tense

Reporting verb in past tense.

Sentence structure
WORD ORDER

Direct object and indirect object

Frequency adverbs with the Present Simple

Link words: and, but, so, then, before, after,

because

Link words: because, as, since

both ... and, neither... nor

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Making questions

Who asked you? Who did you ask?: question

words as subject or object

Short responses using so, neither, nor

Short responses: / think so, I hope so

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clauses with who and that

Prepositions
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

at in, on

Prepositions of movement

Prepositions of position and movement

Prepositions of position and movement

Certain verbs with to or at

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

at, in, on

until

until, before, after

Prepositions of time

Phrasal Verbs

Some common phrasal verbs

More phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs that don't take an object
Phrasal verbs that take an object: separable
Phrasal verbs that take an object but do not
separate