Differential equations of nonviscous liquid flow in

Euler's form
The development of the basic equations of the liquid flow is based on laws of
Newton and other theses of classical mechanics. At first its necessary to make
the differential equations of flow, and then integrate them.
This method is concerned to great difficulties, which appear because of the
specific character of interaction between particles within liquid or gaseous
medium. In solid distance between any two points remains constant when it is
moving regardless the complexity of movement, but distance between separate
particles of liquid (or gas) changes all the time because of its mobility. That
considerably complicates the development of the initial differential equations
and their integration.
Let's receive the equations of flow, using the principle of DAlamber which saying,
that active forces and constraint reactions are counterbalanced by forces of
inertia.
Let's allocate some mass of liquid within
volume

, which is confined by the closed

surface
(fig. 3.3). There are body and
surface forces acting on the allocated
volume. Main vector of body forces

applied to volume
of nonviscous liquid,
can be expressed by means of volume
integral

r
F dW

Fig. 3.3. To the development of

flow equation

where

r
F

is vector of elementary body force.

According to the third Newtons law the interacting forces between particles
within the volume

are counterbalanced. Only forces acting on particles

located on the surface

are not counterbalanced. Analyzing the flow of
nonviscous liquid we take into account only pressure forces. As we know,
pressure force is a function of time and coordinates, which acts along the
direction of an internal normal to the surface

. Therefore the resultant of the

pressure forces acting on surface

following surface integral

, confining the volume

where

, equals to the

r
p n dS

r
n

is an elementary vector of an external normal.

r
r

Acceleration of the particle in the point with radius vector

at the time

r
dV
dt

equals to
. Adding force of inertia (with opposite sign) to the external forces
acting on liquid particles in compliance with the principle of DAlember, the
equation of flow for the point of time

r
F dW

can be written down in the integral form:

r
p n dS

r
dV
dW 0
dt
.

Let's notice, that this equation is true whether or no flow parameters are
continuous or discontinuous functions of coordinates. If flow parameters and
their first derivatives are continuous within volume
possible to use formula of Ostragradsky-Gauss:

r
p n dS

and on its border

it is

grad p dW
W

then the former equation will get the following form:

r
r
dV
F grad p
dW 0
dt

It follows from the condition, that the written equality is true for any arbitrary
volume and that a subintegral function is continuous:

r
r dV
1

F
grad p 0
dt

or

r
r 1
dV
F grad p
dt

(3.4)

Expression (3.4) represents the vector notation of the differential equation of

nonviscous liquid flow in Euler's form. In projections on coordinates axes:

Fx
Fy

Fz

1 p dV x

x
dt
1 p dV y

y
dt

1 p dVz

z
dt

(3.5)

Substituting the expressions (2.10) for acceleration projections into equations

(3.5), we will obtain

Fx
Fy

Fz

1 p V x
V
V
V

V x x V y x Vz x
x
t
x
y
z
V y
V y
V y
1 p V y

Vx
Vy
Vz
y
t
x
y
z

V
V
V
1 p Vz

V x z V y z Vz z
z
t
x
y
z

const
For incompressible liquid (

V x V y Vz

(3.6)

) the equations (3.6) contain four unknown

functions
,
,
and . Adding the continuity equation (2.26) to them we
shall receive the closed system of the differential equations of non-viscous
incompressible liquid flow.

const

For compressible fluid (

), there is another unknown function
in the
equations of motion (3.6) and continuity equations (2.23) Addition of the state

p
RT

equation

to the system of the equations (3.6) does not close it, as there

is one more unknown function temperature . Therefore to close the system it

is necessary to add the sixth equation equation of energy transfer.

But in many problems of aero-hydrodynamics the temperature

can be

p
excluded from the consideration, for example, when pressure

depends on

density
and doesnt depend on temperature. Thus a liquid (or gas), which has
the following dependence of pressure as function of density is named barotropic.
Lets notice that the flow of thermodynamic ideal gas can be considered as
barotropic if it is known the thermodynamic character of changes of it state, for
example:
for the isothermal process of gas

T const
p
RT

where

(3.7)

(3.8)

is universal gas constant;

for the isentropic process

C
where

p0

p0

are some fixed values of flow parameters,

1.4
the adiabatic exponent; for air it equals
.

is

In general, Euler's equations (3.5) or (3.6) written down for incompressible and
compressible fluid, and also for steady and unsteady motion have five unknown

p V x V y Vz
items: , ,
,
,
. They are nonlinear equations and the general solution is
not found yet. They can be resolved only for special cases.

V x
t
For example, in case of the steady-state flow of incompressible liquid items

V y Vz
t
t
,

disappear from the equations (3.6). For motionless liquid (when

V x V y Vz 0
) we shall receive the differential equation of hydrostatics from
the equations (3.5) (well consider this equation further