SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN PUCHONG

UTAMA (1),
JALAN PU 5, TAMAN PUCHONG UTAMA, PUCHONG,
47100 SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN.

NAMA:GUDLUR VENKATA SAI RAGHAVENDRA RAO

NO.K/P:980307-56-5521
SCHOOL NAME :SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN PUCHONG UTAMA (1)

2.0TABLE OF CONTENT
NO.

ARTICLE

PAGE
LETTER
1

1.

1.0 TITLE

2.

2.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.

3.0 APPRECIATION

4.

4.0 DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM(Chapter 8)

4.1.The Abiotic and Biotic Components of the Environment

4 15

4.2.The Colonisation and Sucession in an Ecosystem

15 18

4.3.Population Ecology

5.

19

4.4.Biodiversity

20 21

4.5.Impact of Microorganisms on Life

22 - 25

5.0. ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM(Chapter 9)

5.1. Human Activities that Endanger an Ecosystem

26 29

5.2. The Greenhouse Effect and the Thining of the Ozone Layer

30

5.3. The Importance of Proper Management of Devolopment Activities and the

Ecosystem

31

3.0 APPRECIATION
First of all, I would like to express our sincere - appreciation and
gratitude to the School Principal Puchong Utama ( 1 ), the daughter of
Arshad PN. Sakinah on the advice , guidance and encouragement to me
to carry out this study of biological subject.
Our thanks also go to my biology teacher, Mrs. Norma because she
gave me guidance and guidance for completing work assignments in this
course.
In addition, I also want to express my appreciation to all members of
the family , part of it I want to thank both my parents that Mr.Venugopal
Rao and Mrs. Santha Kumari. Support by giving material and capital
they provide a lot of cushion for me to complete this task.
In conclusion, I also wish to show my appreciation to my friends
who has favoured me in this task. Devaraj , Vasanthan , and Mahesa that
they will give me a lifetime .

4.0.DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM(Chapter 8)
4.1The Abiotic and Biotic Components of the
Environment
Abiotic Components:
1. Abiotics components are non- living elements such as the pH value,
temperature, intensity of light, humidity, topography and microclimate.
2. Abiotic components influence the growth and distribution of living
organisms

Biotic Components:
1. Biotic components refer to all living organisms such as plants, animals, and
microorganisms.
2. Biotic components can be classified into three groups known as:
a) Producer green plants that synthesise food through photosynthesis
b) Consumer consist of
I. Primary consumers (herbivores) which feed on plants only
II. Secondary consumers (carnivores and omnivores) which feed on
primary consumers
III. Tertiary consumers (carnivores and omnivores) which feed on
secondary consumers
c)Decomposers (bacteria and saprophytes) break down plants and
remains of dead animals to simpler subtances
3. Biotic components interact with each other. This interaction is shown by
food chains.
4. Food chains also show the transfer of energy that occur between organisms

5.A pyramid of numbers represents the number and size of organisms in food
chain
6.A food web consists of few food chains which were interconnected and
depend on each other.It can represent a more precise food relationship in the
ecosystem

7.Organisms need food to sustain the of living. Some organisms obtain food on
their own while other organisms depend on other organisms to obtain food.

Interaction between biotic component (DIET) Symbiosis

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Interaction between biotic components (DIET) Saprophytism

Saprophytism is also refers to the interaction between living organisms that
obtain food from decaying organic matter.
Saprozoics (such as Paramecium sp. and Amoeba sp.) feed on decaying
organic matter

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Interaction between biotic components (DIET) Prey - Predator

1. A prey predator interaction involves a predator ( a stronger organism)
which hunts,captures and kills a prey (a smaller organism) as food
2. The population of prey is controlled by the predator , and the population of
the predator depends on the population of the prey.
3. This interaction is very useful in biological control.

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Interaction between biotic components (Competition)

1. Competition refers to the interaction between two population of organisms
which compete for the same and limited basic needs of life.
2. The stronger organism will win in the competition.
3. Competition can be classified into two categories:
a) Intraspecific competition occurs between organisms of the same
species. For example,competition between Paramecium Aurelia and
Paramecium caudatum that are cultured separately.
b) Interspecific competition occurs between organisms of different.For
example, competition between Paramecium Aurelia and Paramecium
caudatum cultured together.
4. The effect of competition between organisms are as follows:
a) The winning species will continue to live and dominate the habitat.
b) The losing species will die o leave the habitat.

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4.2.The Colonisation and Sucession in Ecosystem

1. Colonisation is a process of taking over of a new habitat by plants.
2. The first species of plants that has colonized the new habitat is known as the
pioneer species.
3. Succession is a process of replacing a dominant species of plants with other
species of plant.This process occurs gradually.

4. The replacing plants are referred to as the successor species.

5. Succession will lead to a more stable and mature community until it reaches
a climax community.

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A tropical rainforest originated from a mangrove swamp that had soft soil

17

Colonisation and Succession in a Mangrove Swamp

1. The habitat of a new mangrove swamp has muddy soil, is waterlogged with
seawater and exposed to sunlight.
2. The pioneer species in a mangrove swamp are Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia
sp.
3. Colonisation by the pioneer species causes a lot of mud and organic matter
to accumulate until the soil becomes more compact and less waterlogged.
The shore becomes higher and this environment is ni longer suitable for the
pioneer species.
4. The first succession involves Rhizophora sp.
5. After that, the shore becomes higher, drier and compact because the area has
less contact with seawater when the seawater level rises.
6. Changes in the environment cause the area to be more suitable for other
species of mangrove, which is Bruguiera sp.
7. The continuous process of deposition and settling if organic matter causes
the soil at the shore to look like a land and suitable for terrestrial plants.
8. Then,succession by other terrestrial plants will occur until a climax
community is formed that is a tropical rainforest.

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4.3.Population Ecology
Quadrat Sampling Technique:1. A sampling technique is used to estimate the number and distribution
of plants in a habitat.
2. A quadrat is a rectangular frame that is made from wood or metal and
placed randomly to represent the plants in a habitat.
3. The estimated number and distribution will be more accurate if more
quadrats are used.
4. Information from the quadrats can be used to determine the following.

Capture, Mark , Release and Recapture Technique

1. This sampling technique is used to estimate the population of animals that
move freely in a habitat.
2. The animals involved will be captured randomly and then marked and
released into habitat.
3. The material used to mark the animals must not be poisonous, must be
waterproof (so that it will last), must not restrict the movement and must not
attract predators
4. The assumption made in this technique is that the animals will mingle in the
habitat randomly until the second capture.They will not die or move out of
the habitat. The estimated size of the population of animals can calculated
by using this formula

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4.4.Biodiversity
Classification of Organisms
1. Taxonomy is a systematic study about identification, naming, and
classification of organisms.
2. Taxonomy clasifies organisms according to hierarchy that starts with
kingdoms.
3. The classification is based on the same characteristics that are shown by the
oraganisms in a same group.
4. The system classifies all organisms into five main kingdoms.

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Hierarchy in the clasiification of Organisms

1. Living organisms can be classified into seven level of hierarchy.

2. The number of organisms in the levels of hierarchy decreases when moving

from kingdom to species.
3. This method of classification is to identify and name organisms.

The Naming System of Organisms

1. The Linnaeus binomial system is introduced to enable organisms to be
named scientifically for easier identification.
2. In the system, all organisms have two names in latin, i.e.
a) The first word: name of genus (begin with a capital letter)
b) The second word: name of the species (begin with a small letter)
3. When it is handwritten, the name of organisms must be underlined but if it
is typed, the name must be in italics.
4. Naming of organisms by using the Linnaeus binomial system.

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4.5.Impact of Microorganisms on life

Microorganisms

22

Microorganisms can be classified into five groups according their basic

characteristics.

23

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Factors that Affect the Activities of Microorganisms

Role of Useful Microorganisms

25

Harmful microorganisms
1. Pathogens are a microorganisms that can cause diseases.
2. Vectors refers to organisms that transfer pathogen.
3. A fer methods of transfer of diseases and how these diseases can be
prevented.

26

Methods of Controlling Pathogens

1. There are many methods that can be used to control pathogens.
2. Some of the methods used to control pathegons.

27

The Use of Microorganisms in Biotechnology

1. Biotechnology refers to the field that uses microorganisms.
2. Some of the uses of microorganisms
a)To produce antibiotics and vaccines
b)To clean up oil spills in the sea by using certain types of bacteria
To decompose the oil to carbon dioxide and water (biorecovery)
c) To treat toxicated waste convert waste into non harmful subtances
which are released into the environment
d)To process food yeast is used up in fermentation to produce wine,
beer and bread
e)To create energy from biomass waste organic matter is treated by
anaerobic bacteria to produce biogas such as methane. Biogas is used
as a domestic fuel.

5.0. ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM(Chapter 9)

5.1.Human Activities that Endanger an Ecosystem
Human Activities
1. Rapid development in the field of medicine, modern agricultural technology
and infrastructure increase the world population.
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2. Because of rapid development, human activities continue to increase.

Without careful planning, these activities will threaten the ecosystem.
3. Human activities that can threaten other living things and the environment.

Air Pollution
1. Air pollution occurs when pollutants (such as gas and particles) are released
into the atmosphere.
2. The accumulation of these pollutants can have bad effect on living
organisms and the environment
3. Some of the human activities which contribute to air pollution.
29

Water Pollution
1. The release of solid or liquid waste into source of water such as rivers, lakes
and seas can destroy aquatic organisms.
2. Some of the human activities that contribute to water pollution.

30

Thermal Pollution
1. Thermal pollution occurs due to excessive loss of heat to environment.
2. Pollution is harmful to living organisms and the environment.
3. Examples of human activities that contribute to thermal pollution.
31

Noise Pollution
1. Noise pollution is caused by motor vehicles, agricultural machinery,
industrial machinery and work at construction sites.
2. Continously exposure to loud sounds and more than 80 decibels (dB) in the
long term can cause deafness.
3. Extreme noise can also cause stress related problems such as high blood
pressure, heart attacks, depression and headaches.

5.2. The Greenhouse Effect and the Thining of the Ozone Layer
The Greenhouse Effect
1. Sunlight reaching the Earth will warm up the Earth.
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2. The heat produced will be reflected back to space as infrared radiation.

3. The presece of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide,
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, nitrogen oxides and ozone in the
atmosphere will trap and reflect heat back to Earth`s surface.
4. Extensive human activities such as burning of fossil fuels and deforestation
increase the amount of carbon dioxide and cause Earth`s temperature to
increase.
5. The effect of the accumulation of greenhouse gases results in the melting
ince and glaciers at the Poles thus increasing the sea levels. As a result,
lowland areas will be flooded.

Thinning of the Ozone Layer

1. The ozone (O3) layer is a protective layer to humans and all living things
from ultraviolet rays (UV) of the sun.
2. Thinnning of the ozone layer occurs as a result of the releaseof CFCs,
chemical compounds containing chlorine (Cl), carbon (C) and fluorine (F).
3. CFCs are used widely in refrigeration system (such as refrigerators and air
conditioners) and aerosol sprays (such as insecticide sprays and fire
extinguishers).

5.3. The Importance of Proper Management of

Devolopment Activities and the Ecosystem
Effect of Increasing Population
33

1. Rapid population growth requires additional of food, housing, education,

medicine, energy, transport and other developments of infrastructure
2. Forests are cut down to provide areas for rapid development such as road
construction, plantation, dams and residential areas to meet the demands of
the population.

Managements of Development and the Balance of Nature

1. Planning for land or industrial development should be done carefully and
long term effect on the environment should be considered,
2. The development of a country can be managed in the following ways:
a) Implementation of laws to protect the natural resources
b) The development of technology such as the use of lead free fuels,
biomass fuels and sewage treatment to reduce and overcome the
problem of environmental pollution
c) Education on the management of resource such as the 3R campaign
(reduce,reuse and recycle) to manage the materials used
d) Preservation and conservation of the natural resources such as soil,
water, flora and fauna of forest and mangrove
e) The efficient use of energy by using renewable energy such as solar
energy
f) Practising biological control to reduce the release of harmful
chemicals in controlling pests
3. Protection of the ecosystem through beneficial activities to educate and
enlighten the public to protect the environment by conducting campaigns.

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THE END

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