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Vol:4 2010-12-27
AbstractIn Image processing the Image compression can improve the performance of the digital systems by reducing the cost and
time in image storage and transmission without signicant reduction
of the Image quality. This paper describes hardware architecture of
low complexity Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) architecture for
image compression[6]. In this DCT architecture, common computations are identied and shared to remove redundant computations
in DCT matrix operation. Vector processing is a method used for
implementation of DCT. This reduction in computational complexity
of 2D DCT reduces power consumption. The 2D DCT is performed
on 8x8 matrix using two 1-Dimensional Discrete cosine transform
blocks and a transposition memory [7]. Inverse discrete cosine
transform (IDCT) is performed to obtain the image matrix and
reconstruct the original image. The proposed image compression
algorithm is comprehended using MATLAB code. The VLSI design
of the architecture is implemented Using Verilog HDL. The proposed
hardware architecture for image compression employing DCT was
synthesized using RTL complier and it was mapped using 180nm
standard cells. . The Simulation is done using Modelsim. The
simulation results from MATLAB and Verilog HDL are compared.
Detailed analysis for power and area was done using RTL compiler
from CADENCE. Power consumption of DCT core is reduced to
1.027mW with minimum area[1].
KeywordsDiscrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Inverse Discrete
Cosine Transform (IDCT), Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG),
Low Power Design, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) .
I. I NTRODUCTION
Research
scholar,
Dr.MGR
University,
Chennai,
am vprakash@yahoo.co.in
Professor, Department of ECE, UVCE, Bangalore, India,
drksgurumurthy@gmail.com
India,
C(u) = (u)
N1
x=0
290
(2x + 1)u
f (x)cos
2N
(1)
for u = 0
N
(u) =
(3)
for u = 0
N
It is clear from (1) that for
u = 0, c(u = 0) =
1 N1
f (x)
N x=0
(4)
N1 N1
x=0 y=0
(2x + 1)u
(2y + 1)v
f (x, y)cos
cos
2N
2N
(5)
For u,v = 0,1, 2, N-1 and (u) and (v) are dened in Equation
(4)
f (x, y) =
N1 N1
(u)(v)c(u, v)cos
u=0 v=0
(2x + 1)u
(2y + 1)v
cos
2N
2N
(6)
The inverse transform is dened as for x, y = 0, 1, 2, N1.The 2-D basis functions can be generated by multiplying
the horizontally oriented 1-D basis functions with vertically
oriented set of the same functions.
III. DCT P ROCESS
(7)
291
c(k) 7
(2i + 1)k
xi cos 16 , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 7.
2 i=0
+(x2 x5 )
g + (x3 x4 ) c
c
a
d
d
z0
b
f
z2
=(x0 + x7 ) + (x1 + x6 )
b
d
z4
f
b
z6
d
d
f
b
+(x2 + x5 )
d + (x3 + x4 ) d (11)
b
f
(9)
e
a
g
c
g
e
c
a
x0
x1
x2
x3
x7
x6
x5
x4
z0
d
z2 b
=
z4 d
z6
f
d
f
d
b
d
b
d
f
x0
x1
x2
x3
+
+
+
+
x7
x6
(10)
x5
x4
d
f
d
b
292
293
every CLK in the nal adder. The output of the adder z out
is the 1D-IDCT values given out in the order in which the
inputs were read in. It takes 8 clks to read in the rst set
of inputs, 1 clk to get the absolute value of the input, 1 clk
for multiplication, 2 clk for the nal adder and total of 12
clks to get the 1st z out value. Every subsequent clk gives
out the next z out value. So to get all the 64 values we need
(12+64)=76 clks.
V. M ATLAB I MPLEMENTATION
Each pixel value in the 2-D matrix is quantized using 8
bits which produces a value in the range of 0 to 255 for
the intensity/luminance values and the range of -128 to +
127 for the chrominance values. All values are shifted to the
range of -128 to + 127[10]] before computing DCT . All
64 values in the input matrix contribute to each entry in the
transformed matrix . The value in the location F[0,0] of the
transformed matrix is called the DC coefcient and is the
average of all 64 values in the matrix[3]. The other 63 values
are called the AC coefcients and have a frequency coefcient
associated with them. Spatial frequency coefcients increase
as we move from left to right (horizontally) or from top
to bottom (vertically). Low spatial frequencies are clustered
in the left top corner[11]. The Discrete Cosine Transform
(DCT) separates the frequencies contained in an image.
The original data could be reconstructed by Inverse DCT.
Quantization is achieved by dividing each element in the
transformed image matrix D by corresponding element in the
(12)
294
295
DCT
Architecture
Proposed DCT core
DCT Architecture[1]
DCT Core[12]
Power in
mW
1.0278
29.78
29.92
Area in
mm2
0.6281
0.343
0.569
Features
Power
Area
Latency
Block size
No. of Cells
DCT
1.0278mW
06281 mm2
92 cycles
8x8
6773
IDCT
1.268mW
0.7652 mm2
85 cycles
8x8
8571
VII. C ONCLUSION
An ASIC implementation of 2D DCT core was designed
to meet low power constraints. DCT and IDCT algorithm
was written using Verilog HDL, then simulated and synthesized successfully. Simulation is done by IUS simulator
using nclaunch from cadence. The image coefcients are
obtained by using MATLAB and are applied as inputs to DCT
core. The compressed image is thus reconstructed by using
MATLAB. The compressed image thus obtained is compared
with the simulation results from MATLAB and CADENCE
IUS simulator. Power analysis was done using RTL compiler
with 180 nm TSMC library and low power is achieved.
296
R EFERENCES
[1] Jongsun Park Kaushik Roy A Low Complexity Recongurable DCT Architecture to Trade off Image Quality for Power Consumption Received:
2 April 2007 / Revised: 16 January 2008 / Accepted: 30 April 2008 /
Published online: 3 June 2008.
[2] S. Ramachandran And S. Srinivasan Department of Electrical Engineering A Novel, Automatic Quality Control Scheme for Real
[3] Sungwook Yu and Earl E. Swartzlander Jr., Fellow, IEEE, DCT
Implementation with Distributed Arithmetic, IEEE Transactions on Computers, VOL. 50, NO. 9, September 2001.
[4] B. Heyne and J. Goetz A low-power and high-quality implementation
of the discrete cosine transformation,Adv. Radio Sci., 5, 305311, 2007.
[5] Y.P Lee, A cost effective architecture for 8x8 two-dimensional
DCT/IDCT using direct method IEEE Transactions on circuit and system
for video technology vol 7 N0 3 June 1997.
[6] C. Hemasundara Rao and M. Madavi Latha A Novel VLSI Architecture
of Hybrid Image Compression Model based on Reversible Blockade
Transform. .
[7] Sherif T.EID Shams University Cairo. A Low Power 1-D DCT/IDCT
Core. 1999-Y2k.
[8] Ken Cabeen and Peter Gent Math 45 College of the Redwoods Image
Compression and Discrete Cosine Transform.
[9] Andrew B.Watson,Image compression using the discrete cosine transform, Mathematical Journal, 4(1), 1994, p, 81-88.
[10] VijayaPrakash and K.S.Gurumurthy.A Novel VLSI Architecture for Digital Image Compression UsingDiscrete Cosine Transform and Quantization IJCSNS September 2010.
[11] Syed Ali Khayam, The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT): Theory and
Application. ECE 802 602: Information Theory and Coding, March
10th 2003.
[12] Xanthopoulos .T and Chandrakasan A P. A Low Powr DCT core using
Adaptive Bitwidth and arithmetic Activity exploiting signals correlations
and Quantization. IEEE journals of solid state circuits 35(5) 740-750
may 2000.
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