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INTRODUCTION
1. The shear strength of a granular soil is made of two components :a) Mineral to mineral friction due to sliding and rolling.
b)Degree of interlocking.
2.
The shear strength of cohesive soil is cohesion due to the bonding between particles.
3. The component (c) of the shear strength is known as cohesion. Cohesion holds the
particles of the soil together in a soil mass. The angle () is called the angle of internal
friction. It represents the fractional resistance between the particles.
INTRODUCTION
In the unconfined compression test, the cylindrical soil specimen loaded axially
(compressive axial stress ) without a lateral support, which is mean that the minor
principle stress & (confining pressure) is zero as shown in Fig.(1).
The Mohr circle can be drawn for stress condition at failure. As the minor principle
stress is zero, the Mohr circle passes through the origin as shown in Fig. (2). The
failure envelope is horizontal ( = 0). The cohesion intercept is equal to the radius of
the circle,
Su cu 1 u
2
2
Each point on the Mohrs circle gives the stresses and on a particular plane.
A
45
Axial stress
Failure plane
Failure envelope
=0
Su =
Axial strain
cu
pole
(a)
1 = qu
(b)
Figure 2: (a) A typical stress-strain response during the unconfined compression test,
(b) The corresponding evolution of the Mohr circle in the total stress.
Do
When Lo/Do < 2,
potential failure zones
overlap
When Lo/Do > 2, no
overlap of failure zones
45o
Lo < 2Do
When Lo/Do > 3, specimen
may act as column with
bulging failure
Figure 3: Lo/Do ratios for any soil compression test (unconfined, Triaxial or other).
Types of failure
Three types of failure are recognized
1- Plastic Failure: in which the specimen bulges laterally into a barrel shape without
splitting as in Fig. (4.a).
2- Brittle Failure: in which the specimen shears along one or more well defined surfaces
as in Fig. (4.b).
3- Semi-plastic Failure: failure in a manner intermediate between (a) and (b) as in
Fig.(4.c).
Area correction:
It is essential to correct area for each reading during testing which is explained in Fig.(5).
PURPOSES
The unconfined compression test is widely used for a quick economical means of
obtaining the approximate shear strength of a cohesive soil.
APPARATUS
1. Mechanical load frame, either hand operated or machine driven.
2. Device for Load and deformation measurements (dial gauges or transducer).
3. Apparatus for extruding and trimming specimens (Split mould 38mm dia., 83mm
long).
4. Vernier calipers.
PROCEDURE
a) Preparation of apparatus:
1) Ensure that the load frame stands firmly on a solid level support.
2) Check that the load and deformation measurement device (transducer) are connected
with transducer read-out.
3) If a motorized unit is used, select the gear position which with give a platen speed of
between 1 and 2% of the specimen length per minute.
b) Preparation of specimens:
The method of preparation depends upon the type of sample available, the most
usual being as follows:
1- Undisturbed specimens from sample tube.
Extrude specimen from the base end of the sample tube which is taken in-situ by extruder
devices.
5. Continue loading and taking reading until it is certain that failure has occurred according
to one of the following criteria:
a) Load decreases on sample significantly. b) Load holds constant for 4 readings.
c) Deformation is significantly past 20% strain (very plastic clay).
Important Note:- The sensitivity of the soil may be easily determined by conducting the test
on an undisturbed sample and then on the remoulded sample.
CALCULATION
1. Compute the axial strain (), the corrected area (Ac) and the compressive axial stress
L
*100
L0
Ac
A0
1
and
qu =
P
Ac
qu
2
Figure 7:
Plot of unconfined compression test data to obtain
a stress-strain modulus and best value of qu.
DISCUSSION
1. In which type of soil, deformation during UCT exceeds 20% strain?
2. It is conventional practice to correct the area on which the load P is acting, but in
which testing this is not done?
3. According to relative consistency (very soft, soft, firm (stiff), hard and very hard),
what is your soil consistency?
Ahmad M. Hasan
2014
Class:
mm
Group:
mm
mm2
Observation
Deformation
(L),mm
Calculation
Strain
L0
Load
P (kg)
Corrected area
Compressive stress
A0
Ac
1
(kg/cm2)
Ac
Compressive
stress
(kN/m2)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Signature: .....................
/2014