Latest Development in

Networks and
Communications
Written Assignment
NAME: NOOR AZEELAH BTE SAHLAN
I/C: 950101-01-6984
FROM: 4 CEMERLANG

GROUP MEMBERS:
NOOR AZEELAH BINTI SAHLAN
NOR HIKMAH BINTI SULIAMAN

1.0 INTRODUCTION

(Computer Network and Communications)

A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware
components and computers interconnected by communications channels that allow sharing of
resources and information.[1]
Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such as the medium
used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, and organizational
scope.
The rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network are defined by
communications protocols. Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and
Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite,
which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between
multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data
transmission formats.
Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of electrical engineering,
telecommunications, computer science, information technology or computer engineering, since it
relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines

2.0 MOBILE COMPUTING

Mobile computing is a form of humancomputer interaction by which a computer is

expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing has three
aspects: mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. The first
aspect addresses communication issues in ad-hoc and infrastructure networks as
well

as

communication

properties,

protocols,

data

formats

and

concrete

technologies. The second aspect is on the hardware, e.g., mobile devices or device
components. The third aspect deals with the characteristics and requirements of
mobile applications.

2.1 Definitions
Mobile computing is "taking a computer and all necessary files and software out into the field."[1]
"Mobile computing: being able to use a computing device even when being mobile and therefore
changing location. Portability is one aspect of mobile computing."[2]
"Mobile computing is the ability to use computing capability without a pre-defined location
and/or connection to a network to publish and/or subscribe to information ." Uwe Vieille,
AAMC.org

2.2 Specification, services, and frequencies of Mobile Computing

(based on one product e.g PDA,3G mobile phone)
A specification (often abbreviated spec) is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a
material, product, or service.[1] Should a material, product or service fail to meet one or more of
the applicable specifications, it may be referred to as being out of specification;[2] the
abbreviation OOS may also be used.[3] Specs are a type of technical standard.
A technical specification may be developed by any of various kinds of organizations, both public
and private. Example organization types include a corporation, a consortium (a small group of
corporations), a trade association (an industry-wide group of corporations), a national
government (including its military, regulatory agencies, and national laboratories and institutes),
a professional association (society), or a purpose-made standards organization such as ISO. It is
common for one organization to refer to (reference, call out, cite) the standards of another.
Voluntary standards may become mandatory if adopted by a government or business contract.
Sometimes the term specification is used in connection with a data sheet (or spec sheet). A data
sheet is usually used for technical communication to describe technical characteristics of an item
or product. It can be published by a manufacturer to help people choose products or to help use
the products. A data sheet is not a technical specification as described in this article.

Specification
User Interface
S60 5th Edition Display
3.5-inch TFT
16 Million Colors
mHD 16:9 Widescreen
640360 pixels Battery

 Nokia Batter BP-4L

1500 mAh Memory
Up to 48GB
32GB Internal Memory
16GB Micro SD Expansion Slot Main Camera
Carl Zeiss Tessar Lens
5MP

(2584 x 1938)

JPEG/EXIF (16.7 Million / 24-bit color)

Video Capture MPEG-4 VGA, 640480 at 30fps
Aperture: F2.8
Focal Length: 5.4mm
Flash: Dual LED Camera
SERVICES
WLAN IEEE 802.11 b/g with UPnP support
Micro USB Connector
3.5 mm stereo headphone plug
TV-Out Support
Data transfer via Bluetooth 2.0
A-GPS
Internet surfing FREQUENCIES
2G Network GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900
3G Network HSDPA 900 / 1900 / 2100

Technology and Services

3.0 Interne Internet Services Technology is broad field of study usually resulting in receiving
an Associate of Applied Science Degree. This 2-year degree, often awarded at community
colleges, is a gateway to more specialized studies but can also be applied to immediate
workforce demands. Students learn languages such as HTML, C++, ActionScript, and
JavaScript. This program of study also encompasses business courses with an emphasis on ecommerce and macroeconomics.

3.1 VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol (Voice over IP, VoIP) is a family of technologies, methodologies,
communication protocols, and transmission techniques for the delivery of voice communications
and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms
frequently encountered and often used synonymously with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet
telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, and broadband phone.
Internet telephony refers to communications servicesVoice, fax, SMS, and/or voice-messaging
applicationsthat are transported via the Internet, rather than the public switched telephone
network (PSTN). The steps involved in originating a VoIP telephone call are signaling and media
channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signal, encoding, packetization, and transmission
as Internet Protocol (IP) packets over a packet-switched network. On the receiving side, similar
steps (usually in the reverse order) such as reception of the IP packets, decoding of the packets
and digital-to-analog conversion reproduce the original voice stream. [1] Even though IP
Telephony and VoIP are terms that are used interchangeably, they are actually different; IP
telephony has to do with digital telephony systems that use IP protocols for voice communication
while VoIP is actually a subset of IP Telephony. VoIP is a technology used by IP telephony as a
means of transporting phone calls.[2]

3.2 Blog
A blog (a blend of the term web log)[1] is a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are usually
maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other
material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological
order. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.
Most blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via
widgets on the blogs and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites.
[2]

Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more
personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web
pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an
interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although
some focus on art (art blog), photographs (photoblog), videos (video blogging or vlogging),
music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring
very short posts.

4.0 Types of network

4.1 PAN
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among
computer devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants, in proximity to an
individual's body. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a
PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices
themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the
Internet (an uplink).
Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire. A
wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be made possible with wireless network
technologies such as IrDA, Bluetooth, Wireless USB, Z-Wave and ZigBee.

4.2 VPN

A virtual private network (VPN) is a network that uses primarily public telecommunication
infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide remote offices or traveling users access to a central
organizational network.
VPNs typically require remote users of the network to be authenticated, and often secure data
with encryption technologies to prevent disclosure of private information to unauthorized parties.
VPNs may serve any network functionality that is found on any network, such as sharing of data
and access to network resources, printers, databases, websites, etc. A VPN user typically
experiences the central network in a manner that is identical to being connected directly to the
central network. VPN technology via the public Internet has replaced the need to requisition and
maintain expensive dedicated leased-line telecommunication circuits once typical in wide-area
network installations.

4.3 WLAN
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless
distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a
connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move
around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs
are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and the increasing
to offer wireless access to their customers; often for free. Large wireless network projects are
being put up in many major cities: New York City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to
provide city workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.

4.4 WIMAX
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a trademark for a family of
telecommunications protocols that provide fixed and mobile Internet access. The 2005 WiMAX

revision provided bit rates up to 40 Mbit/s[1][2] with the 2011 update up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed
stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June
2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX
as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as
an alternative to cable and DSL".[3]

5.0 CONCLUSION
(Computer Networks and Communications)
The York/Habitat Networking Initiative showed that in the absence of
resources allocated to promote collaborative activities among people busy
with their own current endeavours, it is very difficult to maintain
interpersonal interactions. A great deal of organizing must be done by those
most involved in establishing a new network, especially one that links people
across several traditional fields.
The Native Computer Communications Network Project was a good example
of how a focus on creating a network of computers does not necessarily
ensure the interpersonal networking of the potential users of that technology.
If the people were not communicating with each other before, developing
another method of communication doesn't mean they'll start.
Habnet was a project that tried to overcome the limitations of these
initiatives. It succeeded as an exploration of the potentials of online
interactions, but failed to thrive when it ceased to grow. It again showed how
difficult it is to create an online network without sufficient numbers of people
to maintain enough interaction, and thereby enough interest, to make it
worthwhile to use.
Computer communication, it seems, will become a much more useful
networking tool when large numbers of people with similar interests acquire

access to the technology. Though it can expedite the formation of new

interpersonal networks by overcoming the space and time barriers faced by
traditional

networking

techniques,

it

still

requires

great

deal

of

concentrated effort and resources to get the people to use it. This problem
should become increasingly minimized over the coming years as the
technological innovations become more diffused throughout society.

REFERENCE
1. Internet
http://www.springerlink.com/content/k352871185136267/fulltext.pdf?page=1
http://www.gsmarena.com/nokia_n97-2615.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol