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Email: moh_ajib@yahoo.com
Dec - 2014
UMTS Overview
3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
Coding And Interleave Technology
Modulation
I. 3G services
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
3G Services
3G Services
3G Services
3G services
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
Coding And Interleave Technology
Modulation
TDD mode
Uplink and downlink has the same frequency
Adaptable to any frequency band
Suitable for both asymmetric and
symmetric services
FDD mode
Uplink and downlink has the different
frequency
Paired frequency bands are needed
Suitable for symmetric services
A. Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available spectrum
into many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each channel can
transmit one-way voice or control information. Analog cellular system is a typical
example of FDMA structure.
B. Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one bandwidth is
divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or called timeslot).
Each user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals within this specified
timeslot. Therefore, it is called time division multiple access. This multiple access
mode is adopted in both digital cellular system and GSM.
C. Code division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiple access mode implemented
by Spreading Modulation. Unlike FDMA and TDMA, both of which separate the
user information in terms of time and frequency, CDMA can transmit the
information of multiple users on a channel at the same time. The key is that every
information before transmission should be modulated by different Spreading Code
to broadband signal, then all the signals should be mixed and send. The mixed
signal would be demodulated by different Spreading Code at the different receiver.
Because all the Spreading Code is orthogonal, only the information that was be
demodulated by same Spreading Code can be reverted in mixed signal.
III.Spectrum Planning
IV. Spreading Technology
V. Coding And Interleave Technology
VI. Modulation
Spectrum Planning
Single Frequency Network
Spectrum Planning
IMT-2000 Spectrum Allocation
Spectrum Planning
3G Spectrum Allocation in Sudan
Allocated Spectrum
IV.Spreading Technology
V. Coding And Interleave Technology
VI. Modulation
Spreading Technology
Spread Spectrum Principles:
SHANON Formula
C = B * log2(1+S/N)
Where:
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum communications.
Spreading Technology
Spread Spectrum Principles:
Spreading Technology
Spread Spectrum Principles:
User information bits are spread over a wide bandwidth by multiplying high speed
spread code(chip)
Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal bandwidth Rb
Spreading Technology
Spread Spectrum Principles:
White noise refers to a statistical model for signals and signal sources, rather than to any specific signal
Spreading Technology
Spreading Mode
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS
Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise sequence and base-band
pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-noise generator
BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect
Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by power detection
accuracy
WCDMA uses DS_SS
Frequency hopping spread spectrum FH-SS
Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency hopping
Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband modulation
No near-far effect
Spreading Technology
DS-SS communication system
A technology of transmission after spreading signal spectrum.
Spreading Technology
Spread Spectrum Principles
Spreading Technology
Spread Spectrum Principles
Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received composite signal by
using the right orthogonal code
Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than interference and noise
Spreading Technology
Direct spread technique
3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
During the transmission, there are many interferences and fading. To guarantee
reliable transmission, system should overcome these influence through the channel
coding which includes convolution and interleaving.
The first is convolution that is used for anti-interference. Through the technology,
many redundant bits will be inserted in original information. When error code is
caused by interference, the redundant bits can be used to recover the original
information.
In WCDMA network, both Convolution code and Turbo code are used.
Convolution code applies to voice service while Turbo code applies to high rate
data service.
3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
VI.Modulation
UMTS Radio mechanism
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Modulation
Definition:Modulation is the process where the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an electronic
or optical signal carrier is changed in order to transmit information.
Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve communication effectiveness
Classification:-
3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of
video phone is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps(R99). After
the spreading, the chip rate of different service all become 3.84Mcps.
Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signal, on other
hand determine the Identical and Orthogonal signals
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
Correlation
Cross Correlation: related to the multi-user interference characteristic
Coding
De-Coding
Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating the 1
horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the -1 diagonally. This process is to
be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with the proper
length are generated. Sequences created in this way are referred as Walsh code.
Spreading code uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of different subscriber
physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code tree illustrated in the following
diagram.
Spreading code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading factor of the code,
and k is the sequence of code, 0kSF-1. Each level definition length of code tree is SF
spreading code, and the left most value of each spreading code character is corresponding
to the chip which is transmitted earliest.
For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means there are 128 voice services
maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier;
For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF is 32, it means there are 32
voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier.
I.
II.
Channelization code :
for separation of physical channels in the uplink and separation of users
in the downlink
Scrambling code :
for separation of users/terminals in the uplink and cells/sectors in the
downlink.
Cchspread code
Relative to service rateextended to 3.84Mchips/s
A kind of orthogonal code
Cscramblingscrambling code
Have no effect on signal bandwidth
Downlink for identifier celluplink identifier terminal
A pseudo-random sequence
Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
3G services
Multiple Access Technologies
Spectrum Planning
Spreading Technology
IV.Modulation of UMTS
Modulation of UMTS
Modulation Overview
Modulation of UMTS
Modulation Overview
Modulation of UMTS
Modulation Overview
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying . Phase shift keying in which four
different phase angles are used.
Modulation of UMTS
Modulation Overview
Modulation Methods in UMTS
BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) in Uplink channles
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) in Downlink channels
16QAM (16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) in HSDPA
Modulation of UMTS
Demodulation
When WCDMA systems were designed for cellular systems, the inherent wide bandwidth signals with their orthogonal
Walsh functions were natural for implementing a RAKE receiver. InWCDMA system, the bandwidth is wider than the
coherence bandwidth of the cellular. Thus, when the multi-path components are resolved in the receiver, the signals from
each tap on the delay line are uncorrelated with each other. The receiver can then combine themusing any of the combining
schemes. The WCDMA system then uses the multi-path characteristics of the channel to its advantage to improve the
operation of the system.
I.
II.
Many Thanks
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