Heat and Mass Transfer Yunus A Cengel Appendix

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APPENDIX
P R O P E R T Y TA B L E S A N D
CHARTS (SI UNITS)
855
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A1
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Critical-Point Properties
Substance
Formula
Molar Mass,
M kg/kmol
Air
Ammonia
Argon
Benzene
Bromine
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12)
Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21)
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene
Helium
n-Hexane
Hydrogen (normal)
Krypton
Methane
Methyl alcohol
Methyl chloride
Neon
Nitrogen
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Propane
Propylene
Sulfur dioxide
Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a)
Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11)
Water
Xenon
NH3
Ar
C6H6
Br2
C4H10
CO2
CO
CCl4
Cl2
CHCl3
CCl2F2
CHCl2F
C2H6
C2H5OH
C2H4
He
C6H14
H2
Kr
CH4
CH3OH
CH3Cl
Ne
N2
N2O
O2
C3H8
C3H6
SO2
CF3CH2F
CCl3F
H2O
Xe
28.97
17.03
39.948
78.115
159.808
58.124
44.01
28.011
153.82
70.906
119.38
120.91
102.92
30.070
46.07
28.054
4.003
86.179
2.016
83.80
16.043
32.042
50.488
20.183
28.013
44.013
31.999
44.097
42.081
64.063
102.03
137.37
18.015
131.30
Gas
Constant,
R kJ/kg K*
Temperature, K
Pressure,
MPa
Volume,
m3/kmol
0.2870
0.4882
0.2081
0.1064
0.0520
0.1430
0.1889
0.2968
0.05405
0.1173
0.06964
0.06876
0.08078
0.2765
0.1805
0.2964
2.0769
0.09647
4.1240
0.09921
0.5182
0.2595
0.1647
0.4119
0.2968
0.1889
0.2598
0.1885
0.1976
0.1298
0.08149
0.06052
0.4615
0.06332
132.5
405.5
151
562
584
425.2
304.2
133
556.4
417
536.6
384.7
451.7
305.5
516
282.4
5.3
507.9
33.3
209.4
191.1
513.2
416.3
44.5
126.2
309.7
154.8
370
365
430.7
374.3
471.2
647.3
289.8
3.77
11.28
4.86
4.92
10.34
3.80
7.39
3.50
4.56
7.71
5.47
4.01
5.17
4.48
6.38
5.12
0.23
3.03
1.30
5.50
4.64
7.95
6.68
2.73
3.39
7.27
5.08
4.26
4.62
7.88
4.067
4.38
22.09
5.88
0.0883
0.0724
0.0749
0.2603
0.1355
0.2547
0.0943
0.0930
0.2759
0.1242
0.2403
0.2179
0.1973
0.1480
0.1673
0.1242
0.0578
0.3677
0.0649
0.0924
0.0993
0.1180
0.1430
0.0417
0.0899
0.0961
0.0780
0.1998
0.1810
0.1217
0.1847
0.2478
0.0568
0.1186
*The unit kJ/kg K is equivalent to kPa m3/kg K. The gas constant is calculated from R Ru /M, where Ru 8.31447 kJ/kmol K and M is the molar mass.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A2
Boiling- and freezing-point properties
Boiling Data at 1 atm
Substance
Normal
Boiling
Point, C
Ammonia
33.3
Argon
Benzene
Brine (20% sodium
chloride by mass)
n-Butane
Carbon dioxide
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
Ethylene glycol
Glycerine
Helium
Hydrogen
Isobutane
Kerosene
Mercury
Methane
185.9
80.2
Methanol
Nitrogen
Octane
Oil (light)
Oxygen
Petroleum
Propane
Latent Heat of
Vaporization,
hfg kJ/kg
1357
161.6
394
Freezing Data
Freezing
Point, C
77.7
189.3
5.5
Latent Heat
of Fusion,
hif kJ/kg
322.4
28
126
385.2
230.5 (at 0C)
838.3
855
800.1
974
22.8
445.7
367.1
251
294.7
510.4
17.4
138.5
56.6
114.2
156
10.8
18.9
259.2
160
24.9
38.9
182.2
109
108
181.1
200.6
59.5
105.7
11.4
58.4
64.5
195.8
1100
198.6
97.7
210
99.2
25.3
124.8
306.3
57.5
180.7
218.8
13.7
187.7
80.0
103.9
0.5
78.4*
78.2
78.6
198.1
179.9
268.9
252.8
11.7
204293
356.7
161.5
183
42.1
Refrigerant-134a
26.1
Water
100
212.7
230384
427.8
216.8
2257
96.6
0.0
80.3
333.7
Liquid Properties
Temp., C
Density,
kg/m3
Specific Heat,
Cp kJ/kg C
33.3
20
0
25
185.6
20
682
665
639
603
1394
879
4.43
4.51
4.62
4.78
1.14
1.72
20
0.5
0
25
20
20
20
268.9
252.8
11.7
20
25
161.5
100
25
195.8
160
20
25
183
20
42.1
0
50
50
26.1
0
25
0
25
50
75
100
1150
601
298
783
789
1109
1261
146.2
70.7
593.8
820
13560
423
301
787
809
596
703
910
1141
640
581
529
449
1443
1374
1295
1207
1000
997
988
975
958
3.11
2.31
0.59
2.46
2.84
2.84
2.32
22.8
10.0
2.28
2.00
0.139
3.49
5.78
2.55
2.06
2.97
2.10
1.80
1.71
2.0
2.25
2.51
3.12
1.23
1.27
1.34
1.43
4.22
4.18
4.18
4.19
4.22
*Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point
temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5C.)
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals
Composition
Aluminum:
Pure
Melting
Point,
K
Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

k(W/m K)/Cp(J/kg K)
Properties at 300 K

kg/m3
Cp
k
106
J/kg K W/m K
m2/s
933
2702
903
237
97.1
775
2770
875
177
73.0
1550
2790
1850
883
1825
168
200
68.2
59.2
545
9780
122
2573
2500
1107
27.0
594
8650
231
96.8
48.4
Chromium
2118
7160
449
93.7
29.1
Cobalt
1769
8862
421
99.2
26.6
Copper:
Pure
1358
8933
385
401
117
1293
8800
420
52
14
1104
8780
355
54
17
1188
8530
380
110
1493
8920
384
23
1211
5360
322
59.9
Gold
1336
19,300
129
317
Iridium
2720
22,500
130
147
Iron:
Pure
1810
7870
447
80.2
7870
447
7854
434
Alloy 2024-T6
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg,
0.6% Mn)
Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu)
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Cadmium
Commercial bronze
(90% Cu, 10% Al)
Phosphor gear bronze
(89% Cu, 11% Sn)
Cartridge brass
(70% Cu, 30% Zn)
Constantan
(55% Cu, 45% Ni)
Germanium
Armco
(99.75% pure)
Carbon steels:
Plain carbon (Mn 1%,
Si 0.1%)
100
200
400
1000
237
798
163
473
787
482
252
393
397
52
160
65
137
395
379
417
59
545
74
149
425
366
433
352
451
17
237
232
190
327
109
172
90
413
356
42
785
41
95
360
19
362
96.8
290
323
124
153
122
43.2
337
311
131
144
133
27.3
348
298
135
138
138
19.8
357
284
140
132
144
17.4
375
270
145
126
153
23.1
134
216
94.0
384
69.5
490
54.7
574
43.3
680
32.8
975
72.7
20.7
95.6
215
80.6
384
65.7
490
53.1
574
42.2
680
32.3
975
60.5
17.7
56.7
487
48.0
559
39.2
685
30.0
1169
6.59
9.76
33.9
6.71
34.7
127
50.3
231
1033
186
800
302
482
65
7.86
240
949
186
600
218
1146
925
1042
174
185
990
301
161
126
106
90.8
203
1114
2191
2604
2823
3018
16.5
9.69
7.04
112
120
127
190
55.5
16.8
10.6
9.60
9.85
128
600
1463
1892
2160
2338
203
99.3
94.7
198
222
242
159
111
90.9
80.7
71.3
65.4
192
384
484
542
581
616
167
122
85.4
67.4
58.2
52.1
236
379
450
503
550
628
75
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals (Continued)
Composition
Melting
Point,
K
AlSl 1010
Carbonsilicon (Mn 1%,
0.1% Si 0.6%)
Carbonmanganesesilicon
(1% Mn 1.65%
0.1% Si 0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels:
1 Cr 1 MoSi (0.18% C,
2
4
0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo,
0.6% Si)
1Cr 12 Mo
(0.16% C, 1% Cr,
0.54% Mo,
0.39% Si)
1CrV
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr,
0.15% V)
Stainless steels:
AlSl 302

k(W/m K)/Cp(J/kg K)
Properties at 300 K

kg/m3
Cp
k
106
J/kg K W/m K
m2/s
7832
434
63.9
18.8
7817
446
51.9
14.9
8131
434
41.0
11.6
7822
444
37.7
7858
442
7836
443
800
1000
31.3
1168
29.3
971
27.6
1090
10.9
38.2
36.7
33.3
26.9
42.3
12.2
492
42.0
575
39.1
688
34.5
969
27.4
48.9
14.1
492
46.8
575
42.1
688
36.3
969
28.2
492
575
688
969
3.91
7900
477
14.9
3.95
AlSl 316
8238
468
13.4
3.48
AlSl 347
7978
480
14.2
3.71
35.3
Lead
601
11,340
129
Magnesium
923
1740
1024
156
87.6
Molybdenum
2894
10,240
251
138
53.7
Nickel:
Pure
1728
8900
444
90.7
1672
8400
420
12
3.4
1665
8510
439
11.7
3.1
2741
8570
265
53.7
23.6
Palladium
1827
12,020
244
71.8
24.5
Platinum:
Pure
2045
21,450
133
71.6
25.1
1800
16,630
162
47
17.4
Alloy 60Pt40Rh
(60% Pt, 40% Rh)
600
39.2
685
37.4
699
35.0
685
15.1
Nichrome
(80% Ni, 20% Cr)
Inconel X-750
(73% Ni, 15% Cr,
6.7% Fe)
Niobium
400
48.8
559
44.0
582
39.7
559
480
1670
200
58.7
487
49.8
501
42.2
487
8055
AlSl 304
100
24.1
23.0
9.2
272
12.6
402
39.7
118
169
649
179
141
36.7
125
159
934
143
224
164
232
107
383
17.3
512
16.6
515
15.2
504
15.8
513
34.0
132
153
1074
134
261
20.0
22.8
559
585
19.8
22.6
557
582
18.3
21.3
550
576
18.9
21.9
559
585
31.4
142
149
146
1170
1267
126
118
275
285
25.4
606
25.4
611
24.2
602
24.7
606
112
295
8.7
10.3
80.2
485
14
480
13.5
65.6
592
16
525
17.0
67.6
530
21
545
20.5
71.8
562
55.2
188
76.5
168
372
52.6
249
71.6
227
473
55.2
274
73.6
251
510
58.2
283
79.7
261
546
61.3
292
86.9
271
626
64.4
301
94.2
281
77.5
100
72.6
125
71.8
136
52
73.2
141
59
75.6
146
65
78.7
152
69
24.0
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A3
Properties of solid metals (Concluded)
k(W/m K)/Cp(J/kg K)
Properties at 300 K
Melting
Point,
K

kg/m3
Rhenium
3453
21,100
136
Rhodium
2236
12,450
243
150
49.6
Silicon
1685
2330
712
148
89.2
Silver
1235
10,500
235
429
Tantalum
3269
16,600
140
57.5
24.7
Thorium
2023
11,700
118
54.0
39.1
505
7310
227
66.6
40.1
Titanium
1953
4500
522
21.9
Tungsten
3660
19,300
132
Uranium
1406
19,070
116
27.6
12.5
Vanadium
2192
6100
489
30.7
10.3
693
7140
389
2125
6570
278
Composition
Tin
Zinc
Zirconium
Cp
k
106
J/kg K W/m K
m2/s
47.9
174
116
22.7
16.7
174
9.32
68.3
41.8
12.4
100
200
400
58.9
97
186
147
884
259
444
187
59.2
110
59.8
99
85.2
188
30.5
300
208
87
21.7
94
35.8
258
117
297
33.2
205
51.0
127
154
220
264
556
430
225
57.5
133
54.6
112
73.3
215
24.5
465
186
122
25.1
108
31.3
430
118
367
25.2
264
46.1
139
146
253
98.9
790
425
239
57.8
144
54.5
124
62.2
243
20.4
551
159
137
29.6
125
31.3
515
111
402
21.6
300
600
800
1000
44.2
145
136
274
61.9
867
412
250
58.6
146
55.8
134
44.1
151
127
293
42.4
913
396
262
59.4
149
56.9
145
44.6
156
121
311
31.2
946
379
277
60.2
152
56.9
156
19.4
591
137
142
34.0
146
33.3
540
103
436
20.7
332
19.7
633
125
146
38.8
176
35.7
563
20.7
675
118
148
43.9
180
38.2
597
21.6
342
23.7
362
Source for Tables A-3 and A-4: Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons,
1990), pp. A3A8. Originally compiled from various sources. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A4
Properties of solid nonmetals
Composition
Aluminum oxide,
sapphire
Aluminum oxide,
polycrystalline
Beryllium oxide
Boron
Boron fiber epoxy
(30% vol.) composite
k, to fibers
k, to fibers
Cp
Carbon
Amorphous
Diamond,
type lla
insulator
Graphite, pyrolytic
k, to layers
k, to layers
Cp
Graphite fiber
epoxy (25% vol.)
composite
k, heat flow to fibers
k, heat flow to fibers
Cp
Pyroceram,
Corning 9606
Silicon carbide
Silicon dioxide,
crystalline (quartz)
k, to c-axis
k, to c-axis
Cp
Silicon dioxide,
polycrystalline
(fused silica)
Silicon nitride
Melting
Point,
K

kg/m3
Cp
k
106
J/kg K W/m K
m2/s
2323
3970
765
46
15.1
2323
3970
765
36.0
11.9
2725
3000
1030
2573
2500
1105
590
2080
272
27.6
100
9.99
1950
3500
2273
2210
1.60
82
55
190
52.5
509 2300
0.67
10,000
21
32.4
940
26.4
940
196
1350
18.7
1490
600
800
1000
18.9
1110
15.8
1110
111
1690
11.3
1880
13.0
1180
10.4
1180
70
1865
8.1
2135
10.5
1225
7.85
1225
47
1975
6.3
2350
1.18
4000
194
1.89
21.9
2.37
2.53
1540
853
1950
5.70
4970
3230
1390
892
667
534
16.8
9.23
4.09
2.68
2.01
1.60
136
411
992
1406
1650
1793
11.1
0.87
5.7
8.7
13.0
0.46
0.68
1.1
337
642
1216
5.25
4.78
3.64
3.28
3.08
2.96
908
1038
1122
1197
87
880
1050
1135
1195
709
450
450
133
400
2.10
2.23
2.28
0.37
0.49
0.60
364
757
1431
1122
1500
200
88.0
2.29
0.59
1400
1623
2600
935
808
3100
3160
675
1883
2650
3.98
490
1.89
230
10.4
6.21
1883
2220
745
745
2173
2400
691
392
2070
708
Thorium dioxide
3573
9110
235
Titanium dioxide,
polycrystalline
2133
4157
710
Sulfur

k(W/m K)/Cp(J/kg K)
Properties at 300 K
1.38
16.0
0.206
13
8.4
0.834
39
20.8
0.69
16.4
9.5
1.14
7.6
5.0
4.2
4.70
3.4
3.1
885
1075
1250
1.51
1.75
2.17
2.87
905
1040
1105
1155
13.9
11.3
9.88
8.76
578
778
937
1063
1155
0.141
0.165 0.185
403
606
6.1
10.2
6.6
4.7
3.68
255
274
285
295
2.8
7.01
5.02
3.94
3.46
805
880
910
930
9.65
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A5
Properties of building materials
(at a mean temperature of 24C)
Material
Building Boards
Asbestoscement board
Gypsum of plaster board
Plywood (Douglas fir)
Insulated board and sheating

(regular density)
Hardboard (high density, standard
tempered)
Particle board:
Medium density
Underlayment
Wood subfloor
Thickness,
L mm
6 mm
10 mm
13 mm
6 mm
10 mm
13 mm
20 mm
13 mm
20 mm
16 mm
20 mm
Density,
kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/m C
Specific
Heat, Cp
kJ/kg C
R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
C m2/W
1922
800
800
545
545
545
545
545
288
288
0.12
1.00
1.09
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.30
1.30
0.011
0.057
0.078
0.055
0.083
0.110
0.165
0.232
0.359
1010
0.14
1.34
800
640
0.14
1.30
1.21
1.38
0.144
0.166
Building Membrane
Vapor-permeable felt
Vapor-seal (2 layers of mopped
0.73 kg/m2 felt)
0.011
0.021
Flooring Materials
Carpet and fibrous pad
Carpet and rubber pad
Tile (asphalt, linoleum, vinyl)
1.42
1.38
1.26
0.367
0.217
0.009
100 mm
200 mm
300 mm
1922
2082
2400
1920
1120
0.72
1.30
1.34
0.90
0.41
0.77
1.0
1.30
0.79
0.13
0.20
0.23
1920
1600
1280
960
940
1.1
0.79
0.54
0.33
0.18
0.84
0.84
Masonry Materials
Masonry units:
Brick, common
Brick, face
Brick, fire clay
Concrete blocks (3 oval cores,

sand and gravel aggregate)
Concretes:
Lightweight aggregates (including
expanded shale, clay, or slate;
expanded slags; cinders;
pumice; and scoria)
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A5
Properties of building materials (Concluded)
Material
Density,
kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/m C
Specific
Heat, Cp
kJ/kg C
R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
C m2/W
1920
1280
1857
1.40
0.65
0.72
1900
1100
1100
1100
1.00
1.51
1.26
1.46
1.26
0.037
0.026
0.077
0.058
0.009
1.30
0.166
19 mm
1860
0.72
0.84
0.026
13 mm
13 mm
720
1680
720
0.81
0.22
0.84
1.34
0.055
0.016
11 mm
25 mm
10 mm
1900
1.17
1.30
1.21
0.037
0.12
0.139
0.111
10 mm
10 mm
2530
1.0
1.22
1.34
0.84
0.11
0.32
0.018
0.159
0.115
1.26
1.38
0.896
0.502
0.456
Thickness,
L mm
Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco

Stucco
Roofing
Asbestos-cement shingles
Asphalt roll roofing
Asphalt shingles
Built-in roofing
Slate
Wood shingles (plain and
plastic/film faced)
Plastering Materials
Cement plaster, sand aggregate
Gypsum plaster:
Lightweight aggregate
Sand aggregate
Perlite aggregate
Siding Material (on flat surfaces)
Asbestos-cement shingles
Hardboard siding
Wood (drop) siding
Wood (plywood) siding, lapped
Aluminum or steel siding (over
sheeting):
Hollow backed
Insulating-board backed
Architectural glass
10 mm
13 mm
Woods
Hardwoods (maple, oak, etc.)
Softwoods (fir, pine, etc.)
721
513
Metals
Aluminum (1100)
Steel, mild
Steel, Stainless
2739
7833
7913
222
45.3
15.6
Source: Tables A-5 and A-6 are adapted from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and AirConditioning Engineers, 1993), Chap. 22, Table 4. Used with permission.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A6
Properties of insulating materials
Thickness,
L mm
Material
Blanket and Batt
Mineral fiber (fibrous form
processed from rock, slag,
or glass)
50 to 70 mm
75 to 90 mm
135 to 165 mm
Board and Slab

Cellular glass
Glass fiber (organic bonded)
Expanded polystyrene (molded beads)
Expanded polyurethane (R-11 expanded)
Expanded perlite (organic bonded)
Expanded rubber (rigid)
Mineral fiber with resin binder
Cork
Sprayed or Formed in Place
Polyurethane foam
Glass fiber
Urethane, two-part mixture (rigid foam)
Mineral wool granules with asbestos/inorganic
binders (sprayed)
Loose Fill
Mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass)
75
165
191
185
to 125 mm
to 222 mm
to 254 mm
mm
Silica aerogel
Vermiculite (expanded)
Perlite, expanded
Sawdust or shavings
Cellulosic insulation (milled paper or wood pulp)
Roof Insulation
Cellular glass
Preformed, for use above deck
13 mm
25 mm
50 mm
Reflective Insulation
Silica powder (evacuated)
Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; 1012 layers
(evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)
Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; 75150
layers (evacuated); for cryogenic applications (150 K)
Density,
kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity, k
W/m C
Specific
Heat, Cp
kJ/kg C
R-value
(for listed
thickness, L/k),
C m2/W
4.832
4.832
4.832
0.710.96
0.710.96
0.710.96
1.23
1.94
3.32
136
64144
16
24
16
72
240
120
0.055
0.036
0.040
0.023
0.052
0.032
0.042
0.039
2440
5672
70
190
9.632
9.632
122
122
3266
128240
3751
0.0230.026
0.0380.039
0.026
0.046
0.025
0.068
0.0390.045
0.065
0.0390.046
1.0
0.96
1.2
1.6
1.26
1.68
0.71
1.80
1.045
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
1.09
1.38
1.94
3.35
3.87
5.28
1.0
1.0
2.1
3.9
0.24
0.49
0.93
144
0.058
160
0.0017
0.00016
0.000017
40
120
cen58933_ap1.qxd
TABLE A7
7/25/2002
Properties of common foods

(a) Specific heats and freezing-point properties
Specific heat,b
kJ/kg C
Specific heat,b
kJ/kg C
Above
Freezing
Below
Freezing
Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c
kJ/kg
Vegetables
Artichokes
Asparagus
Beans, snap
Broccoli
Cabbage
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Corn, sweet
Cucumbers
Eggplant
Horseradish
Leeks
Lettuce
Mushrooms
Okra
Onions, green
Onions, dry
Parsley
Peas, green
Peppers, sweet
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Spinach
Tomatos, ripe
Turnips
84
93
89
90
92
88
92
94
74
96
93
75
85
95
91
90
89
88
85
74
92
78
91
93
94
92
1.2
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.9
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.8
0.7
0.2
0.9
1.8
0.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.5
1.1
3.65
3.96
3.82
3.86
3.92
3.79
3.92
3.99
3.32
4.06
3.96
3.35
3.69
4.02
3.89
3.86
3.82
3.79
3.69
3.32
3.92
3.45
3.89
3.96
3.99
3.92
1.90
2.01
1.96
1.97
2.00
1.95
2.00
2.02
1.77
2.05
2.01
1.78
1.91
2.04
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.91
1.77
2.00
1.82
1.99
2.01
2.02
2.00
281
311
297
301
307
294
307
314
247
321
311
251
284
317
304
301
297
294
284
247
307
261
304
311
314
307
Fruits
Apples
Apricots
Avocados
Bananas
Blueberries
Cantaloupes
Cherries, sour
Cherries, sweet
Figs, dried
Figs, fresh
Grapefruit
Grapes
Lemons
Olives
Oranges
84
85
65
75
82
92
84
80
23
78
89
82
89
75
87
1.1
1.1
0.3
0.8
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.8
2.4
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
0.8
3.65
3.69
3.02
3.35
3.59
3.92
3.65
3.52
3.45
3.82
3.59
3.82
3.35
3.75
1.90
1.91
1.66
1.78
1.87
2.00
1.90
1.85
1.13
1.82
1.96
1.87
1.96
1.78
1.94
281
284
217
251
274
307
281
267
77
261
297
274
297
251
291
Food
Food
Water
Content,a
% (mass)
Freezing
Pointa
C
Above
Freezing
Below
Freezing
Latent
Heat of
Fusion,c
kJ/kg
865
Peaches
Pears
Pineapples
Plums
Quinces
Raisins
Strawberries
Tangerines
Watermelon
89
83
85
86
85
18
90
87
93
0.9
1.6
1.0
0.8
2.0
0.8
1.1
0.4
3.82
3.62
3.69
3.72
3.69
3.86
3.75
3.96
1.96
1.89
1.91
1.92
1.91
1.07
1.97
1.94
2.01
297
277
284
287
284
60
301
291
311
Fish/Seafood
Cod, whole
Halibut, whole
Lobster
Mackerel
Salmon, whole
Shrimp
78
75
79
57
64
83
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
3.45
3.35
3.49
2.75
2.98
3.62
1.82
1.78
1.84
1.56
1.65
1.89
261
251
264
190
214
277
Meats
Beef carcass
Liver
Round, beef
Sirloin, beef
Chicken
Lamb leg
Pork carcass
Ham
Pork sausage
Turkey
49
70
67
56
74
65
37
56
38
64
1.7
1.7
2.8
1.7
2.48
3.18
3.08
2.72
3.32
3.02
2.08
2.72
2.11
2.98
1.46
1.72
1.68
1.55
1.77
1.66
1.31
1.55
1.32
1.65
164
234
224
187
247
217
124
187
127
214
Other
Almonds
Butter
Cheese, cheddar
Cheese, Swiss
Chocolate, milk
Eggs, whole
Honey
Ice cream
Milk, whole
Peanuts
Peanuts, roasted
Pecans
Walnuts
5
16
37
39
1
74
17
63
88
6
2
3
4
12.9
10.0
0.6
5.6
0.6
2.08
2.15
3.32
2.95
3.79
0.89
1.04
1.31
1.33
0.85
1.77
1.05
1.63
1.95
0.92
0.87
0.87
0.88
17
53
124
130
3
247
57
210
294
20
7
10
13
Sources: aWater content and freezing-point data are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning
Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Table 1. Used with permission. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature
for other foods.
Specific heat data are based on the specific heat values of water and ice at 0C and are determined from Siebels formulas: Cp, fresh 3.35 (Water content) 0.84, above freezing, and
Cp, frozen 1.26 (Water content) 0.84, below freezing.
The latent heat of fusion is determined by multiplying the heat of fusion of water (334 kJ/kg) by the water content of the food.
Page 865
Freezing
Pointa
C
1:56 PM
Water
Content,a
% (mass)
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A7
Properties of common foods (Concluded)
(b) Other properties
Water
Content,
% (mass)
Temperature,
T C
Density,
kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity,
k W/m C
Thermal
Diffusivity,
m2/s
Fruits/Vegetables
Apple juice
Apples
Apples, dried
Apricots, dried
Bananas, fresh
Broccoli
Cherries, fresh
Figs
Grape juice
Peaches
Plums
Potatoes
Raisins
87
85
41.6
43.6
76
92
40.4
89
89
78
32
20
8
23
23
27
6
030
23
20
232
16
070
23
1000
840
856
1320
980
560
1050
1241
1000
960
610
1055
1380
0.559
0.418
0.219
0.375
0.481
0.385
0.545
0.310
0.567
0.526
0.247
0.498
0.376
0.14 106
0.13 106
0.096 106
0.11 106
0.14 106
0.13 106
0.096 106
0.14 106
0.14 106
0.13 106
0.11 106
3.86
3.81
2.72
2.77
3.59
3.99
2.69
3.91
3.91
3.64
2.48
Meats
Beef, ground
Beef, lean
Beef fat
Beef liver
Cat food
Chicken breast
Dog food
Fish, cod
Fish, salmon
Ham
Lamb
Pork, lean
Turkey breast
Veal
67
74
0
72
39.7
75
30.6
81
67
71.8
72
72
74
75
6
3
35
35
23
0
23
3
3
20
20
4
3
20
950
1090
810
1140
1050
1240
1180
1030
1030
1030
1050
1060
0.406
0.471
0.190
0.448
0.326
0.476
0.319
0.534
0.531
0.480
0.456
0.456
0.496
0.470
0.13 106
0.13 106
0.11 106
0.13 106
0.11 106
0.12 106
0.14 106
0.13 106
0.13 106
0.13 106
0.13 106
3.36
3.54
3.49
2.68
3.56
2.45
3.71
3.36
3.48
3.49
3.49
3.54
3.56
16
31.9
16
91
88
0
0
100
100
32.3
4
23
5
20
28
32
4
0
30
23
340
1000
910
920
1000
995
450
0.197
0.106
0.233
0.566
0.580
0.168
0.168
0.569
0.618
0.082
0.12 106
0.11 106
0.14 106
0.15 106
0.10 106
2.08
2.48
2.08
3.96
3.89
4.217
4.178
2.49
Food
Other
Butter
Chocolate cake
Margarine
Milk, skimmed
Milk, whole
Olive oil
Peanut oil
Water
White cake
Specific
Heat, Cp
kJ/kg C
Source: Data obtained primarily from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chap. 30, Tables 7 and 9. Used with permission.
Most specific heats are calculated from Cp 1.68 2.51 (Water content), which is a good approximation in the temperature range of 3 to 32C. Most
thermal diffusivities are calculated from k /Cp. Property values given here are valid for the specific water content.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A8
Properties of miscellaneous materials
(Values are at 300 K unless indicated otherwise)
Material
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brick, refractory
Chrome brick
473 K
823 K
1173 K
Fire clay, burnt
1600 K
773 K
1073 K
1373 K
Fire clay, burnt
1725 K
773 K
1073 K
1373 K
Fire clay brick
478 K
922 K
1478 K
Magnesite
478 K
922 K
1478 K
Chicken meat,
white (74.4%
water content)
198 K
233 K
253 K
273 K
293 K
Clay, dry
Clay, wet
Coal, anthracite
Concrete (stone
mix)
Cork
Cotton
Fat
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Crown
Lead
Density,
kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/m K
2115
1300
0.062
1.4
3010
2.3
2.5
2.0
2050
1.0
1.1
1.1
Specific
Heat, Cp
J/kg K
920
1465
835
960
2325
1.3
1.4
1.4
960
2645
1.0
1.5
1.8
960
3.8
2.8
1.9
1130
1550
1495
1350
1.60
1.49
1.35
0.48
0.49
0.930
1.675
0.26
1260
2300
86
80
1.4
0.048
0.06
0.17
880
2030
1300
2800
2225
2500
3400
0.7
11.4
1.05
0.85
750
835
Source: Compiled from various sources.
Material
Ice
273 K
253 K
173 K
Leather, sole
Linoleum
Mica
Paper
Plastics
Plexiglass
Teflon
300 K
400 K
Lexan
Nylon
Polypropylene
Polyester
PVC, vinyl
Porcelain
Rubber, natural
Rubber, vulcanized
Soft
Hard
Sand
Snow, fresh
Snow, 273 K
Soil, dry
Soil, wet
Sugar
Tissue, human
Skin
Fat layer
Muscle
Vaseline
Wood, cross-grain
Balsa
Fir
Oak
White pine
Yellow pine
Wood, radial
Oak
Fir
Wool, ship
Density,
kg/m3
Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/m K
Specific
Heat, Cp
J/kg K
920
922
928
998
535
1180
2900
930
1.88
2.03
3.49
0.159
0.081
0.186
0.523
0.180
2040
1945
1460
1340
1190
0.19
1465
2200
1200
1145
910
1395
1470
2300
1150
0.35
0.45
0.19
0.29
0.12
0.15
0.1
1.5
0.28
1050
1260
1925
1170
840
1100
1190
1515
100
500
1500
1900
1600
0.13
0.16
0.21.0
0.60
2.2
1.0
2.0
0.58
2010
800
1900
2200
0.37
0.2
0.41
0.17
140
415
545
435
640
0.055
0.11
0.17
0.11
0.15
2720
2385
2805
545
420
145
0.19
0.14
0.05
2385
2720
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A9
Properties of saturated water
Volume
Enthalpy
of
Specific
Thermal
Expansion
Saturation
Density,
Vapori-
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
Prandtl
Coefficient,
Temp.,
Pressure,
kg/m3
zation,
Cp J/kg C
k W/m C
kg/m s
Number, Pr
1/K
T C
Psat kPa
0.01
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
374.14
0.6113
0.8721
1.2276
1.7051
2.339
3.169
4.246
5.628
7.384
9.593
12.35
15.76
19.94
25.03
31.19
38.58
47.39
57.83
70.14
84.55
101.33
143.27
198.53
270.1
361.3
475.8
617.8
791.7
1002.1
1254.4
1553.8
2318
3344
4688
6412
8581
11,274
14,586
18,651
22,090
Liquid
Vapor
999.8
0.0048
999.9
0.0068
999.7
0.0094
999.1
0.0128
998.0
0.0173
997.0
0.0231
996.0
0.0304
994.0
0.0397
992.1
0.0512
990.1
0.0655
988.1
0.0831
985.2
0.1045
983.3
0.1304
980.4
0.1614
977.5
0.1983
974.7
0.2421
971.8
0.2935
968.1
0.3536
965.3
0.4235
961.5
0.5045
957.9
0.5978
950.6
0.8263
943.4
1.121
934.6
1.496
921.7
1.965
916.6
2.546
907.4
3.256
897.7
4.119
887.3
5.153
876.4
6.388
864.3
7.852
840.3 11.60
813.7 16.73
783.7 23.69
750.8 33.15
713.8 46.15
667.1 64.57
610.5 92.62
528.3 144.0
317.0 317.0
hfg kJ/kg
2501
2490
2478
2466
2454
2442
2431
2419
2407
2395
2383
2371
2359
2346
2334
2321
2309
2296
2283
2270
2257
2230
2203
2174
2145
2114
2083
2050
2015
1979
1941
1859
1767
1663
1544
1405
1239
1028
720
0
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
4217
1854 0.561
4205
1857 0.571
4194
1862 0.580
4186
1863 0.589
4182
1867 0.598
4180
1870 0.607
4178
1875 0.615
4178
1880 0.623
4179
1885 0.631
4180
1892 0.637
4181
1900 0.644
4183
1908 0.649
4185
1916 0.654
4187
1926 0.659
4190
1936 0.663
4193
1948 0.667
4197
1962 0.670
4201
1977 0.673
4206
1993 0.675
4212
2010 0.677
4217
2029 0.679
4229
2071 0.682
4244
2120 0.683
4263
2177 0.684
4286
2244 0.683
4311
2314 0.682
4340
2420 0.680
4370
2490 0.677
4410
2590 0.673
4460
2710 0.669
4500
2840 0.663
4610
3110 0.650
4760
3520 0.632
4970
4070 0.609
5280
4835 0.581
5750
5980 0.548
6540
7900 0.509
8240 11,870 0.469
14,690 25,800 0.427
Vapor
0.0171
0.0173
0.0176
0.0179
0.0182
0.0186
0.0189
0.0192
0.0196
0.0200
0.0204
0.0208
0.0212
0.0216
0.0221
0.0225
0.0230
0.0235
0.0240
0.0246
0.0251
0.0262
0.0275
0.0288
0.0301
0.0316
0.0331
0.0347
0.0364
0.0382
0.0401
0.0442
0.0487
0.0540
0.0605
0.0695
0.0836
0.110
0.178
Liquid
1.792
1.519
1.307
1.138
1.002
0.891
0.798
0.720
0.653
0.596
0.547
0.504
0.467
0.433
0.404
0.378
0.355
0.333
0.315
0.297
0.282
0.255
0.232
0.213
0.197
0.183
0.170
0.160
0.150
0.142
0.134
0.122
0.111
0.102
0.094
0.086
0.078
0.070
0.060
0.043

103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
Vapor
0.922
0.934
0.946
0.959
0.973
0.987
1.001
1.016
1.031
1.046
1.062
1.077
1.093
1.110
1.126
1.142
1.159
1.176
1.193
1.210
1.227
1.261
1.296
1.330
1.365
1.399
1.434
1.468
1.502
1.537
1.571
1.641
1.712
1.788
1.870
1.965
2.084
2.255
2.571
4.313

Liquid
105 13.5
105 11.2
105 9.45
105 8.09
105 7.01
105 6.14
105 5.42
105 4.83
105 4.32
105 3.91
105 3.55
105 3.25
105 2.99
105 2.75
105 2.55
105 2.38
105 2.22
105 2.08
105 1.96
105 1.85
105 1.75
105 1.58
105 1.44
105 1.33
105 1.24
105 1.16
105 1.09
105 1.03
105 0.983
105 0.947
105 0.910
105 0.865
105 0.836
105 0.832
105 0.854
105 0.902
105 1.00
105 1.23
105 2.06
105
Vapor
Liquid
1.00 0.068 103

1.00
0.015 103
1.00
0.733 103
1.00
0.138 103
1.00
0.195 103
1.00
0.247 103
1.00
0.294 103
1.00
0.337 103
1.00
0.377 103
1.00
0.415 103
1.00
0.451 103
1.00
0.484 103
1.00
0.517 103
1.00
0.548 103
1.00
0.578 103
1.00
0.607 103
1.00
0.653 103
1.00
0.670 103
1.00
0.702 103
1.00
0.716 103
1.00
0.750 103
1.00
0.798 103
1.00
0.858 103
1.01
0.913 103
1.02
0.970 103
1.02
1.025 103
1.05
1.145 103
1.05
1.178 103
1.07
1.210 103
1.09
1.280 103
1.11
1.350 103
1.15
1.520 103
1.24
1.720 103
1.35
2.000 103
1.49
2.380 103
1.69
2.950 103
1.97
2.43
3.73
Note 1: Kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity can be calculated from their definitions, / and k/Cp /Pr. The temperatures 0.01C,
100C, and 374.14C are the triple-, boiling-, and critical-point temperatures of water, respectively. The properties listed above (except the vapor density) can
be used at any pressure with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJ/kg C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg K, and the unit W/m C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m K.
Source: Viscosity and thermal conductivity data are from J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 15 (1986),
pp. 12911322. Other data are obtained from various sources or calculated.
cen58933_ap1.qxd
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Page 869
869
APPENDIX 1
TABLE A10
Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a
Enthalpy
of
Saturation
Temp., Pressure,
Density,
, kg/m3
Vapor
Vaporization,
Volume
Specific
Thermal
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
Prandtl
Cp, J/kg C
k, W/m C
, kg/m s
Number, Pr
, 1/K,
Tension,
Vapor
Liquid Vapor
Liquid
N/m
hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
Expansion
Liquid
Coefficient, Surface
T, C
P, kPa
Liquid
40
51.2
1418
2.773
225.9
1254
748.6 0.1101 0.00811 4.878 104
2.550 106
5.558 0.235
0.00205
0.01760
35
66.2
1403
3.524
222.7
1264
764.1 0.1084 0.00862 4.509 104
3.003 106
5.257 0.266
0.00209
0.01682
30
84.4
1389
4.429
219.5
1273
780.2 0.1066 0.00913 4.178 104
3.504 106
4.992 0.299
0.00215
0.01604
25
106.5
1374
5.509
216.3
1283
797.2 0.1047 0.00963 3.882 104
4.054 106
4.757 0.335
0.00220
0.01527
20
132.8
1359
6.787
213.0
1294
814.9 0.1028 0.01013 3.614 104
4.651 106
4.548 0.374
0.00227
0.01451
15
164.0
1343
8.288
209.5
1306
833.5 0.1009 0.01063 3.371 104
5.295 106
4.363 0.415
0.00233
0.01376
10
200.7
1327
10.04
206.0
1318
853.1 0.0989 0.01112 3.150 104
5.982 106
4.198 0.459
0.00241
0.01302
5
243.5
1311
12.07
202.4
1330
873.8 0.0968 0.01161 2.947 104
6.709 106
4.051 0.505
0.00249
0.01229
293.0
1295
14.42
198.7
1344
895.6 0.0947 0.01210 2.761 104
7.471 106
3.919 0.553
0.00258
0.01156
349.9
1278
17.12
194.8
1358
918.7 0.0925 0.01259 2.589 104
8.264 106
3.802 0.603
0.00269
0.01084
10
414.9
1261
20.22
190.8
1374
943.2 0.0903 0.01308 2.430 104
9.081 106
3.697 0.655
0.00280
0.01014
15
488.7
1244
23.75
186.6
1390
969.4 0.0880 0.01357 2.281 104
9.915 106
3.604 0.708
0.00293
0.00944
20
572.1
1226
27.77
182.3
1408
997.6 0.0856 0.01406 2.142 104
1.075 105
3.521 0.763
0.00307
0.00876
25
665.8
1207
32.34
177.8
1427 1028
0.0833 0.01456 2.012 104
1.160 105
3.448 0.819
0.00324
0.00808
30
770.6
1188
37.53
173.1
1448 1061
0.0808 0.01507 1.888 104
1.244 105
3.383 0.877
0.00342
0.00742
35
887.5
1168
43.41
168.2
1471 1098
0.0783 0.01558 1.772 104
1.327 105
3.328 0.935
0.00364
0.00677
40
1017.1
1147
50.08
163.0
1498 1138
0.0757 0.01610 1.660 104
1.408 105
3.285 0.995
0.00390
0.00613
45
1160.5
1125
57.66
157.6
1529 1184
0.0731 0.01664 1.554 104
1.486 105
3.253 1.058
0.00420
0.00550
50
1318.6
1102
66.27
151.8
1566 1237
0.0704 0.01720 1.453 104
1.562 105
3.231 1.123
0.00456
0.00489
55
1492.3
1078
76.11
145.7
1608 1298
0.0676 0.01777 1.355 104
1.634 105
3.223 1.193
0.00500
0.00429
60
1682.8
1053
87.38
139.1
1659 1372
0.0647 0.01838 1.260 104
1.704 105
3.229 1.272
0.00554
0.00372
65
1891.0
1026
100.4
132.1
1722 1462
0.0618 0.01902 1.167 104
1.771 105
3.255 1.362
0.00624
0.00315
70
2118.2
996.2 115.6
124.4
1801 1577
0.0587 0.01972 1.077 104
1.839 105
3.307 1.471
0.00716
0.00261
75
2365.8
964
133.6
115.9
1907 1731
0.0555 0.02048 9.891 105
1.908 105
3.400 1.612
0.00843
0.00209
80
2635.2
928.2 155.3
106.4
2056 1948
0.0521 0.02133 9.011 105
1.982 105
3.558 1.810
0.01031
0.00160
85
2928.2
887.1 182.3
95.4
2287 2281
0.0484 0.02233 8.124 105
2.071 105
3.837 2.116
0.01336
0.00114
90
3246.9
837.7 217.8
82.2
2701 2865
0.0444 0.02357 7.203 105
2.187 105
4.385 2.658
0.01911
0.00071
95
3594.1
772.5 269.3
64.9
3675 4144
0.0396 0.02544 6.190 105
2.370 105
5.746 3.862
0.03343
0.00033
100
3975.1
651.7 376.3
33.9
7959 8785
0.0322 0.02989 4.765 105
2.833 105 11.77
0.10047
0.00004
8.326
Note: Kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity can be calculated from their definitions, / and k/Cp /Pr. The properties listed here (except
the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical point value.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr, An International
Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to
70 MPa, J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994; M. J. Assael, N. K. Dalaouti, A. A. Griva, and J. H. Dymond. Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of
Halogenated Methane and Ethane Refrigerants, IJR, Vol. 22, pp. 525535, 1999; NIST REFPROP 6 program (M. O. McLinden, S. A. Klein, E. W. Lemmon,
and A. P. Peskin, Physical and Chemical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, 1995).
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Page 870
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A11
Properties of saturated ammonia
Enthalpy
of
Saturation
Temp. Pressure,
T, C
Density,
, kg/m3
P, kPa
Liquid
Vapor
71.66
Vaporization,
Volume
Specific
Thermal
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
Prandtl
Cp, J/kg C
k, W/m C
, kg/m s
Number, Pr
, 1/K,
Tension,
Liquid Vapor
Liquid
N/m
Liquid
Vapor
Expansion
Liquid
Vapor
690.2
0.6435
1389
4414 2242
0.01792 2.926 104
7.957 106
0.9955 0.00176
0.03565
30
119.4
677.8
1.037
1360
4465 2322
0.01898 2.630 104
8.311 106
1.017
0.00185
0.03341
25
151.5
671.5
1.296
1345
4489 2369 0.5968 0.01957 2.492 104
8.490 106 1.875 1.028
0.00190
0.03229
20
190.1
665.1
1.603
1329
4514 2420 0.5853 0.02015 2.361 104
8.669 106 1.821 1.041
0.00194
0.03118
15
236.2
658.6
1.966
1313
4538 2476 0.5737 0.02075 2.236 104
8.851 106 1.769 1.056
0.00199
0.03007
10
290.8
652.1
2.391
1297
4564 2536 0.5621 0.02138 2.117 104
9.034 106 1.718 1.072
0.00205
0.02896
5
354.9
645.4
2.886
1280
4589 2601 0.5505 0.02203 2.003 104
9.218 106 1.670 1.089
0.00210
0.02786
429.6
638.6
3.458
1262
4617 2672 0.5390 0.02270 1.896 104
9.405 106 1.624 1.107
0.00216
0.02676
516
631.7
4.116
1244
4645 2749 0.5274 0.02341 1.794 104
9.593 106 1.580 1.126
0.00223
0.02566
10
615.3
624.6
4.870
1226
4676 2831 0.5158 0.02415 1.697 104
9.784 106 1.539 1.147
0.00230
0.02457
15
728.8
617.5
5.729
1206
4709 2920 0.5042 0.02492 1.606 104
9.978 106 1.500 1.169
0.00237
0.02348
20
857.8
610.2
6.705
1186
4745 3016 0.4927 0.02573 1.519 104
1.017 105 1.463 1.193
0.00245
0.02240
25 1003
602.8
7.809
1166
4784 3120 0.4811 0.02658 1.438 104
1.037 105 1.430 1.218
0.00254
0.02132
30 1167
595.2
9.055
1144
4828 3232 0.4695 0.02748 1.361 104
1.057 105 1.399 1.244
0.00264
0.02024
35 1351
587.4
10.46
1122
4877 3354 0.4579 0.02843 1.288 104
1.078 105 1.372 1.272
0.00275
0.01917
40 1555
579.4
12.03
1099
4932 3486 0.4464 0.02943 1.219 104
1.099 105 1.347 1.303
0.00287
0.01810
45 1782
571.3
13.8
1075
4993 3631 0.4348 0.03049 1.155 104
1.121 105 1.327 1.335
0.00301
0.01704
50 2033
562.9
15.78
1051
5063 3790 0.4232 0.03162 1.094 104
1.143 105 1.310 1.371
0.00316
0.01598
55 2310
554.2
18.00
1025
5143 3967 0.4116 0.03283 1.037 104
1.166 105 1.297 1.409
0.00334
0.01493
60 2614
545.2
20.48
997.4
5234 4163 0.4001 0.03412 9.846 105
1.189 105 1.288 1.452
0.00354
0.01389
65 2948
536.0
23.26
968.9
5340 4384 0.3885 0.03550 9.347 105
1.213 105 1.285 1.499
0.00377
0.01285
70 3312
526.3
26.39
939.0
5463 4634 0.3769 0.03700 8.879 105
1.238 105 1.287 1.551
0.00404
0.01181
75 3709
516.2
29.90
907.5
5608 4923 0.3653 0.03862 8.440 105
1.264 105 1.296 1.612
0.00436
0.01079
80 4141
505.7
33.87
874.1
5780 5260 0.3538 0.04038 8.030 105
1.292 105 1.312 1.683
0.00474
0.00977
85 4609
494.5
38.36
838.6
5988 5659 0.3422 0.04232 7.645 105
1.322 105 1.338 1.768
0.00521
0.00876
90 5116
482.8
43.48
800.6
6242 6142 0.3306 0.04447 7.284 105
1.354 105 1.375 1.871
0.00579
0.00776
95 5665
470.2
49.35
759.8
6561 6740 0.3190 0.04687 6.946 105
1.389 105 1.429 1.999
0.00652
0.00677
100 6257
456.6
56.15
715.5
6972 7503 0.3075 0.04958 6.628 105
1.429 105 1.503 2.163
0.00749
0.00579
40
Note: Kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity can be calculated from their definitions, / and k/Cp /Pr. The properties listed here (except
the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical point value.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Tillner-Roth, Harms-Watzenberg, and Baehr, Eine
neue Fundamentalgleichung fur Ammoniak, DKV-Tagungsbericht 20:167181, 1993; Liley and Desai, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, ASHRAE,
1993, ISBN 1-1883413-10-9.
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Page 871
871
APPENDIX 1
TABLE A12
Properties of saturated propane
Enthalpy
of
Saturation
Temp. Pressure,
T, C
P, kPa
Density,
, kg/m3
Liquid
Vapor
Vaporization,
Volume
Specific
Thermal
Heat,
Conductivity,
Dynamic Viscosity,
Prandtl
Cp, J/kg C
k, W/m C
, kg/m s
Number, Pr
, 1/K,
Tension,
Liquid Vapor
Liquid
N/m
Liquid
Vapor
Expansion
Liquid
Vapor
120
0.4053 664.7
0.01408 498.3
2003 1115 0.1802 0.00589 6.136 104
4.372 106 6.820 0.827
0.00153
0.02630
110
1.157
654.5
0.03776 489.3
2021 1148 0.1738 0.00645 5.054 104
4.625 106 5.878 0.822
0.00157
0.02486
100
2.881
644.2
0.08872 480.4
2044 1183 0.1672 0.00705 4.252 104
4.881 106 5.195 0.819
0.00161
0.02344
90
6.406
633.8
0.1870
471.5
2070 1221 0.1606 0.00769 3.635 104
5.143 106 4.686 0.817
0.00166
0.02202
80
12.97
623.2
0.3602
462.4
2100 1263 0.1539 0.00836 3.149 104
5.409 106 4.297 0.817
0.00171
0.02062
70
24.26
612.5
0.6439
453.1
2134 1308 0.1472 0.00908 2.755 104
5.680 106 3.994 0.818
0.00177
0.01923
60
42.46
601.5
1.081
443.5
2173 1358 0.1407 0.00985 2.430 104
5.956 106 3.755 0.821
0.00184
0.01785
50
70.24
590.3
1.724
433.6
2217 1412 0.1343 0.01067 2.158 104
6.239 106 3.563 0.825
0.00192
0.01649
40
110.7
578.8
2.629
423.1
2258 1471 0.1281 0.01155 1.926 104
6.529 106 3.395 0.831
0.00201
0.01515
30
167.3
567.0
3.864
412.1
2310 1535 0.1221 0.01250 1.726 104
6.827 106 3.266 0.839
0.00213
0.01382
20
243.8
554.7
5.503
400.3
2368 1605 0.1163 0.01351 1.551 104
7.136 106 3.158 0.848
0.00226
0.01251
10
344.4
542.0
7.635
387.8
2433 1682 0.1107 0.01459 1.397 104
7.457 106 3.069 0.860
0.00242
0.01122
473.3
528.7
10.36
374.2
2507 1768 0.1054 0.01576 1.259 104
7.794 106 2.996 0.875
0.00262
0.00996
549.8
521.8
11.99
367.0
2547 1814 0.1028 0.01637 1.195 104
7.970 106 2.964 0.883
0.00273
0.00934
10
635.1
514.7
13.81
359.5
2590 1864 0.1002 0.01701 1.135 104
8.151 106 2.935 0.893
0.00286
0.00872
15
729.8
507.5
15.85
351.7
2637 1917 0.0977 0.01767 1.077 104
8.339 106 2.909 0.905
0.00301
0.00811
20
834.4
500.0
18.13
343.4
2688 1974 0.0952 0.01836 1.022 104
8.534 106 2.886 0.918
0.00318
0.00751
25
949.7
492.2
20.68
334.8
2742 2036 0.0928 0.01908 9.702 105
8.738 106 2.866 0.933
0.00337
0.00691
30 1076
484.2
23.53
325.8
2802 2104 0.0904 0.01982 9.197 105
8.952 106 2.850 0.950
0.00358
0.00633
35 1215
475.8
26.72
316.2
2869 2179 0.0881 0.02061 8.710 105
9.178 106 2.837 0.971
0.00384
0.00575
40 1366
467.1
30.29
306.1
2943 2264 0.0857 0.02142 8.240 105
9.417 106 2.828 0.995
0.00413
0.00518
45 1530
458.0
34.29
295.3
3026 2361 0.0834 0.02228 7.785 105
9.674 106 2.824 1.025
0.00448
0.00463
50 1708
448.5
38.79
283.9
3122 2473 0.0811 0.02319 7.343 105
9.950 106 2.826 1.061
0.00491
0.00408
60 2110
427.5
49.66
258.4
3283 2769 0.0765 0.02517 6.487 105
1.058 105 2.784 1.164
0.00609
0.00303
70 2580
403.2
64.02
228.0
3595 3241 0.0717 0.02746 5.649 105
1.138 105 2.834 1.343
0.00811
0.00204
80 3127
373.0
84.28
189.7
4501 4173 0.0663 0.03029 4.790 105
1.249 105 3.251 1.722
0.01248
0.00114
90 3769
329.1 118.6
133.2
6977 7239 0.0595 0.03441 3.807 105
1.448 105 4.465 3.047
0.02847
0.00037
Note: Kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity can be calculated from their definitions, / and k/Cp /Pr. The properties listed here
(except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical point value.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Reiner Tillner-Roth, Fundamental Equations of
State, Shaker, Verlag, Aachan, 1998; B. A. Younglove and J. F. Ely, Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. II Methane, Ethane, Propane, Isobutane and Normal
Butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Vol. 16, No. 4, 1987; G.R. Somayajulu A Generalized Equation for Surface Tension from the Triple Point to the Critical
Point, International Journal of Thermophysics, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1988.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A13
Properties of liquids
Temp., Density,
T, C , kg/m3
Specific
Heat, Cp,
J/kg C
Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/m C
Thermal
Diffusivity,
, m2/s
Dynamic
Viscosity,
, kg/m s
Kinematic
Viscosity,
, m2/s
Prandtl
Number,
Pr
Volume
Expan.
Coeff. ,
1/K
Methane (CH4)
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
420.2
405.0
388.8
371.1
351.4
328.8
301.0
261.7
3492
3580
3700
3875
4146
4611
5578
8902
0.1863
0.1703
0.1550
0.1402
0.1258
0.1115
0.0967
0.0797
1.270 107
1.133 104
7
9.169 105
1.174 10
7.551 105
1.077 107
8
6.288 105
9.749 10
5.257 105
8.634 108
4.377 105
7.356 108
3.577 105
5.761 108
3.423 108
2.761 105
Methanol [C3H3(OH)]
2.699 107
2.264 107
1.942 107
1.694 107
1.496 107
1.331 107
1.188 107
1.055 107
2.126
1.927
1.803
1.738
1.732
1.810
2.063
3.082
0.00352
0.00391
0.00444
0.00520
0.00637
0.00841
0.01282
0.02922
20
30
40
50
60
70
788.4
779.1
769.6
760.1
750.4
740.4
2515
2577
2644
2718
2798
2885
0.1987
0.1980
0.1972
0.1965
0.1957
0.1950
1.002 107
5.857 104
5.088 104
9.862 108
4.460 104
9.690 108
3.942 104
9.509 108
8
3.510 104
9.320 10
9.128 108
3.146 104
Isobutane (R600a)
7.429 107
6.531 107
5.795 107
5.185 107
4.677 107
4.250 107
7.414
6.622
5.980
5.453
5.018
4.655
0.00118
0.00120
0.00123
0.00127
0.00132
0.00137
100
75
50
25
0
25
50
75
100
683.8
659.3
634.3
608.2
580.6
550.7
517.3
478.5
429.6
1881
1970
2069
2180
2306
2455
2640
2896
3361
0.1383
0.1357
0.1283
0.1181
0.1068
0.0956
0.0851
0.0757
0.0669
1.075 107
9.305 104
5.624 104
1.044 107
8
3.769 104
9.773 10
2.688 104
8.906 108
8
1.993 104
7.974 10
1.510 104
7.069 108
1.155 104
6.233 108
8.785 105
5.460 108
4.634 108
6.483 105
Glycerin
1.360 106
8.531 107
5.942 107
4.420 107
3.432 107
2.743 107
2.233 107
1.836 107
1.509 107
12.65
8.167
6.079
4.963
4.304
3.880
3.582
3.363
3.256
0.00142
0.00150
0.00161
0.00177
0.00199
0.00232
0.00286
0.00385
0.00628
2262
2288
2320
2354
2386
2416
2447
2478
2513
0.2820
0.2835
0.2846
0.2856
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2860
0.2863
9.773 108 10.49

6.730
9.732 108
4.241
9.662 108
2.496
9.576 108
1.519
9.484 108
0.9934
9.388 108
0.6582
9.291 108
0.4347
9.195 108
9.101 108
0.3073
Engine Oil (unused)
8.219 103
5.287 103
3.339 103
1.970 103
1.201 103
7.878 104
5.232 104
3.464 104
2.455 104
84101
54327
34561
20570
12671
8392
5631
3767
2697
1797
1881
1964
2048
2132
2220
2308
2395
2441
0.1469
0.1450
0.1444
0.1404
0.1380
0.1367
0.1347
0.1330
0.1327
9.097 108
8.680 108
8.391 108
7.934 108
7.599 108
7.330 108
7.042 108
6.798 108
6.708 108
4.242 103
9.429 104
2.485 104
8.565 105
3.794 105
2.046 105
1.241 105
8.029 106
6.595 106
46636
10863
2962
1080
499.3
279.1
176.3
118.1
98.31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
150
1276
1273
1270
1267
1264
1261
1258
1255
1252
899.0
888.1
876.0
863.9
852.0
840.0
828.9
816.8
810.3
3.814
0.8374
0.2177
0.07399
0.03232
0.01718
0.01029
0.006558
0.005344
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources.
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
0.00070
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A14
Properties of liquid metals
Temp., Density,
T, C , kg/m3
Specific
Thermal
Heat, Cp, Conductivity,
J/kg C k, W/m C
Thermal
Diffusivity,
, m2/s
Dynamic
Viscosity,
, kg/m s
Kinematic
Viscosity,
, m2/s
Prandtl
Number,
Pr
Volume
Expan.
Coeff. ,
1/K
Mercury (Hg) Melting Point: 39C

4.287 106 1.687 103 1.241 107
4.514 106 1.534 103 1.133 107
4.734 106 1.423 103 1.056 107
4.956 106 1.316 103 9.819 108
5.170 106 1.245 103 9.326 108
5.595 106 1.126 103 8.514 108
5.996 106 1.043 103 7.959 108
6.363 106 9.820 104 7.558 108
6.705 106 9.336 104 7.252 108
Bismuth (Bi) Melting point: 271C
0
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
13595
13534
13473
13412
13351
13231
13112
12993
12873
140.4
139.4
138.6
137.8
137.1
136.1
135.5
135.3
135.3
8.18200
8.51533
8.83632
9.15632
9.46706
10.07780
10.65465
11.18150
11.68150
350
400
500
600
700
9969
9908
9785
9663
9540
146.0
148.2
152.8
157.3
161.8
16.28
16.10
15.74
15.60
15.60
1.118 105 1.540 103

1.096 105 1.422 103
1.052 105 1.188 103
1.026 105 1.013 103
1.010 105 8.736 104
Lead (Pb) Melting point: 327C
1.545 107
1.436 107
1.215 107
1.048 107
9.157 108
0.01381
0.01310
0.01154
0.01022
0.00906
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
10506
10449
10390
10329
10267
10206
10145
158
156
155
155
155
155
155
15.97
15.74
15.54
15.39
15.23
15.07
14.91
9.623 106 2.277 103

9.649 106 2.065 103
9.651 106 1.884 103
9.610 106 1.758 103
9.568 106 1.632 103
9.526 106 1.505 103
9.483 106 1.379 103
Sodium (Na) Melting point: 98C
2.167 107
1.976 107
1.814 107
1.702 107
1.589 107
1.475 107
1.360 107
0.02252
0.02048
0.01879
0.01771
0.01661
0.01549
0.01434
1378
1349
1320
1296
1284
1272
85.84
80.84
75.84
71.20
67.41
63.63
100
200
300
400
500
600
927.3
902.5
877.8
853.0
828.5
804.0
200
300
400
500
600
795.2
771.6
748.0
723.9
699.6
100
200
300
400
500
600
847.3
823.2
799.1
775.0
751.5
728.0
0.0289
0.0251
0.0223
0.0198
0.0180
0.0152
0.0133
0.0119
0.0108
6.718 105 6.892 104 7.432 107

6.639 105 5.385 104 5.967 107
6.544 105 3.878 104 4.418 107
6.437 105 2.720 104 3.188 107
6.335 105 2.411 104 2.909 107
6.220 105 2.101 104 2.614 107
Potassium (K) Melting point: 64C
0.01106
0.008987
0.006751
0.004953
0.004593
0.004202
790.8
772.8
754.8
750.0
750.0
43.99
6.995 105 3.350 104 4.213 107
42.01
7.045 105 2.667 104 3.456 107
40.03
7.090 105 1.984 104 2.652 107
37.81
6.964 105 1.668 104 2.304 107
35.50
6.765 105 1.487 104 2.126 107
Sodium-Potassium (%22Na-%78K) Melting point: 11C
0.006023
0.004906
0.00374
0.003309
0.003143
944.4
922.5
900.6
879.0
880.1
881.2
25.64
26.27
26.89
27.50
27.89
28.28
3.205 105
3.459 105
3.736 105
4.037 105
4.217 105
4.408 105
5.707 104
4.587 104
3.467 104
2.357 104
2.108 104
1.859 104
6.736 107
5.572 107
4.339 107
3.041 107
2.805 107
2.553 107
0.02102
0.01611
0.01161
0.00753
0.00665
0.00579
1.810 104
1.810 104
1.810 104
1.810 104
1.810 104
1.810 104
1.815 104
1.829 104
1.854 104
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A15
Properties of air at 1 atm pressure
Temp.,
T, C
Density,
, kg/m3
Specific
Heat,
Cp, J/kg C
Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/m C
Thermal
Diffusivity,
, m2/s
Dynamic
Viscosity,
, kg/m s
Kinematic
Viscosity,
, m2/s
Prandtl
Number,
Pr
150
100
50
40
30
20
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000
2.866
2.038
1.582
1.514
1.451
1.394
1.341
1.292
1.269
1.246
1.225
1.204
1.184
1.164
1.145
1.127
1.109
1.092
1.059
1.028
0.9994
0.9718
0.9458
0.8977
0.8542
0.8148
0.7788
0.7459
0.6746
0.6158
0.5664
0.5243
0.4880
0.4565
0.4042
0.3627
0.3289
0.3008
0.2772
0.1990
0.1553
983
966
999
1002
1004
1005
1006
1006
1006
1006
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1007
1008
1008
1009
1011
1013
1016
1019
1023
1033
1044
1056
1069
1081
1093
1115
1135
1153
1169
1184
1234
1264
0.01171
0.01582
0.01979
0.02057
0.02134
0.02211
0.02288
0.02364
0.02401
0.02439
0.02476
0.02514
0.02551
0.02588
0.02625
0.02662
0.02699
0.02735
0.02808
0.02881
0.02953
0.03024
0.03095
0.03235
0.03374
0.03511
0.03646
0.03779
0.04104
0.04418
0.04721
0.05015
0.05298
0.05572
0.06093
0.06581
0.07037
0.07465
0.07868
0.09599
0.11113
4.158 106
8.036 106
1.252 105
1.356 105
1.465 105
1.578 105
1.696 105
1.818 105
1.880 105
1.944 105
2.009 105
2.074 105
2.141 105
2.208 105
2.277 105
2.346 105
2.416 105
2.487 105
2.632 105
2.780 105
2.931 105
3.086 105
3.243 105
3.565 105
3.898 105
4.241 105
4.593 105
4.954 105
5.890 105
6.871 105
7.892 105
8.951 105
1.004 104
1.117 104
1.352 104
1.598 104
1.855 104
2.122 104
2.398 104
3.908 104
5.664 104
8.636 106
1.189 106
1.474 105
1.527 105
1.579 105
1.630 105
1.680 105
1.729 105
1.754 105
1.778 105
1.802 105
1.825 105
1.849 105
1.872 105
1.895 105
1.918 105
1.941 105
1.963 105
2.008 105
2.052 105
2.096 105
2.139 105
2.181 105
2.264 105
2.345 105
2.420 105
2.504 105
2.577 105
2.760 105
2.934 105
3.101 105
3.261 105
3.415 105
3.563 105
3.846 105
4.111 105
4.362 105
4.600 105
4.826 105
5.817 105
6.630 105
3.013 106
5.837 106
9.319 106
1.008 105
1.087 105
1.169 105
1.252 105
1.338 105
1.382 105
1.426 105
1.470 105
1.516 105
1.562 105
1.608 105
1.655 105
1.702 105
1.750 105
1.798 105
1.896 105
1.995 105
2.097 105
2.201 105
2.306 105
2.522 105
2.745 105
2.975 105
3.212 105
3.455 105
4.091 105
4.765 105
5.475 105
6.219 105
6.997 105
7.806 105
9.515 105
1.133 104
1.326 104
1.529 104
1.741 104
2.922 104
4.270 104
0.7246
0.7263
0.7440
0.7436
0.7425
0.7408
0.7387
0.7362
0.7350
0.7336
0.7323
0.7309
0.7296
0.7282
0.7268
0.7255
0.7241
0.7228
0.7202
0.7177
0.7154
0.7132
0.7111
0.7073
0.7041
0.7014
0.6992
0.6974
0.6946
0.6935
0.6937
0.6948
0.6965
0.6986
0.7037
0.7092
0.7149
0.7206
0.7260
0.7478
0.7539
Note: For ideal gases, the properties Cp, k, , and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties , , and at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are
determined by multiplying the values of at the given temperature by P and by dividing and by P.
Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley, 198;
and Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity, Y. S. Touloukian, P. E. Liley, S. C. Saxena, Vol. 11: Viscosity, Y. S. Touloukian,
S. C. Saxena, and P. Hestermans, IFI/Plenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A16
Properties of Gases at 1 atm pressure
Temp.,
T, C
Density,
, kg/m3
Specific
Heat,
Cp, J/kg C
Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/m C
Thermal
Diffusivity,
, m2/s
Dynamic
Viscosity,
, kg/m s
Kinematic
Viscosity,
, m2/s
Prandtl
Number,
Pr
1.129 105
1.375 105
1.612 105
1.841 105
2.063 105
2.276 105
2.682 105
3.061 105
3.416 105
4.898 105
6.106 105
7.322 105
4.699 106
7.003 106
9.714 106
1.281 105
1.627 105
2.008 105
2.866 105
3.842 105
4.924 105
1.162 104
2.019 104
3.103 104
0.8019
0.7661
0.7520
0.7464
0.7445
0.7442
0.7450
0.7458
0.7460
0.7455
0.7745
0.8815
Carbon dioxide, CO2

50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
2.4035
1.9635
1.6597
1.4373
1.2675
1.1336
0.9358
0.7968
0.6937
0.4213
0.3025
0.2359
746
811
866.6
914.8
957.4
995.2
1060
1112
1156
1292
1356
1387
0.01051
5.860 106
0.01456
9.141 106
0.01858
1.291 105
0.02257
1.716 105
0.02652
2.186 105
0.03044
2.698 105
0.03814
3.847 105
0.04565
5.151 105
0.05293
6.600 105
0.08491
1.560 104
0.10688
2.606 104
0.11522
3.521 104
Carbon Monoxide, CO
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
1.5297
1.2497
1.0563
0.9148
0.8067
0.7214
0.5956
0.5071
0.4415
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502
1081
1048
1039
1041
1049
1060
1085
1111
1135
1226
1279
1309
0.01901
0.02278
0.02641
0.02992
0.03330
0.03656
0.04277
0.04860
0.05412
0.07894
0.10458
0.13833
1.149 105
1.739 105
2.407 105
3.142 105
3.936 105
4.782 105
6.619 105
8.628 105
1.079 104
2.401 104
4.246 104
7.034 104
Methane, CH4
1.378 105
1.629 105
1.863 105
2.080 105
2.283 105
2.472 105
2.812 105
3.111 105
3.379 105
4.557 105
6.321 105
9.826 105
9.012 106
1.303 105
1.764 105
2.274 105
2.830 105
3.426 105
4.722 105
6.136 105
7.653 105
1.700 104
3.284 104
6.543 104
0.7840
0.7499
0.7328
0.7239
0.7191
0.7164
0.7134
0.7111
0.7087
0.7080
0.7733
0.9302
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
0.8761
0.7158
0.6050
0.5240
0.4620
0.4132
0.3411
0.2904
0.2529
0.1536
0.1103
0.0860
2243
2217
2302
2443
2611
2791
3158
3510
3836
5042
5701
6001
0.02367
0.03042
0.03766
0.04534
0.05344
0.06194
0.07996
0.09918
0.11933
0.22562
0.31857
0.36750
1.204 105
1.917 105
2.704 105
3.543 105
4.431 105
5.370 105
7.422 105
9.727 105
1.230 104
2.914 104
5.068 104
7.120 104
Hydrogen, H2
8.564 106
1.028 105
1.191 105
1.345 105
1.491 105
1.630 105
1.886 105
2.119 105
2.334 105
3.281 105
4.434 105
6.360 105
9.774 106
1.436 105
1.969 105
2.567 105
3.227 105
3.944 105
5.529 105
7.297 105
9.228 105
2.136 104
4.022 104
7.395 104
0.8116
0.7494
0.7282
0.7247
0.7284
0.7344
0.7450
0.7501
0.7502
0.7331
0.7936
1.0386
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
0.11010
0.08995
0.07603
0.06584
0.05806
0.05193
0.04287
0.03650
0.03178
0.01930
0.01386
0.01081
1.009 104
1.319 104
1.724 104
2.199 104
2.729 104
3.306 104
4.580 104
5.992 104
7.535 104
1.732 103
2.869 103
2.914 103
7.293 106
8.391 106
9.427 106
1.041 105
1.136 105
1.228 105
1.403 105
1.570 105
1.730 105
2.455 105
3.099 105
3.690 105
6.624 105
9.329 105
1.240 104
1.582 104
1.957 104
2.365 104
3.274 104
4.302 104
5.443 104
1.272 103
2.237 103
3.414 103
0.6562
0.7071
0.7191
0.7196
0.7174
0.7155
0.7149
0.7179
0.7224
0.7345
0.7795
1.1717
12635
13920
14349
14473
14492
14482
14481
14540
14653
15577
16553
17400
0.1404
0.1652
0.1881
0.2095
0.2296
0.2486
0.2843
0.3180
0.3509
0.5206
0.6581
0.5480
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A16
Properties of Gases at 1 atm pressure (Concluded)
Temp.,
T, C
Density,
, kg/m3
Specific
Heat,
Cp, J/kg C
Thermal
Conductivity,
k, W/m C
Thermal
Diffusivity,
, m2/s
Dynamic
Viscosity,
, kg/m s
Kinematic
Viscosity,
, m2/s
Prandtl
Number,
Pr
Nitrogen, N2
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
1.5299
1.2498
1.0564
0.9149
0.8068
0.7215
0.5956
0.5072
0.4416
0.2681
0.1925
0.1502
957.3
1035
1042
1041
1043
1050
1070
1095
1120
1213
1266
1297
0.02001
0.02384
0.02746
0.03090
0.03416
0.03727
0.04309
0.04848
0.05358
0.07938
0.11793
0.18590
1.366 105
1.843 105
2.494 105
3.244 105
4.058 105
4.921 105
6.758 105
8.727 105
1.083 104
2.440 104
4.839 104
9.543 104
Oxygen, O2
1.390 105
1.640 105
1.874 105
2.094 105
2.300 105
2.494 105
2.849 105
3.166 105
3.451 105
4.594 105
5.562 105
6.426 105
9.091 106
1.312 105
1.774 105
2.289 105
2.851 105
3.457 105
4.783 105
6.242 105
7.816 105
1.713 104
2.889 104
4.278 104
0.6655
0.7121
0.7114
0.7056
0.7025
0.7025
0.7078
0.7153
0.7215
0.7022
0.5969
0.4483
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
1.7475
1.4277
1.2068
1.0451
0.9216
0.8242
0.6804
0.5793
0.5044
0.3063
0.2199
0.1716
984.4
928.7
921.7
931.8
947.6
964.7
997.1
1025
1048
1121
1165
1201
0.02067
0.02472
0.02867
0.03254
0.03637
0.04014
0.04751
0.05463
0.06148
0.09198
0.11901
0.14705
1.201 105
1.865 105
2.577 105
3.342 105
4.164 105
5.048 105
7.003 105
9.204 105
1.163 104
2.678 104
4.643 104
7.139 104
Water vapor, H2O
1.616 105
1.916 105
2.194 105
2.451 105
2.694 105
2.923 105
3.350 105
3.744 105
4.114 105
5.732 105
7.133 105
8.417 105
9.246 106
1.342 105
1.818 105
2.346 105
2.923 105
3.546 105
4.923 105
6.463 105
8.156 105
1.871 104
3.243 104
4.907 104
0.7694
0.7198
0.7053
0.7019
0.7019
0.7025
0.7030
0.7023
0.7010
0.6986
0.6985
0.6873
50
0
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
1500
2000
0.9839
0.8038
0.6794
0.5884
0.5189
0.4640
0.3831
0.3262
0.2840
0.1725
0.1238
0.0966
1892
1874
1874
1887
1908
1935
1997
2066
2137
2471
2736
2928
0.01353
0.01673
0.02032
0.02429
0.02861
0.03326
0.04345
0.05467
0.06677
0.13623
0.21301
0.29183
7.271 106
1.110 105
1.596 105
2.187 105
2.890 105
3.705 105
5.680 105
8.114 105
1.100 104
3.196 104
6.288 104
1.032 103
7.187 106
8.956 106
1.078 105
1.265 105
1.456 105
1.650 105
2.045 105
2.446 105
2.847 105
4.762 105
6.411 105
7.808 105
7.305 106
1.114 105
1.587 105
2.150 105
2.806 105
3.556 105
5.340 105
7.498 105
1.002 104
2.761 104
5.177 104
8.084 104
1.0047
1.0033
0.9944
0.9830
0.9712
0.9599
0.9401
0.9240
0.9108
0.8639
0.8233
0.7833
Note: For ideal gases, the properties Cp, k, , and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties , , and at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are
determined by multiplying the values of at the given temperature by P and by dividing and by P.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A17
Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude
Altitude,
m
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature,
C
15.00
13.70
12.40
11.10
9.80
Pressure,
kPa
101.33
98.95
96.61
94.32
92.08
Gravity,
g m/s2
9.807
9.806
9.805
9.805
9.804
Speed of
Sound,
m/s
340.3
339.5
338.8
338.0
337.2
Density,
kg/m3
1.225
1.202
1.179
1.156
1.134
Viscosity,
kg/m s
1.789 105
1.783 105
1.777 105
1.771 105
1.764 105
Thermal
Conductivity,
W/m C
0.0253
0.0252
0.0252
0.0251
0.0250
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
8.50
7.20
5.90
4.60
3.30
89.88
87.72
85.60
83.53
81.49
9.804
9.803
9.802
9.802
9.801
336.4
335.7
334.9
334.1
333.3
1.112
1.090
1.069
1.048
1.027
1.758
1.752
1.745
1.739
1.732

105
105
105
105
105
0.0249
0.0248
0.0247
0.0245
0.0244
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
2.00
0.70
0.59
1.89
3.19
79.50
77.55
75.63
73.76
71.92
9.800
9.800
9.799
9.799
9.798
332.5
331.7
331.0
330.2
329.4
1.007
0.987
0.967
0.947
0.928
1.726
1.720
1.713
1.707
1.700

105
105
105
105
105
0.0243
0.0242
0.0241
0.0240
0.0239
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4.49
5.79
7.09
8.39
9.69
70.12
68.36
66.63
64.94
63.28
9.797
9.797
9.796
9.796
9.795
328.6
327.8
327.0
326.2
325.4
0.909
0.891
0.872
0.854
0.837
1.694
1.687
1.681
1.674
1.668

105
105
105
105
105
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
10.98
12.3
13.6
14.9
16.2
61.66
60.07
58.52
57.00
55.51
9.794
9.794
9.793
9.793
9.792
324.6
323.8
323.0
322.2
321.4
0.819
0.802
0.785
0.769
0.752
1.661
1.655
1.648
1.642
1.635

105
105
105
105
105
0.0233
0.0232
0.0231
0.0230
0.0229
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
17.5
18.8
20.1
21.4
22.7
54.05
52.62
51.23
49.86
48.52
9.791
9.791
9.790
9.789
9.785
320.5
319.7
318.9
318.1
317.3
0.736
0.721
0.705
0.690
0.675
1.628
1.622
1.615
1.608
1.602

105
105
105
105
105
0.0228
0.0227
0.0226
0.0224
0.0223
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
24.0
25.3
26.6
27.9
29.2
47.22
45.94
44.69
43.47
42.27
9.788
9.788
9.787
9.786
9.785
316.5
315.6
314.8
314.0
313.1
0.660
0.646
0.631
0.617
0.604
1.595
1.588
1.582
1.575
1.568

105
105
105
105
105
0.0222
0.0221
0.0220
0.0219
0.0218
7000
8000
9000
30.5
36.9
43.4
41.11
35.65
30.80
9.785
9.782
9.779
312.3
308.1
303.8
0.590
0.526
0.467
1.561 105
1.527 105
1.493 105
0.0217
0.0212
0.0206
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
49.9
56.5
56.5
56.5
56.5
26.50
19.40
14.17
10.53
7.57
9.776
9.770
9.764
9.758
9.751
299.5
295.1
295.1
295.1
295.1
0.414
0.312
0.228
0.166
0.122
1.458
1.422
1.422
1.422
1.422

0.0201
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
105
105
105
105
105
Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45 latitude and varies
with the time of the year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level (z 0) are taken to be P 101.325 kPa, T 15C, 1.2250 kg/m3,
g 9.80665 m2/s.
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A18
Emissivities of surfaces
(a) Metals
Material
Aluminum
Polished
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Anodized
Bismuth, bright
Brass
Highly polished
Polished
Dull plate
Oxidized
Chromium, polished
Copper
Highly polished
Polished
Commercial sheet
Oxidized
Black oxidized
Gold
Highly polished
Bright foil
Iron
Highly polished
Case iron
Wrought iron
Rusted
Oxidized
Lead
Polished
Unoxidized, rough
Oxidized
Temperature,
K
Emissivity,

300900
400
400800
300
350
0.040.06
0.09
0.200.33
0.8
0.34
500650
350
300600
450800
3001400
0.030.04
0.09
0.22
0.6
0.080.40
300
300500
300
6001000
300
0.02
0.040.05
0.15
0.50.8
0.78
3001000
300
0.030.06
0.07
300500
300
300500
300
500900
0.050.07
0.44
0.28
0.61
0.640.78
300500
300
300
0.060.08
0.43
0.63
Material
Magnesium, polished
Mercury
Molybdenum
Polished
Oxidized
Nickel
Polished
Oxidized
Platinum, polished
Silver, polished
Stainless steel
Polished
Lightly oxidized
Highly oxidized
Steel
Polished sheet
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Tin, polished
Tungsten
Polished
Filament
Zinc
Polished
Oxidized
Temperature,
K
Emissivity,

300500
300400
0.070.13
0.090.12
3002000
600800
0.050.21
0.800.82
5001200
4501000
5001500
3001000
0.070.17
0.370.57
0.060.18
0.020.07
3001000
6001000
6001000
0.170.30
0.300.40
0.700.80
300500
5001200
300
300
0.080.14
0.200.32
0.81
0.05
3002500
3500
0.030.29
0.39
300800
300
0.020.05
0.25
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APPENDIX 1
TABLE A18
Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded)
(b) Nonmetals
Material
Alumina
Aluminum oxide
Asbestos
Asphalt pavement
Brick
Common
Fireclay
Carbon filament
Cloth
Concrete
Glass
Window
Pyrex
Pyroceram
Ice
Magnesium oxide
Masonry
Paints
Aluminum
Black, lacquer, shiny
Oils, all colors
Red primer
White acrylic
White enamel
Temperature,
K
Emissivity,

8001400
6001500
300
300
0.650.45
0.690.41
0.96
0.850.93
300
1200
2000
300
300
0.930.96
0.75
0.53
0.750.90
0.880.94
300
3001200
3001500
273
400800
300
0.900.95
0.820.62
0.850.57
0.950.99
0.690.55
0.80
300
300
300
300
300
300
0.400.50
0.88
0.920.96
0.93
0.90
0.90
Material
Paper, white
Plaster, white
Porcelain, glazed
Quartz, rough, fused
Rubber
Hard
Soft
Sand
Silicon carbide
Skin, human
Snow
Soil, earth
Soot
Teflon
Water, deep
Wood
Beech
Oak
Temperature,
K
Emissivity,

300
300
300
300
0.90
0.93
0.92
0.93
300
300
300
6001500
300
273
300
300500
300500
273373
0.93
0.86
0.90
0.870.85
0.95
0.800.90
0.930.96
0.95
0.850.92
0.950.96
300
300
0.94
0.90
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1:56 PM
Page 880
880
APPENDIX 1
TABLE A19
Solar radiative properties of materials
Description/composition
Aluminum
Polished
Anodized
Quartz-overcoated
Foil
Brick, red (Purdue)
Concrete
Galvanized sheet metal
Clean, new
Oxidized, weathered
Glass, 3.2-mm thickness
Float or tempered
Low iron oxide type
Marble, slightly off-white (nonreflective)
Metal, plated
Black sulfide
Black cobalt oxide
Black nickel oxide
Black chrome
Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness
Paints
Black (Parsons)
White, acrylic
White, zinc oxide
Paper, white
Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness
Porcelain tiles, white (reflective glazed
surface)
Roofing tiles, bright red
Dry surface
Wet surface
Sand, dry
Off-white
Dull red
Snow
Fine particles, fresh
Ice granules
Steel
Mirror-finish
Heavily rusted
Stone (light pink)
Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness
Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness
Wood
Solar
Absorptivity, s
Emissivity, ,
at 300 K
Ratio,
s /
0.09
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.63
0.60
0.03
0.84
0.37
0.05
0.93
0.88
3.0
0.17
0.30
3.0
0.68
0.68
0.65
0.80
0.13
0.28
5.0
2.9
Solar
Transmissivity, s
0.79
0.88
0.40
0.88
0.92
0.93
0.92
0.87
0.10
0.30
0.08
0.09
0.45
9.2
3.1
11
9.7
0.87
0.98
0.26
0.16
0.27
0.98
0.90
0.93
0.83
1.0
0.29
0.17
0.32
0.90
0.26
0.85
0.30
0.65
0.88
0.85
0.91
0.76
0.96
0.52
0.73
0.82
0.86
0.63
0.82
0.13
0.33
0.82
0.89
0.16
0.37
0.41
0.89
0.65
0.05
0.92
0.87
8.2
0.96
0.74
0.92
0.92
0.59
0.90
0.66
Source: V. C. Sharma and A. Sharma, Solar Properties of Some Building Elements, Energy 14 (1989), pp. 805810, and other sources.
Laminar Critical Transition

flow
zone
zone
Complete turbulence, rough pipes
7/25/2002
0.08
cen58933_ap1.qxd
0.1
0.09
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.06
0.02
Lam
,f=
flow
0.01
0.008
0.006
64/R
0.03
0.004
0.025
0.002
0.02
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
Roughness,
Material
0.015
0.01
0.009
Glass, plastic
Concrete
Wood stave
Rubber, smoothed
Copper or brass tubing
Cast iron
Galvanized iron
Wrought iron
Stainless steel
Commercial steel
0.008
103
ft
mm
0
0.0030.03
0.0016
0.000033
0.000005
0.00085
0.0005
0.00015
0.000007
0.00015
0
0.99
0.5
0.01
0.0015
0.26
0.15
0.046
0.002
0.045
0.0002
Smooth pipes
0.0001
/D = 0.000005
/D = 0.000001
0.00005
0.00001
2(103) 3 4 5 6 8 104 2(104) 3 4 5 6 8 105 2(105) 3 4 5 6 8 106 2(106) 3 4 5 6 8 107 2(107) 3 4 5 6 8 108
881
Reynolds number Re
FIGURE A20
The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular tubes.
Page 881
0.015
inar
0.04
Relative roughness /D
0.05
1:56 PM
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cen58933_ap1.

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

Properties at Various Temperatures (K),

Insulated board and sheating

Concrete blocks (3 oval cores,

Cement/lime, mortar, and stucco

Board and Slab

Properties of common foods

Source: Compiled from various sources.

1.00 0.068  103

hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor

748.6 0.1101 0.00811 4.878  104

764.1 0.1084 0.00862 4.509  104

780.2 0.1066 0.00913 4.178  104

797.2 0.1047 0.00963 3.882  104

814.9 0.1028 0.01013 3.614  104

833.5 0.1009 0.01063 3.371  104

853.1 0.0989 0.01112 3.150  104

873.8 0.0968 0.01161 2.947  104

895.6 0.0947 0.01210 2.761  104

918.7 0.0925 0.01259 2.589  104

943.2 0.0903 0.01308 2.430  104

969.4 0.0880 0.01357 2.281  104

997.6 0.0856 0.01406 2.142  104

0.0833 0.01456 2.012  104

0.0808 0.01507 1.888  104

0.0783 0.01558 1.772  104

0.0757 0.01610 1.660  104

0.0731 0.01664 1.554  104

0.0704 0.01720 1.453  104

0.0676 0.01777 1.355  104

0.0647 0.01838 1.260  104

0.0618 0.01902 1.167  104

0.0587 0.01972 1.077  104

0.0555 0.02048 9.891  105

0.0521 0.02133 9.011  105

0.0484 0.02233 8.124  105

0.0444 0.02357 7.203  105

0.0396 0.02544 6.190  105

0.0322 0.02989 4.765  105

2.833  105 11.77

hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor

0.01792 2.926  104

0.01898 2.630  104

4489 2369 0.5968 0.01957 2.492  104

8.490  106 1.875 1.028

4514 2420 0.5853 0.02015 2.361  104

8.669  106 1.821 1.041

4538 2476 0.5737 0.02075 2.236  104

8.851  106 1.769 1.056

4564 2536 0.5621 0.02138 2.117  104

9.034  106 1.718 1.072

4589 2601 0.5505 0.02203 2.003  104

9.218  106 1.670 1.089

4617 2672 0.5390 0.02270 1.896  104

9.405  106 1.624 1.107

4645 2749 0.5274 0.02341 1.794  104

9.593  106 1.580 1.126

4676 2831 0.5158 0.02415 1.697  104

9.784  106 1.539 1.147

4709 2920 0.5042 0.02492 1.606  104

9.978  106 1.500 1.169

1.00 0.068 103

748.6 0.1101 0.00811 4.878 104

764.1 0.1084 0.00862 4.509 104

780.2 0.1066 0.00913 4.178 104

797.2 0.1047 0.00963 3.882 104

814.9 0.1028 0.01013 3.614 104

833.5 0.1009 0.01063 3.371 104

853.1 0.0989 0.01112 3.150 104

873.8 0.0968 0.01161 2.947 104

895.6 0.0947 0.01210 2.761 104

918.7 0.0925 0.01259 2.589 104

943.2 0.0903 0.01308 2.430 104

969.4 0.0880 0.01357 2.281 104

997.6 0.0856 0.01406 2.142 104

0.0833 0.01456 2.012 104

0.0808 0.01507 1.888 104

0.0783 0.01558 1.772 104

0.0757 0.01610 1.660 104

0.0731 0.01664 1.554 104

0.0704 0.01720 1.453 104

0.0676 0.01777 1.355 104

0.0647 0.01838 1.260 104

0.0618 0.01902 1.167 104

0.0587 0.01972 1.077 104

0.0555 0.02048 9.891 105

0.0521 0.02133 9.011 105

0.0484 0.02233 8.124 105

0.0444 0.02357 7.203 105

0.0396 0.02544 6.190 105

0.0322 0.02989 4.765 105

2.833 105 11.77

0.01792 2.926 104

0.01898 2.630 104

4489 2369 0.5968 0.01957 2.492 104

8.490 106 1.875 1.028

4514 2420 0.5853 0.02015 2.361 104

8.669 106 1.821 1.041

4538 2476 0.5737 0.02075 2.236 104

8.851 106 1.769 1.056

4564 2536 0.5621 0.02138 2.117 104

9.034 106 1.718 1.072

4589 2601 0.5505 0.02203 2.003 104

9.218 106 1.670 1.089

4617 2672 0.5390 0.02270 1.896 104

9.405 106 1.624 1.107

4645 2749 0.5274 0.02341 1.794 104

9.593 106 1.580 1.126

4676 2831 0.5158 0.02415 1.697 104

9.784 106 1.539 1.147

4709 2920 0.5042 0.02492 1.606 104

9.978 106 1.500 1.169

4745 3016 0.4927 0.02573 1.519 104

1.017 105 1.463 1.193

4784 3120 0.4811 0.02658 1.438 104

1.037 105 1.430 1.218

4828 3232 0.4695 0.02748 1.361 104

1.057 105 1.399 1.244

4877 3354 0.4579 0.02843 1.288 104

1.078 105 1.372 1.272

4932 3486 0.4464 0.02943 1.219 104

1.099 105 1.347 1.303

4993 3631 0.4348 0.03049 1.155 104

1.121 105 1.327 1.335

5063 3790 0.4232 0.03162 1.094 104

1.143 105 1.310 1.371

5143 3967 0.4116 0.03283 1.037 104

1.166 105 1.297 1.409

5234 4163 0.4001 0.03412 9.846 105

1.189 105 1.288 1.452

5340 4384 0.3885 0.03550 9.347 105

1.213 105 1.285 1.499

5463 4634 0.3769 0.03700 8.879 105

1.238 105 1.287 1.551

5608 4923 0.3653 0.03862 8.440 105

1.264 105 1.296 1.612

5780 5260 0.3538 0.04038 8.030 105

1.292 105 1.312 1.683

5988 5659 0.3422 0.04232 7.645 105

1.322 105 1.338 1.768

6242 6142 0.3306 0.04447 7.284 105