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New topics energy storage elements

Capacitors
Inductors

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Books on Reserve for EECS 42 in


Engineering Library
The Art of Electronics by Horowitz and Hill (1st and 2nd
editions) -- A terrific source book on electronics
Electrical Engineering Uncovered by White and Doering
(2nd edition) Freshman intro to aspects of
engineering and EE in particular
Newtons Telecom Dictionary: The authoritative resource
for Telecommunications by Newton (18th edition
he updates it annually) A place to find
definitions of all terms and acronyms connected
with telecommunications
Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications by
Hambley (3rd edition) Backup copy of text for
EECS 42
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Reader
The EECS 42 Supplementary Reader is now available
at Copy Central, 2483 Hearst Avenue (price: $12.99)

It contains selections from two textbooks that


we will use when studying semiconductor devices:
Microelectronics: An Integrated Approach
(by Roger Howe and Charles Sodini)
Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective
(by Jan Rabaey et al.)
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

The Capacitor
Two conductors (a,b) separated by an insulator:
difference in potential = Vab
=> equal & opposite charge Q on conductors

Q = CVab

(stored charge in terms of voltage)

where C is the capacitance of the structure,


positive (+) charge is on the conductor at higher potential

Parallel-plate capacitor:
area of the plates = A (m2)
separation between plates = d (m)
dielectric permittivity of insulator =
(F/m)
=> capacitance
EECS 42, Spring 2005

A
C=
d

(F)
F
Week 3b

Symbol:

or

Electrolytic (polarized)
capacitor

Units: Farads (Coulombs/Volt)


(typical range of values: 1 pF to 1 F; for supercapacitors up to a few F!)

Current-Voltage relationship:

dQ
dvc
dC
=C
+ vc
ic =
dt
dt
dt
If C (geometry) is unchanging, iC = dvC/dt

ic
+
vc

Note: Q (vc) must be a continuous function of time


EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Voltage in Terms of Current; Capacitor


Uses
t

Q(t ) = ic (t )dt + Q(0)


0

1
Q ( 0) 1
vc (t ) = ic (t )dt +
= ic (t )dt + vc (0)
C
C0
C0
Uses: Capacitors are used to store energy for camera flashbulbs,
in filters that separate various frequency signals, and
they appear as undesired parasitic elements in circuits where
they usually degrade circuit performance

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Schematic Symbol and Water Model for a Capacitor

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Stored Energy
CAPACITORS STORE ELECTRIC ENERGY

You might think the energy stored on a capacitor is QV =


CV2, which has the dimension of Joules. But during
charging, the average voltage across the capacitor was
only half the final value of V for a linear capacitor.
Thus, energy is 1 QV =
2

1
CV 2
2

Example: A 1 pF capacitance charged to 5 Volts


has (5V)2 (1pF) = 12.5 pJ
(A 5F supercapacitor charged to 5
volts stores 63 J; if it discharged at a
constant rate in 1 ms energy is
discharged at a 63 kW rate!)
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

A more rigorous derivation


ic
+
vc

t = t Final
v = VFinal dQ
v = VFinal
dt =
w=
v c ic dt =
v c dQ

vc
t = t Initial
v = VInitial
v = VInitial dt

v = VFinal
1
1
2
2
w=
Cv
dv
CV
CV
=

c c
Final
Initial
2
2
v = VInitial
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Example: Current, Power & Energy for a Capacitor


t

v (V)
1
0

v(t)

10 F

t (s)
vc and q must be continuous
functions of time; however,
ic can be discontinuous.

dv
i=C
dt

i (A)

i(t)

1
v(t ) = i ( )d + v(0)
C0

t (s)
Note: In steady state
(dc operation), time
derivatives are zero
C is an open circuit

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

p (W)

i(t)

v(t)

10 F

t (s)

p = vi
w (J)

1 2
w = pd = Cv
2
0
1

EECS 42, Spring 2005

5
Week 3b

t (s)

Capacitors in Parallel

i(t)

i1(t)

i2(t)

C1

C2

v(t)

+
Ceq

i(t)

v(t)

Ceq = C1 + C2

dv
i = Ceq
dt
Equivalent capacitance of capacitors in parallel is the sum
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Capacitors in Series
+ v1(t) + v2(t)

i(t)

C1

C2

+
i(t)

Ceq

v(t)=v1(t)+v2(t)

1
1
1
= +
Ceq C1 C2
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Capacitive Voltage Divider


Q: Suppose the voltage applied across a series combination
of capacitors is changed by v. How will this affect the
voltage across each individual capacitor?

v = v1 + v2

Q1=C1v1
Q1+Q1

C1

v+v

-Q1Q1
Q2+Q2

C2

Q2Q2

+
v1+v1

Note that no net charge can


can be introduced to this node.
Therefore, Q1+Q2=0

+
v2(t)+v2

C1v1 = C2 v2

C1
v2 =
v
C1 + C2

Q2=C2v2 Note: Capacitors in series have the same incremental


charge.
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Application Example: MEMS Accelerometer


to deploy the airbag in a vehicle collision
Capacitive MEMS position
sensor used to measure
acceleration (by measuring force
on a proof mass) MEMS = micro

electro-mechanical systems

g1
g2

FIXED OUTER PLATES


EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Sensing the Differential Capacitance


Begin with capacitances electrically discharged
Fixed electrodes are then charged to +Vs and Vs
Movable electrode (proof mass) is then charged to Vo

Circuit model
Vs

C1
C1 C2
(2Vs ) =
Vo = Vs +
Vs
C1 + C2
C1 + C2

C1
Vo
C2
Vs
EECS 42, Spring 2005

A A

Vo g1 g 2 g 2 g1 g 2 g1
=
=
=
const
Vs A + A g 2 + g1
g1 g 2
Week 3b

Practical Capacitors
A capacitor can be constructed by interleaving the plates
with two dielectric layers and rolling them up, to achieve
a compact size.

To achieve a small volume, a very thin dielectric with a


high dielectric constant is desirable. However, dielectric
materials break down and become conductors when the
electric field (units: V/cm) is too high.
Real capacitors have maximum voltage ratings
An engineering trade-off exists between compact size and
high voltage rating
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

The Inductor
An inductor is constructed by coiling a wire around some
type of form.
+
vL(t)
iL
_

Current flowing through the coil creates a magnetic field


and a magnetic flux that links the coil: LiL
When the current changes, the magnetic flux changes
a voltage across the coil is induced:
Note: In steady state (dc operation), time
derivatives are zero L is a short circuit
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

diL
vL (t ) = L
dt

Symbol:
L
Units: Henrys (Volts second / Ampere)
(typical range of values: H to 10 H)

Current in terms of voltage:

1
diL = vL (t )dt
L
t
1
iL (t ) = vL ( )d + i (t0 )
L t0

iL
+
vL

Note: iL must be a continuous function of time


EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Schematic Symbol and Water Model of an Inductor

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Stored Energy
INDUCTORS STORE MAGNETIC ENERGY

Consider an inductor having an initial current i(t0) = i0

p(t ) = v(t )i(t ) =


t

w(t ) = p( )d =
t0

1 2 1 2
w(t ) = Li Li0
2
2
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Inductors in Series
di
v = Leq
dt

+ v1(t) + v2(t)

v(t) +

L1

i(t)

L2

i(t)
v(t) +

Leq

+
v(t)=v1(t)+v2(t)

di
di
di
di
v = L1 + L2 = (L1 + L2 ) = Leq
dt
dt
dt
dt
Leq = L1 + L2
Equivalent inductance of inductors in series is the sum
EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Inductors in Parallel
+

i1
i(t)

L1

i2
i(t)

v(t) L2

Leq

v(t)

1
1
i = i1 + i2 = vd + i1 (t0 ) + vd + i2 (t0 )
L1 t0
L2 t0

1
i=
vd + i (t0 )

Leq t0

1 1
i = + vd + [i1 (t0 ) + i2 (t0 )]
L1 L2 t0
1
1 1

= +
with i (t0 ) = i1 (t0 ) + i2 (t0 )
Leq L1 L2
t

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Week 3b

Summary
Capacitor

Inductor

dv
i=C
dt
1 2
w = Cv
2

di
v=L
dt
1 2
w = Li
2

v cannot change instantaneously


i can change instantaneously
Do not short-circuit a charged
capacitor (-> infinite current!)

i cannot change instantaneously


v can change instantaneously
Do not open-circuit an inductor with
current (-> infinite voltage!)

n cap.s in series:

1
1
n ind.s in series:
=
Ceq i =1 Ci

n cap.s in parallel: Ceq =


EECS 42, Spring 2005

C
i =1

Leq = Li
i =1

n
1
1
=
n ind.s in parallel:
Leq i =1 Li
Week 3b

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