Trng i hc nng lm thi nguyn

Khoa ti nguyn v mi trng

B mn qun l mi trng

B thi vn p v p n
mn qun l ti nguyn nc

Ngison
D Ngc Thnh

Thi nguyn 11/ 2006

Chng I
tng quan v ti nguyn nc
1.1. S hnh thnh nc, thu quyn v sinh quyn
Ncctrongkhquyn,trnmtt,trongcctngnham
thchdimtt,ncccidngbaola,trongccbintrnlc
a,cch,m,ncccmnglisng,suittcccdngnc
ktrncngungctncngmsutrongcutoachtca
trit.
Theonhnggithuythinicthanhnphbinth
hnhtinhcachngtactonndoqutrnhngngtcakhi
mybi-hilnh.Thnhphncakhimynycxemgnnh
thnhphncutocaccthinthch,trongchakhong0,51%lngnclinkt.
ccaquyn(quynacu)baoquanhvtrit
cnphicmtnnglngln.Ngynayhuhtccnhbchc
uchorngvaitrquytnhtrongqutrnhhnhthnha
quynlninhitnngtoranhsphnhuphngxcacc
nguyntUran,Kali-40vnhiunguyntkhc.Stnngchy
caccnguyntdbchicngnhstchnclinktdinradi
tcdngcaninhittronglngt.
Theo ti liu thc nghim ca Vin a ho mang tn V.I.
Vecnadxki(thucVinHnlmkhoahcLinXc),chtmacma
dipsut9%0 atmtphevnhit12000Ccthchatign
18%nctheotrnglng.
Quantrcccnilaanghotngtathymacmachat
5-12%nc.
Nh vytronglngncthotratnhamthchtrongqutrnh
hnhthnhaquynhontontonnthuquyntrn
trit.

Bng con ng rt phc tp nc c tch ra t trong nham

thch nng chy trong lng t "chui" dn ln b mt t, to
thnhmtidng.Tiptheo,doqutrnhbchivnhchu
trnhtunhoncahinctrnphmvitoncu,nccmttrong
khquyn,hnhthnhnhngtrnmatorasngsui,h,ao,
tonnccngunncmt,vsaulcctngncngmcav
qut.
Ccnhachthcchorngxakiaidngbaophhu
nh tonbbmtvtrit,nhngdotcdngcakinto,v
tritthayidnvahnhlmxuthinnhngdyni
caocngnh lmthayisucaidng,vrahnhthi
cabnnhacungynay.
Lngncngtctoratrntritchnhlnhqutrnh
bchinctidngvmarixungtkhquyn(baogmcc
trnmavtuytri).
Chutrnhvnngcanccngctngcngsaukhixut
hinssngtrntrit,cbitlshnhthnhthgiithc
vt,ngungccashnhthnhkhquynchadngkhbao
quanhtrit.
Chonnay,qutrnhtongunncvntiptccduy
tr.Theomtstiliu,mcncidngminmtngln1mm,
nghalsauminmstngln1m.
Giihntrnca sinhquynctnhntngdica kh
quynnghalticaotngzn(trungbnhkhong20kmso
vimtncbin)nigiliibphnccbcxcctmckh
nnghuditcctbosng.Giihndiccsinhquyntnhn
su3-3,5kmdimtt.Khuvcphttrinthunlinhti
viccsinhvtlbmttritvccvngtipcngngivin
cakhquyncngnhcclpncbmtcabinvidng.
Thgiisinhvt(baogm:ngvt,thcvt,visinh)chim
vtrtrungtmcasinhquyn.Ccsinhvttuychimtlrt

nhvlngsovithgiivc,songthgiisinhvtcvaitr
quytnhnshnhthnhsinhquyn.
ctnhtrntritckhong3triuccloisinhvt,trong
gn300ngnloithcvt.Songthcvttora97-98%
sinhkhicalca,phncnli(2-3%)lthucvngvtv
visinhvt.
Trongqutrnhhnhthnhssngtrntritthncv
mitrngncngvaitrrtquantrng.Nclnginghnhv
iukincntisinhthgiihuc.Ngungccashnh
thnhvtchluchthuclhintngquanghp.
Trong qu trnh sng v pht trin, cc c th sng li
qunvochutrnhtunhonccchtquantrngnhxy,ccbon,
mtkhilnglncckhongvtvnhiunguynthohckhc
torangunsinhvt.
Thuquynvtngchanccavtritbaogmidng,bin,h,ao,sng,bngtuyt,ncngmvnctrongkhng
kh,trongkhquyn.ltinguynnctrnhnhtinhcachng
ta(bng1.1).
Sliubng1.1chothyidngvbinchimdintch
gn2,5lnlca,cnvtrlngnc-hn94%tngs.
Bng 1.1. Tr lng nc trn tri t
Din
Phn thu quyn
1. idng
2. Ncngmtraoi
3. Bngh
4. Nch
5. Nc trong tng th
nhng
6. Hi nc trong kh

tch
103 km2
361.300

Khi lng nc
103 km3

T l %
tng lng

1.370.323

nc
94,20

134.800

60.000

4,15

16.227

24.000

1,65

2.058

280

0,02

82.000

85

0,006

510.000

14

0,001

148.800

12

0,001

quyn

510.000

1.454.714

100

7. Ncsng
Tng cng:
Ngun:
Ncidngbaophgn3/4bmttrit,visu
trungbnhgn4.000m.
TheoGTqunlngunnc:Trlngnctrntritl:
-

Ncbinl1.322triukm3 (trongbnghc22triu
km3),chim98,83%.Gislngbngnytansbngtng

Ncngml100triukm3

Ncmtl36.000km3(sngsuihngnmrabin)

- Ncmabinl384.000km3/nm(trongbchilc
al67.000km3/nm)
V v r, thu quyn trung gian gia kh quyn v thch
quyn,vvthncmilinhqualirtchtchvihaiquyn
ny.Biuhinnibtnhtcamilinhnitrnlchutrnh
tunhonnctrongthinnhin,yutcvaitrquytnhtora
ssngviukinsngchotonththgiisinhvt.Milin
h cht ch gia cc quyn cn th hin s trao i thng
xuynvtchtvnnglng,mtbphnrtquantrngtrongchu
trnhtunhonvtchtvnnglngcahnhtinh.

1.2. Phn loi v phn b ngun nc

Tphntchtrnchophpktlunrng:tinguynncca
hnhtinhlmtththngnhtvcnhgivitrlnghn
1,45tkm3.Tinguynnccphnthnh3dngchyutheov
trcngnh cim hnhthnh, khaithc v sdng l
ngunnctrnmtt(ncmt),ncdit(ncngm)vnc
trongkhquyn(hinc).

1.2.1. Nc mt
Trnphmvilcatrlngncmtbaogmncbngtuyt
cc a cc v cc vng ni cao x hn i (98,83%), nc h
(1,15%),ncmly(0,015%)vncsng(0,005%).Vkhilngncbngtuytchimtltuytiln(99%),vnugithuyt
khibnghtanthnhncthmcncidngcthdngln
66,4m.Lngncbngtuytbngtngdngchysngtrong600
nm.
Tuynhin,trongthctbnghnmkhuvcgilnhvnh
cu,nnkhnngsdngchngcnrthnch.Ngcli,ncsng
vhtuychimtlrtnh(1,2%),songdothamgiavochng
trnhtunhonvnngrttchccnnchngcvaitrhtsc
quantrngivisphttrinkinhtxhicaconngi.
Vlngnch,chotinayvnchatnhcchnhxc,vcha
ciutray.Sbctnhc2,8triuhtnhin,trong
s145hcdintchmttrn100km2. Lng nc ca nhng h
nychim95%tngs,trongkhong56%lncnht.Hnc
ngtlnnhtvsunhttrntritlhBaican(thucCHLB
Nga)cha2.300km3nc,visutia1.741m.
Ngoishtnhin,trnlcaxydunghn10.000h
chancnhntonhmgiiquytccnhucusdngngunnc
mt(iutitvkhaithcdngchycaccdngsng).Trong
tngshnhntochn30hlnvidungtchtrn10km 3nc
mih.Tngdintchhuchcahnhntoctnhgn5.000
km3,trongtrnphnlnhthchuu-925km 2,chuPhi-341
km2,BcM-180km2,NamM-1.332km2vchuc4km2.
Ncmlyvidintch2.682km 2ctnhdungtchkhong
11.470km3.
Ncsnglunvnngvtunhon,nnnhanhchngc
phchi.Nhvytuythtchchacaccsngctnhchbng
1.200km2 nhngnnglngdngchy sngphongphhnnhiu,

tnggp34,6ln,tct1.200km 2ln41.520km3.iulm
tngkhngngkhaithcngkccdngsng.
Bng 1.2. Lng dng chy mt s sng ln
Tn sng

Lng dng

Lu lng trung

Din tch lu

chy TB nm

bnh ca sng

vc F (103

1. Amazn

W (km3)
693

(l/s)
220.000

km3)
7.000

2. Cngg

1.350

43.000

3.670

3. Hng

1.200

38.000

2.000

4. DngT

693

22.000

1.940

5. Baraxmap

630

22.000

936

551,3

17.500

810

utra
6. Mkng
Ngun:

cimnibtcadngchylsphnbkhngng
utheothigianvkhnggian(vnglnhth).mtsvngkh
huhni,vddimintrungCHLBNgadngchychnh
thnhchyuvomaxuntrongthigiantanbngtuyt.Lng
dngchylcnytuychxyratrong1-3thng,nhngchimti5060%,cniti90-95%tngdngchycnm.
iviccsngmincnng,bcXibirilltlixyravo
ma h do ma ro vi cng kh ln. Trong ma ma, dng chy
chimti65%tnglngdngchynm,tronglngdngchy
manglnhnht,khong5-10%.
Sphnbdngchykhngutheothigianvvnglnh
thlctrngphbinivinhiunctrongcVitNam.
1.2.2.Ngunncngm
Phadimtt,trongcclpbntrncaquyn,ccc
dngncthinnhintothnhncngmcavtrit,haycngi

ltngthuvn-acht. Ncngmnitrncngcngilnc
trnglc.
Ncngmlccdngnctrongcclptbntrncaquyn
,nlncngmcavtrithaycngilnctrnglc.C2
loincngmcpvkhngcp.
Vtrlngncngm,su1000mckhong4triukm 3
nc,cnsu1.000n6.000mckhong5triukm3nc.
Nhnchungncngmlnguncungcpncquantrngconngiv
chocytrng.Khisdngncngmcnchnkhong
ha,nu<1g/lldngchosinhhotvtitt.
-Nctrongtlccdngnctntitrnmcncngm.Nc
trongtcthtntinhngdngsau:
-Hinc:Hinctntitrongcclhngcat,rcy
khngsdngc,songngipchohvisinhvthotngtt,
gipiunhitt,ngthincnglunthayivtng
dngkhvdnglng.
-Nclinkthahc(linktcht),lnccgichtbilchp
phchtt,nbchito>1100-5000C.Cytrngkhngs
dngc.Vd,tinhththchcaochahaiphntnctrongmi
phntsunfatcanxi(CaSO4.2H20)nghalcha20,3%nc,trong
tinh th mui sunfat natri c ti 10 phn t nc (Na2SO4.10H20)
nghallngncchati55%.
-Nclinktlhc(linkth)-lncdcgidolcphnt
nhhngvschtcaccionbmthtt.Nbchit=
1000C;ncchialm2loilncdnhvncmng.NcDnhdnh
chtvomtngoihttthnhlp,c8-10lp....CnncMng
(lngtrncphnttia)llpncxungquanhhtt,tipgip
vincdnhncgilinhplcphntca httvc
chiudygp2-6lnlpncdnh.Ncmngcnhtcao,cy
trnghtnkhkhn,nchnhlgiihnmcyho.

-Nctdo,theoA.V.Trfumpnhngha:"Tt c cc loi nc
cha trong t vi mt hm lng vt qu tr lng nc phn t ti a
(nc mng) u khng chu tc ng ca lc phn t ca ht t,
tt c cc loi nc u gi l nc t do"
Nctdocchiathnh3loi:lncgc(nchnh
thnhkhegckpgiacchtt);nctrnglclncchitc
ngcalchttrit-ntntitrongkhephimaoqunxut
hinsaukhitihaytrongvsaunhngtrnmaln,2loinctrn
cytrngkhsdng.Loicnlilncmaoqun(ylnccy
trngsdng),nchailoi:Ncmaoquntreovncmaoqun
leo.
Theovtrpsut,ncngmcphnloithnhncngm
nng,ncngmtrongtngthnhng(tngtcanhtc)vnc
ngmsu-trongcctngchancngmkhngpsut,ncngm
cp,ngoiracnphnraloincngmbnp....
1.3.TnhhnhphttrintinguynnctrnthgiivVitNam
1.3.1.Sphttrintinguynnctrnthgii
Tronglchsnhnloi,muncitodngnctnhincpht
trinutinnhngvngnngkhhn,lngbchinc
vtqulngmatrongnm.Nhngcngtrnhkimsot,tch
trvphnphidngnccphttrinnhngnicnn
vnminhsmnht:AiCp,Babylon,nvTrungQuc.
AiCp4000nmtrcCngnguyn,ditriuivuaMamphis
xydngcpginctrnsngNile.Tipn2000nmtrcCngnguyn,hongtAssyrianchohngdngncca
sngNiletichovngtsamccaAiCp.Ngynaytrnmch
cang,ngitacnghidngch "tabucdngnchngvkia
phi chy theo mun ca ta v dn nc ca n lm ph nhiu
nhngvngttrc,hoanghokhngcdnc".

 TrungQuccchy4000nm,conngickinthc
trongcchotngiukhindngncbngknhocxy
dngditi700dm.
n,trcchngta20thk,nhiuhchanccxy
dngticholuvcsngIndus.
Trong 50 nm qua tho mn nhu cu nc ca con ngi,
nhiu p gi ncquy mlncxy dng.Gny nht
phikti3hnctrnthgiictoralhVoltaGana
chuvi300km,hKuribaZambiachuvi270kmvhNasserAi
Cpchuvi300km.LinXc,kimsotdngncphcvnhu
cutnghp,phtin,chngl,ti,chuipcxydng
trnccDniep,sngDon,sngDniestervsngVolga.
Dnsthgiitngnhanh,theodbonm2000consvt7tngitrntrit.Lngnccungcpchosinhhottnhtheo
ungilchtiunhgimcsngvtrnhphttrinca
miqucgia.ChuAuunm1980lngncsdngtrongsinhhot
ca mi ngi l 200-250l/ngy, nm 2000 l 300-360l/ngy. M
nm1980l660l/ngy,nnm2000l1000l/ngy.
TheoiutracaUbankinhtChuunm1966,20nc
ttrngsdngnctrongccngnhl:
-Ncchosinhhotvthchim14%
-Ncdngtrongnngnghipl38%
-Ncdngtrongcngnghipl48%
M,nm1980tlnylnltl7%,36%v57%.
TheotiliucaLinhipqucnm1988dintchtnng
nghipcticathgiicgiithiutrongbng1.1.
Bng 1.1. Din tch t c ti ca th gii
Nm
Lc a
ChuPhi

Din tch c ti (100 ha)

1972
1982
1987
9.125

10

10.319

11.058

BcMvTrungM
NamM
Chu
Chuu
Oceania(Australia)
LinXc
Tngcng

21.838

27.161

25.740

6.032

6.952

8.586

113.888

135.297

142.301

11.910

15.079

16.833

1.636

1.864

2.105

11.991

18.608

20.485

176.390

216.132

227.108

Dintchtcticathgiitngtnginnht
176.390.000ha nm 1972 ln 216.132.000 ha nm 1982 v tng
n227.108.000havonm1987.
cc nc cng nghip tin tin, vic khai thc qun l ti
nguynncphcvnnkinhtqucdn,cbittrongsdng
tnngnghipcnhngthnhtungk.
- Cc h thng ti tiu c hin i ho bao gm cc cng
trnhphnphinccchtohinicthtngho
khiphnphinc.Knhdncbtnghochngtnthtv
dr.
-Xydngcchthngticbit,ccvngkhanhimnccahnhphctpnhngcthtrngcccloicytrngc
gitr.Hthngtiphunmavtinhgitlctrng.Hthngti
nhgitcthcoilthnhtutintinnhttronglnhvctikt
hp vi k thut tin tin ca cc ngnh khc t ng iu
khinchmtrongttheoyucucacytrng.
-Vngbbinthiuncngt,ngitaccngnghx
lncbinthnhncngt.Qutrnhtngnhnginnyc
conngiancbinvobungkn(conteiner)ricungcpmtlngnhitlnunsihoclmbchingngtthnhnctinh
khit.CcnhmynycphttrinFeeportbangTexas,cn
c qun s M arp Xut, Ty Phi (0,2 triu gallon/ngy),

11

Roswell,NewMxico(1triugallon/ngy)vi1gallon=3,78lttheo
tiuchuncaM.
-Snxutraccchtgim,khibnvotckhnnghn
chbchivlmngngthinctrongcckherngtcy
sdngdndn.Vicngnghnychophpgiiquyttnhtrng
hnccbnhngnikhngnc.
Tincnucquyhoch,qunlvutngstoiu
kinchonngnghipphttrin,dnnsphnvinhvgiuc
trongvng.Ngclisdnnthtbinu ta khngnm vng
iukintnhinvquylutphttrinkinhtcavng.Thct
ca mt s nc pht trin c nhng bi hc kinh nghim sau
y.
-Chiphxydngcbnbanucamtdntikhng
cqut,cngtrnhvicxydngcccngtrnhlncngtt.
Nhnccnquantmut mnhvtichnhvkthut.Giai
onucadnphicnghincukvhiuqukhaithc
ttrongnngnghip,vkinhtmtcchchitit.Cnnghin
cu cc c tnh vt l, ho hc, kh nng m bo cho cy
trngtnngsutcao,cthtrngtiuth
-Cciukinkinhtkthut,tichnhcththomn
nhngchambothnhcngcadn.Phixtyuttm
lconngi,ngidnphichctpvlichcatincvcch
sdngnctrongnhngiukinkhcnhautitkimnc.
-Nhngkhkhncaccnccngnghipvvnnc:
lvnnhimcngnghipvxlngunnc.Nhngthnh
phcngnghiplncaccnchunhucxydngnhng
nicsngchyqua.SngHusonchyquaNewyork,sngThemes
chyquaLondon,sngSeinechyquaParis,VHn-TrngKhnh
sngTrngGiang,DelisngGng,Vinnmngaytrnsnganup
nitingDochtthicngnghipkhngcxlnghimngt
ngaytunnccdngsng,nithunhnncthidndntr

12

lnnhim. Trongncthicngnghipcchamuicacckim
loinngnh ch,ng,km,st,crmkhixvosngchng
gychi,nhimmitrng,nhncphiutkhlntincho
vicxl.VdMdokhngkimsotcchtthicngnghip
ngaytunnchiphutxlchtthihngnmng
vtrth3saugiodcvgiaothngvnti.
1.3.2. S pht trin ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
1.3.2.1. iu kin t nhin ca Vit Nam

- iu kin a hnh: nc Vit Nam c din tch

329.240,61km2 trongchn70%dintchlinica
hnhphctp.CcdyniinhnhnhngBc,TyBc,TrngSn,TyNguynvicaotrungbnh1000-1500mtrnmc
ncbin.
Vngngbngtcao25mtrnmcncbintrxung,
phnlnnmdcbbincatncvihaingbnglnnhtl
BcB(1.261.404ha)vNamb(3.971.232ha).
-Yutkhhu:KhhuVitNamlkhhunhitigi
machunhhngchyucaiukinahnh.Bng(1.2),
(1.3)v(1.4)giithiuccctrngkhhuVitNam,ccctrngnychiphitinguynnccaqucgia.
Bng 1.2. Mt s c trng ca kh hu Vit Nam
TT
1

c trng kh hu
Tngnhittrungbnhnm(0C)

Gi tr
8.000-10.000

Nhittrungbnhngy(0C)

22-27

Nhittrungbnhthnglnhnht(0C)

15-19

Lng bc x mt tri trong nm

75

(Kcal/cam2)

1.500-2.000

Lngmabnhqunnm(mm)

13

Bng 1.3. Bng cn bng m trong nm

a phng

Lng ma P (mm)

Bc hi E

(P-E)

HNi

1680

(mm)
1218

+462

Hu

2938

1193

+1795

TPHChMinh

2075

1466

+609

Bnh

1903

1120

+783

qun/nm
Bng 1.4. Lng ma trung bnh thng ca mt s vng

aphng

H Ni
TB
Max

Min

TP H Ch Minh
TB
Max Min

TB

Hu
Max

Min

Thng
1

18

122

17

111

175

397

22

26

95

1.4

10

60

181

33

48

132

2.1

18

129

192

546

4
5

8
194

200
456

3.4
40

40
210

178
561

66

51
121

197
374

3
4

236

579

24

337

522

205

76

169

16

302

738

25

309

595

98

70

291

10

8
9

323
262

810
467

57
47

372
338

499
471

136
241

118
343

300
877

24
113

10

123

638

248

603

82

632

156

172

11

47

214

117

236

19

720

224

12

20

93

60

173

13

380

167

76

nm

1607

293

751

2075

Nhngsliubng(1.2),(1.3),(1.4)chothykhhuVit
Namlkhhunhiti.Lngmatrongnmrtphongph:Trung
bnhnmHNil1680mm,TPHChMinh2075mm,Hu

14

2938mm.bng(1.3)sosnhgialngmavbchichothylng
matrongnmuvtqulngbchi.Tuynhinlngmaphnb
khngu, thng tp trung vomah. H Nimatthng 5
nthng10chim87%tnglngmacnm.TPHChMinh
v Hu t l ny ln lt l 87,4% v 70%. Do lng ma phn b
khngngu,mamaqunhiuncdgyngpng.Ngcli
makhtma,lngnckhngcungcptheoyucu.Vvy
cncbinphpiutitlidngchyphcvyucuphttrin
kinhttrongnm.

1.3.2.2. S pht trin ti nguyn nc Vit Nam

NinsphttrintinguynncVitNam,trctinphi
ninquyhochvqunlnctichonngnghipmtkhuvc
trcychim90%nayl76%dnscnc.
Trccchmngthng8/1945cmtshthngticxy
dng,chyuphcvkhaithcccnincaPhpnhh
thngsngCuBcNinh,hthngsngLinSnBcGiang,
hthngBiThngLngtnhNghAn
Saunm1954,cbittsaungyminNamhonton
giiphng,VitNamut xydngnhiucngtrnhkhai
thctinguynncphcvphttrinkinhtqucdn,cbit
lphcvsnxutnngnghip.Haicngtrnhtiubiucting
vanglnlhthngithunngBcHngHianctihngvn
ha t ca cc tnh Bc Ninh, Hng Yn v Hi Dng vo u
nhngnm1960vhchancthuinHoBnhxydng
kimsotlvngngbngsngHng,tchtrncphtin
cungcpinnngchocncvonhngnm1990.
TiplxydnghchancKGHTnh.Cngtrnh
ctcngtnghp:ti,cpncsinhhot,cngnghip,phtin,

15

chngl,thauchuaramn,sdnglnghnuicncngt.
Dintchtitchy21.136haca3huynth(CmXuyn,Thch
HvthxHTnh).HchancKGlmbinisusc
iu kin sn xut, i sng vt cht, tinh thn ca 86.920 h
dn(sliu1995)trongkhuhngli.CngtrnhTrungthunng
namThchHntnhQungTrlnhngcngtrnhtchncchng
hn,giiquytnctichocvngrnglntrongtnhphcvkhai
thctai,gpphnxoigimnghotrongnhiunm.
KtqucavickhaithctinguynnccaVitNaml:
- Tnh n nm 1992, trong tng s din tch t nng
nghip6.697.000ha,dintchtctil1.860.00hachimt
l27,8%.VitNamtchthiunnnaytrthnhncxut
khugongthhaitrnthgiivimcxutkhugot2triu
tnnm1997.Nngsutlanhiuaphngtmcnnh5
6tn/ha/v. tcnhngktqunylcsnggpca
nhiu ngnh kinh t, trong phi k n cng tc quy hoch
qunlnc,phcvsnxutnngnghip.
-Nhcthuli,nhiuloitxunhchuamn,lytht,bc
muccito.Nhiuvngttrcyhoanghohoccy
mtvbpbnhnhbatnhHNamNinhnayavocanhtc
haivthmch3vchcchntrongnm.Nhchngtrmcng
trnhthulivavnhvngduynhimintrungvang
phthuyhiuqu,cbitvisphttrinmnhcakhoahck
thutvcngnghvlaito,sdngnhiugingcytrngmi
tronglnhvcnngnghip,nhiuloigingcyngnngy,nng
sutcaocpdngcanhtcrngritrongccvnggieo
cyvng xun, hthu, vma hoc luncanh 2v la mt
mu,1la2muthiuqucao.
Mcdtcnhiuthnhtutolntrongvickhaithc
tinguynncphcvphttrinkinht,nhngchngtavncn

16

nhiunhcim,lnhngcnbnhttyuccncang
phttrin,cthlitknhsau:
-Cchthngtiphnlnangxungcp,khngngb,
khngmboccngsutthitk.Cccngtrnhphnphi
nclchu,tnthtnctrnhthngln.
-Dintch tctinm1992t27,8%,tlnycn
thpsoviccnctrongkhuvcChu ThiBnhDng33,1%.
(bng1.5)
Bng 1.5. Din tch t c ti nc mt s nc
trong khu vc.
n v: 1000 ha
Tn nc

Bangladesh
Cambodia
TrungQuc
n
Indonexia
Iran
Malaysia
Philippines
NamTriuTin
ThiLan
NhtBn
VitNam
Bnh qun vng
Chu
ThiBnhDng

t nng
nghip nm
1972 (ha): A
9.044
2.400
96.302
169.650
22.500
18.170
4.880
9.190
2.070
20.130
4.515
6.697

t c ti
nm 1992
(ha): B
3.100
94
49.030
45.800
8.250
9.400
340
1.580
1325
4.400
2.802
1.860

T l B/A
(%)

457.732

181.533

33,1

34,3
3,9
50,9
27,0
36,7
51,7
7,0
17,2
61,0
21,9
62,0
27,8

Tuy nhin theo ngun ti liu ca th gii nm 2001 (World

resources2001)thtrongnhngnmgnydintchtcanh
tccticaVitNaml32,01%ucaohnmtsnctrong
khuvcAseannhbng(1.6).

17

Bng 1.6. Tnh hnh pht trin ti nc ca mt s nc trong

khu vc Asean
Tnnc
VitNam
ThiLan
CHCNLo
Philippine
Myanmar
Indonexia
Campuchia
Malaysia
Brunei

Dintchtcanh
tc(triuha)
7,20
20,45
0,85
9,52
10,15
30,98
3,80
7,61
0,007

Tldintcht
cti(%)
32,01
25,00
19,03
16,10
15,03
14,04
7,11
4,00
13,04

Doiukintnhinmtsnckhcnhau,ngunnchn
ch,chiphutxydngcbnchocccngtrnhthlicao
nnnhiunctkhngcti,chyulsdngnctri.Din
tchtbhoangvsnxutmtvcnkhln.Nnnngnghip
c ti hin nay ang ng trc rt nhiu kh khn, hiu qu s
dngnctithp,cti40%lngncbtnthtdodrdcng
vnchuyndothphocdodngchymtkhngkimsotc.
DintchtcticaVitNamngthnhttrongkhuvc,
saulThiLan,thpnhtlMyanmar.
-Chakimsotcccyutgytchiivingunnc
nhximntvncthicngnghip.ylhaivnrttrm
trngvkhncpnctahinnay.
1.4.Qunltinguynnc
14.1.Khinimvqunltinguynnc
Nhngchuyn mnkhcnhauccchnhnvQLTNN khc
nhau.
-

ivinhsinhthihc,QLTNNthnggnlinvinhng

cnhhnglmsuygimsinhthi,suythoit,nhim.
-

ivinhthuli,QLTNNlniticchcha,pchuyn

nc,phngchngl,chnhtrsng,xlnc.

18

iviccluts,ccvnchyutrongQLTNNlquyn

shunc,hthngquyndngnc,thtrngnc,ccvnphp
lvncvlutquctvnc.
-

ivccnhkinht,QLTNNlinquantihiuqukinht,

honvnvtcccmctiuqucgia.
-

iviccnhmitrng,QLTNNnghalngunnc,chias

ngun nc, cht lng ngun nc, s nhim nc v cc gii php

chngnhimnc
Nhvycthni:QLTNNlmtlnhvclinngnh.
Trongnhngnmgnycnhiukhinimntinguynncnh:
-Pht trin ti nguyn nc :Lcchotngativicsdng
huhiutinguynncchomthaynhiumcch.
- Quy hoch ti nguyn nc: L quy hoch, bo v, phn phi
ngunncgiaccngnhdngncvcchotngkinht-xhi;
Cnigiangunnckhaithcvnhucudngnc;xemxtcc
mctiu,cckhkhn,trngivquynlicaccitngclin
quan.
- Qun l ti nguyn nc: Ltonbcchotngvnhnh,php
l,qunl,thchvkthutcnthitquyhoch,vnhnh
v qun l ti nguyn nc. Hay ni mt cch khc: QLTNN l qu
trnhbaogmccchotngquyhoch,thitk,xydngv
vnhnhhthngtinguynnc.
- Qun l thng nht v tng hp ti nguyn nc: Nhngnmgn
ykhinimnycsdng.Nxtn:Ttccckha
cnhtnhincaTNN;Nhngitngquantmvccngnhlin
quan;sthayitheokhnggiancaTNNvnhucudngnc;
cckhungchnhschlinquanvcccpthch.
hotngQLTNNchiuqu,cnphithchinccnguyn
tcsau:

19

-QLTNNphictinhnhtheomtcchthctngth,nht
qunvbnvngpngcccmctiuphttrinvbo
vmItrng.
-QLTNNcthcnphIcphncpqunlthchhptheo
gianhgiiluvc
-Ccdchvcpnccthphicgiaochocccquant
chvctrchnhimcanhnc,t nhnhaytchctpth.
Thchinccdchvcungcpnccnhlngtrongmtkhuvc
alxcnhchokhchhnghocccthnhvintrongtchc
vimtmcphphhp.
- S dng nc trong cng ng phi bn vng c ch
khuynkhch,kimtra,gimstthngxuyn,giodccngng
nngcaohiuqukinht,bovTNNvbovmItrngvi
khungchnhschcngkhai.
-Tinguynncdngchungtrongqucgiavgiaccqucgia
phicphnchiamtcchhiuqu,mboclichcacc
chsdngncvensng.
Qun l thng nht v tng hp ti nguyn nc slmtcngc
hiuquthcthiccnguyntctrn.
1.4.2.Phttrinbnvngtinguynnc
HinnaykhinimvphttrinbnvngTNNchiul:
Th h ngy nay s dng ngun ti nguyn nc hin c s khng
gy ra nhng ri ro cho th h sau.
Quy hoch km s dn n pht trin ti nguyn nc khng bn
vng.Trnthgiicnhiuvngtrnglnnhnglicrttti
nguynncngt.Ncmttccoiltinguyncthtitoc,nhngnchchim1,5%TNNngt,scnlichyutrong
t (nc ngm chim 98,5 %). Vic khai thc ba bi, qu mc,
thiu quy hoch, quy hoch km s dn n ph hoi ngun ti
nguynnc,nsnhhngxunvicsdngnctrongtnglai.

20

Phttrinbnvngtinguynnccthhinnhiukha
cnhsau:
- Bn vng v k thut(Cn bng cung v cu, cn bng
gialngbxungvlngkhaithc(nvi).
-Bnvngvmttichnh(honvn)
-Bnvngvmtxhi(nnhdns,nnhnhu
cu,trcckhonph)
-Bnvngvmtkinht(phttrinkinht,phcli,sn
xutbnvng)
-Bnvngvthch(khnnglpkhoch,qunlvvn
hnhhthng)
-Bnvngvmitrng(khngccctcngtiucclu
dihocccnhhngkhngthkhcphcc).
VnctlicaQLTNNbnvnglscnbnggiacung
vcucamimthngvdchvlinquantinc.
Hthngtinguynncgmccccngtrnhthulivc
cuhtnghnhchnh,ccdchvvhnghoiviccn
vdngnc,baogmttccchotngtrongxhicsdngnc.
Pht trin ti nguyn nc din ra trong mi quan h qua li
giahthngtinguynncvnvdngnc.Cchotng
nytcngntrngthicacstinguynmitrngvc
csngunlcxhitrongnvkhnggianlpquyhoch(lu
vcsng,vng,qucgia).ngthihotngnychcththc
hincnuctrgip.CsTNMTbaogmTNnc,TNtv
hsinhthi,cncsngunlcbaogmnguntichnh,ngun
nhnlcvcskinthc.
Ngiqunltinguynnccanthipvohthngthngqua
cc hot ng: Cung cp cc bin php nh hng nh: xy
dngcshtng,khoangingkhoan,xyhchavthngqua
ccbinphpnhhngdpngccyucu.

21

1.4.3. Cc nguyn tc c bn trong pht trin v qun l ti

nguyn nc
-Qunlthngnhtngunncditvncmt
-Sdngkthpncditvncmt.Tritsdngcc
imcangunncmbothiuqucaonhtvbov
mitrngtnhin.
-Khaithctnghptinguynnc,baogmctinguynnc
ditnicchtlngtt.Cnutinncchomcchsinhhottrc,khidthamisdngchomcchkhc.
-Ccchnhsch,vnbnphpquyvcctiuchunkthut
phcvchophttrinvQLTNNphIphhpviiukina
chtthuvn,mcsdngnc,iukinkinhtxhi,trnh
phttrinvtpquncatngvng.
1.4.4. Nhng ni dung chnh ca cng tc qun l nh nc v
ti nguyn nc
-Xydngchinlcqucgiavphttrin,qunl,bov
tinguynnc
-Xydngquyhoch,khochphttrin,qunl,bovti
nguynnc
-QunliutracbnvTNnc
-QunlkhaithcTNnc
-QunlcngtcbovTNnc
-Qunlvicbxungnhntochongunnc
-QunlquantrcngthInc
-Tchcvchothchincccngvicsau:
+Kimkngunnc,xydngngnhngdliuncdit
vncmt,cpsngkcngtrnhkhaithcncdit
+iuhophnphinc
+Cp,iuchnhvthuhigiyphpkhaithcncdit,
tiuthotncditvxncthIvolngt.

22

+ Gim st v thanh tra, kim tra vic thi hnh Lut Ti

nguynNc,vickhaithcncditvcchotnglmnhim
ngunnc.
+GiIquytcctranhchp,khiunivttngvngunnc
mVitNamlmtbnkkthocthamgia
+SonthoccvnbndilutphcvcngtcqunlTNN
ThamkhoLutTinguynNc
1.5. Cc mc qui hoch ti nguyn nc
Nhchngtabit,quihochlmtqutrnhkhostmt
vnchthng,mtthchnhqunlthngtin,nhgi
phntchthngtinvcuicnglaraquytnh.Nirhn
quihochlsphntchchthngnhnggiiphpivimt
vnhocmtnhucubaogmgic,lisut,nhngphntc
dngvviclachnkhochttnht.NhtBn,Singapore,Thi
Lanlnhngnccdintchtti,nhngdotndngchtxm
trongquihochtrlnnhngcngquckinht.
LchsphttrinHngKng,hpchng qucHoaKhoc
TrungQuccnichothyscmnhthnkcasquihoch
vthuhtut:cmtsamchoangvyctnngsaukhiqui
hochtrthnhmtthnhphLasvegasrcrvcmttrung
tmthngmismutPhoenixcaHoaK.Ctnmtnhnthy
nhngthnhph,tamithyscmnhtrithccaloingi
lmbinibmtthgiivlmthayisphnhngtriu
cngdnmtcchnhanhchng.
Gnynht,cngtrnhngdyin500KVBcNam,
cuMThunvngHChMinhchcchnslmnby
kinhtchovngsngncngbngsngCuLongvccvngsu
vngxacatnc.
Vitcngcautvquihoch,ngitacthlmtngli
nhunchoccvngngpnchtscnhanhchng,tvngtngp
nccthtrthnhnikhaithcvngvngclinublchi,

23

khngthuhtcut,quihochsaimcchthnsdinra
theoquitrnhngcli,nikhaithcvngsbinlitrthnhvng
t ngp nc khng cho hiu qu. Vic nhn nhn th trng v
nhnnhnkhaithctaivngngpnc,vngnuitmtrnt
ctlnhngnhnthcsngsut.
iviquihochngunnc,trncskthpvi3vngal
khc nhau: vng lu vc sng, a phng (tnh, huyn) vi mc
chvchititringnhmmbocnbngncvrabin
phptitkimnc.
1.5.1. Qui hoch ngun nc s b (mc A)
QuihochmcAthcchtlskimkvtinguynnc,
xemxtnhngkhkhnvnhucusdngtinguynnc.l
nhngvnmangtnhchtqucgiavcxemxtdavo
iukinxydngkhochphttrinkinhtludinhchtiu
vdns,kinhtxhivmitrng,dontrckhuynhhng
phttrincatnglaivinhngkhkhnvnhucukhcnhaulin
quanntinguynnc.Tronglcchaciukinxydngk
hochphttrinkinhtludicth,cthdatrnnhngch
tiucholn,ngthidatrnthctcaccnctinb
hntalpquihochcnbngncchotngluvc,tngvng
kinhtvchotonquc.Tuynhinlngncsdngcatacntnh
tngthmmtphnnovnctabchinhiuhn.Lngncbc
hillngnctnthtmtidobchi,dongmxungcclpncngmcplngnccpdngvoccphnnghohc.i
viloincnycnxtcthtrongtngtrnghp,tnggiaion
khcnhau,thngthngtnhchogiaionkhoch5nm,10nm.
Nhngxemxtnynhmmcch:
-Litksphttrincancvsdngtclinquann
nc
+Xemxtvictngdns,mcisngnhndnc
nngcaotrongtnggiaion.

24

+Xemxttngloicytrng,sphttrinnngnghiptng
vngkhcnhau(tthmnhiu,thmt,cthauchuaramn
haykhng...),xtvictngdintchnngnghip,iukindn
ncvkthutti(dnncbngknh,knhbtng,bngngng,
tingphaytiphunma,tinhgit...).
+Xemxtncdngchophttrinchnnuicnxtnvic
tngdintch trng ctrong tnggiaion, nhucuncticho
ngc,nhucuncungchoccngiasclmvsinh
chungtri...
+Xemxtncdngchonuitrngthusn,cnxtlngnc
chocch mcging,ncphixccnichanc(hoch
chanc)xunghlu,chocccngtrnhringchocvtlnthnglu
trng...
+Ncdngvomcchvsinhcnphixemxtlulngthngxuynphixxunghlulmloccncthicathnh
ph,cckhucngnghiptimccthtiptcsdngc
chng.
+Ncdngchocngnghipphixttngngnhcngnghip
khcnhau,tronglngncthamgiavoccqutrnhcngngh
khcnhau(lmnguimy,lmtrncctrc,cungcpchoni
hi,thamgiaccphnnghohc...)vphngphpsdngnc
khcnhautheostunhonthlngnctnthtdobchis
lnhntrnghppdngsncchythng...
+Ncdngphtinchoccnhmythuin,phixt
chlmviccatngloinhmythyin(nhmytrong
mngliinchungvngoimngliinchungslmvicvicc
tnsutkhcnhauviccchkhcnhau).Lngncdtrtrong
hchaphtin,trongtnhtonquihochkhngcdng
voccmcchkhcnulngncchacxxunghlunh
my.Ktququihochncsbchotakhinimsbvtnh
hnhccngunncnichung,nkhngphnnhchtccchi

25

tit,nhtlkhngphnnhcsphnbkhngutheothi
giancaccngunnccngnhnhucusdngnctrongqutrnh
sdng.
-Nuccgiiphpchungthchhpgiiquytccvn
vnhucunura.
Trncsnghincu,thngklpquyhochncsb
cnratiuchunsdngncchotngnvsnphmhoc
chotngungivs%lngnccoinhmthnlmcs
tnhtonquihochncchnhthc.
Khitnhtoncphnnccungvcuchotonbluvcri
sosnhvrabinphpkhcphc,trongtrnghpthiuncc
thpdngccbinphpsau:
+Tngcngsdngncngm(nccplccctng)
+Lmthmhchancnngcaohsiutit.
+Xlncthithtttbngccbinphplc,sinhvt,xl
ncthivomcchkhc,khngrasnglmnhimnc
sngnhdnncthithnhphtichoccvngngoithnh...
+Nghincuccbinphphpltrongnngnghipnhmtit
kimnc,ngthivnmbonngsutcao.
Nhvyquyhochsbngunnuccngnhranhng
binphptitkimnc,tathycrtnhiuvnmccnh
khoahcphigiiquyt.
1.5.2. Qui hoch ngun nc chinh thc (mc B)
ylmttiliuquantrngcaNhnc,nquytnh
tngbcphttrincaccngnhkinhtqucdn,doihi
cctiliucbnbanu(ngunnc,dnsinhkinht...)phi
chnhxc.
McBhnchhnmcAnhngchitithnmcA
nhmgiiquytnhngvnphmvidiphctpnhnglic
nhnrasmhntrongnghincutngth.McBgiithiuk
hoch, chng trnh hnh ng, nhng vn c v tr quan

26

trngcbitscnuravtnh utincaccvntrong
quihoch.
lpcquihochchnhxccnctiliusau:
Lu lng trung bnh nm ca cc sng ngi tng on vi
nhngtnsutkhcnhau,sphnbdngchytrongnmtheo
tngthng,cctiliuvsphttrincaccngnhkinhtquc
dntrongtnggiaionnuc(sphnvngnngnghip,vtr
ccnhmy,snphmvcngsutcachng...).Cctiliuni
trnphicxemxttrongtrnghpcstcngcaconngi.
Trncsquihochngunncchnhthcslpnnphngn
sdngvbovccngunncrilachnphngnhplnht.
Saunyccnhimvxydngcccngtrnhsdngngunnc
vcccssnxutsdngngunnckhngcmuthunvi
phngncduyt.Ninh vykhngphilquihochngun
ncchnhthcvphngncduytlbtdibtdchmphi
thngxuynnghincu,sai,bsungchophhpvinhng
iukinmi,nhngyutxhi.
Khilpquihochngunncchnhthccthchaitrnghp.
-Ccngnhcnsdngnc(nhtlnctrongsdngt,nc
chosinhhotdncnngthn...)cnchobitrvtrcacckhu
vccnnc,lngnccnthitvcquanqunlncscncvo
ranhngbinphpcungcpncchoccmcchs
dng.
-Ccngnhsdngncchobittimtabnno(nh
mttnh, mthuyn hocmtx)sphttrin ngnhsnxut
no,lngnccnlbaonhiu,cquanqunlncscncvo
rabinphpcpncvquinhvtrcaimdngnc.
Trongtrnghpthhainygimbtcmtskhkhnchocc
ngnhsdngnc(nngnghip,cngnghip,sinhhot,thusn...)
trongkhilpkhochphttrindihn.

27

Vicquihochsdngvbovccngunnclmtcng
victoln,phctpcnnghincu,theodi,hchi,valmva
rtkinhnghim,ngthithamkhokinhnghimncngoi
rtngnthigian.
Ngilmcngtcquihochqunltcnnmcccloi
quihochnccxcnhvimckhcnhautrongvng,trn
cscphngnquihochvqunlthplphhpviti
nguynnctrongvng.
1.6. Lut php v ti nguyn nc:
Nc ltinguyn c bit quantrng, l thnh phnthit
yucassngvmitrng,quytnhstnti,phttrinbn
vngcatnc,mtkhcnccngcthgyrataihochocon
ngivmitrng.
tngcnghiulcqunlNhnc,nngcaotrchnhim
cacquanNhnc,tchckinht,tchcchnhtr,tchc
chnhtrxhi,tchcxhi,nvvtrangnhndnv
micnhntrongvicbov,khaithc,sdngtinguynnc,
phngchngvkhcphchuqutchidoncgyra.Cnc
voHinphpncCnghoxhichnghaVitNamnm1992,
quchincCnghoxhichnghaVitNamkhoXkhpth
3cngbLutTinguynnc(luts08/1998/QH10).
LutTinguynncc10chng75iu.ylsthhin
phpchungli,chchngvquanimcaNhncvti
nguynnc.Ticcncxhichngha,Nhncmtmtcungcp
kinhphviukinvtchtkthutcnthitchoccbin
phpkhoahcvkthutbovtinguynnc,mtmtthitlp
ccbinphpphpchcnthitchonhimvqunlvbov
tinguynnc.
Lutphpcamtqucgiavbovtinguynncthngl
mththngphctpccquychunphplvsdng,bov,
khiphc,cithincc ngunnc, to mitrngthun licho s

28

sngvhotngsnxutcaconngi.Tutheoiukinchnh
tr,kinht,xhi,alvlchsmlutphptinguynnc
mincmtkhcnhngnhnkhiqutucnhngcim
chungsau:
-ThhinsquantmrtlncaNhncivinhimv
bovtinguynnc.
-Xcnhtrchnhimvquynhnphpchvtinguyn
nccaHingnhndn,ubannhndncccp,mttrn
tquc,cquan,Nhnc,tchckinhtchnhtrxhi....
trongphmvinhimv,quynhncamnhthchinccbin
php qun l, bo v, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, phng
chngvkhcphchuqutchidoncgyra,gimst,kim
travicthihnhphplutvtinguynnctiaphngdis
thngnhtqunlNhncvtinguynnc.
-Phihpphpchbovtinguynncviphpchqunl
ccngnhsnxutsdngtinguynnc.
- Kt hp vic phng trnh, ngn nga trc thit hi v ti
nguynncvivicxlhuquxuxyra,cithinchtlng
ngunncphcvlichludicaconngivinhiumcch
khcnhau.
Nhngnguyntcphpchvtinguynncthngcth
hintrchttronghinphp.Thngthngcthphnbithailoi
nguyntc:
-Nhngnguyntcmangtnhquanimvtinguynnc
hnhthnhcsxutphtchomiquinhphpchsau,nh:
nguyntcshucatondnivitinguynnc,nguyntc
khochhobovtinguynnc,nguyntcbovsckhocho
tondnvcngng.
-Nhngnguyntcquinhcchlmvictrongbov
tinguynncnh:chctrch,quynhncanhnc,quynhnv

29

nghavcngdn,thmquyncgiaochoccngnh,cccp
trongqunltinguynnc.
Ktqunghincucaccchuynvinvtinguyntronghi
ngtngtrkinhtthluttinguyncamtqucgiaxhi
chnghalmsngtbanidungcbnsau:
-XcnhquynlmchcatondnvNhncivi
mitinguynnichungvtinguynncniring.
-Xcnhnidungvhnhthcthchinnhimvbov
ti nguyn nc ca Nh nc, xem l chc nng c bn, thng
xuyncaNhnc.
-Xcnhquynhnchngphclivtinguynncca
mimtngicngdnvtrchnhimcahivivicbov
tinguynnc.
mtsnccclutlbanhnhnhiucp,nhiungnhv
chthnghothnhblut(code)toiukinthunlicho
vicphbinvchphnhlutphptrongtondn.Theohng
,nhiuncbanhnhlutcbnvbovt,nc,rng,
khquyn,khongsn...nhBaLan(1949),TipKhc(1955),Lin
X(1957),Cnghodnchc(1970),NhtBn(1978),Trung
Quc(1979),Indonesia(1982),HnQuc(1983)...
Ncta,ngy20/51998,QuchincCnghoxhichngha
VitNamcngbchnhthcluttinguynnc.

30

Chng 2

Tng quan v ti nguyn nc c lin quan

n s dng t
2.1. Khi nim v ti nguyn nc v ngha ca n n nn
kinh t quc dn
TheoquanimcangiBabylonAiCp,nginvBa
Tcthmissngucngungctnc,nclcingun
castnti.Vaitrcanctrongthinnhinlmunmu,mun
v,nclnhntquytnhyutkhhucatontrit.
Trongcththcvtncchim80-90%khilngcth.
Trong hot ng sn xut nng nghip, nc c ngha rt
quantrng,nukhngcncthcckhongchtkhnghatan,s
khngcdungdchtvrcyskhngthhpthcbtc
mtkhongchtnotrongt.
2.1.1. Khi nim v ti nguyn nc
Ncngvaitrrtquantrngkhngththiuctrongi
sng x hi, di tt c cc dng ca n gm dng rn, dng lng,
thmchcdngkh.Vvy,nclmttinguyn.TheoLHuyB,
tinguynlccdngvtchtctothnhtrongsutqutrnh
hnhthnhvphttrincatnhin,cucsngscvtvconngi.Ccdngvtchtnycungcpnguynliu,vtliu,htrv
phcvchonhucuphttrinmconngicthsdngc.Ti
nguyncthcphnthnhtinguynthinnhingnlinvi
cc nhn t thin nhin v ti nguyn con ngi gn lin vi cc
nhntvconngivxhi.
Trongsdngcth,tinguyncphnloitheomitrng
thnhphngiltinguynmitrngvgmc:
+Tinguynmitrngtgm:tinguyntnngnghip,
tinguyntrng,tinguyntchocngnghip,tinguyn
thim.

31

+Tinguynkhhugm:tinguynkhnggian,tinguyn
ngoitrit(mttrng,cchnhtinh)
+Tinguynnnglnggm:tinguynnnglnganhit,
tinguynnnglnggi,tinguynnnglngmttri,tinguyn
nnglngsngbin,
+Tinguynkhongsngm:tinguynkhongsnkimloi
vtinguynkhongsnphikimloi.
+ Ti nguyn mi trng nc gm: ti nguyn nc mt, ti
nguynnctrongtvgichungltinguynnc.
Tinguynnclmtdngtinguynthinnhinvavhn
vahuhnvchnhbnthnnccthpngchoccnhucu
cacucsngnung,sinhhot,hotngcngnghip,nnglng,
nngnghip,giaothngvntithy,dulch.
Tnglngnctrntritkhong1386km 3.Trong96,5%
lncmn (ncidngv bin) vnkhng ph hp vi vics
dngcaconngi.Cnli3,5%tngtrlngncctnhkhong35
triukm3cxemlncngt.Nhnggn77%lngncngtnytn
tididngngbngvsngbng-githitnutonbkhi
bngnytanrathmcncbinsdnglnkhong50mlmngp
nhiu vng t. Cui cng ch cn mt phn rt nh, khong
215.200km2tclgn1/7000tnglngnccvaitrquantrngl
botnssngtrnhnhtinh.Sncngtnyibphnthuc
vcchncngt(58,1%),khmt34,8%,khquyn(6,5%)
vncsngsui(0,6%).Trungbnhhngnmsngsuirabin
trn15.500km3nc,mtlngncgp13lntnglngnctrongsng
suivomtthiimno.Chngtabitnhntquantrng
coinclmttinguyntrongquyhochkhngphichyul
dungtchncmtthiimnhtnhmllulngncchy
qua.
Nhstunhon(traoinc)cancsngh,suiang
csdngrngridinratchcchnsovincmnhocnc

32

trongbnght3n6ln.cbit,nhtnhchttunhon
can,ncsngcimitrongvng12ngy,nghalmtnm
cimi30ln,tmquantrngcaniviisngconngithtvcnglnlao.
Tngkhilngncsngmtmnhnchcththamnc
hnmtnaccnhucuhinticaconngitrongmtnm.Nhng
nhchukthyvnlicunvomtvnngthngxuynlm
choccyutcanthngxuynctiuthvphchi.Tnh
chtnylnguynnhncasimithngxuynngunnc,
chophpconngicthsdnglintcngunncngtcnthit.
2.1.2. ngha ca ti nguyn nc i vi nn kinh t quc
dn
ivimtqucgia,nccngtngtnh tai,hmm,
rng,binultinguynvcngqubu.Khngphingu
nhinmcckhudnctrmt,ccth,thnhphlncanhiu
nctrnthgiiunmtrncctrinsng:HNi.VitTrbn
bsngHng,Hu-SngHng,SiGn-ChLn-sngCuLong,
VHn-TrngKhnh-sngTrngGiang,Li-SngGng,ParisngXen,Lunn-sngThemiz,Bengrat,Budapt,Vinnm
trnbsnganupniting.
Tisao?Vmtlnginrtdhiu:munsng,muntn
tivphttrin,conngicncnc.Trckia,khicngnghipcha
phttrin,conngisngbngtrngtrtvchnnuinhnhng
ngbngphnhiuvensngcnc.Ccnhkhoahcu
chorngnnvnminhcamtncltmum,tcnc
vtkhngbratri,ximninnghokit.
Khichacphngtingiaothnghinithngunncsng
ngilnhnglungvnchuynchyu.cbitbaotnsng
gnlinvinhngtrangsutranhvvangcadntc. Sng
Nin,HongH,DngT,Bchng,SngL,sngVmC

33

Ngynaytrongiukinphttrinmicannkinhtquc
dn,khngcmthotngnocaconngimkhngclin
quannvickhaithcsngngi,ngunnc.Ncsngchyqua
cccngtrnhuminhcnglync,trmbmivoccng
ngdnnc,knhmngphcvchosinhhot,tirung,chn
nui;ncdngcholuynkim,chocngnghiphahc,nclmsch
nihi,mymc,ncquaycctucbinphtin,phcvchogiao
thngvnti,qucphng,
Mtviconsvlngncdngdiycthcungcpthm
nhngbngchngcthvgitrcangunncsngivinn
kinhtqucdn(KTQD).
Nm1960LinXngitadngchoccngnhkinhtxhi
270tm3nc.Nm1970khong540tm3ncvnm2000tnglngncdnglnn2000tm3,trongdngchocngnghip480
tm3,nngnghip550tm3 (tnglngdngchynmtrnsng
ngitonLinXkhong4358tm3).
Mnm2000sdnggn1000tm 3trongs1.600t
m3dngchynmtrongsngngitonquc.
Ncsngkhichysinhramtngunnnglngln.TngnnglngsngngiLinXvokhong3942KW/htrongnm,trong
phncthkhaithcvokhong648KW/h,Canada281tKW/h
hinnaymtsnctrnthgiiphnnnglngsngngikhaithc
c chim i bphn trong tng in nng ton quc. Na Uy
99%,Thyin99%,TriuTin95%.
Bangnnmvtrc,tiLVng,vngduynhicbi
caconnctuychacchnhxcvtmnhngrtctcdngi
vi sn xut khi cha c lch thy triu. Cho n thi Giao Ch,
nhn dn ta bit li dng nc thy triu ly nc ngt ti
rung.VokhongthkXIX,ditriuTc,NguynCngTr
lidngncthytriulnxungngvinnhndnnovt

34

mngngi,bincmtvngbibinPhtDimhoangvuthnh
vngtphnhiubtngt.
MinBcnctaccmtmnglisngngidyc(trn
1080 con sng trn tng s 2369 con sng trong ton quc) ni
chngchtngbngviini,minngcviminxui.THi
Phng,NamnhcthivonMintrungtheoccknho
lnnh,ngunncsngangtichngcho32,01%tngdin
tchtcanhtctrongtonquc(worldresourceInstute-2001).
Ngunncsnganglngunncchngchophtin
ca nh my thu in Thc B (Yn Bi), Ho Bnh (tnh Ho
Bnh),SnLa(tnhSnLa),ThcM(TuynQuang),Yaly(GiaLai),
Tran(ngNai),SSan(aklak).Nnglngcanctanglmt
nguntinguynvcngphongph.Nguntinguynangciutra,nghincuvkhaithcrngri,phcvchocngvic
xydngtnc,mtviclmcnghalntrongnnkinht
qucdn.
2.2. c im chung ti nguyn nc Vit Nam
Khonghn4000nmvtrc,nhndnTrungQucu
tranhbnbvinclsngHongH,cngtrongthigianngi
AiCptinhnhquantrcmcnctmracchphnglt
sngNin.
VicSdngccngunnccungcpchosinhhottrong
thikqucLaMyucuphixydngnhnghthngknh
dnncphctp,chonnlcngitaphitchlycchnhthc
vccbinphpkhaithcngunnc.Tongthigianny,ngitach
tothnhcngmyolutc,nntchnhgingunncmt
cchnhtnhngitacthoctrctipcdngncv
nhginhlngnmtcchngnhn.Lcudoyu
cucagiaothngthusaulphcvchoviclidngtng
hpngunncphtin,tirungvttinguynncc
phnchiathnhcccimchung.

35

2.2.1 Mng li sng ngi dy c c nhiu thun li cho vic

khai thc cc mt li ca ti nguyn nc
Nm1993,BKhoahccngnghvMitrngnhgi
tinguynnctrnhthngsngnginctathtphongph.Nu
tnhccconsngcchiudit10kmtrlnvcdngchythngxuyntrnlnhthnctathcti2360consngtrong9
hthngsngcdintchluvct10.000km3trlnnhsngBng
Giang,sngKCng,sngHng,sngThiBnh,sngM,sngC,
sngThuBn,sngngNaivsngMKng.Tuthucviu
kinahnh,vtrdalvphnphilngmammtli
sng c khc nhau. Mt ny phn ho gia cc vng t
0.3km/km2(trungbnht0.6km/km2).Bbinnctadi3260km.
Lniktthckhngnhngcaccconsngsuichnhthnh
trenlnhthVitNammcnlniktthccaccconsng
rnglntccnclnggingchyquaVitNamrirabin.Cc
sngtrctipchyrabin(hocchyvocchtrongnia)
gilsngchnh.Ccconsngchyvosngchnhgilsng
nhnh.Ttcsngchnhvccsngnhnhcancngvicckhe,
sui,h,mlyctoradodngchydctheosndccnghp
thnhmththngsng.Ngitathnglytnconsngchnh
t tn cho h thng sng nh: H thng sng Hng (gm sng
Hng, sng Thao, sng L, sng ), h thng sng Thi Bnh
(gmsngCu,sngThngvsngLcNam)
VngrngniVitNamkhngchlnibtnguccaccon
sng nm trn ven trong ni a Vit Nam m cn l ni bt
nguncaccconsngsangccnclngging.Vinhngc
imtrnsngngiVitNamcthchialmbanhmnhsau:
NhmI:Nhmhthngsngmthngnguncaluvcnm
tronglnhthVitNam,nhngncchysangccnclngging,bao
gm2hthngsng:

36

+HthngsngvsngTyGiangcaTungQucgm
dngQuangSng,songBcvng,sngBngGiangtnhCaoBng
vsngKCngcatnhLngSonvitngdintchluvckhong
13.180km2vtnglngnckhong9km3.
+HthngsngnhnhthucthngngunsngMKngbao
gmsngNmRm,sngSsan,sngSrpokctngdintchlu
vc khang 32.375 km2, chim 4% tng din tch ku vc sng
MKng.
HthngsngnhmIcthngngunnmtrntnctann
vachngvathunlitrongkhaithctinguynncchopht
trnthuinYaly,thuinSsan.KontumsngSsanchai
nhnhsngPkvakblacngtodngchoSsanvnngtnglngdngchyhngnm1011tmtkhi,ngoiracndtr
vohthuinYalytrn1tmtkhinc.
Nhm II: nhm c h thng sng m trung lu v h lu nm
tronglnhthVitNam,thnglunmtrnccnclngging,bao
gm:
+ H thng sng Hng v sng Thi Bnh vi tng lu vc
168.700km2,trongodintchluvcnmtronglnhthVitNam
l86.5000km2,chimtl51,5%tngdintchtonluvcsng
Hng,vitnglngnct137km3.
+HthngsngMkngctnglngnctkhong592km3.
TheoonachtqucgiaWashington(1990),ylconsng
cxphngth11trnthgiitheodi4.183kmvidintch
luvc790.000km2 trongdintchluvcnmtronglnhth
Vit Nam khong 40.000km2, chim khong 5% tng din tch
tonluvcsngMkng.
+ H thng sng M c tng s lng nc 18,5km3, sng C
25km3+, sng Thu Bn 20km3, chng c tng din thch lu vc
khong56.000km2,trongdintchluvcnmtrongaphn
VitNaml32.000km2,chimtngdinthchluvccachng.

37

Dothngnguncchthng sng khng nm trnlnh th

VitNam,mtkhcdosdaongdngchyhngnmt1,3
3,0lngianmnhiuncvnmtncnnvickhaithc,sdng
vakhngchngvakhngthunli,ngoiraconphihng
chumtkhilngnclhngnmrtln,gythithichotai
vthuhochmamng.
NhmIII:Nhmhthngsngnmtrnvntronglnhth
VitNamvitngdintchluvcnmtrongaphnVitNam
luvckhong87.045km2.
TnglngdngchythucphnphtsinhtrnlnhthVit
Naml326km3/nm,chim38,8%tnglngdngchy,phncnli
csnsinht ccnclng ging 515km3/nmchim 61,2% lng
dngchyhngnm.

Bng 2.1. Phn b dng chy cc lu vc sng

(B khoa hc - cng ngh v mi trng - 1993)
Ngun nc sng
Tng C
Ring
C
TT

Lu vc cc sng

cu

ni

cu

(km3)

(%)

(%)

100

Km2)
326

C nc

841

VngI:

154,4 18,3 106,3

32,6

LuvcsngHng

137,0 16,3

90,6

27,8

LuvcccsngvngQungNinh

8,5

1,0

8,5

2,6

LuvcccsongvngCaoBng,Lng 8,9

1,0

7,2

2,217,

II

Sn

67

8,0

58,1

VngII

18,2

2,1

14,5

4,5

LuvcsngM

25,0

3,4

19,8

6,1

38

100

LuvcsngC

23,8

2,5

23,8

III

LuvcccvngBnhTrThin.

86,8

10,3 86,8

VngIII

21,6 2,6

Lu vc cc sng vng Qung Nam, 14,6

Nng

7,3
26,6

21,6

6,6

1,7

14,6

4,5

1,4

12,5

3,8

Lu vc cc sng vng Qung Ngi, 8,4

1,0

8,4

2,6

Bnhnh

13,0

1,6

13,0

4,0

LuvcccsngvngPhYn,Khnh 16,7

2,0

16,7

5,1

IV

Ho

LuvcccsngvngBnhThun, 25,5

NinhThun

12,5

532,5 63,3 74,8

3,0

507,0 60,3

22,9

24,18

7,6

50,00

15,3

LuvcccsngvngSsan
LuvcccsngvngSrepok
VngIV
LuvcccsngngNai
LuvcccsngCuLong
CcLuvcsngtrongtonqucchiara4vngthtngs
ngun nc mt ca Vit Nam vng IV l 532,5km3/nm chim
63,3%trlngtonquc,vngIIctnht67km 3/nmchim8%
trlngtonquc.
TnglngdngchytrnttccccconsngchyquaVit
Namcaokhong841km3/nmchim8%trlngtonquc.
Tnglngdngchynmtrnttcccconsngchyqua
VitNamckhong841km3/nm(tngng27.100m3/s).Vngc
dng chy ln nht l Mng Ci, Bc Quang, vng ni Hong Lin
Sn,vngMngTthucthngngunsng;VngNamNghAn,
vng Bc H Tnh, vng ranh gii Tha - Thin - Nng vi
muyndngchylnhn60,0(l/s/km 2).VngngbngBcB,
vngSnLa,vngDuynhiminTrungcmoduldngchynh
hn20(l/s/km2).

39

2.2.2. Ti nguyn nc phn b khng u theo khng gian

v thi gian trong mt nm v nhiu nm
DngchyhngnmtrnccconsngngiVitNamlsn
phmcamanntinguynnccaccsngngikhphongph.
Cngnh sphnbma,tinguynnctrnsngngiVitNam
phnbkhngu,niclngmalnthdngchylnvngc
lai.Hthngsngngicanctacnuidngbngngunncma
nntngidido.Lngmatrungbnhnhiunmctht
1960-2000mm,tngngkhong650-841km3/nm(tngng
vimoduldngchy25-30l/s/km 2).Minnithngmanhiuhn
ccvngngbng.Schnhlchgiavngcmalnvvngc
lngmanhkhong5-8ln,trongkhimcchnhlchnytrn
thgiicthtti40-80ln.
nhhngcacciukinahnhtrnlnhthVitNam
to ra cc trung tm in hnh v ma, nh Bc Quang (H
Giang),BchM(Hu),lngmatrung bnhhngnmtkhong
5.000mm,MngCi,TinYnt3.500mm,HiVn4.000mm.
Tuynhincnihnhthnhnnnhngtrungtmkhhnvi
lngmahngnmthpnh vngthunglngsngM,YnChuch
t 1.000 1.200mm, vng Azunpa (Gialai): 1.200 -1.300mm v
cbittiPhanRang,PhanRlngmacht600-700mm.
Sdaongcalngmacaohaythpphthuctheoma,thngmahlmama,tutheovnglnhmmamaltrncccon
sngcanctaphnhonhsau:BcBvBcThanhHocma
ltthng6nthng10,khuvcongTngSntthng9n
thng1nmsau.KhuvcTyTrngSnvNambtthng7-11.
Tuynhintutheoiukincthcadinbinthitit,hng
nmvothigianbtuvktthcmalcthsmhaymun
trongvng1thng,nhtltrongnhngnmgnyquylutthi
tit,khhucnhiubinngnctaniringvphmviton
cunichung.

40

Trongnhngthngchuyntiptmanysangmakhcthngcnhngtrnlsmhocmuntngtsyra,nukhng
cbinphpphng,chngttsthithingkchomamng
vsphnbdngchytrongmallkhngngu.Thng
thngccthngumalvcuimalnhhnccthnggia
mal.
Trn lu vc sng Hng v sng Thi Bnh vo thng tm l
thngclulngnclnnht,chim13-35%tnglulngnchng
nm,csctnphlnntaivisngconngi,ccsng
phaNamthngclulnglnnhtlthng9-10.
Thd:VngngbngsngHngtrnbolthng8nm
1968mcnccccasngcaohnbnhthng1-2mvilngma
mtngyvtqu100mm,txutcnhngtrnmabothng9,
thng10vthng11nm1984clngmamtngyKimBi(Ho
Bnh)l513mm,Vnnhl413mm,HNitronghaingyt
500-600mm.Trn iHngthu thng11nm1999vocc
tnhminTrung,matogyhuqunghimtrngnt
ai,tisnvtnhmngconngi,cuithng8chotithng11
nm2000trnllchsticctnhngbngsngCuLongnc
dnglnbong3lintctrongbathnggythithichosn
xutvisngcangidnniy.
Saumamallmakh(macn),ncsnggim,thmchc
nhngsuitrnnkhkit.Sthiunctrongmakhcnggy
tr ngi ln cho s dng t nng nghip (nht l gieo trng v
ng),giaothngvntithuvcpncsinhhot.Makhthng
kodit7-8thnglngmatrongmakhchchim10-25%
tnglngmacnm.Makhcthchiathnhbagiaion:
-umakhllcncsngcntngicao.Lngdngchy
chim 2- 7%lng dng chy c nm.Trong giaionny c th
xuthincclngmasinhlmuncmcncdaong2-3mm.

41

-Giamakhkodikhong3thng,mcnctrongsng
xungthp,lngdngchychchim1-2%tnglngdngchy
cnm.Thiknyltthng1nthng3VitBcvng
Bc B. Phn cn li ca Bc B, Ty Nguyn v Nam B l t
thngthng2-4vphnngTrngSntthng6-8.
-Giamakhlthikgiaoma,thngcnhngtrnma
smgylnh.cbitcuimakhhayclTiumnvothng
5dogi Ma ma h phttrin gy ma, lung matng dn trong
thng5.BcBccthngtiptheolmamavchnhthci
vomal.
-Trungbnhhngnmlngdngchymakhtkhong90
-100km3.nhngvngclngmaln,lpphthcvtdythdng
chythngnhnhttrongmakhctht20-25l/s/km 2nhvng
tngnsng,sng Thao,thng ngunsngL,ngTrngSn,
ThanhHonBcQungNgivNamTyNguyn.Cnnhng
nicnhiuhangngthlngdngchynhhnnhSnLa,ThngngunsngM,HuLng,ChiLng,CaoBng,PhanRang,Phan
Thit
2.2.3. Ti nguyn nc mang tt c tnh cht ca hin tng
thu vn
Nclmtnglccamicngtrnhkhaithc,sdngnc
(cbitlcngtrnhthulisdngngunnc)vthnu
khngcnhnghiubitvngunncthkhngthhiuc
nghacacccngtrnhxydngkhaithcsdngnctrongnn
kinhtqucdnvtrongsdngtniring.
Ttcccctrngcangunncvsthayicachng
theothigianvkhnggiangilhintngthuvn(haych
thunhimvn).
Khixtvngunnccamtdngsngcungcpncchokhu
vcsnxutnngnghiphaymtluvcchanc(lphnmt
tmnctrnchyvosng.Chngtacnbitchlulng

42

cangunnc.Lulngnhnht(lulngkit),sphnphilngdng
chy trong cc thng, cc ma, sthay i lng dng chy trong
nhiunmcungcpnctrongmakhkit(hnh.1).Vicxc
nhcctrskhngchnhxccthdnnhuqukhc
nhau:hocldokhngnhgingkhnngca ngunnc,
xydngcngtrnhkhaithcqulngylngphtaitn
kmtincahoclxydngcngtrnhkhaithckhnglidng
htngunnc,hiuchkhaithccngtrnhkhaithcncgimi,
thmchcngtrnhbphhoi.Nhvyhintngthuvntrongs
dngngunnckhngchlmthintngthinnhinnichungm
cnlmtitnglidngkinhtcangunncchonhiungnh
khcnhau.

ngqutrnhlulng
sngHng(trmH
Ni)

Lulng
(m3/s)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Thng

Hnh 1: ng lu lng bnh qun ngy trong nm trm Sng

Hng
Cngtngtnh nhiuhintngtnhinkhc,hintngthu
vnmtmtmangtnhchttnhin,tnhquylutmtmtmang
nhngtnhchtchtngunhin,tnhttnhin,tnhquylutth

43

hinbnchtcahintngdonhngnguynnhnbntrongthc
y,cntnhchtngunhin(chimas)donguynnhnbn
ngoiquytnh.Tutngtrnghp,tngni,tnglctcng
caccnguynnhnbntrong,bnngoicnhhngkhcnhau
nnmthintngcthsinhraclcttnhin,clcngunhin.
vdhintngllt:lltphthucvocngma,lngma,thi
gianma,mbanuca luvc,iukin acht, a
hnh,thmphthcvt ivicctrnmavavnhnhhng
canhntkhuvcstrilnthpvinhaucthtonnmt
mitrngckhnnglmchotrnllnnhtheonhiumc
khcnhau(trongtrnghpnytnhchtngunhincalkhng
chhintng).ivicctrnmaln,nhhngcamactcdng
quytnh,nhhngcaccnhntkhclumihocbloi
xunghngthyu.Doquanhmalmangtnhttnhin,
dphthinquylutvtlcachng.Mtkhcnh chngta
bithintngthinnhinkhphctp,nuxtnhngqutrnh
ngin,phnlnnhngqutrnhvimtrongkhnggianvthi
giantacthphthinraquylutvtlcachng.Ccqutrnh
ngintphplivinhauthnhmtqutrnhphctp.xt
qutrnhphctpnytrongmtphmvilnhnvkhnggianv
thigian,qutrnhvmthngngitadngphngphpthngk
xcsut.
Ngoinhngtnhchtnitrn,hintngthuvncnmang
tnhchtchukrrt.Vdmal,makitthaynhautrongnm,
thigiantnc,nhiuncnmxenknhautrongnhiunmtnh
chuknychthhinquamtnhtnh(l,kit,nhiunc,t
nc)cnthigiankodimtchuk,bindaongcahintngcahintngtrongchukkhngxcnhcrrng,do
tnhchukmuthunvitnhngunhintrnhbytrn.
2.2.4. Ti nguyn nc khng phi v tn nhng c tnh cht
tun hon

44

TheoF.Surgent(1974)tnglngnctrongtnhindaongt
1.385.985.000km3n1.457.302.000km3.Lngncnychyudo
macngcpvlngncnykhngtnhmvavnngvathay
itrngthitnticantheovngtunhon:ma-chytrn
mt-thmxungsu-bchi-ngngthinc-ma.Theocc
vngkhhu,lngmatrungbnhhngnmctnhnhsau:khhu
hoangmcdi120mm,khhukh120-1000mm,khhukhva
250500mm,khhumva300-1000mm,khhum10002000mm,nhngtrongthctsphnbmatrnccvngrtkhng
u,cbitnhngvnghnggimtidngemmatic
lngmacclntrndinrngtQungBnhtiPhYn. Lngma
camtsnil:ngH1029mm,MChnh1517mm,HiAn
2219mm
TuynhinvicctnhphaBc,lngmatrongmythngma
machim8085%lngmatrongcnm.TyNguynvNamB
cnlnhnna,(90%).TheoLVnKhoa(1989)vmama,ng
bngSngHngc30%dintchluvcnmtrongaphnVit
Namtthngxuynbngpnc,cnngThpMincdng
cao1-4m,phttrintainngnghipgpnhiukhkhn.
VomakhcctnhphaNamrttma,mtsvngkhngcnc
sinhhot,lngbchigp6-8lnlngmacnhtr,mtsnh
samcvnnchyrngtptrungchyuvomany.
Tnglngdngchytrnnctarabinhngnm900km 3,
tronghn90%chyravnhBcBvbinng.Nhvylng
ncngtcthsdngcrttnhngnhstunhonncnhtrn
mtrlnglngncngtcphchilintc.Chnhqutrnhtun
honnylnguynnhntothnhncngt.Stothnhncngt
(ncsngh)angcsdngrngrihnvingunncmnl3
6ln.Tnhchtnylnguynnhncasimithngxuyn
ngunncchophpconngisdnglintcngunncngtchos
dngtniringvnnkinhtnichung.

45

2.3. Tnh cht hai mt ca ti nguyn nc

Mttrongnhngcimquantrngcatinguynncl
phnbkhnguvdaongrtphctptheothigianv
khnggiangynhiutrngichovicphngchng,khaithac,s
dng,nhiukhigythithilnchonnkinhtnichungvithin
tai(llt,hnhn)xyrathtthngvnghimtrng.
Ninthintaicavngnhiti,ngitanghngayn
nhngtrnboddi,nhngcndngnguyhim,nhngtma
lngylltvthikkhhnkodidothiunc.nctatnh
binngctnhmacakhhu,thitit,dngchytrncch
thngsnglnhngnguynnhngyralltvhnhn.
2.3.1. Tc hi ca ti nguyn nc
2.3.1.1.Tc hi do l lt
Lch s loi ngi chng kin nhng trn thin tai khng
khip: Nm 1876 sng Bramaputra (n ) lt cun mt tnh
xungidnggn20vnngi.Nm1887sngHongHv,
gn1triungicht,Nm1934sngDngTlttrn5,5triuha
tbgp,4triunhcabtri,10triungibkhnkh.nc
taditriuTc,VnGiangv18ln.Nm1945sngHng
v10im.Lltlntngsyratrongnhngnmgny
nm1953,1961,1966,1969,nhngclcnghimthynhngcn
lctmclchslixyradndptrnmtphmvitonquc
gythithingimtrngnhcctrnltrongthpk70uthp
k80vcuithpk90.
Trnlthng8-1971BcB,vilngmaphbintrnkhp
vngthngnguntrongthng7v8lnti8001200mmmcnc
sngHnglntrn14mtiHNi.Trnlthng101975TrungB,
domalintctrong14ngylinti8501000mmamcncsng
Hnglntign5,5mtiHu.Nm1978mttrnllnxuthinsm
himthyvihainhlcaogn5,0mv4,5mtiTnChutrn
sngTinGiangNamBvothngtunthng10.

46

Nhngtrnmalnthng11-1980,thng10-1973v1984
gytnhtrngdthancqumc,ringtnglngma3thng(7-9)
nm1971tmc1000-16000mm,lmngpng34vnhahoa
mu.Thng91973tiVinhtticonsklc16000mm,gp4
lnlngmatrungbnhnhiunmlmngplthngchcvnha.
min Bc (cng thi gian ny, lng ma tiThi Bnh, Ninh Bnh,
ThanhHo,HTnhl900-1000mm).Nm1978chring10tnh
trngimlanccacctnhphaBcbnggn40vnhav
phaNamringlabmttrng20vnha.cbitnm1996v
1999nhiutrnlxyralintipti4-9nhllnvtmcbo
ng3nhiusngminTrung.LltvenbinminTrungc
modulnhllnnhttrongcncvkhuvcngNam iu
nycthgiithchtheoiukintnhinl:
ahnhvenbinminTrungtheohngng-Tytothnh
4diktiptbinvlca.lgiict,cnctvenbin
khngnnhchim3%vtctvtctvenbinchim
3%dintchttnhin.Tipndingbnghpvenbin
chim5-10%dintchluvcnmtrongaphnVitNamb
chiactthnhnhngngbngringbitvgiiigvisim,
muachim45-55%vtrongcnglvngnivikhong3045%
dintch.
-Sngvenbinmintrungcchiudich10-100km,93%
sngcdintchluvcdi500km2,dcluvct20-41%.Ni
chungsngvenbinmintrungngn,hp,dcbngchanh,
phnlnbtnguntdyniphatythucaphnVitNam.
Trngiingbnghp,ccsngchyanninhauthnhmt
mngli,mththngsng,cnhiumphbuncchysong
songvibbintheotrinct.
-Mtcimkhnibtlngstvngqucl1
ctngangdngsngcchnhaukhong6-7km3ngvaitrnh
hai ng trnca l,to chnh lch mcncthng lu,h lu gy

47

ngpltkodivstlhthnggiaothngcngnhcckhudn
sinh,kinht.
-Tnhhnhacht,taidctheoccthunglngsng
vphnngbngchmlngctkhcao(trn70%),tnhlinkt
kmrtrxilkhimcnccaobngmdingyrirttngt
khilxung.
2.3.1.2. Tc hi do hn hn
Theoconsthngkcaubanquctvgimnhthm
hothintai(IDNDR)tnm1990-1995mcthithidothintai
gyral160tlaMv32.000ngicht,chaknnhng
thithitolnvkinhtthngmi.ycnglldomnm1989
HinglinhpquccngbthpkQuctgimnhthmho
tnhin(1990-1999).
TheooXunHc(1999)giahnhn,lltvbotrong
vng100nmquatiMchoktquthtbtngkhihnhngy
ramcthithibnhqunvkinhtlcaonht.
Bng 2.2. nh hng ca hn hn n kinh t
(Andrew 1995)
Phn loi
Ch tiu
Bnhqun

Hn hn
6-8tUSDnm

L lt

2,41 t USD 1,2 -33 t

Nng nht gn 39-40tUSDnm nm

y

1989

Bo

USD

nm

12-27tUSD 1992
nm1993

Nm 1945, ti nguyn nc ca chng ta c 14.520m 3/ngi.

Thucloitrnmctrungbnhcathgii,nhnghinnaychcn
2.840m3/ngi.Vlngmamakitcxuhngngycnggim,tc
dng ca rng iu tit u ngungim do nn ph rng, chy
rng,dnnlngbchitngtronglcnhucuncchosnxut
nngnghip,cngnghip,dulch,dchvngycntng.Ring

48

nm1998,lngmacanhiuvngthucTrungbvBcbchdt
t4570%lngmatrungbnhnhiunmnnhuhtccsng
suinhTrungbbkhhn.NhngsnglnnhsngCn(Bnh
nh)cdintchluvc2900km2,nhnglulngchcndi2m3/s,
sngTrKhc(QungNgicdintchluvc3.240km2,lulngch
cn5m3/sdnnsxmnhpmnvot.thncuinm
1997nthng4/1998tngdintchlabhnl100.000ha,
snlnggim380.150tnthcc1,4triungithiuncsinhhot.
thntthng58/1998dintchlabhnl450.000ha,chy
rng11.370ha,minTrungc2,35triungithiuncsinhhot
cctnhtrungduBcbc1,9triungithiuncsinhhot,lm
tngthmkhkhnchongidngnc,gimthunhpdnndic
tdo.Tngchiphchochnghncuinm1997vnm1998gn
700tng;ngthiphilmtrmbmdchin,thchincc
bin php chng hn khc vi tng chi ph khong 300 t ng.
Theoconsthngkcaccqunlncvkhaithccngtrnh
thu li ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, ring tnh
aklakthnnm1998consthithilnti2500tng,cha
k20.000hadintchaohbcnkitkhngcncnuithu
sn.
Hnhngyrachyrnglmgimadngsinhhc,tngxi
mn,tngnngmuitrongtvtrongncgynhimngun
nc.Trongthng2vthng3nm1999mnticccasngM
Kngcaonhttrongvng30nmgny.Ranhgiimn22%
vosuti70km3vsmhnhngnmti20ngy,suhn
ccnmbnhqunt2-30km.VngduynhivngbngBc
bmnvosuhn15-30km3sovitrungbnhnhiunm.
Nhvyhuqucahnhngyraivikinht,mitrng
vxhirtrngln,khclitvkhthngxuyn.Vvyhiuc
hnhnslmgimthithichonhiungnh,nhtlkhaithcv
sdngtnngnghip.

49

Theo phn loi ca UNESCO (1977), t l gia lng ma P

(Precipiation)vbchiET(Evapotranspiration)csdng
phnloiccvngkhhn.
P/ET<0,03:Vngcckh
P/ET0,030,20:Vngkh
P/ET0,200,50:Vngbnkhhn
P/ET>0,50:Vngbnmt
Chngtacnphnbithaikhinimvkhhn,mtlkh
hnmangtnhchtthngxuyn,vnhcucavng,lngma
trongnmthp,khngnccungcpvot.Hailkhhntm
thi,sthiumachxyratronggiaionngn.
Trongphnnychngtachbnvkhhntmthi,ngha
lsthiumachxyratronggiaionngncanm.Khhn
tmthiihiphiiuchnhcmtqunllnyucuk
thuttronghotngngrung.
Qunlnctrongiukinkhhntmthithilmtbi
tonvcpncvotkhimtnglngncngunkhngtho
mnnhucubnhthngcaitngsdngnc.Thigiankhhn
cthctcngngaynsnxutnusdngncticcung
cptngunncmt.Ngclinukhaithcncngmti,khi
gpkhhnsnxutcthtbthithihn.
nngcaohiuqusdngt,tutheothigiankhhn
tmthimchiarahnthionngnvhnthiondi.
-Hntrongthionngnnghalthigiankhhnkhng
ththayickthutcpnchinc,phngtincpnccng
nhutvocytrnglunmdomiquanhphctpgiat
ai,cytrngvhthngcpnc.Binphpchinlclgimlng
nctiuthcacytrng.Nubittrcckhochcpnccav
xun,chngtacthiuchnhdintchgieotrnghngnm.
Thd,gimphndintchcaloicytrngihinhiunc,
tngphndintchcaloicytrngcnhucuncthphn.R

50

rngchinlcnygiptaduytrcanhtcctonbdintch
tmnhucusdngnctonvlithn,phhpviiukin
khhn.
Hnnavmctiucaqunlngunnclnngcaohiu
qusdngtnmctia,vvycthchnti
chomtscytrngcgitrkinhtcaotrongkhuvc.Thd,
dintchsnxutcacytrnghngnmcthbloib
utvocylunm.
-Hntrongthiondinghalhncthkodihnmt
giaionsnxutvmtsdintchcthgyratchitrm
trnghn.Nuhntrongthionngncnhnghanhmt
giaionkhngthigianutvokthutti,vohthng
cpncvocylunmthngclihntrongthiondingira
chophpthayiccbinphptrn.Nuhnxyradaidng,thngxuynthsthayiccusdngtcthcthc
hin.Nhngthayinynhmiphvinguychnhnchod
chngcthnhhngnhiuqusdngtvnc.Linhun
thuctrongtrnghpbininysphthucvgithnhu
ttngln,nngxutcytrngctnglnvkhnngtitkimnctrongthigiankhhn.
Mtbinphpnalthayiccucytrngbaogmc
cylunmgimbtnguyctnthttrongkhikhhn.Tuy
nhinvkhhnychltmthinncnphicnnhccn
thnkhnglmgimthunhpsnxuttrongthigiandimcc
binphpchcnghagimtnthttrongkhikhhn.Bin
phpcbnvludivnltngkhnngcpncbngcchu
txydngcngtrnhsdngncvkhaithcncngm.
2.3.2. Mt li ca ti nguyn nc
Nhchngtabit,livhilhaithuctnhcatinguyn
nc.Chinhphcccngunnc,khcphcmthi,btngunnc
phiphcvchocucsngcaconngi,lmtnhimvtoln

51

trongcucutranhkhngngngbaonhiuinaygiangi
vi thin nhin. V mt khai thc s dng t, mt hi ca ti
nguyn nc c th lit kmts lich chnh m tinguyn nc
emli:
-Ncdngnungvsinhhothngngy.
-Ncdungtrongcngnghip
-Ncdungtrongnngnghip
-Nctorainnngchoccnhmythuin
-Ncphcvchogiaothngvntithu
-Ncdngchonuitrngthusn
-Nctocnhquandulchchocmtvng.
Tuynhin,mtkhivmtldonongunncbnhim
th chnh n s ng vai tr vn chuyn cht nhim v lan
truynnhimvidinrnghn.Numthchancbnhim
thdotincslmnhimlantruynrngratrongvnghngli
nhnnlantruyncbuvng,dichuynhtcdihocccsiuvi
trngtruynbnh.Cchthngmngtiugomncthi,ncmt
hocncngmlmchovicnhimctptrunglikhuch
tnixarnghn.
2.4. Mi trng ca ti nguyn nc
Nhchngtaubit,btcmthotngnocaconngi
canthipvothgiitnhinbngvicsdngvkhaithcti
nguyncngugyranhng binitrongthgiitnhin
dnhhayln,dclihaychi.Hotngcaconngitrong
khaithcvsdngtinguynnccnggyranhiubini.
Thiktrcy,vnngythngkhngchoctcquan
tm,nhngmychcnmgnynhngtcngxudoconngigyrangycngln,cngrtronghoncnhthinnhinvmi
trngxungcpnghimtrng.
2.4.1. nhim ca mi trng nc

52

Chtnhtngm1970nnm1990dnsthgiitng
hn40%tngngvi1,6tngi.Dbohaithpktidns
thgiistngthm1,7tngi,atngsdnstrnthgiiln
trn7tngi.Numctngdnsnhhinnay,minmdns
thgiitngthm120triungi.
cc nc pht trin, dn s hin nay ch tng 0,5% nm,
trongkhitltngdnsccncangphttrinlhn2%.
VitNam,mctngdnsnhanhchnganctavo
hng th12 trong scc qucgia c sdn ng ca th gii.
Trongvng70nmgny(19211992)dnsnctatnggn
4lnt15,5triuln70triu.Vimctngdnsnh hinnay
khong2%,minmnctatngthm1,4triungivdbon
nm2015sl100triungi.Dbonnm2020sc50%s
dnsngccvngth.Dnstng,nhucudngncchomi
hotngsinhhotvphttrinkinhttngln,ccnguncht
thitnglnsnhimmitrngnccngtngln.
Dohotngcngnghip,nngnghipvsinhhotticc
khudnc lmnhimngunnc.Tnhtrungbnhnng
NitratccsngChuucaohn45lnsoviccsngchab
nhimbn.DonhimaxtnnnhiukhcsngChuuhng
nghnhCanaa,Mtrthnhkhcsngcht,hchtkhng
csinhvtsinhsng.
VitNamhintngsuygimchtlngnccngnh slng
ngunncmttnglndonhimtccchtthicngnghip,
nngnghip,giaothngvntithub,cckhudnc,sximn
ratritrnccbmtluvcsngsui.cbitlmtskhu
cngnghipnh HiPhng,VitTr,Nng,BinHo vcc
thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh gy nhim
ngunncanghngngygiatng.TiHNitnglngncthi
ngyml300400ngnm3,trongncthitsnxutcng
nghip l 85 90 ngn m3, t sinh hot l 1800 2000 m 3/ngy

53

m.Nhnchung,ccchtthiukhngquaxlnngy
nhimnng,chsxysinhho(BOD,CODvtquchtiucho
phphngtrmln,ccchtNH+,NO-,NO- cnguvtququy
nhchophphngchcln.
Cc ho cht dng trong nng nghip nh phn bn ho hc,
thuctrsu,thuctrclmtngthmnhimtvdlng
hochttrongnngphm.Ccktquiutrauchobitdo
khngcthitbxlncthinnccknh,sngutipnhnnc
thibnhim.
2.4.2. M hnh qun l nhim mi trng mang tnh kinh t
th trng
Do i mi k thut m kinh t th gii c s tng trng
nhanh chng v cng t vn nhim mi trng tr nn
nghimtrnghn,ngthinhnthcmitrngcngcnng
caohn.
Chonnhngnm70cathk20,nhiuquanimhot
ngkinhtbovmitrngcara.Nhngnhkinhthc
tncinaraccphngphpminghincukinhtmi
trngconngikhngnhngthuclinhunthngquagitr
kinhtcahnghothtrngmcnclichmitrngvcmi
thngcmvithhtnglai.Quanimkinhtcahkhng
nhmmcchchtiucchthtrngmchnhmkimch
vbsungntmctngtrngcaohn,ngthinhn
mnhvaitrcaNhnctronghotngcathtrngbov
mitrng.
NhkinhtRonalCoasearamttngnhmthngqua
thtrngiuchnhsnxuttmctiu.
Nuquyntisn(quynshuivimitrng)thucngichunhim,khingisnxut(ngigyranhim)mun
tinhnhsnxutthphithathunvingicquyntisn.

54

Nusthathunclichochaiphathstnmcti
u.
Nuquyntisnthucngigynhimthhcquyn
snxuttiatmclinhuntia.Khingichu
nhimmungimbtnhimthphimccvingicquyn
tisnhgimbtmcsnxut.Nuthathuntcth
mcsnxutcthtnmcsnxuttiu.
NhvychacncscanthipcaNhncmthngquatha
thungiangigynhimvngichunhimvnctht
cmcsnxuttia.Theomhnhnyththngquahot
ng ca th trng vn c th gii quyt c vn nhim
nhmtmctiumchacncscanthipcaNhnc.
Tuyvytrnthgiicngnhtrnmtqucgialuntntim
hnhbaogmhaihthngkinhtcbn.
-Hthngkinhtbaogmccqutrnh:khaithctinguyn
(R)snxutraccsnphmphcvconngi(P)vcuicngl
phnphiluthngvtiuthsnphmrathtrng(C).Hthng
kinhtnytothnhmtdngnnglngtheomhnh:
R

WR

WP

WC

Trong:
R

-Lngtinguynavosdngchohthngkinht

WR -Lngchtthidokhaithctinguyn
WP -Lngchtthidoqutrnhsnxutrasnphm
WC -Lngchtthidoqutrnhtiuthsnphm
W

-Tnglngchtthitrongqutrnhhotngcah
thngkinht
R=W=WR+WP+WC

-Hthngmitrngbaogmttcccyutmitrngvi
ccchcnngcbnsauy:mitrnglnichangcc

55

chtthi,lnicungcptinguynchohthngkinhtvmitrnglnikhnggiansinhsngcaconngi.
Hthngkinhtvhthngmitrngluncmiquanh
chtch,tcnglnnhautheoccquyluttnhinvquylut
kinht.Tuynhin,khicchotngphttrinkinhtcaconngi
cntrnhthp,stcngcachnglntinguynvmi
trngchangksovisphttrintnhincatinguynv
mitrngnnconngikhngcmthyiugnghimtrngxy
ra.cngltnhtrngnctatrongnhiunmtrcy,mts
nimitrngbtcngnghimtrngnhngbnthnconngi
chanhnbitcmtcchchnhxcphngnga.Tuynhin
hngtrmnmtrcyconnginhiunitrnthgiicng
nhnthcccctcngchicavickhaithcqumcti
nguyncamnh.Domtsdntccnhngphongtc,
lutlaphngnhmgigntinguynnhdntcChu
cccmiuth,truynthuytlinhthingbovrngu
ngunhayngunnc.
Chnkhitrnhkhoahckthutcaconngipht
trin,dnstnglnngk,nncngnghipphttrindn
nskhaithctinguynthinnhinqumcvgynhim
mitrnglmphvcnbnggiakhaithcvhiphctnhin,
lmbinitngtcciukintnhinmitrng.iuny
cngcnghalconngitonnnhngmuthunsusc
giamctiuphttrinxhiloingiviqutrnhdinbinca
tnhin.Ngynaychngtacththymtshuqutchin
tinguynmitrngdonhiunguynnhnkhcnhau,vdcc
nc cng nghip pht trin th gy ra nhim (khng kh, nc,
chtthiccloi,thmchcngyrahiungnhknh,tchi
tngzn),cnccncnghothgytnhichotinguynv
nhimmitrngdosnghoivlchu,nh phrng,khai
thcqumctinguynkhc.

56

Dovy,nthpk60,70mtsnccngnghipnh M,
Php,c,Nht,c,Canaabtuquantmnvicbo
vmitrngvthchinnhgitcngmitrng.Ngynay
nhgitcngmitrngtrthnhmtbmnkhoahc
thcskhngththiutrongcclunchngcaccdnkhai
thc,sdngtinguynnctrongngnhthyliphcvkinht.
2.4.3. Mt s bin php nhm iu chnh mc nhim mi
trng
Nhngnmgnynhiunctrnthgiibanhnhb
luttnghpvbovtinguynvmitrngcngvicclutc
bn v bo v t, khong sn, rng, nc, kh quynNgy 27
thng12nm1993,Quchi ncCnghoxhichnghaVit
Nam(chiulcngy10thng1nm1994)gm7chng;55iu
lutquinhmctiubovmitrngl:bovsckhonhn
dn,phcvsphttrinlubncatnc,gpphnbov
mitrngkhuvctoncu.
Ccmctiucngharttolntrongvicbovmitrng;nthhinchtrng,nglivquanimcaNhncv
mitrngmtcchthngsuttronghthngtchchnhchnh
tTrungngnaphng.
2.4.3.1. Tiu chun mi trng
Tiuchunmitrnglmttrongnhngbinphpcanthip
caNhncnhmiuchnhmcnhimmitrng.Datrncc
mctiubovmitrngmNhncracctiuchunmitrngvinghalnlao.
Tiuchunmitrnglnhngchunmcvgiihnchophp
cquinhlmcncqunlmitrng.
Tiuchunmitrnglcsphplvmitrngmtrnc
snhramcnhim,gimstmcnhimbucngisn
xutphiiuchnhmcsnxutphhpvigiihnchophp
(TCVN5942-1995).

57

2.4.3.2. Tin ph cp gim mc nhim

ngha ca tin ph cp l mt khon tin cho nhng c
nhnhocnvgyranhimdimcbtbuc.
Cccnhn,nvsnxutsraccbinphpkinht
gimnhnhim.
u t sp xp cc trang thit b chng nhim, ngha l
uttngthmcnhimgim.
Gimbtsnlngsnxut,vkhigimsnlngsnxutth
chtthiramitrngt,ncsgim.
Phngphptinphcpgimnhimgpphnthcy
mt s n v mi ra i mun lm cho sn lng ngnh cng
nghiptngthnhimtnglnvmcchgimnhimli
khngtc.
2.4.3.3. Mua Cta nhim (giy php c thi)
CtanhimlbinphpcanthipcaNhncnhmiu
chnhmcnhimnmtrongphmvichophp.Cncvomc
thiquynhchotngkhuvc,nhncchophpthiccchtthi
ramitrngt,ncthngquaccgiyphpcthivgil
Ctanhim.
Ngisnxutmuncthichtthiramitrngphimua
Cta.VigiCtanhtnh,ngisnxutphilachngiiphp
nhmgimmcnhim.
-MuaCtacthimcquynhvchcthichtthi
theoCtamua.
-Tngchiphchokimsotnhimtrongnvgim
hocgingmcnhimtheoyucukimsotnhim.Ngi
snxutphichngiiphprnht.
2.4.3.4. Thu nhim mi trng
Thutngmitrnglmtthutngcnidungrtrng
lnvadng.Mitrngmhinnaychngtaangsdngl
changmitrngsngchungcaconngiviccnhntthin

58

nhinvxhi.Vvy,thchinbinphpthunhimnhm
iuchnhmcnhimnmcchophplmtvncn
ctrabovconngi.
Vicnhthunhimtrongmitrnghpicnthitc
scanthipcaNhnc.Nhncbanhnhccquynhvtiu
chunnhimhoclmtloithunhimdavomcthithi
donhimgyra.MtloithunhimdoPigouravgil
thuPigou.
Nguyntctnhthunhimlcnhn,nvgy
nhimthphichuthuvthuPigoutnhtrntngnvsn
phmgynhim.
dQ-Tngchiphchohotngsnxuttoraccsnphm
cgynhimmctiu.
dC - Chi ph ring cho tng hot ng sn xut to ra sn
phm.
dEC-Chiphbnngoicahotngsnxutgynhim.
t-thuPigoutnhchomtnvsnphmgynhimvtrangoimctiu:
t
=

dEC
dQ

Gimtnvsnphm(P1)gyranhimtimchot
ngtiu(tmcnhimchophp).
P1
=

dC
dQ

Thngquachngminhbngtonhcchothygitrhpl
(P2)tnhchomtnvsnphmkhihotngsnxutvtra
ngoimcnhimchophpl:

59

P2 = P1 + t d
=

C
d

+ dEC

= dC

dQ

dEC
dQ

Q
RrnglP2>P1,vvykhicthunhimthngisn
xut(cnhn,tchc)stiuchnhmcsnxutvmcsn
xutti u,biltihthuclinhuncaonhtvgitr
snphmP1ddngcthtrngchpnhn.
HinnaythuPigouvnchacsdngphbinvthiu
ccthngtinvhmsthithi.Mtkhckhimcsnxuttng
thdnnmuthungialichcangisnxut(thngqua
linhun)vlichcngng(lichtonxhi).
Mcchcaxhiltiuhohiusgialichcnhn
vlichcngngvnchagiiquytcscngbng.Nusn
xuttmctiuvmcnhimcngttiu(nhimbng0)
thkhngphiltiu.Tnhthunhimgpphnlmtngthm
hiulccalutbovmitrng.Tiiu30chng3calut
bovmitrngVitNamquynh:tchc,cnhntronghot
ngsnxut,kinhdoanhvcchotngkhclmsuythoimi
trng,nhimmitrng,gyscmitrngphictrchnhim
bithngthithitheoquynh.
2.4.3.5. Tin pht nhim v quyn s hu mi trng
nhgiccgitrcamitrng,ccnhkinhthc
c gng tm kim mt n v o lng no ph hp nhng
khngcnvolngnohnltint,vtintlvt
chthlnnhtmttcccncuc.
Mcchcavicolng,tnhtonmitrngbngtint
chnhlxemxttnhhplvmtkinhtcavicutci
thin mi trng phc v cho mc ch cuc sng ca con ngi.

60

Tnhhplvmtkinhtcnlinquannquynshumitrngcaconngigynhim.
-Nungigynhimkhngcquynshuvmitrng
thichtthithtinthunhimccoinhltinphtv
ngigynhimsdngmitrngcangikhc.
-Nungigynhimcquynshumitrngthhc
quynthichtthi.Tinthuivihcchia2phn:
+Mcthudohotngsnxutmctiu
+Mcthudohotngsnxuttmctiunmcvt
rangoitiulchaththpl.
2.4.4. nh gi tc ng mi trng
Mcdkhngcmtkhunmunhtnhchominctrn
thgiivnhgitcngmitrng,nhngnidungcanni
chunglkhthngnht,cthnumtnhnghatngiy
nhsau:
nh gitc ng mitrng ca mthot ng phttrin
kinht-xhilxcnh,phntchvdbonhngtcngli
vhi,trcmtvludimvicthchinhotngcthgy
rachotinguynthinnhinvchtlngmitrngsngcaconngitiniclinquantihotng,trncsxutnhng
binphpphng,trnhvgimthiunhngtcngtiucc.
-Phngphplunchungcanhgitcngmitrngl
phcvcho3nhimvphntchsauy:
+ Xc nh (Impact Indentification) cc tc ng, trong
baogmccngungcgyratcng(sourcesofimpacts),cc
vnbtcng(receptors),ccmctcng(levelsof
impacts).
+Don(ImpactsPredition)cxuthdinbincatc
ngcxcnhtrn

61

+nhgi(ImpactsAssesment)baogmvicnhginh
lngcctcngcdonvaragiiphpgimthiutc
ng
+nhgitcngmitrngca(mtdn,mthotng
phttrinkinht-xhi).Tinhnhtheo3giaioncbnsau:
+Lcduytcctcngmitrng(Screening):nidungl
imliccdntngt(nuc)vidnxuthinti
phnonkhnngtcngcadnnynhmxutiu
chnhdnphttrintheohngtthn.
+nhgisbtcngmitrng(PreliminaryAssesment)
baogm:
-Xcnhcctcngchnhcadnivitinguynv
mitrngtrongvng.
-Mttcng,dbomctcng(nhiut)vphm
vicatcng(rnghp)trongvng.
-Nurtmquantrngcatcngivingiraquyt
nh.
+nhgitcngmitrngy(fullAssesment).
-Xcnhtcngntinguynthinnhin(t,nc,kh
hu) v cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi (h sinh thi nng
nghip,sckhocngng).
-Phntchnguynnhn,hiuqucatcngchn
nhng tc ng quan trng cn nh gi, d bo din bin tc
ngbngphngphpmhnhtonhocchngghpbn
dboxuthdinbincacctcng.
-nhgitcngdinbintheothigian,khnggianbng
nhlnghocnhtnhsovitiuchunchtlngmitrngc
nhnchocaphngquynh.
-Xcnhbinphpxlcctcnghnchtcng
xunmitrng.

62

Tuy nhin, khng phi btk mtd n no cng phi thc

hinybagiaionnymtytheotnhcht,quymca
tngdnmcthkhngcnngiaionnhgiy.
Mtvdvnhgitcngmitrngcadnti,tiunctrongsdngtnngnghip.
A-Thnhphncadntitiugm:
-Cngtrnhumivhthngknhti,tiucpnc.
-Ccthnhphnvbinphphtr:tndngchonngdn
vayvnut vthitb,phnbn,gingcctchcnng
dnvcc bphnqunl bodng hthng knh, hotng
khuynnng,hngdnkthut

B-Nhngtcngcli
1. Tc ng c li trc tip
-Cpnc,thotncchophttrinsnxutvdnsinhnnc
th nng cao hiu qu s dng t, nng cao i sng nhn
dn.
-Kthpcungcpinnngchosinhhotvccngnhsn
xut.
2. Tc ng c li gin tip
-Gimximnratritcanhtc
-Phttrinccucytrngmitheohngcli,nhcanh
nhc,nngcaoisngvtcht,tinhthncangilaong.
-Cithinmitrngthysndocpncnnh,phttrin
chnnui,phttrindchvvdulch.
-Cithinkhhuchovngchchancvhthngknh
mngchuynnciqua.
-Tothmviclmchongilaong.
C-Nhngtcngkhngcli
1. Khu vc lm h cha nc

63

-Lmngpmtsdintchtcanhtc,trng,nhca,
nggiaothng,cccngtrnhkinhtvvnho.
-Mtphndintchtcanhtcbmtdolmknhmng
vcccngtrnhcahcha.
2. Thay i cht lng nc
Dngchyhiquichimkhong20-30%tnglngnctic
cha cc thnh phn v c, cht c t phn bn v thuc tr
su,chngbsungvoccthnhphncsntrongnclmtng
tnhkhonghacancvgyranhimnc.
3. nh hng n pht trin kinh t - x hi
Mtsdncphidichuynkhinihsinhsngvlm
thayitpquncanhtctruynthngkhilmhchancvh
thngknhmngtrongvngdniqua.Nhncphinbv
toiukinchocucsngnimi,nhndnphicnhng
thayikiucanhtctrthnhthchngvicngnghvk
thutmimhchaquen.

D-Phngphpphntchlich
Theo Chng trnh pht trin kinh t Lin Hp Quc, phng
phpphntchlichlbaogmlichvchiphvtinguyn
mitrng,vvycnlitkttccctinguynsdngchodn
(kcnhnlc),ccsnphmlichthuc(kcphthic
th ti s dng), cc hot ng tiu th hoc lm suy gim ti
nguyn(hotng,snxutnhim),tinguynclinhngchacxemxt,nhngviccnbsungsdnghplvphthuy
khnngtiacatinguyn
1. Xc nh cc chi ph ca d n ti nc
-Chiphut banu(khost,thitk,xydnghng
mc).

64

- Chi ph nb vmt t,dichuyn dnc,dichuen

cngtrnh).
-Chiphvvnhnh,bodng,qunl,khaithchthngti.
2. Xc nh cc li ch ca d n
-Hiuchdotngnngsut,snlngcytrngvmrng
dintchtcanhtc.
-Hiuchtrctiptngunnnglngin(nucngtrnh
umilhchancckthpphtinnng),hiuchchng
lhlu(dintchkhngbngpngvchothunhp).
-Hiuchdophttrinccngnhcngnghipvccngnh
khaithc(thysn,giaothng,dulch,cungcpinncchosinh
hot,dchv).
-Hiuchtnnhxhi(tocngnviclm,nngcao
isng,sckhocngng).
3. Tin hnh phn tch hiu qu d n
Saukhixcnhcccchiph,cclich,bccuicngl
nhgihiuqudn.Vicphntchhiuqucthgmcc
chtiusauy:
A.Thngsnhgithngdng
+Linhuntuyti
+Linhuntngi
Trong:
BT-linhunthuctinmthT
R-Hschitkhuctnhtheo%vclachndavo
hngdncacctchchoccquantvncthmquyn.
C0-Gitrchiphbanuctnhrabngtin
CT-GitrchiphbanuctnhrabngtinnmthT
T-thigian(nm),viccdnthyinncth30;40;50
nm
B.Tnhtonhiuqucadn

65

Khi xy dng d n thng c nhiu phng n khc nhau,

nguyntclachnphngnlgitrhinticalinhunmd
nthucphitgitrtia.
C.Xcnhthihnhovn
Thihnhovnlthiimmtnggitrhintithc
calichbngtnggitrhintithccachiphchodn,
nghal:
GitrTthamntngtrnybng0lthigianhovn,
imhovnthngkhngtrngviimktthcdn.
Trnychdngphngphpphntchlichnh
gitcngmitrngcadnti,tiunctrongsdngt,cn
chrng:
-Cnhiuphngphpkhcna,nhngmiphngphpu
c uim,nhcimring;khngcmtphngphpnolc
thsdngchomidn,ngclimtdncngkhngnnch
dngmtphngphpnhgitcngmitrng.
-Hnchchnhcaphngphpphntchlichlkhng
thxtnttctcngmitrng,nhtlcctcngmang
tnhludihocgintip.Vicsdngphngphpnychocc
dnlncqunhiuhngmcnhngvicxcnhtcngca
chngtimitrnglrtkhkhn.
2.5. Ti nguyn nc 7 vng kinh t Vit Nam
TheoTngccachnh(2001)tainctachiathnh7
vngvcngl7vngkinhtcancta.ychtrnhby
tngqutvcimtinguynnccaccvngny.
2.5.1. Ti nguyn nc vng ni Trung du Bc B
VngniTrungduBcbbaogmcctnhvTyBcv
ngBccaVitNam.Tonvngcahnhphctp,lmt
minnithphoctrungbnhccutochyubngvic
caophbin1000-1200m,900-1000m,500-600m(trcao

66

nguynngVn(HGiang)cao1600mvPhanSiPng(LoCai)
cao3143m), xengialnhngvngirngln.
- Vng Ty Bc bao gm Lai Chu, Sn La, Lao Cai, Ho
Bnh: mahnvicinngbanngyhmhp trongccvng
thp.TcdngcagiLo(hintngphn)lmchonhitc
ngyln n40 -440C,nhng khi mn mttta nhit
nhanhlmchonhitttxungsovibanngy15-20 0C.
Trccvngnicao,cnccvngnithpsthayinhit
tngtchxyrakhongthigianngntrongnm,cnni
chungcctrskhhutrungbnhkhngkhcnhiusovimin
ng bng,nhng bin nhit ln hn, tma phn, m
khngkhthp(80-85%)
Maphnbhaimarrt.Mamatthng4nthng10,
chim t l trn 85% tng lng ma trung bnh nm 1600 1800mm,gyllt,ximnt,nhhnglnnsnxutv
isng.Manglnhtthng11nthng3nmsau,thitit
hanhkh,lngma15-20%catnglngma,cnmxuthinsngmui(LaiChu,SnLa)gynhiutchichosnxutnng
nghip.
Nhngiukinvahnhvkhhunhtrnnhhng
rtnhiunchngunncccconsng.CcsngvngTy
Bc(trSng)ulnhngsngsuinhchytrnccsn
dcvotrongccthunglnghpnnchncthayithtthng;malvmacnrrtphhpvichma.Snglsng
lnnhtcaminTyBc,thngccoilsngnhnhcasng
Hng,nhngtrongthcthngnmsngnycungcpgnmtna
tng lng ma ca h thng sng Hng hp li (55,814km 3 so vi
114km3).Sngcnhiukhnngcungcpnnglngthyin
choccvngrngln.
Sng trn cao nguyn vng Ty Bc i din cho cc sng
chytrongminvi,viqutrnhcastgymtnc.yl

67

iuhnchlnvngunnctrongkhuvcvicanhtcv
ngaycnung,tuynhinngunncngmkhngphilqu
him.
-VngngBcbaogmcctnhBcGiang,BcNinh,Bc
Kn, Cao Bng, H Giang, Lng Sn, Ph Th, Vnh Phc, Qung
Ninh,ThiNguyn,TuynQuangvYnBi.
Vidintchchungtonminl48.540km 2,vngngBcc
mtmalnhrtrrt.Nusosnhcngvtuyn,cngcaoth
vngngBccnhitthphnvngTyBc1-3 0Cvtrong
mahtonmincnhitcaognbngccminkhctrongnc
thmangnhitcthxung0 0C.Mangkodi4-5
thngvlmtmalnhthcs,nhiunicbnggivckhili
ctuyt,timnngmakhnglnnnkhhnhnccvngkhc.
Lngmahngnmcccaonguynnykhnglnlm:ma
ngthiuma(200-300mmvi30-50ngyma)nhngmah
cngchkhong100ngyvilngma1300-1500mm.Nichung
ylmtvngmatnhngvnlchncmarixungchy
iu. ychaihintngthttringc,mahncmari
xungchytrntrnvngnivi,nhngrinhanhchngbinvo
trongcckhentvmtdnxungsudohintngcastmin
nivi.Nhngccthunglngvomanynckhngtiukp
lmtaibngtrongmtthigiandi,nhngvomakhrt
thtrongccthunglngnylithiuncnghimtrnggytrngi
chosnxutvcngunncsinhhot.
Trong vng c nhiu sng: sng Hng, sng Chy, sng L,
sngGm,sngCu,sngThng,sngLcNam,vngthunglng
sng L-sngChylmtmnglisngsuidyclmcho
ahnhbchiactrtmnhm.Vomamancttcci
nichyxungccsngsuilmncllncaotngt,mun
dngchyrtln,tn50-70l/s/km 2,nhngkhimakhn
nhiusuinhchcntrlinhngtngsicui.

68

VngthunglngsngHngcngclngmartln.NgayLao
Cailngmalnnhtcthtntrn2500mm,nhngmanglngmagimirtnhiu,HGiangvLaoCaiclngmatng
ngl261mmv229mm,cthcsngmui.
cbittnhBcKnchthngsngngitngiphong
ph.BcKnlungunca5consnglnchysangcctnh
lncnnh sngL,sngGmchysangTuynQuang,sngK
CngchysangLngSn,sngBngGiangchysangCaoBngv
sngCuchysangThiNguyn.Ngoihthngsngngi,Bc
KncnmtshaomngknhtlhBaB,nmcao
178msovimcncbin,hchnhthnhtmtvngvib
stdoncchyngmcrnglngkhini.
Sngngi,h,aoucnghaquantrngivisnxut
visngnhndn.lnguncungcpncchyuchonng
nghipvphttrinthysn.Tuynhinphnlnsnglnhnhthngngunccimchunglngn,dc,chncthtthng,ctimnngvthyinvtoramtscnhpckh
nnglicunkhchdulch.
2.5.2. Ti nguyn nc vng ng bng sng Hng
Clkhngmtaitrongchngta,dbtcaphngno
likhngccmgicvmtiugthnthuckhininvng
ngbngsngHng.ngbngliquenthucnmcikhi
chngtakhngthycnphinhnthciugkhchnltnh
cht bng phng, c tnh ph nhiu v tr mt ca mt vng
chuthcnhVitTrcnythkoditQungYn
ntnNinhBnh.
Chuthldosngbipln,doChuthng
bng sng Hng l mn qu ca dng sng Hng v sng Thi
Bnh hp li. Sng Hng v sng Thi Bnh u chia ra nhiu
nhnh. Sng Hng sau khi ra khi Sn Ty tch ra mt sng

69

nhnhquantrnglsngy,xungabnuHNithtch
rasngung,nHngYnthchianctheosngLucvsng
PhL,xungNamnh-ThiBnhthtorathnhsngTrL,
sngNamnhvsngNinhC.Vitnglngnctrungbnhca
sngHng114.000m3 vtnglngphsatrungbnhl100triu
tn/nm.SngThiBnhchainhnhlsngKinhThyvsng
ThiBnh,nhngxungnHiDngvQungYntrrabinth
tothnhmtvngttrngmmtrungvmtncsngcng
nmtrncngmtcao.SovisngHngthsngThiBnhnh
hnnhiu,mcdlphnhlucasngCu,sngThngv
sngLcNamhpli,chaknhsngungvsngLucmsng
ThiBnhcnnhncthmngunncvphsacasngHng
(khong32,6%tnglngnccasngHngSnTyvchng17
triutnphsamtnm).
NgunnccahaiconsngHngvsngThiBnhuchu
nhhngcagimannchncrtthtthng.Mamath
thanc,makhthcththiunc.Nclyutquantrng
hng u trongt nhin ca chu th,ivi vng ng bng
chuthnnh,ngitakhngthkhngchnhintngncquthavomamalvmiquanhcantbov
rngvqutrnhximnvngthnglu.vngnymitrngth
thanc,nhngcnctitiuvthaychuaramnchocc
vngtnngnghipkhcnhautrongvngngbngthkhng
philtha.Ctiliunghincuchorngtonbvngng
bngChuthsngHngtnhtVitTrtrxung,tnglulng
cnthiukhong330m3/s.Lmthnogiiquytthtttmi
quanh,khngphilmtvnkhoahctnhinm
cnlcakhoahckinhtvcasiuhnhkinht.
Trongqutrnhphttrinkinhthinnay,ngunncvng
ngbngsngHngvncnmbobmnctirung
vgiaothngvntithyquanhnm.

70

2.5.3. Ti nguyn nc vng kinh t Bc trung b

Theovtchnanhbi,chngtanminniTrngSn
Bc ko di sut t min Ty thung lng sng M n tn cc
ngnniphaBcvngthunglngsngBungngncchhaitnh
Tha Thin - Hu v Qung Nam bao gm cc tnh Thanh Ha,
NghAn,HTnh,QungBnh,QungTrvThaThin-Hu.
ylmtminnithp,caotrungbnht300-800mtrn
mtbin,hpbngangvdcxungphangbngduyn
hi.Vmtkhhumamaxyravomathu-ngtthng8
nthng1,trongmathng8-9lmahit,matrngtri
trngtvkodilinminhngtunlHu.Vmanng
khthgiLothngtynamtiemtheotngtnngkh
ghgmlmholcy,acctranh.Khuvcnyminmbhn
n6thngnngichocnctivomakh,lmthylinhl
rtcnthit.
Ctrn200sngvsuidit 10kmtrlnnhngcluvc
khnglnchyttrnsnngxungngbng(tkhuvc
viKBng)ccsngsuinychngkhcgnhnglidaosc
bnctlngsngsuixungrtsutonnnhngthunglng
ngn,hpvdc.Vomamabotonnnhngcnlrngtht
ngs:llnmtcchtngt,koditrongmt,haingyrih
xungmtcchtngt.Chringthng9-10,cccnlnyvn
chuynmtlngncbngtnglngnctrongnm(>90tnglngnc)cnccthngkhcthkhkit.
BtuthungnsngC(gilsngLam)trvn
dy ni Honh Sn (dy ni khi vt qua huyn K Anh (H Tnh)
m thng ra bin theo hng ng - Ty. Dy ni Honh Sn
khngcao,chchimdintchkhong1500km 2,nlmtranh
giikhhugiaHTnhvQungBnh.Mcdchcchnhau
10knh mng nhng H Tnh thuc v kh hu min Bc th

71

QungBnhmangrntcakhhuminNam.Bnthnkhi
HonhSncngnhncmtlngmartln,gn3000mm/nm.
MinBclnimnivichimdintchlnnhtvc
qutrnhcastphttrinnht,nhngkhngcvngnolihimtr
vinhnhnhvngniviKBng(khuvcngPhongNha
tnh Qung Bnh). y trn din tch rng chng 10.000km2
hunh ngitakhngthtmracmtconsnghaymtcon
suino,mtbmtphngnonnhunhdncrtti.Qu
trnh cast ang hot ng rt mnh m: khp ni ch thy
nhngphucast,gingcast,nhngdngsngangchytrn
mtbngdngbinmtxungmthmtncnhconsngKhCh
LchytsnphanamoMGiacao411mchynBiinh.
VngKBngnhnclngmanmlnn2500-3000mm,nhiu
nhttthng8-1nh huhtccvngtphanamHTnhtr
vo.Lngmathathichyngmvotrongkhinitheonhng
ngntntrong,hatanvivkhotrngkhibn
trongtoranhiuhangngngm.
TonvngBnh-Tr-Thinnhnclngman2000mm,
manhiunhtvothng10-12.Phnlnlngncmanychytut
trncciniphintothnhmtmnglisngsuidyc.
SngBnHi,sngBin,sngQungTr,sngThcM,sngB,
sngHuTrchvsngTTrchucnhiuncvchytrna
hnhdc.Sdngnnglngthyinkhngnhngcthy
mnhqutrnhcngnghiphominBcTrungbnichungm
cngiiquytnhiuvnvnngnghip,cbitlvn
lvhntrmtrngccngbngduynhi.
2.5.4. Ti nguyn nc ca vng kinh t Ty Nguyn
BtutphaNamoHiVntrichonminng
Namb,khiniTrngSnNamhunhbaobchtdintchca
min Trung Trung b v cc nam Trung b, cn cc ng bng
duyn hich l mtng vin nh hp m cuc sng kinh t

72

trongqukhcngnhtnglaikhnghtchrivikhininy.
lmintcaornglnnmsaulnggniTrngSnnamthng
quengilTyNguynbaogmnhiucaonguyncnhng
caokhcnhau,CaonguynKontum-Pleikuphabccaodnt
400-800m,caonguynDiLinhtncngphanamvncncao
1000m,baogmcctnhKontum,GiaLai,DaklakvLmng.
Ty Nguyn nm hon ton pha Nam ca v tuyn 16 0
bc,dochunhhngcakhhunhitimmtcchthc
s.Tuynhin,dotonvngunmmtcaonhtnhnn
kh hu cng thay i theo tnh cht ca x nng: Kontum,
MDrc, Bun Ma Thut c nhit trung bnh nm l 23 -25 0,
Pleikucngcnhittngt,ringLtcao1500mcnhit
16-180.
minNamnichungvtrncccaonguynTynguynni
ring,biuhinslunphingiamamavmakhcnsu
schnlminBc.
MamaTynguynlmchorngninhbphbimtbc
mntrngxo,lmbutrivmtt,thncyvngnc,
minhrngvncbpucngtaramtmimtcanhng
ngymadmkodilinmin.TKontum nPleiku,BunMa
ThutnMDrclngmatrungbnhthngtrndi2000mm,s
ngymachim130-170ngytrongnm.Cngcnilngmaln
hnnh niNgcLnhhngnmnhnhn4000mnc,nhiukhu
vcnicaokhct2500-3000mm.ngchlvngHnBnm
giaLtvNhaTrang,mahnhnhkodiquanhnm,sngy
malnti251ngy.Ccthng2,3v4clngmatnhtnhngmi
thngvncnhn100mmncv13-15ngyma.
Tynguynchcmtnimatnht,lthunglng
CheoLeo,lngmakhngqu1300mm.Khhuytngi
khkhanvcycibaogmnhngloigiichuhn,ldyv

73

ygaithch ngvimitrngnh chui,mt,da,u,

thanhlong
MamaTynguynkoditthng5-11,cnhiucn
bolnbvotlinnhngkhngvtquacsnngca
dyTrngsnnamnnTynguynkhngcbo,chcnhng
cngilc.
MakhTynguynkodit6n9thngtytngvng.
Trivimama,vothiknynnggaygtvkhngkhkhmt
cchkhclit.Hunhnhnngdndnhtcnhttnggitnc
trongt,lmchomtngttrncccaonguynphmt
lpbidy,bibaytrongkhngkhtnnmtmuvngvo
thncyvbicxungquanh,nhiurngcylirnggnhtl,
cbitlrngcyhDu(gilrngkhp)lmtngthmv
tiu iu cnh vt. Sui nhiu nhng cng c vng i hng chc
kilometkhngcmtduvtcanc,cnncngmthnmsu
dimttn30-60m.VngthunglngKontum-Pleikulni
ltngchotrngbng,ma,thucl,cafvomakhmcnc
ngmhthpn12mdimtt,iunycngvikhhu
khhnlmchovicgieotrngynhtthitphicncti.Nhngnhccsuitccnicaobaoquanhcmanhiukhng
ngngtiptncchodngsngBannvomakhhngii
quytnctichosnxutnngnghip,mcdcnnhiukhkhn
trongkhaithc.
VngcaonguyncLcnmhungnsngEaAydunv
sng Ba tr v n vng h c Lc nm di chn cao nguyn
LmVin.ylcaonguyntphnhiunht,ngdnc
nhtvcthnhphBunMaThuttolnnht,lthnhphquan
trng hng u ca Ty Nguyn. Cc dng sng gn nh c nc
quanhnm,nhiu ch ncnglithnhchy vngnh,cnnc
ngmthkhphongphnmnhngsukhcnhaukhngxa
mtt.SngCrngCNtrckhivngbngcLc

74

toiukinchovicppsnxutrannglngthyin
vginctichocckhuvctcao,hnchcccnlthtthng
hayxyraminni.
PhanamcaonguyncLcchLak,ngunncvngh
Lakuxungccthunglngsu:thunglngsngCrngc
nphaBc,thung lngsngaphaTy,thung lngsng
aNhimphangNam,vvymakhtrncaonguyncLc
khngkhcnghitvkhngdibngcaonguynKontum-Pleiku.
Cao nguyn Lm Vin c kh hu mt quanh nm. Trn cao
nguyncmtshnh hXunHngrngkhong5km2 nm
trungtmthnhphLt. ylmthnhntodoxyp
lmthyinngnsngCamly.NgoirachMLinh,hThan
Th,cchthx5knhmnglnhngnitonnngunncngm
phongphvngunncmttichovngrauLt.
VngcaonguynLinKhngcnhiusui,tuycnvmakh
nhngmcncngmnmkhngsulm,cccngtrongvngch
okhongvimtlcnc.
VngcaonguynBoLc-DiLinhvomakhkhngkhc
nghit lm, ma vn ri u n ngay trong nhng thng hn
nhtnncaonguynlcnocngcmtmuxanhdchu.Cc
thunglngsngsuignnh cncquanhnm.Ccnngchni
tingcaMinNamcsnlngcao,taickhaithctlu,
ccbunlngcngcmtlnhnnhiusovicccaonguyn
khc.
Tynguyncnhiukhnngvmtnnglmnghip.Do
nhngiukintnhinthayirtrrngtheotngvngm
ngitaphichntnhcthcachngccvngkhis
dngvomcchkinht.Tuynhincmtimchungl,do
iukinmakhkoditrongmtsthnglintcnncnphi
la chn nhng ging cy chu hn, nhng cy lu nm nhiu
hnlcyhngnm.Khiphttrincyhngnmthvnnc

75

titrthnhvnhngu,mcdngayivicylunm,
nccngcvaitrquantrngkhngkmnumuncsnlngcy
trngcaogiaccthng.Ngitadnhnthyrngmcdcy
caosulcychuhnttnhngsnlngtrongccthngmakh
thiunctiugimstsoviccthngcncy
2.5.5. Ti nguyn nc vng duyn hi Nam Trung b
Conngqucls1tHNivthnhphHChMinh
chydctheoccngbngvenbin,khivtquakhioHiVn
nBnhThuncdngahnhdcnglmchobbinc
onbngphng,conkhckhuuvnhiuvnh.lmin
duynhiminNamTrungbbaogmcctnhQungNam-
Nng,QungNgi,Bnhnh,PhYn,KhnhHa,NinhThunv
BnhThun.
Ngaytronglchs,ngbngQungNam-TamKlmt
ninitingngdnc.Vothk17v18,HiAnlmtthngcngquantrnghotngtpnp.Ngitacthithuyn
tNngnQungNamtheoconsngVnhinquasngHi
An,sngThuBnritheosngTrngGiangxungtncasngTam
KnvnhAnHavnhvylidcsutbbinQungNam
tBcxungNamutrnccngunnc.
ngbngQungNgirngkhong1200km 2baogmcthung
lngsngTrKhcvsngVcngccutotngtngbng
QungNam.Nhngvomakh,sngTrKhcvsngVucn
ncnmccchngitacthliqua.HinnaytrnsngTr
KhcccngtrnhthynngThchNhamngnsng,xydng
hthngknhmngchuynncphcvsnxutchonhiuhuyn.
Vng Bnh nh vi tng din tch ng bng 1750km 2 c
nhiungunncsngcungcpchongbng.SngLiGiangcp
ncchongbngTamQuan-BngSn,sngLaXimcpnccho
ngbngVnPhc,ngbngPhMvcuicnglngbng

76

QuiNhndonhiusngbipmquantrngnhtlsngH
GiaobtnguntdyniAnKhchyvocabinThNi.
MnglisngNam-Ngi-nhtngiphttrincungcp
nc,mcdvmakhnccninhiunhngtonnccng
bngmum.Ngitatrnglavnhiunhtlma,lc,khoai,
da.BbinvngNam-Ngi-nhcnhiucvhaicnglnl
Nng,Quinhnhngnmnhchngchctnc.
Vng Ph Yn c khong 816km 2 vi hai ng bng chnh:
ngbngTuyAndongunncsngCicungcp,ngbngTuy
Ha do ngun nc sng Ba (sng Rng) cung cp to nn vng
ngbngmumnht.VipngCamCngSntrnsng
Bacpncchohthngknhmngmbonctichoccvng
tcaotrongmakhtrngmanitingngonvngt.Trong
vngcnhiusngnhcpncchonhium(mngTong,
mLoan),giamcnhiuonhthngrabinbngcc
lchchiuhplmthayichtlngngunnc.
NhaTrangcngunncsngCi,sngTrccungcpphsa
chongbngrng135km2,cnsngCnLamNinhHacpnc
vphsachodintch ngbngkhong100km 2.Ngunnc
NhaTrangtrongccvnhcngthtcgitr,trongvnhCam
Ranhlvnhtnhinttnhtthgiividintch338km 2.Nha
Trang,CamRanhulnhngcngcquantrngcatnc.
HaitnhNinhThunvBnhThunuthucvngkhhn
nhtcaNamTrungb,haingbngPhanRangvPhanRca
tnhNinhThunusdnghaingunnccasngCivsng
Ly.Ngunnchaisngnyphthucchyuvolngmahng
nm.Tuynhinhaingbngnycchnhaukhngxanhnglic
chmartkhcnhau.PhanRang,lngmatrungbnhnml
695mm,cnmch413mm,sngymal49ngytptrungtrong
3thng(9,10v11)nhngkhngcthngnolngmarilivtqu
185mm.TrongkhiPhanRmamalibtutthng5n

77

thng10nh ngbngNamb(lngmarihngthngkhong
100mm).Tnhtrngkhhnnylictngcngdotrongng
bngccbictvcnctchimdintchlnn500km2lmgia
tngsbchivlmmkhngkhhxungnmcthp
nht.Vomahngitacmthintngkl:trnmtccbict
nng bng c v s nhng ht trng. l nhng ht mui c
mangtdilntrndohintngbchiqumnhtheomaoqun.
ngbngPhanThitrngn310km2nhnnctithng
chcconsuivsngchythngtminniphaBcvpha
TytitrongchaiconsngCi.MtconsngCichytheo
phangBcPhanThitrabin,cnsngCithhaichyt
phaTynvothxPhanThitstbbin.
Nichung,cckhuvctcaotrongvngNinhThun-Bnh
Thunulnhngkhuvctttnhngvthiunctinncha
sdnght-chthngknhmngdnnctithylvng
tltngcabng,ma,nho,ti,hnhtyvnhiuloicyn
qu.
2.5.6. Ti nguyn nc vng min ng Nam b
Tonmincdintch27.920km2,caotrungbnhtvichc
mtnkhong200m,gmcnhngbmtcaonguynthpv
nhngilnsngrttbchiact.lcctnhngNai,Bnh
Dng,BnhPhc,TyNinhvthnhphHChMinh,BRaVng
TuMinngNambnmvtuynrtthp(t11 0vtuyn
bctrxung)nncnhitvmcaoutrongnm,S
thayigiamakhvmamatoranhpiucpncrtr
rt.Matptrungtthng5nthng6,tnglngmabnhqun
2597mmsoviSiGnl1937mmnhngsngymalikmhn
(146ngysovi157ngy)phhpvisxuthinkhikhxch
o.Makhkoditthng12nthng4,mkhngkh
trongthigiannygimstrrt.TheophnloicaAlixpth

78

khhutonminmangnhiuctnhcakhhuxcho
haylckiukhhuxcho.
Chkhhucbitnycphnnhrrttrongch
ccsng.Tonmincmtmnglikhesuikhdycv
ngncyctvomakhnhngngpnclvomama.H
thngsngngNaicungcpncchotonvngcngcmtmngli
sngnhnhkhdy,trongccsngnhnhchnhlsngLaNg
tngn,sngB,sngSiGnvsngVmChungndo
btnguntnhiuhngkhcnhautorachohthngsngcpnc
mtluvcrtrngln.
VenccsngLaNg,sngBvsngVmCcngcnhiu
ni thung lng sng m rng to nn nhng ng bng rt ph
nhiu.ngbngsngLaNgkhong10.000ha,ngbngsng
Brng20.000havnhiungbngthunglngkhcngaytrn
sng ng Nai nh thung lng Tr t gia Lm ng v Long
Khnh(thucthnhphHChMinh)mtphnckhaithc
lmrunglanc.
iungqultrongkhiTynguyn,nhhngsusc
camakhgynhiukhkhnchonngnghipthngNam
bnhhngcgimbtdomcncngmtrongccthunglng
kngiaccilinmrtnng,docthsdngcvo
viclynctirung.
Ttcccconsngchyquatrongvnguckhnngxy
pthyintoranhnghchanclnvsnxutnnglngthyinnhtltrnsngB(cthtichogn50.000hav
xydngnhmythyintiThunNgha),sngngNaic
th ti 70.000ha hai bn sng ng Nai, 30.000ha t Long Khnh
nPhcTuyvxynhmythyinTrAn,sngSiGn
v sng La Ng c th ti cho 35.000ha thuc sng La Ng v
20.000hathuctnhBnhTuyc.

79

MinngNambccatngnhlthinngcacao
su,lvngtthchhpchonhiucycngnghipkcma,ca
cao,qu,thucl
2.5.7. Ti nguyn nc vng ng bng sng Cu Long
ngbngChuthsngCuLongcdintch36.000km2
(sovi15.000km2caChuthBcB)cgittlngbng
sng Cu Long l mt ng bng mnh mng biu th s tranh
chpangcntipdingiatlinvbinc.Chuthno
cnglconcamtconsngln,trongtrnghpcangbng
sngCuLong lsngCuLong.Sngbtnguntcaonguyn
TyTng(ccaosovimtncbin500m)quanhnmtuyt
phrichyquaTrungQuc,LovCampuchiavoNamb
ra bin trnmtthm lca htscrng ln.yl mt
trongnhngsngdi4220kmvobcnhtthgiivcnctn
khclsngMKng.
DosbipcaphsasngCuLongmtPhnmPnh
(thcancCampuchia)sngCuLongchialmhainhnhchy
xungngbngNamB.NhnhphaBcctnlTinGiang,
nhnhphaNamlHuGiang.
SngTinGiangnhnn2/3lulngcasngCuLongvc
lngsngsunnlconsngmangnhiuncvphsa.Ngang
VnhLongcchbin100km,snglichiarahainhnhtothnh
sngMThovsngCChin.SngMThongaysaulitchra
mtnhnhquantrngtothnhsngHmLung,rilitiptcchia
ranhnhBalai,sngCaTiuvsngCai.NhvysngTin
rabinqua6ca,tbcxungnamlcaTiu,cai,caBalai,
caHmLung,caCChinvcaCunghu(mtnhnhphca
sngCChin).
Sng Hu chy ra bin theo mt knh duy nht. Cch bin
75km, sng bt u chia ra lm hai ca l ca nh An v ca
Tranh,ngoiralcachnhBtXc.Lulngdngchythnglu

80

ca sng Cu Long rt ln (chng 34.000km 3/giy) trung bnh l

10.700m3/giy)vothng6nhtthng9nhngncsngTin
chlntt,trungbnhmingyvicentimetritrnvovng
trngliphsamumtrnrungla,bivmtphnncca
sngCuLongdnngckhong46tmtkhivobinH,
sngHunclcngkhnglncaovphahluvphnln
thotncquavngChucvLongXuynritheoccknhvsng
ravnhRchGi.
Ngunnccaccsngnyvomalcngkhngcnh
sngHngdohmlngphsanh(0,100kg/m3 vothng3,4v
0,300kg/m3vothng9-10).Tuyvytnglngphsacacccon
sngnyhplitonnmtconskhnglvokhong1.0001.400triutn/nm,nghalgpkhong7-8lntnglngphsa
sngHngvtnglngnctrungbnhnhiunmlnn475t
mtkhi.Phnlnkhilngncvphsanycvnchuynthng
rabinng.
Ncchatrongccknhrchcnglmtngunncln.Khng
aic th tng tng c rng knh rch min Ty c chiu di
tng cng 4900km (trong c 1575km) knh c lng rng 8 16m,cnlildi8m).Ccknhrchctxbmtchuth
thnhccrunglmchosgiaothngtrongminchyultrn
mtnc(ngthy).
taitrongvngchuthltphsa.tphsadosng
Tin,sngHuvccsngnhnhcachngbiplloittt
nht,dintchchng3.971.232ha.
tmnchimdintchkhong3190900haphnbcc
namCMauvttduynhiGCng,KinHa.Voma
ma,mnbratriimtphnnhngvomakhmnthng
theomaoqundnglnnmttlmchovictrngtrtb
nhhng.

81

ng ch l t phn chim din tch hn 1.100.000ha,

phnbngThpMivAnGiang.ylnhngvngttrng
thng b ngp nc lm cho st lng ng trong nc l c nhiu
sunfatvkhimitrngstymkhbbinithnhsunfa
st.Numcnchxungquthp,ccchtsunfuabxyha
chuynthnhsunfatstvaxitsunfuricnntcnhiuaxit.Axit
sunfurichpvisttorasunfataluminvdocnhiusunfatalumin
nngiltphn.
chngchivikhhnlmbcphnvbcmn,ncvnl
quantrng.NhngncsngTinvsngHutrongchnhmakh
cngkhcthmboticngmtlcnhngdintchrttoln,
nhtlkhincraphnvramnccoilncthiivchs
dngmtln.
Tinguynnccabyvngkinhtnctacquanhchtchn
khaithc,sdngtvccucsngconngi.Tuynhin,hngnmcn
gpnhiukhkhntrngidoboltvkhhndinbinnmngois
kimsotcaconngi.Nhngconngicthkhcphcctnhtrng
bngcccngtrnhthylithchng,vvychnhschvnc
baogicngcNhncchtrngnhiunhtncta.
Chng 3

Mt s vn v cht lng ca ngun nc

T 3000 nm trc cng nguyn, ngi Ai Cp bit dng h
thngtinctrngtrtvngynayngitakhmphthm
nhiukhnngcancmbosphttrincannvnminh
nhnloitrongtnglai:ncdngchosinhhot,yt,snxutin,
sdngtrongsnxutcngnghip,titrongnngnghipvgiao
thngvntithu...Hiubitvchtlngngunnclvncn
thittrongsdngt.
3.1. Chu trnh nc v c im ca ngun nc
3.1.1. Chu trnh nc

82

Chutrnhncngmtvaitrquantrngtrongchtlngnc.
Malmratrimtsvtchttrongtvcckhgatrong
khngkh.Ccvtchtcthlhpchthohchuchoc
vcnhaxtsunfuricvnitrit.Dngchydomatoratrnmt
tcthmangimtshpchthohcvchotantrongnc
vluthngtheodngchytonnnhngvngtcctnh
khcnhau. Vdnh vihotanvodng chy v to thnh
nhngvngnccng.Dngchytrongtnngnghipmangi
mtkhilngphsa,mtschtllngcathuctrsuavo
ncsng,sui,h,ao,vlantolnbmtt.Vsccchtho
hc,chtrnvnhngchtthikhctcckhucngnghipcng
nhhngnchtlngncvtptrungnhiutrongtngtmt.
Sthmlccadngchymtvotngngpnctrongt
(tngncngm)cnhhngrtrrtnchtlngncngmdo
cchpchtnitphtphobratrittvantngngp
ncgyrasbinikhcnhauvhohcvsinhhc.Vvy
mccsnphmdumvccchthohchuctnghpc
tmthytrongtngngpnc.Dngchytrongtnngnghip,
trongnhmyphtin,trongqutrnhlmnguicaccnh
mycngnghipvnhtlncthixlthnhph,khucng
nghipunhhngnchtlngncsng,suivnhhng
gintipnchtlngncngm.
Ncmtcnhiucn,vitrng,cvhmlngmuicao.
Ncngmtrong,tvitrng,nhitnnh,nhiumuikhong
vthngchmlngst,manganvccchtkhhotancao.
Chtlngnctrongthinnhincctrngbiccchtiu
hol,hohc,sinhhc.ychnhlccchtiuphnnhc
imchungvchtlngngunnc.
3.1.2. c im chung cht lng ngun nc
Chtlngncgnlinvimtngunncantonvschs.Ngitacthnhgichtlngquaccimchungsauy:

83

-cimholcangunnccnhgiquanhit,
hmlngcn(c),muvmiv.
+ Nhit khc nhau theo ma v cc loi nc ngun, ph
thucvokhngkhgiihnrng4400Cvthayitheo
sungunnc.Nhitcangunncngtthngthngbini
t0 350Cphthucvokhongcchtngchancngmvthi
giantrongnm,nhngtnginnht17270C.Nhitnc
hthngtthayi,sthayinhitnchthngcnc
vosthayitngtvkhongcchgiaccmatrongnm.
Nhitcxcnhbngnhitk.
+Hmlngcn:ngunncmtthngchamthmlngcn
nhtnh,lcchtst,ctdodngncxiramangtheo
vccchthucngungcngvt,thcvtvmcntho
tanvotrongnc.Cngmtngunncnhnghmlngcnukhc
nhautheoma:makhtvmamanhiu.Hmlngcncanc
ngmchyuldoctmn,stvigiihntia20-50mg/l.Hm
lng cn ca ngun nc sng, sui dao ng ln, c khi ln ti
300mg/l.
+muldoccchtgumid,cchpchtkeocast,nc
thicngnghiphaydosphttrinmnhmcarongtotrong
ccngunthinnhin tonn. mucxcnhbngphng
phpsosnhmutheothangPlatincobanvtnhbng.
+Musctrongnclmiquantmnchtlngnc.
Musccancchxuthinkhiccsinhvttrongncvtqu
tiuchunvthngltiuchunungmcdnccthan
ton tuyt i cho s dng vo mc ch cng cng. Mu sc
cngcthchotabitscmtcaccchthucnhtohoc
hpchtmn.Gnymusccsdngkhinhginh
lngvscmtcasphngiinhngchtnguyhimhoc
nhngchthucchitrongnc.

84

+Mivv:ngunncthinnhincnhiumivkhcnhau,
cthcvcaynh,vmn,chua,ckhihingt.Vcancc
thdoccchthotantrongnctonn,cnmicanccthdo
ngunnctnhintonnnhmibn,tst,visinhvt,phduc
dihayxcxcvtchtcngcthdongunnhntonh clo,
fnol,ncthisinhhot.
Mivvtrongncngmctoradohotngcavikhun
ymkhtrongtngngpnchocvngngpmnvthngcha
sunfuahydro (H2S) c mi trng thi. Ngoi ra hp cht st v
mangancnglnguynnhngyramikhchutrongncngm
dohotngcaconnginhvtbchtthihohc,chtthic
thgybnh,chtthicngnghiphockhaim.Mivvc
thxcnhbngcchngivnm.
-cimhohccangunnccnhgiquathnh
phnhohc.Thnhphnhohccancthinnhinmunmu
munv,thngctrngbiccchtiucbnsau.
+Cntonphn(mg/l)baogmnhngchtrnllnghu
cvvcdosthirathcvt,tovccchtrnthirat
khucngnghip,nngnghipctrongnc.Cntonphnc
xcnhbngcchunchobayhimtdungtchncngunnht
nhnhit105-1100Cchonkhitrnglngkhngi.
+cngcanc(mgdl/l),cngcancdohmlngcanxi
(Ca++)vmagi(Mg++)hotantrongnctonn.Ngitaphnloi
ba loi cng: cng cacbonat do cc mui canxi v magi
bicacbonattonn,cngkhngcacbonatdoccmuikhcca
canxivmagitonnnhccsunfatclorua,nitrattonn.Ncc
cngcaogittnxphng,hiquno,nuthcnluchnv
khngsdngcnihi.
+pHctrngbinngionH+trongnc(pH=-lg[H+])
nphnnhtnhchtcanclaxit,trungtnhhaykim.NupH

85

<7ncctnhaxit,pH=7lnctrungtnhvpH>7ncctnh
kim.
+kim(mgdl/l),ctrngbiccmuicaaxithucnh
bicacbonat,cacbonat,hydratvvyngitacngphnbit
kimtheotngicaccmui.
St,mangantntitrongncdidngFe2+ hayFe3+.Trongnc
ngmstthngdngFe2+ hotan,cntrongncmtndng
keohayhpcht.Ncngmnctathngchmlngstln.
Axitxilixic(mg/l)ctrongthinnhinnhiudngkhcnhau
(tkeonion).Trongncngmthnggpnngsiliccaokhi
6,5pH7,5gyrakhkhnchoxlst.
CchpchtcaNitnh HNO2,HNO3,NH3 ctrongncchng
tngunnccamoniaclngunncangbnhimbn,cnitrit
lminhimbn(thngthnglncthisinhhot).Ngunncc
amoniaclngunangbnhimbn,cnitratlncnhimbn
lu.Cchpchtkhcnh cloruavsunfat(mg/l)ctrongnc
thinnhinthngdidngccmuinatri,canxi,magie.Mangan
(mg/l)thngctrongncngmcngvistdngbicacbonatMn 2+.
It v Fluo (mg/l) c trong nc thin nhin thng c di dng ion,
chngcnhhngtisckhoconngivtrctipgybnh.Fluo
chophp1mg/lcniotl0,005-0,007mg/l.
CcchtkhhotannhO2,CO2khnglmchtlngncxui
nhngchngnmnkimloivphhubtngtrongcccngtrnh
dng.
cimsinhhccangunnccnhgibngchtiu
sinhhclvitrngvvikhun.
Chtiusinhhcnhgichtlngngunncbaogmccvi
trng,vikhungybnh,mtsloinm,to,ngvtnguyn
sinh,giunksinhhocbtkmtloingvtnomtrcht
lchunhhngtrctipcaconngivongvt.Khixcc
loinccngrnhrasnghslmchomtsloithcvttrongnc

86

phttrinmnh,nhngthcvtnychti,triquaqutrnh
phnhustorahydrosunfuagyramihithicngnhngsn
phmchikhc.Ncthisinhhot,ncmanicngivng
vtsinhsngcnhbislngvitrngvvikhuntrongmt
mililitncgilcolitit(haycolitiuchun).
Ccphdurongtotrongccngunncmtvnhtlccao
hthngdngllnghaybmvoyhlchtlngncngm
kmivkhxl.Sphttrinmnhmcatonuhayto
hocccloivikhunluhunhmutmlmchomusccanc
khngbnhthng.
3.2. Cc ngun gy nhim bn cht lng nc
Nhimbnngunnccnhnghanhlsgimchtlng
nctnhin.Nhimbnngunncsdntivicgimlngncs
dngcnthitvgyhiivisckhoconngivngvtv
cchochttntitrongnc.Phnlnccngunnhimbnxut
phttccngunncthiquavicsdngiviccmcch
khcnhau,trongngunchtthitth,cngnghip,nng
nghipvccnguynnhnhnhp.
Di y trnh by tm tt cc ngun gy nhim bn v
tnhhnhnhimbnlmsuygimchtlngngunnc.
3.2.1. Cc ngun gy nhim bn cht lng nc
Ngunnhimbnnhhngnchtlngncclinquanmt
thitvivicsdngnccaconngi.
-Ngunnhimbntth
+Dosdrcahthngcngthinc.
Thng thng h thng thi nc phi kn, nhng do cc hot
ngcaconnginhobi,ccvtnngtrnhthngthi
hoc xec i li, cc iu kin tnhin nh st lt, r cy
mvo...Lmchohthngncthibrnnthocvravnc
vathmvotvachytrntrnbmtt.Sdrcah
thngncthimangtheocchpchthuc,vc,ccvikhun

87

chivinngcaovngunnc.Ticckhucngnghip,vic
drsmangtheocckimloinngrtnguyhimnhAs,Cd,Cr,
Cu,Hgivongunncngm.
+Ngunnhimbndidnglng
Ngunncthiccvngthtsinhhot,cngnghip,cc
hotngkinhtxhivtdngchydomatora.Phnlncc
ngunncnycxlnhngmckhcnhautrckhithivo
ngunncmt.
Hinnayxuththincvotrongtangtnglnvvng
tnycsdngnh mtblctrckhialoi ncnytrli
vngtunhonchung.
+Chtthididngrn.
Chtthididngrnlmtnguynnhngynhimcho
ncmtvncngm.Thngthngncthibaogmccchtthi
rncthiramtt,ccvngtnynuccckhentth
phnccchtthi,cnbdidngrnstheoncthitchng
votvixungncngmlmgimchtlngnc.
+Ngunnhimbndocchotngcngnghip.
Nccsdngtrongcngnghiplmlnh,lmvsinh,
snxutvgiacngccsnphm.Trongqutrnhcrtnhiu
chtchi,ccchtcnbbthira.Ccloinycththtrc
tipbngdngchybmtracchthngsngsuivns
gynguyhimkhicnngchtchicao.
KtqunghincusngKimNgu,TLchvoncuisng
NhutngbasngTLchubnhimcvmiv,mu
sclnccchtiuvsinhdochaccchtthicngnghipv
sinhhotcaHNi.SngKimNguncbnhimbncaonht:BOD
l50190mg/l,NH+4l325mg/l,CODl90195mg/l,oxyho
tanthng<1mg/l,lngH2St711mg/lvcnllng50200
mg/l.Vvynccuingunccconsngkhngdngtirau.
Ngoirangunncnycngcthcthithngrat,cngc

88

thlcquaccbt(landfills)vtptrungvoccbs
dnglihoctrlitheodngchymtvthmxungncngm.
ccthcancangphttrinth95%ncthicxra
cnhnglncn.
Cngvisphttrincaocanncngnghipthgii,tnh
hnhnhimbnngunnctccncangphttrinangc
quantm.ThnhphVitTrhngnmrasngHngkhong
4trium3ncthicngnghip,ncthisinhhot2,8trium 3.Khu
vcgiyBiBngvsuperphotphatLmThaorasng100.000
m3/ngypH<4,0.HmlngccchthucnhNH4+,NO2-tng
caohn33,5ln.
Ti khu Gang thp Thi Nguyn nc thi c hm lng COD t
1.0325.553mg/l,vtqumcchophpt1035ln.Hmlng
Xyanuavtqutiuchun60ln.HmlngNtrongnc702,1734,1
mg/ltngng41,9kgN/ngy.Nh vytrongmtnmvi5triu
m3 tng ng 250 tn NaOH, 60 tn cc cht hu c, 250 tn
Amoniac,100tnmuiCanxi,60tnphotphat.
TithnhphHChMinh,BinHoncbnhimcmu
en.HmlngCODt596mg/lvBOD 5 l184,5mg/l.Hmlng
oxyhotanl0.NcsngSiGnclngoxygim,NH4+tng.Nc
sngngNaivsngMKngcpH<6,0cnvngtgicLong
Xuyn,ngThpncumamanhimphnnngpHcnidi
3,0ngoiramtvnquantrngcnglmchongunncb
nhimlvicxmnhpcancmn,cbitltimtsvng
chuthsngCuLongnhNinhHi,KinGiang.
-Ngunnhimbntnngnghip
Ngun nc ny c to ra do sn xut nng nghip v chn
nui.Ngoirabovmamng,hngnmmtlnglnthuc
dittrsubvcntrngcsdngngitchtccsinh
vtcch,ngthicngthiramtlngkhnglccchtc
hivotvnc.mtsimccbnhngAnh(HNi)b

89

nhimdodlngDDTchmc0,07mg/ldingngchophpsong
lilloithuccmsdng.
tngphcat,phnbnhohccngcsdng
nhiu.nhimncungdoNitrat(NO3-)tnngnghiplmtvn
nghimtrng.Nngnghiphinichng20nmqualm
cholngNO3-khuychtntrongtvgynhimncngycng
nhiu.
Vicphttrinchnnuivngunphnhucdochnnui
thirakhigptrimaschytrntrnmttgynhimbn
ngunncmt,ngthithmxungsunhhngcctngcha
ncngm.Ngoinhngctgyhithlngvikhun,vitrng
trongngunchtthinycngrtlnslmmmnggybnh
choccsinhvttrongvngbnhhng.
3.2.2. Qu trnh gy nhim cht lng nc
Thngthngthngunchtthivncbntptrungnhng
vnghocnhngimnhtnh.Songdohintngkhuychtn,
dochytrntrnmtt,thmxungncngm,dosphnhu
chthucslmchovngtnhhngphnhuchthu
c.Qutrnhnylmmrngsnhimchtlngnc.
3.2.2.1. Qu trnh ho hc
Khitrongttntimtlngionlnthddngktta
trongiukincnc.Phnnghohcxyragiaccionvimi
trngcnctrongiukincphnngthaythbmt.Ccion
caccnguynthotngmnhmy ccnguyntckh
nng hot ng yu hn to nn mt mng nc vng chc,
ngthicnglmthayitnhchtcat.
Chng hn, t cha nhiu hp cht Ca++, SO4--, nguyn t
canxi(Ca)dtantrongncnngcSO4-- hpvinctothnhaxit
sunfuric(H2SO4)vsaulikthpviCaCO 3(thcchtbnvi
citot)trthnhCaSO4.Nuthnhphntthuc

90

loikimthionCa++sthaythNa+tothnhtchaCa ++bn
vnghn.Phnngxyranhsau:
CaCO3+H2SO4=CaSO4+H2O+CO2
2(Na+t)+CaSO4=(Ca+t)+Na2SO4
Na2SO4dhotanvdchyi
CO2+H2O=H2CO3
CaCO3+H2CO3=Ca(HCO3)2
2(Na+t)+Ca(HCO3)2 =(Ca+t)+2NaHCO3 (ho
tan)
Docngungchnhthnhmuikhcnhaunntmang
theoccnguynthohckhcnhau,xongnhcphnngthay
thmxuthtothnhbmttvngbnhnlmthay
itnhchtcat.Cnhngphnngmangliphcho
t,nhngcngcnhngphnngphhutnhcchpchtkt
hpvisttothnhoxitstmtrongthctgilhintng
ongho.
3.2.2.2. Qu trnh vn chuyn v phn hu cc hp cht hu
c
Donhiuhotngkinhtvsinhhotmrtnhiucht
thididnghucbthivongunnc,dicciukinthun
liccvikhunvvisinhvthotngphnhucchpcht
huc.Cngviqutrnhphnhulqutrnhvnchuynlm
lanrngvngnhhngtrongt,lmnghimtrngthmtnhtrng
nhimngunnc.
Tutheosphnbcangunncthi,ccngunnhimbn
khcnhau(phthidngrn,caosu,giytha)mcnhng
dngphttrinkhcnhau.
+Dngnhimbnlanrngdongunnhimbnccungcp
thngxuyn,lulngncchyquatthayinhdngncthisinh
hotchyquamtbircthihayphthicanhmy

91

+Dngnhimbncthuhpdonngbngimdnbi
vlngchtthigimdntheothigianhocdomtloichtthi
khccavomkhnngphnhucaloichtthi
chmhnnnqutrnhnhimbnkhnglanrarngra.
+ Dng nhim bn bin i lin tc do nng cht thi
thayilintctheothigiandolulngchtthithayi,chng
loichtthicngadngvccctnhkhhuthititcng
binitheothigian.
+Dngnhimbnmangtnhchtccb,khngthngxuyn
donngnhhngtngtgimxungdonguncungcpc
hn.
3.3. Cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng nc
Chtlngnccnhgituthucvomcchsdng,
yucuihivchtlngnccaccngnhkhcnhaunh:nc
ung,ncdngtrongcngnghipchoviclmsch,snxut,v
tinh ch snphm,ncdng cho nngnghip, lmnghip, thu
sn,dngtrongcchotngvuichigiitr
Vicnhgichtlngncthngquaccchtiunhgi
chtlng.
Ccchtiunyphthucvoloichtgynhim,trnh
pht trin kinh t, k thut ca mi khu vc, mi nc v cc
ngnhdngnckhcnhau.
3.3.1. Ch tiu cht lng nc ung
i hi v cht lng nc ung rt cao, chng hn nc ung
khngccmu,miv,khngcvikhun.Trongncungnht
thitphiloibhochnmcthpnhtcchochtchi
nh:Pb,Hg,CdchtiuchtlngncungdotchcYtthgii
(WHO)ravithnhphnhohcnhsau:
Bng 3.1. Ch tiu cht lng nc ung ca WHO
Cc c trng

Gii hn c
tha nhn

92

Gii hn cho
php (mg/l)

(mg/l)
Tng s cht ho
500
1500
tan
cc
5,00
25,00
Cl
200
600
2+
Fe
0,30
1,00
Mn
0,10
0,50
Cu
1,00
1,50
Zn
5,00
15,00
Ca
75,00
200
Mg
50,00
150
Sunfat mangan,
500
100
Natri
NO345
Phenol
0,001
0,002
pH
7,08,0
min6,5max9,2
3.3.2. Ch tiu cht lng nc dng trong cng nghip
Tutheoyucusdngnctrongcngnghipmyucuv
chtlngnccngkhcnhau.Ncdnglmlnhtrongccnh
mynhitin,snxut,st,thpthchtlngnckhngcn
qucao,songncdngtrongccnihinulngcanxiqucaoth
sdntihintnglngcnlmchonhitcnthitunsingy
cngyucucaohn,nhanhchngphhunihi;hocncdng
trongsnxutsi,snxutcchochtthliihiphic
tinhkhitcao
Cnhngngnhcngnghip,nccdngnh mttcnhn
hotng,chnghnthuinthyucuchtlngnclikhng
cao.
Yucudngnccaccngnhcngnghiprtln,chonntrc
khisdngnccnphicxltnchtlngcnthit.
Diylchtlngdngnccamtsngnhcngnghip
Bng 3.2. Cht lng dng nc ca mt s ngnh cng nghip
Ngnh cng
nghip

c
(mg/
l)

Fe++
(pp
m)

Mg,
Mn
(mg/l
)

Tng
s
mui
(ppm)

93

cng
CaCO3
(ppm)

Kim H2S
CaCO (mg/
l)
3
(ppm
)

p
H

Lmlnh
Nihip
sut0-10
kg/cm2
Nihi
P=1017kg/cm2
NihiP=
17-27kg/cm2
Rutrngct

10
20

0,5
-

0,5
-

5003
00

80

1,0
5,0

8,
0

10

5002
500

40

Thp

3,0

8,
4

10

10

0,1

0,1

2575
-

751
50
-

0,2

0,2
0,2

1001
500
5001
000
100

0,2
0,02
0,10
0,50
0,25

200
300
200

100
180
-

9,
0
7,
0
7,
0
-

nghp
10
0,2
Bnhmt
0,2
ko
Bng
0,2
Nha
0,02
Giy
0,20
Lend
1,00
Tnhn
0,25
to,si
3.3.3. Ch tiu cht lng

1,0
0,2

nc dng nng nghip

Sdngncnngnghipchyudngvomcchti,chc
mtphnnhthmvotvtrlingunnc,cnphnlnlb
tiuthhnchocytrng.Chtlngncticnphiobocc
chtiusauy:tngsccchthotantrongnc,tsgia
Na+ vicciondngkhc,nngccnguyntcbit,
cngcanc(mg/l)cciondtha.
3.4. Cc tiu chun nh gi cht lng nc
Vicnhgichtlngncthngquatiuchunnhgichtlng.Tiuchunnhgichtlnglccchtiunhlngcacc
chthuc,vcchophptntitrongncngviccyucus
dngnckhcnhau.Sauylmtstiuchunnhgi.
3.4.1. cng
cngcangunnctrnccsngsui(biuthbngmg/l
CaCO3)cxploibinngt11000mg/lCaCO3vphbin
nhtlt4774mg/lCaCO3.cngbiuthlngcationaho

94

trctrongngunncvionCa2+vMg2+lnhngthnhphnc
bncacng.
Tng cng c biu th bng ppm ca CaCO 3 (1ppm =
1mg/1000lt)vitngionCa ++ vMg++ tnhbngmilinglng
(mg/l)theocngthctngqutsau:
TC(ppm)=(Ca+++Mg++)x50
Nccngkhngccacbonate(noncacbonate)lNCOtnhbng
ppml :
NCO(ppm)=(Ca+Mg)(CO3+HCO3)x50
KhiNCO<0thtatnhtonNCO=0
cnglthngschthtrongnngnghip,nhgikh
nngkttacacacbonatecanxitrongnclnhhayncsigycn
trphnngtoxphngvthucnhumtrongtyracacng
nghipdtvccchtchuynmutrongiontrngphim.
KhitrongnccCa+MgvHCO3chimuthhnsoviCa+
Mg+SO4+ClhocchimuthhnNa+K+SO4+Clthgil
nckimmi.
Khicciondng(Na,Kvionm(SO4,Cl,CO3)khngvtqu
50%soviCa+Mg+HCO3thgilnctrungtnh.
Khi trong nc giu Na + K v HCO3 + CO3 gi l nc c
kim.
Khitngcng kimthcngcancxemldo
CO3tora
Khi tng cng kim th cng carbonate
(carbonatehardness)bngkim.
NCO=tngcng-kim
Vvycngcsdngphnloinctmmn
rtcng.
TheobngphnloiccachtHoaKchscngc
phnchianhsau:

95

Bng 3.3. Bng phn loi ch s cng ca cc a

cht Hoa K
Loi nc

cng

Ghi ch

(mg/l)
055

khng cn phi lm

Nchicng
56 100
Nc cng trung 101200

mm
i hi phi lm

bnh

mm

Ncmm

201500

Ncnacng
3.4.2. Tng s cc cht ho tan trong nc
Ngunncbinmn(hocngunncbnhhngcamn)
baogicngcmnnhtnh.
Thutngmndngylchtngsccchtho
tancaccionvcnh Na+,K+,Mg++,HCO-3 SO42-,Cl-,trongnc
mtvncngm.Tngsccchthotannitrnbaogmcc
cationvaniontrongmtnvthtchnccbiuthtrnc
snglnghohc(milimol/l)haytrncskhilng(mg/l).
Tngsccchthotanmcbiuthbngtngscc
cationvanionnitrntheomilimol/lhaymg/lcgiltngs
ccchthotantrongnc,vitttlTDS.
TDS(ppm)=[nngcaccion(ppm)]+[nngion
HCO3(ppm)].0,49
TrongncthTDSnitrnlunlunchaccionnnlunlun
dnin,vvyclinquanndnin(EC)cadung
dchtvECcbiuthbngnvdeciSiemen/m(ds/m).
MitngquangnnggiaECvTDSl:
Ids/m=10m.mol/l=700mg/l
Qutrnhchuyniccgitrtrncthchintheocc
cngthcdiy.
TDS(mg/l)=EC(ds/m)x640
TDS(ppm)=EC(m.mol/l)x640
TDS(ppm)=EC(mhos/cm)x0,64

96

EC(mhos/cm)=iondng(meg/l)x100
EC(mhos/cm)=ionm(meg/l)x100
1(mhos/cm)=103(m.mhos/cm)=106(mhos/cm)

Nngmui(mg/l)

Milinglng(meg/l)=

nglng

Nngmui(ppm)

Milinglng(meg/l)=
nglng
Milinglng(meg/l)=10EC(m.mol/l)
Nngion(mol/l) =EC(ds/m)x0,0127

Gitrnglngcamtsionchyunhsau :
Bng 3.4. Gi tr ng lng ca mt s ion ch yu
Nguynt
Iondng(+)
Ca
Mg
Na
K
Ionm(-)
CO3
HCO3SO42ClNO3F-

Trnglng
nguynt
40,08
24,32
23,00
39,00
60,01
61,02
96,06
35,46
62,01
19,00

97

Hotr
+
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1

nglng
20,04
12,16
23,00
39,00
30,00
61,02
48,03
35,46
62,01
19,00

Khinngmuitnglnthsgykhkhnchocyht
dinhdngtrongtvtrongnc.Diiukinpsutthmlc
(thmsaukhitbohonc)t1,52(atm)thcytrngkhng
cnkhnngphttrinna.Quanhgiagiapsutthmlc
vnngmuinhsau :
P=iRTC
Trong:
p:psutthmlc(atm)
I:hsvonthof
R:hngs
T:nhit(tnhtheonhittuyti)
C:nngmui(mol/l)
Miquanhgiapsutthmlc(p)vdnin(EC)c
biuth :
psutthmlcP(atm)=0,00036xEC(mhos/cm)
Atm=0,36xEC(m.mol/l)
psutthm lc(P) ca mtloimuitrong dung dcht.
NaCl(1%)gitri=2;C=1g/l=1/58,5mol/l,tchsRT=22,4th:
p

2.22,4
0,76atm hay EC 2,1m.mo // l 2111,1mhos / cm
58,5

Na2 SO4 1% i 3

CaCl2 1% 3
CaSO4 1% i 2

3.22,4
0,47 atm
142

3.22,4
0,605atm
111

2.22,4
0,329atm
136

(mcchicamuikhongtnglnkhinhittng)
Trongtmn,dnin(EC)cxemlchtiuchun
onchtlngncttnhtvtrongtthcytrngphnngtrchtvitngnngcamui(TDS)chkhngphilvinng
ringrcaccmui.Vvyvngtmnhaichtiuc

98

quantmutinlTDS,ECcadungdchtvthng
dngECbiuthmncat.
vngduynhi,ngunncmtcthbmnhodonhhngcathutriubin.Khithutriulnchuynvovngduyn
hithncbinitheodngtriuvknhtiuvotlin.Vic
chyngcdngnycancbinlmthayimtcchc
nghachtlngccdngchychutcngcathutriuv
knhtiuvnchuynncxuthintrongthikkhhn.
Ngoira,cmtsthayicangunncmtquantrng
khclvicdnglingunnctiutirungkhinguncungcp
ncticchtlngttbhnch.Mcdmncangunnc
tiunycththayinhngthngvncaohnmnca
ngunnctinguynthuthngthng.
3.4.3. T l gia ion Na+ vi cc ion dng khc c trong nc
Trongsccionhotantrongnc(Na+,K+,Ca++,Mg++ )th
Na+ctcdngmnhnhtntaivcytrng.IonNa +c
khnngtraoimnhvicciontrongkeot,lmthayicu
trct.HmlngNa+caoslmthayitnhchtvtl,hohc
cat,gythoihotnhhngnsinhtrngvphttrin
cacytrng.
Nunngccmuitrongcaodnnshnhthnht
mn,ngclinunngNa+caodnntkim.
Cc pht trin t ca M (USDA, United State Development
Agency)nhnghatkimltcpH 8,5vimcbo
hoNa+>15%.tkimccutrckm,dhobn,khngthong
khvmcbohoNa +caolnguynnhncahintngthiu
canxi.XcnhhmlngNa+ trongncbngtrshpthnatri
(SAR).

99

SAR

Na
Ca

Mg
2

( meg / l )

Na %

Na K
100
Ca Mg Na K

(nngcattcccnguyntctnhbngmeg/l)
TheoSalinity(FAON047)trnthgiidongunnctikhng
didonnkhiSAR<8meg/lthnccthsdngtichohuht
ccloit,nhngkhiSAR>20meg/lchticchotc
thmncttnht.
MtkhckhisdngchsSARnhgichtlngngun
nctivotcnphixtncytrng.Dotaiuctrng
nhiuloicykhcnhauvchngnhycmviNa + cngrtkhc
nhaunnngitachialm3nhmcytrng.
NhmcynhycmNa+cngnggiihnNa+ thp,nghal
khidngnctichmlngNa+ vtqungngchophpsgyhi
cho cy trng, gy cht cy, gim nng sut. Tuy nhin theo
Rhoades(FAOpaperN0471982)ngnghpthNa+cquanh
thunvikhnngthmnct,nhngngngNa+ chgimn
mcECtkhongds/m(xems),cnvngtkhngckh
nngthmncskhngctcdngaNa+xungtngsu.Nhm
cynyclc,utng,bng,ng,u,cam,qut,o,nho,
qub.
NhmcychungtrungbnhNa+,nghalvngven
binkhidngncltivotbaogicngkmbinphpthau
chuaramnchola.Nhmcynybaogm:crt,raudip,
ma,hnh,cci,la,lam.
Nhmcychumnthchcncungcpynctiv
cthdngnclti.Nhmcynygmc:ci,bng,ccing,lamch.
3.4.4. Nng ca cc nguyn t c bit
Ccnguyntcbitnh selenium(Se),molyldenum(Mo),
Fluoride(Ft)vBothccloithcvtcthchucnhnglirt

100

chivingvt.Ccnguyntnh Brm(Br),Lithium(Li),th
ngclivithcvt.
TrongncngmlngBrgiuhntrongncmtvihmlng>
0,5ppm.Brmchiivicam,qut,cycduvcccyn
ququ.Nhngngcc,bngthcthchungcmtcch
bnhthngviBr,trongkhiclinhlng,ccing,mngty
thphttrinbnhthngviBr=12(ppm).Brmctrongnhiu
loixphngvntrthnhnhntchikhisdngncti.
3.4.5. Lng ccbon tha (RC)
Khi trong t c tng lng carbonat v bicarbonat ln hn
tnglngcanxivmgithschintngkttagiaionsau
trongt.lhintngthacanxi.
RC=(CO32-+HCO3+)(Ca+++Mg++)(meg/l)
3.4.6. Gi tr pH
LogaritsmcanngionhydrocgilpH
pH=-log[H+]
DungdchtvipH<7lmitrngaxit(chua),pH>7l
mitrngkimvpH=7lmitrngtrungtnh,nctnhinc
pHthayit68.
phnloincti,ngitadavonngNa+btlivEC
nhmtchsbiuthmcmncamuikthpviSARnhu
bngsau.
Bng 3.5. Ch tiu phn loi nc ti ca USDA
Loi nc
Tinh
khit
Tt
Trung
bnh
Xu
Rtxu

Mc
mui Ec
(mhos/cm)
<250

Nng
(meg/l)
<0,25

250750
2502250

0,257,50 1825
7,522,50 1826

22504000
>4000

22,540,0 >26
>40

101

kim
SAR
(meg/l)
1018

RC
(meg/l)
<1,25
1,252,50
>2,50

(phngthnghimmncaUSDA)
3.5. Bo v v chng nhim cht lng ngun nc
Ncccknhycmivisthayicamitrngtnhin
vclinquannhotngkinhtxhicaconngi.
Trongtnhhnh,vnbomnhucuncchopht
trinkinhtxhitrthnhmctiuphnubovti
nguynnc.Tinguynnclloitinguyncgiihn,khngphil
tinguynvtn,khngcnlthcatrichomcscsdng,
tuynhinlituthucvonhucuthctinmihivthnh
phnvchtlngngunncchoccitngsdng.Vnnc
schcancchcnghatngi,ringncdngchongictchcytthgii(WHO)xclptiuchunncdngchon
ungv10nmtrcy(WHO)lpmtchngtrnhvichiph
lnti600tUSD.
Trnquymthgii,vnquyhochnctrartcp
thitvinidunglnl.
-mboslngchonhucu
-Khaithcngunncmi.
-Chngtchi,chngnhimbnngunnc
Nh vylhnglotbinphpphitra:dtrnc,iu
hodngchy,phngchnglt,hnhn,bovmitrngnc
phicnhngbinphplnnhtohchanc,unnndngsng,
lcncbinlyncngt.cbitquantrnglbovmitrngnctrongiukinphttrinnngnghipvcngnghipho.
3.5.1. Bo v lp ph thc vt trn b mt
Trongnhngvngckhhukhhn,songsongvisgiatng
dnssngbngnghnngnghipvchnnuithnhngv
chyrngcngvicanhtckhnghplvchnthqumctiu
ditlpthcvtbovlmchotbratrivvnchuyni
mtkhilngchtdinhdngbincl,saulcnkitngunnc,
xinlychcasngNinlmvd.

102

SngNin(AiCp)lmttrongnhngconsngdinhtth
gii(6998km),lnguncungcpncngtduynhtcaAiCpv
Xung.Nhngnm60,sngNinxanhmangngunti54tm 3khi
nc/nmvosngNiletrngngbasng.Nm1986ngunnc
nygimxungcn48tm 3,nguynnhnldonnphrngu
ngunngycnglanrngvviclyncchosnxutnngnghip
haibnbsngAiCpvXungngycngnhiu.
3.5.2. Xy dng cc h cha nc
Nhiu ti liu cho thy con ngi xy dng c khong
1400hchancvitngkhilng4100km3,ringLinXc150h
vitrlngtrn200km3.Vicxydngcchpnychnhls
iuchnhdngchysng,sui.Nhcchchanynhngdao
ngtheomacadngchysngsuicgimimtphn,
toiukinthunlichocngcucxydngvkhaithcnhng
cngtrnhthlunhlmthomnnhucuinnng,iu
chnhlvcungcpngunnctichongrung.Theotnhton
caLvovits,vicxydngcchchancctcdnglmtng
khi lng dng chy n nh ca sng sui ln 1850 km 3/nm
(>15%).CcsliucaKlige,mcncidngthgii t1900
n1964dngcao95mmnukhngchthnghchanc
thmcncidngdnglntnht107mm.
Tuyvykhngthkhngknmtchicacchcha:
-Victohchalmthayicbnchthuvnsng
suisangthuvnhtgybilplngh,stlbhtheo
tnhtontihTTrchcatnhThaThinHuviquymdung
tch610trium3thlngbnctvccchtlngngtronglng
hlkhong618.800m3.
-Thayihsinhthicnsanghsinhthinc,lmmtmt
sloingvthoclmchngphidichuynrakhilngh,to

103

mi trng thun li cho cc loi dch bnh, nht l cc bnh lin

quannmitrngnc.
-Khitchncvoaoh,chtlngncsthayidosphn
huccchthucthmphlnghtrckhingpvccchthu
ctbmtluvcthngluavtheodngchytrongmama.
-Nukhuvchchacsdngchonghngivdulch
thvnchtthicadukhchvcccsdchvsgy
nhimmitrng.
-vnghlumcnhimmitrngt,nc,khngkh
cthtngthmdovicsdngccloiphnhohc,thuctr
sukhidintchtivhssdngttng.
3.5.3. X l keo t
Keotlqutrnhtohtcaccchtllngdngkeovht
llngctrongncdolcdnhktlnnhauditcdngcalcht
phnt.Ktqucatrnhkeotlhnhthnhlnnhnghtm
mtthngcththycvcthtchrakhithnc.
Ngoiratrongncmtccctpchtdnghuynphhay
ccchtkeokhnglngclhbnvngdolcythnglc
ht.Phntmtngoicantipxcmitrngncckhnng
phnlythnhhailpionmangintchtridu.Mcphnly
phthucvopHcanc.NgunncthngcpH=6,57,5
thcchtllngvkeomangintchmrtbinvng.Nhng
mtkhccchtnyckhnnghpthuccionH +,Na+,K+,Ca++,
Mg++ ctrongnc,nhtlFe3+,Al3+ lmgimbnvngca
chngrtnhiu.
Thchinqutrnhkeotbngcchchophnvomttrong
haidngchyvobphnnghocchophnngtqung.
Ccloiphnthngdngl:Al2(SO4)3,FeSO4,FeCl3vkhiphn
voncthphnngxyranhsau:
Al2(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4
FeSO4+2H2O=Fe(OH)2+2H2SO4

104

4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)3
3.5.4. Lc nc
Lcnclgiaionktthccaqutrnhlmtrongncvcthchintrongccblc.Thngsdng2loiblc.
-Blcctclcncrtchm(khong0,10,3m3/h)b
lcnycuimlnctronghn,12thngramtln.
Nguyntchotngcabnyl:khinciquakheh
giacchtct,cchtcntrongncsnmligiacckheh
vtonnmtlpmnglc.Lpmnglcnyctcdnggilicc
htcnnh,ccvitrngnnncclcsch.
-Blcnhanhctclcrtnhanh(610m 3/h).Ccht
cncgilinhlcdnhcanvicchtct.Dotclc
nhanhnnbnyc kchthcnh,dintchchim tt,gi
thnhxydngr,hngngyphibmncrab1-2ln.
Dblcchmhaylcnhanhucnhimvgilicchtcn
nhvmtsvikhuncnlisaukhiquablng.
3.5.5. Kh trng nc
Saukhiiquablnghocblcth90%vitrngtrongnc
cgilivtiudit,tuynhinmboantonvsinh
ngitaphitiptckhtrngchonkhitgiihnchophp
(nhhn20conclitrong1ltnc).
Phngphpkhtrngthngdngnhtlcloruahatclcho
clohihoccloruavi(2530%Cl)voncdidngdungdch
khtrng.Phnngxyranhsau:
2CaOCl2Ca(OCl2)+CaCl2(tphnhu)
Ca(OCl2) + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + HOCl ( CO2 c sn
trongnc)
HOClHCl+O2
Oxy t do s oxy ho cc cht hu c v tiu dit vi trng.
Ngoirangitacndngphngphpkhtrngncbngzn(O3)
vonc,mtnguynttchravthchinqutrnhdittrng.

105

3.5.6. Kh st trong nc
Nutrongngunncchmlngstqucaothphitin
hnhkhstngiihnchophp.Vickhstthngchp
dngchongunncngmvnchmlngstln,cnncmtlngstt,hnnanckhtrngtronggianonkttann
khngcnxydngcccngtrnhringbitkhstchonc
mt.
SttrongncngmthngdngFe(OH)2.Munkhstngi
tachonctipxcvikhngkhoxyhosthotrhai(Fe ++)
thnhsthotrba(Fe3+),phnngdinranhsau:
4Fe(OH)2+2H2O+O24Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH)3 chnhlkttamncgiliblngvb
lc.QutrnhkhstphthucvopHcanc,khipH=7
7,5thvicoxyhovtokttathunli.
3.5.7. X l nc thi
Mttrongnhngviclmutinbovchtlngncl
loibnhngthnhphngynhimctrongncthitrckhix
rasngh.Cngvicgilxlncthi.
Ncthilmtthphthngphctpccthnhphnvt
chtcancthi.
Ncthilmtthphthngphctpccthnhphnvt
chtcancthicngnghip,ncthith,ncthinngnghip
vncthisinhhot.Trongvtchtnhimbnthucngungc
vcvhuctntididngkhnghotan,dngkeovdng
hotan.Tuynhinctnhchthotngcaccthmcc
chtnhimbnctrongncthithayitheothigiantrongnm,
trongthng,trongngyTheonhiutiliuncngoithtrongcc
thnh phcng nghip phttrin, khi lng nc thicng nghip
chimkhong3035%tnglulngncthith,cnncthi
sinhhotlkhngthayivkhitnhtoncngtrnhlmschncthithngitadavoccchtnhimbncancthisinh

106

hot,iunycnghalchtnhimbncngnghipcoinhc
gilicngtrnhxlccbvimcchmbotnhan
toncahthngdnncvxlncthith.
Mc nhim bn ca nc thi bi cht hu c c th xc
nhtheolngoxycnthitoxyhovtcht hucditc
dngcavisinhvthiukh.Lngoxygilnhucuoxycho
qutrnhsinhho;vitttlBODcnvmg/l,g/m 3.
DolngBODkhngctrngyslngvtchthucc
chatrongncthivmtphnvtchthuctnkhngchu
oxyhabngvisinhvt,mtphnkhclidngtngsinhkhi.
Chonnxcnhylngoxychoqutrnhoxyhovt
chthucngitasdngphngphpoxyhoidathaybiromat.
Lngoxydngtrongqatrnhnygilnhucuoxychoqutrnh
oxybnghohc,vitttlCODcnvlmg/l,g/m 3.Thng
thnglngBODbngkhong80%COD.
Tnhchtcancthicxcnhbngphntchhohc
ccthnhphnnhimbn,vicgpnhiukhkhnnnngi
tathngchxcnhmtschtiuctrngnhtvchtlng
vsdngnxydngcccngtrnhxlncthi:hmlng
vtchtllng,nhucuoxytrongqutrnhsinhho,vikhunv
visinhvt
-nhgimcnhimbnncthidovikhun
Nhtrnhbytrn,trongncthichaccvtchtnhim
bnhucvvc,xlncthilmgimnngccvtcht
hucgynhimvotvnc.phngiiccvtchthu
cnyphinhnvaitrphngiicamtsvikhunc
bit.Sphngiivtchthucdoccvikhuncbit
phiqua qutrnh oxyhonit trong vtchthu c .Qu
trnhoxyhonittrongvtchthucdovikhuncbit
mnhimgilqutrnhnitrho.
Qutrnhnitrhophiqua2giaionsau:

107

Oxyhanitvoxyhonitcamuiamn
Ditcngcanhmvikhuncbit,muiamncoxy
hotrthnhmuiaxitnitrit(R_NO 2)sauthnhmuiaxit
nitrat(R_NO3).Qutrnhoxyhonitgilqutrnhnitrho.
Ngitachngminhcrngqutrnhnitrhoxyravitc
ngringbitcavisinhvtqua2giaion:
Trchtlvikhunnitrzanitrosomnasoxyhoamoniac
tothnhaxitnitrit.
2NH3+3O2=2HNO2+2H2O+Q
Sauvikhunnitrobacteroxyhomuinitritthnhmuica
axitnitrat.
2HNO2+O2=2HNO3+Q
Ncthichmlngnitmuiamncngcaothcngbn.
Viccphnngxyratrnythnitritvnitratchcthxut
hinsaukhilmschncthitrongcccngtrnhoxyhosinhho.
Bngthcnghimngitachngminhcrnglngoxytiuth
choqutrnhoxyho1mgnitmuiamngiaiontonitritl
3,43gO2cngiaiontonitratl4,57gO 2.Qutrnhnitrho
cnghaquantrngtrongkthutxlncthi.
nhgimcnhimbnncthisauxldoccvi
khunnguitanhgiquamtloitrckhunngruthnh
a,cbitlvikhuncoitrongnvthtchnc.Clic
coilmtvikhunvhisngtrongrutngi,ngvt.Trongthc
tchaiilngnhgi:trsColivchunColivemso
snhvitiuchunchophp.
TrsColilidngxcnhslngtrckhunng
ruttrongmtltncthi.Chuncolilthtchncnhnht
tnh bng mililt c cha trc khun hnh a, nh vy nu ni
chuncolibng400tcltrong400mlncthicchamt
coli.

108

Mcnhimbnbngvikhunphthucvotnhhnh
vsinhdncvnhtlccbnhvin.ivithibnhvintrong
nhiutrnghpphixlccbtrckhixvohthngthotnc
hocxvongunnc.
-nhgimcnhimbnvtchtllngtchngvo
tphigiiquytccvnsau:
+Nguyntcxncthivongun.
Thngthngthngunncchcthticmtlngncthi
vinngnhimbnnothi.Qumcngunncmttc
dngsdngvcthnguycgynhim.mbovsinh
mitrngvkhaithcngtinguyncangunncngitanh
ranguyntcxncthivongunnc,trongphnrabaloi
ngunnc.
-Ngunncdngcungcpncsinhhotchothnhphv
snxutcngnghipthcphm.
-Ngunncdngcungcpncchoxnghipcngnghip,
dngnuic,nghngi,tmgit.
-Ngunncmangtnhchttrangtrkinthchaydng
nuic,tirung.
Mcchanccaccngunncphthucvoln,mc
cnthitlmschvvonhiuyutkhc(bng3.6)
Bng 3.6. Cc nh mc cha nc ca mt ngun nc.
Ngun nc
Cht nhim
bn
1.Vtllng

2.Mivv

Loi

Loi

Loi

Saukhixncthivongunncvxotrnk,
nngccchtllngcanchnhpchophp
tnglnsovingunkhngqu:
0,25mg/l
0,75mg/l
1,5mg/l
Saukhixncthivongunxotrnkthhn
hpncthivngunncphikhngcmiv.

109

Oxyhotantrongnchnhpxotrnkkhngt
hn4mg/l
Saukhixvxotrnkncthivncngunth
4.Nhucuoxy
nhucuoxychoqutrnhsinhhohontonca
choqutrnh
ncthi+ngunnckhngvtqu:
sinhho
khngquy
3mg/l
6mg/l
nh
5.Phnng
Nc thi x vo ngun khng c lm thay i
phnngcanctrongngun:5pH8,5
Hnhpncthixvongunncvngunncsau
khixotrnkphikhngmukhinhnquact
6.Musc
nc:
20cm
10cm
5cm
7.Vitrnggy Cmxvongunncnhngloincthichavi
bnh
trnggybnh
8.Chtc
Ncthixvongunnckhngmangtnhcht
hi
chi
3.Oxyhotan

+Mclmschvtchtllngtrongchtthi.
Ncthitrckhixvonguncnphilmschmbo
yucucaquichbovngunncmt,mboyucuv
sinhvccmctiukinhtkthutkhc.Vicxcnhngmc
lmschphhpvitiuchunvyucuvsinhsgimc
kinhphxydngcngtrnhvcthdngngayngunncny
choccmcchkhcnhau.
Vicxydnghthngthotncthngtinhnhtheotng
t,slngncthixvongun(hcha)cngtnglndndn.
Bivymclmschncthimithikhocvimcch
sdngkhcnhaucngcthkhcnhau.cthtnhtonc
mclmschcnphibitccsliuvngunnc,lulngcn
bngoxymclmsch,theonguyntcphixtycc
yutvxcnhccchtiunhhmlngcn,lngoxyhotan,
BOD,pH,musc,mivychxtnvtchtllngs
tchluvot.

110

Vicxcnhmccnthitlmschncthitheovt
chtllngdavohmlngchophpcavtchtllngtrong
ncthixvonguntphngtrnhsau:
QC ng qC 2 (Q q)(C ng P)

Trong:
:hsxotrngiancthivngun

Q:lulngncngun(m3/h)
C ng

:hmlngvtchtllngcancngun(g/m3)

q:lulngncthi(m3/h)
C2 :hmlngvtchtllngchophptngsaukhixvo
ngun(g/m3)
p:hmlngvtchtllngchophptngthmcancngun
saukhixotrnkvincthi(g/m3)
suyra:
mccnthitlmschvtchtllngl:
Eo(%)

C1 C 2
100
C1

TrongC1:hmlngvtchtllngbanucancthi
(g/m3)
-nhgimcnhimbntheoyucuoxysinhhc(BOD).
TrongncthihmlngBODcnglnchngtnhucucung
cpoxylmschncthicnglnhaylncthibnhimbn
cngcao.
Viclmschhontonccchthucbngvisinhvtthng ko di khong 20 ngy tng ng vi nhit ca nc thi
200C,trong5ngyulmschnhanhnht,hiuqulmsch
t6870%.Dongitathngxcnhnhucuoxyhocho
20ngy,5ngyvkhiulBOD 5,BOD20.
BOD ca nc thisinh hot c th xc nh theo cng thc
sau:

111

BOD20=

a.1000
mg / l
q

Trong:
a:lngBOD20 tnhbnggamchomtngingym(bnh
qunl40g)
q:tiuchunlngthi(l/ngi/ngym)
XcnhmccnthitlmschtheoBOD.
Xtscnbngvnhucuoxyhochoqutrnhsinhho
cahnhpncthivincnguntithiimtnhtoncbiu
dindavophngtrnh.

q.L2 .10 kt 1 QLng .10

k ,t

(q Q) Lth

Trong:
q:lulngncthi( m 3 /h)
L2:lngBODcancthicphpxvongun(mg/l)
K1vK1:hngstiuthoxycancthivncngun
t:thigianxotrnncthivincngun(ktthiimbt
uxtithiimtnhton)
t

Lds
Vng

(Lds: chiu di dng sng; Vng: tc nc

ngun)
Cnhngticchiaralmnhiu,michialmnhiu
lung hoc khonh t c ngn cch bi cc mng, knh, rnh
(giacccbili).Victicycthchongplung,ttnc
rnhlntichocytrng.Trongcnhngtikhngtrngccloi
raunsng,cmtvitdtrvidintchchimkhong
25%hocccchchancphngkhimatohockhithu
hochtiuncra.
Cnhngtivbilccthxlchomivngkhhu,cho
miloitvimcncngmcchmtttrn1,5mt.

112

+Hsinhhchsinhhclhchanckhngsulm
lmschsinhhcdavoqutrnhtlmschcah.Phngphp
xlthchhpnhngnikhhunhitcao.
Davoctnhtntivtunhoncaccvisinhvtv
cchlmschngitaphnrabaloih.
HKkhlngvphnhuccchtbnnhccsinh
vtkkh.Scchatiuchuncahcth350800kg/ha/ngy
mcthlmsch5070%tnhtheoBOD,chiusuh2,4
3,8m.Loihnythngdnglmnccngnghipcnhim
bnln,phitcchxanhvxnghipthcphm1,52km.
HHiuKkh,trongthctthngsdnglmschnc
thisinhhot,scchatheotiuchunlthuytl250kg/hangy
mtnhtheoBOD.Tronghxyra2qutrnhsongsong.Oxy
hovtchtnhimbnhucnhccvisinhvthiukhvs
phnhumtancccnlngng.
Cngnhhhiukh,ncthitrckhiavohphiclm
schsbtBODkhong200mg/l.xycnthitchoqa
trnhoxyhalkhuychtntkhquynvmtphndoqu
trnhquanghpcaccloithcvttrongh.cimcaloi
hnyxttheochiucaocthchiara3vng:lptrnlvnghiu
kh,lpgialvngtrunggianvlpdilkkh.Chiusutng
cngcahthng0,91,5m.Thigiannclulitronghcthxc
nhtheocngthc:
t=0,0175.Lo.1,02t0(ngy)
L0:lngBODcancthivohmg/l ;
t0:nhittrungbnhthnglnhnhtcancthi, 0 C

113

Chng 4

nh gi v nh hng s dng ngun nc mt

4.1. Khi nim v ngun nc mt
Ncmtlngunncnhtchtrlididnglnghocdng
rntrnmtt.Didnglngtacthquihochnhngdidng
rn(tuythocbnggi)nphicbinitrngthitrongcc
trnghpsdng.Cthnirngtuytvbngtoravicdtr
ncrtcchnhngtrongthctkhngqunlc.
Ngunncmtsdngltsng,sui,ao,h,mlyvtrnghpcbitmisdngnncbin.Ngitatnhrngnu
dn ht nc ca sng ngi trn hnh tinh vo mt h cha c nh
Ontario(Canada)thcngkhngynhngtngkhilngncsng
mtmnhncngchthomnchnmtnaccnhucuhin
ticaconngitrongmtnm.
Ngunncmttrongsngsuikhngnhiu,nhngtrungbnh
hngnmrabintrn15.500km 3 nc,mtlngnclngp13
lntnglngnctrongsngsuivomtthiimno.Nhng
chngtabitnhntquantrngcoinclmttinguyntrong
quihochncmtkhngphildungtchncmtthiimnht
nhmllulngncnnhmtsthiimcamngli
thuvn.
nc ta lng nc ma trung bnh hng nm khong 1600
2000mm,nhngphnbkhngu.Vmamancthagyra
ng,ngplt,vmakhnckhngcungcpchonngnghip,
cngnghip,thvngaycphtin.Trnthgii,trungbnh
nmmaritrnidngchng900mm,lcathkhong650
670mm.
idngbchitrungbnh875km 3/ngy,chim84,5%lng
ncbchi.Lcabchitrungbnh160km 3/ngychim15,5%;
mabchitrungbnhidng775km3/ngychim74,9%lng

114

ma,cnlca160km3/ngychim25,1%.Nhvytrnidnglngbchivtlngmarixung,phnlnthiuhtcbpdo
phnncdnraidngtlca.
Khimarixungmtt,mtphnchytrnmttc
gildngchymt(surfacerunof),mtphnngmxungt
tptrungthnhmchncngmgildngncngm(underground
waterrunof).Dngncmtvdngncngmurasng.Ti
ccvtrctrngtrnsngtacdngchycasng.Cnlu
rnglncadngchyquytnhtrlngcangunnc.
4.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n dng chy b mt
Nclnglccamicngtrnhthylisdngngun
nc, v thttc nhng ctrng v sng chy ca ngun nc
theothigianvkhnggiancngnhthuvncngtrnh
cpn3nidung:dngchynm,dngchykit,dngchyl.
TrongphmviqunlngunncphvqunlNhncvtai
chcungcpkhiqutccnhntnhhngndngchyb
mtthngxyrahngnm,khngmangtnhchtchuynngnh
nhngnhthuvncngtrnh.
Lngncchyquacaracamtluvcsng(khuvctm
ncchyvosng)lunlunthayitheothigian.Sthayi
manghaitnhcht:Mtmtltnhchukrrng,thhin
theotngnmmtmal,makittonndoschuynng
quaycaqutxungquanhmttri.Tagisthayidng
chytrongnmhayphnphidngchytrongnmvchnhs
thayilmchocngvicsdngt,bovtphi
theomavkhcnhautrongnm.Mtkhctrongthigiannhiu
nmdngchytrongsngcngthayi
Sauylnhngnhntcnhhngquytnhnlngdngchyhngnm.

115

Phngtrnhcnbngdngchynmcamtluvcsngc
dng:
X Y Z u w

(4.1)

Trong:
X:lngmabnhqunritrnluvctrongmtnm
Y:lngdngchynmtngng
Z:lngbchinmtngng
u :lngncmtihocthmvolngnccsntronglu

vcsovinmu.
w :lngncngmchyvoluvchoctluvcchyra

ngoitrongnmtaxt.
Tphngtrnh(4.1)tathy lngdngchy nmphthuc
voccyutkhtng(lngma,lngbchinm)iukinth
nhngvchiusuctncngm)
Ccnhntctcdnglmtnglngncma,lmgimlng
bchinhkhongcchtluvcnbincaotrnhluvcslm
tnglngdngchynm.Ccnhntlmtnglngbchi(ao,h,
knhmng,khochanc)sctcdnglmgimdngchynm.
Trongccnmmanhiu,tutheoiukinthnhngcalu
vc,mtphnncctrlitrongtlmtngthmtrlngncc
sncaluvc(udng).Ngclitrongnmtmatrlngncsb
haoht(um).Cnlngncngmttrongluvcchyrangoi
haytngoichyvotrongluvcphthucvongphnchia
mtnc.Trongthcthinnayngitaxemngphnchiamt
ncvncngmtrngnhau,ykhngcpnthnhphn
w.
iviccluvclnhocivivngcdcln,ahnh
chiactmnhhoctngchancngmsunhtnmkhngsu
thlngncngmwcthxembng0.

116

Ktquphntchthctchothy,iviccluvcnhth
ccnhntccbnhahnh,alvnhntmtmc
nhhnglnndngchyhngnmvtrongmtstrnghp
nh vngvi,nhhngcanhntnylnhnnhhngca
nhntkhhu.
iviluvckhpkntrongthigiannhiunmth
u

u n u0
n

Trong :(u0)llngnctrtrongluvccaunmth
nht
(un)llngnctrtrongluvccuinmthn.
Xttrongnhiunmthlngtrncbnhquntrongluvc
thayirtt,nghaltrs

u n u0
rtnh,khngngk.Khi
n

n thu 0,dophngtrnhcnbngnccthvit.
Phngtrnhcnbngnciviluvckhpkn:
X 0 Y0 Z 0

(4.2)

Phngtrnhcnbngnciviluvch(luvcnh,ng
phnncmttvngngmkhngtrngnhau)
X 0 Y0 Z 0 w0

(4.3)

Trong:
n

X0

Xi
i 1

(X0:lngmabnhqunnhiunm)

n
n

Y0

Yi
i 1

(Y0:lngdngchybnhqunnhiunm)

n
n

Z0

Zi
i 1

(Z0:lngbchibnhqunnhiunm)

117

W0

Wi
i 1

(W0:lngncngmtraoiviluvckhc

bnhqunnhiunm)
Phngtrnh(4.2),(4.3)trongluvckhpknhayluvch
thdngchybnhqunnhiunm(Y0)phthucchyuvolngma(X0)vlngbchibnhqunnhiunm(Z 0),ringluvc
hphthucmtphnvolngncngmtraoiviluvckhc
bnhqunnhiunm(W0),nhvysphthucdngchybnh
qun(Y0)chyulvonhntkhhu.
Nhntkhhubaogmmavbchi,lhainhnt
chnhnhhngtrctipndngchy.Lngmalnhaynhch
yuldoyutalkhhuquytnhrinahnhv
thcvt,trongyutkhhuthvtrakhiskimsotca
conngi,mcdconngicthcitochtttiukhhunhhngnlngmavbchi,ngoiracnnhhngtrctipn
stptrungdngchymt.ahnhcaodcdngchystp
trungnhanhhn.
ctnhthnhngcaluvccnhhngtilngmangm
xungtvlngmatrlitrongluvc.Vngtsathch,vi
dbphongho,lngmangmxungtnhiulmcholngdng
chymtgim.tctdngmnchntst,nulngmanh
nhaushnhthnhdngchytrntslnhn.
Trn y chng ta cha xt n nh hng ca con ngi ti
dngchy.Cchotngcaconnginhiukhinhhnglnn
dng chy bnh qun nhiu nm trn lu vc nh phng tro lm
thuli,chngximn,trngcygyrngbngccbinphp
khcnhau.
-Binphpnngnghipchyullmrungbcthang,b
vngbtha,thmcanhcytrng.Trnvnginicnccc

118

cngtrnhthuliloinhnh hchancnh,aonitcdng
chyulginctivlmgimdngchy.
-Binphplmnghipnh trngcygyrngkthpvi
cccngtrnhthuliloinhnh hvyc,hthngknhmng
gilidngchy,chngllthlu.
-Binphpthulildnnc,trnctrongccaoni,ccloi
hchanh,trongcchthngknhmng,chyuliutit
dngchymtt.Sdngvomakhvphcvccnhucu
khcnhnuic,phtin
4.3. Nhng i lng c trng nh gi dng chy b mt
nhgidngchybmtngitathngdngccilng
sau:
4.3.1. Lu lng dng chy
Lulngdngchyllngncchyquamtmtctno
casnghocsuitrongthigianmtgiy.Lulngthngck
hiubngchQvnvl1/shocm 3/s.nhgic
lncadngchytheothigian,talytrctungbiuthlulng(Q)
vtrchonhbiuththigiantngng(t)tavcthnh
hnh2.1.
ngqutrnhlulng
sngHng(trmH
Ni)

Lulng
(m3/s)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

119

Thng

Hnh 1: ng lu lng bnh qun ngy trong nm trm Sng

Hng
thnygilngqutrnhlulng.
ngqutrnhlulngtrongnmchotabitthiknclv
thiknckittrongnm.Nungqutrnhlulngmttrnl
chotabitthiklln,thiklrtvlulngnhl.
Lulngcongaykhingunncxuthingillulngtc
thi.Tutheomcchcangisdngmtrongthcttagp
ccngqutrnhlulngbnhquntrongthigian.
Lulngbnhqunngy(trsbnhquncacclulngo
ctrongmtngy)
Lulngbnhqunthng(trsbnhquncalulngcc
ngytrongthng)
Lulngbnhqunnm(trsbnhquncaccthngtrong
nm)
Lulngbnhqunnhiunm(trsbnhquncalulng
ccnmtrongnhiunm)
Ngoiracngqutrnhlulngl,ngqutrnhlulng
kit
4.3.2. Tng lng dng chy
Tnglngdngchyllngncchyquamtctsnghay
suitrongmtkhongthigianno.Tnglngdngchyc
khiulw,nvtnhlm3,km3
Vlulng lhmscathigianQ=f(t)nntacthxc
nhtnglngdngchyl:
t2

W=

Qdt Q(t

t1 )

(4.4)

t1

Trongt1,t2lnltlthiimuvthiimcuixc
nhtnglngdngchy,cnQllulngbnhquntrongthi
imtt1,nt2

120

4.3.3. su dng chy trn mt

Gisemtnglngdngchychyquamtctsnghay
suitrongthigiannotriutrntonbdintchluvc,
tacmtlpnccchiudyYgi
Lsudngchy.sudngchyYcnvlm
hocmm,ctnhnhsau:
Y=

W .10
F .1012

W
10 3.F

(mm)(4.5)

Trong:W:tnglngdngchytrongtgiy,tnhbngm3
F:Dintchluvc,tnhbngkm2
t:Thigiantnhbnggiy
4.3.4. Mun dng chy
Mundngchylgitrlulngtrnmtnvdintch
luvc:
(l/skm2)(4.6)
M

10 3.Q
F

Trong:
Q:lulngbnhquntnhtheom3/s
F:Dintchluvctnhtheokm2
Tcngthc(4.5)v(4.6)tatmcquanhgiaYvMnh
sau:
T(4.5)c:
F=

W
(4.7)
10 3 Y

F=

10 3 Q
M

T(4.6)c:
(4.8)

Cnbng(4.7)v(4.8)tac:
Y=

Mt
10 6

(mm)(4.9)

121

Trong:
M

-mundngchybnhquntrongthigiantgiy

Nut=1nm=31,536.106giythY=31,536M
sudngchyvmundngchythngdngnghin
cusphnbdngchytrongkhnggian.
4.3.5. H s dng chy
Hsdngchyltsgiasudngchyvlngmatngngsinhrasudngchy,khiuhsdngchyl
=

Y
X

lhskhngcthnguyn,nphnnhtnhhnhsn
sinhdngchycngnh tnhhnhtnthtdodngchytrnlu
vc.Hscnglnchngttnthtt,phnlnlngmasinh
radngchyvngclaibthtnthtnhiu.
V0<Y<Xnn0<<1
4.4. Kho nc v diu tit dng chy trn b mt
nctalngmacnmtptrungvomtsthngmal.Kh
nngtiunccasngsuichnnnsinhragplt.Ngclitrong
ma cnncsngxung thp,lulngnh,khin cho viclidng
ngun nc t dng chy sng sui b hn ch s thay i dng
chynhthkhngphhpviyucudngnccaccngnhkinht
qucdn(nhtlngnhcngnghip).Vthmunlidngngun
ncmtcchtritchoccngnhcnphicbinphpiu
titdngchytrnbmt.
4.4.1. iu tit dng chy trn b mt
iutitdngchyldngccbinphpcngtrnhnhtora
mtkhochanckhngchsthayitnhincadngchy,
phnphilidngchytheothigianchophhpviyucudngnccaccngnhkinhtqucdn.Hainhimvcbncacng

122

tciutitdngchyllmtnglulngmakitvlmgimnh
lulngmalphcvchoccngnhtrongnc.
Tutheonhucudngnctrongkhongthigianxcnhno
mtaphnloiiutit:
iutitngyliuholngncntrongngyphhpvi
nhucudngnctrongngy.Trongnhnggincnlnhnnc
dng,lngncthactchlitrongkhoncdngchonhnggi
caoimcaccngnhdngnc.iutitngychophptngslngcchdngnc,tngccngnhdngncgimvnutvo
cccngtrnhbmncvhthngngngdnnc.
iutitma,nmllutrlilngncthatrongmals
dngchothigiantnctrongmakit
iutitnm,lphnphililngncntrongnhiunm.
Victchncvcungcpncctinhnhtrongnhiunm.
iu tit dng chy c ngha ln trong vic khai thc ti
nguynncphcvphttrinkinhtqucdn,nhtlkhaithc
cngunnctrongcccngtrnhthulimnhncut
xydng,lmthayibmtthinnhincakhuvc.
4.4.2. Kho nc iu tit nc chy
Khonclnitrncthchiniutitdngchyphc
vchonhucusdngnccaconnginhiungnhkhcnhau.
Kchthccakhonccthnh(vitrmm 3)nhbchanccung
cpchosinhhot,tichodintchnh(iutitngym)
hocrtln(hngtm3iutitnmhocnhiunm).
Hchancldngcakhochancthngdcdngtrncc
sngsuibngcchppngndngchy,tothnhkhonc
phathnglu.
Ccilngctrngvthnhphncakhonc(hnh4.1)

123

Hnh4.1.Ccilngctrngcakhonc
Ccthnhphndungtchvmcncctrngcakhonc.
-Dungtchcht(V0)haycngildungtchlty,lphn
dicngcakhonctrongmtthigianphcvlync,nngcao
unctrongkhoncvnngcaochiusumcncphatrong
thnglukhonc. ccvngicao,bncttrongsngsuinhiu
nnhintngbiplunxyra.
-Mcnccht(H0)lgiihntrncadungtchcht
ivinhmythuin,dungtchchtvmcnccht
phicchnmbomcncchttithiuchovicpht
in.Mcncchtchncngthpthctncphtincngnh,
docngsutvinnngcngnh
Vmtgiaothng,mcncchttrongkhophimbocho
thuynbqualicthuntinvanton.
ivikhoncphcvti(nhtlvngngbngbnctt,
dcnh)thmcchtphimbotitchyhocmbo
choctncthitkcatrmbmlynctkholnhnht.
ivingnhnuitrng thusn,khichomcncchtphi
xtndungtchvmtthongcnthitmbochos
phttrinbnhthngcactrongkho.

124

Vmacnkhinctrongkhotiuhtthdintchykhos
binthnhbily.Theonhnghadungtchchtthlngnc
chatrongphndungtchnykhngthlyrasdngtrong
iukinkhaithcbnhthng.
-Dungtchhuhiu(Vh)cngildungtchcngtc,nm
trndungtchcht
Dungtchhuhiulphndungtchcgiihnbimcnc
cht(H0)vmcnccaobnhthng(Hh).yldungtchquan
trngnhtmbotcdngiutitcangun nctrongkho.
Dung tch ny xc nh da theo yu cu cung cp nc cho cc
ngnhdngnctrongthigiankit.
-Mcnccaobnhthnglgiihntrncadungtchhu
hiu(Vh)Mccaobnhthnglmcnccaonht mkhocth
gictrongmtthigianludi.ylmcncquantrngnht
vnquytnhdungtchhuhiu,tclquytnhkhnng
khaithc,sdngngunnc,quymkch thcvvnut v
cngtrnhkhaithcnc,vnngpltphathng.Mcnccao
bnhthng(Hbt)ngangvinhcaotrntdo.
-Dungtchsiusao(Vs)nmtrndungtchhhiu(Vh).Nm
giahaimcncsiusao(Hs)vmcnccaobnhthng(Hbt).
Phndungtchnychtchnctmthikhicllnvimc
chlmgimnhcngtrnhxlvlngncnyphictiui
nhanhchngkhilchmdt.Nuginctrongkhonccaohn
mcncdngcaobnhthng(Hbt)trongmtthigianlusgy
thmtnhivngpltchovngthngluvlmchohotngca
cngtrnhumikhngbnhthng.
-Mcncsiusao(Hs)lgiihntrncadungtchsiusao(V s)
tnhtonngunnctrongkhoncphcvchonhiungnhs
dngnc,ngitanghincurtnhiutiliulinquan,trong
hailoitiliucbnnhtltiliuthuvnvtiliua

125

hnh.Khisdngngunnctrongkhonccniutrathmba
nidungsau:
4.4.2.1. Lng tn tht do bc hi trong kho nc
Saukhixydngkhonc,mtthongcakhonctngln.Ni
chungastrnghplngbchimtnc lnhnbchimt
tnnsaukhixydngkhoncbchistnglnmtlngbng
hiusgiabchimtncvbchimtt.
GiZn,Zllpbchimtncvbchimtt,Xllp
ncmatrnluvc,Yllpdngchysinhratrnluvctacchnh
lchbchitrcvsaukhixydnghl:
Z=Zn-Z

(4.11)

Tphngtrnhcnbngnctac:
Z=X-Y

(4.12)

Thay(4.12)vocngthc(4.11)c
Z=Zn-(X-Y)

LpncbchimtncZncthtnhtheotiliuquantrc
thc t, phng php cn bng nc, phng php cn bng nhit
hoccngthckinhnghim.LngmaXvdngchyYtnhtheo
ccphngphpc.
4.4.2.2. Lng tn tht do thm trong kho nc
Khonclmtngmttipxcgiatvnc,dolngnc
thmtrongkhonctngln.Lngthmnyphthucvotai
trongkho(iukinacht),bkhovlngncchatrongkho
theoconng:thmvolngkho,bkho,thmquacngtrnh,
thmquanhcngtrnh vdr...Lngncthmtrongnmkhai
thcsdngvsauthngtnhbnhqunquytheoiukin
achtvlngncchabnhquntrongkho.
iukinachtcahxemlttnutlnghthuc
loikhngthm(tst)vmcncngmxungquanhluncao
hnmcncdngtrongh.iukinachtlxunulngh
thmncnhiuvnchthngxuynphicungcpchoncngm.

126

Cniukinachtthucloitrungbnhnntlnght
thmnc(ttht)vmcncngmluncaohnmcnccht.
TheoM.V.Patappnghmcthmlytheophntrmlng
nccha bnhquntrongh hoclpncthm(mm) tnh theo
mthbnhqun.

Bng 4.1 .Tiu chun thm trong kho nc

iu kin

Lng thm tnh theo lng

Lng thm tnh theo

t ai

nc bnh qun
Nm
Thng

din tch bnh qun

Nm
Ngym

lng h
tst

5-10%

0,5-1%

<0,5m

1-2mm

ttht

20-30%

1,5-3%

1-2m

3-4mm

Bnhqun

10-20%

1-1,5%

0,5-1m

2-3mm

Tnthtvthmgimdntheothigian,vmcncthm
vnghdnglnvvhintnglyholngh.
4.4.2.3. Lng bi p trong kho nc
Saukhixydngkhonc,nctrongkhodnglndoch
chuynngnnhcactbnthayth.Qutrnhlngng
cabnctphthucvochiucaodngnccapchn,chiu
dicah,hmlngctbn,snnhcabhivisnggi
hocstlbdotcdngsnggi.
Theokinhnghimkhaithckhoncngitathyphnbnct
ckhnnglngngxungykhophthucvotsgia
dungtchkhovtnglngdngchynmbnhqunnkho.Vi
Vhbt

tsnyl: W
0

(Trong :Vhbt ldungtch khonctnhnmcnccao

bnhthngcnW0llngdngchynmbnhqun).Ngitart
ranhnxtsau:

127

Khi > 0,6: kho c kh nng lm lng ng 100% bn ct

n
Khi0,15< <0.6lngbnctckhnnglngngvo
khong70-100%
Khi<0,15cnglngnggimingk.
Ccnhntbidpkhoncquphctpnnkhixydng
khngxemxthtcmimtcaqutrnhny
4.5. nh hng khai thc s dng ngun nc mt
Ngun ncmtphcvcho nhiu ngnhs dng nckhc
nhauvmunsdngcngunncnyphiccngtrnhlync
tngunnc.Trongsdngtnngnghip,khitincthnc
clytngunvoknhchnhvchthngknhmngtitiu
chuynitichongrunghoccungcpncchoccnhucu
dngnckhc.
Khitiunctmtrungxunghthngknhmngtiu
chuynrakhunhnnctiunhh,sng,bin.
Cccngtrnhlynctngunnc(sng,sui)hocnhn
nctiurah,sng,bingilcngtrnhumi.
4.5.1. Yu cu ca cng trnh u mi ly nc
Cngtrnhumicahthngtilcmcngtrnhlyncuknh,trctiplynctngunnc(sng,sui,h)a
vokhuti.
Cngtrnhumiphimbobtclcnocngcth
lynctheokhochtinhhoctheoyucucachti
nh.Nclyvophicchtlngtt,khngcbnctthbi
plngknhvgybtlichosinhtrng,phttrincacy
trng.Mtkhckhixydngcngtrnhlyncsngslmcho
trng thisngthin nhin thay i, nhng phibo m s
thayikhngnhhngniukinlyncnsli
dngtnghpngunnc.cngtrnhumiphicxydng

128

vigir,chiphqunlthpnhngthicngphiddngthun
tin,titkimt.
Tutheostngquangiacngtrnh(Hs)vlulng(Qs)ca
ngunncvicngtrnh(Hk)vlulng(Qk)yucuuknh ti
mcnhnghnhthclynckhcnhau.Cthnhhngcho
cctrnghpsauxcnhhnhthclynckhcnhau.
4.5.2. Cc hnh thc khai thc ngun nc mt
4.5.2.1. Hnh thc ly nc th nht
Khilulngvcngtrnhcaungunncthomnccyu
cuvlulngvcngtrnhuknhti(tcQs>Qk,Hs>Hk)
Trng hp ny ngi ta xy dng cng ly nc u knh ti
(hnh4.2).
SuiCnglyncKhuti

Cnglynccnhimvkhngchlulnglyvochophhp
viyucudngnctrongtngthigiancakhuti.Mtkhccng
lynccnhimvngnchnncsngtrnvonggyngp
ng,nhtlnmalncsngcaohntrongngphing
tonbcngli.
4.5.2.2. Hnh thc ly nc th hai
Khilulngsngthomnyucucalulngcnthit
uknhnhngcaotrnhmcncsngthphncaotrnhyucu
mcncuknh(Qs>Qk,Hs<Hk).ivitrnghpnycth
c4hnhthckhcnhau.

129

1.Numcncsngthphnmcncyucuuknh,
mbolynctchycthkodionknhdnnpha
thnglumtonLnchHscaohnHkthbtrcnglync
.
L=

Hk h H Hs
iS iK

Trong:
Hs,Hk:caotrnhmcncsngvknhtimtctA-A
Is,ik:dcmcncsngvknh

h :tnthtctncquacnglync
H :tnthtctncquacccngtrnhtrnchiudiknhL

Trnghpnychpdngckhidcmtncsngln
hndcmtncknh(is >ik ).Cnglyncnycthanc
tchyvokhuti.Nhngchoncchyvoknhthunlivt
mangtheoccloibnctchi,cnglynccntbnblm
phacuikhcsngcongnh (hnh6). khcsngcongncchy
theongcongnnsinhrasclytmlmchomtbnghing,nc
bnblmcaohnbnblivcngdonhhngcasclytm
ncchytblisangblm,ncychytblmsangbli
tothnhhintngncchyvng.Lidnghintngnyhnch
ccloiphsaln(khngphhpvitai,cytrng)vlyc
nccphsaloinh(thchhpvitaivcytrng).
2.ppngnsngnngcaomcncsng(Hs>Hk)
vxydngcnglyncvokhutiphatrnpdng.ncta
hnhthclyncnyphcvtichodintchtlnnhp
ThcLung(ThiNguyn),pBiThng(ThanhHo),pLng
(NghAn),pThchNhamtrnsngTrKhc(QungNgi).

130

Hs<Hk
Cnglync

dH

Hs<Hk

L
Hs
3.Dngtrmbmbmncavoknhdnnhtrmbm
ph sa (h thng Sn Ty Chng M), trm bm H Mo (Ph
Th).

131

Khuti

Sui,
sng
Cnglyncn
c

Trmbm

Khuti

132

Khu ti

Cngly
nc

Khuti

Trm
bm

4.Xydngcnglyncvoknhchmniarittrm
bmbmnctknhchnh(knhchm)lnknhnhnh(knhni)
tinctchyvorungnh hthngBcHngHi,hthng
TrnhX(BcNinh)

TrongtrnghpQs>Qk,Hs<Hk,nichungmunchnhnh
thclyncthchhpnhtphixemxtnhiudn,sauso
snhvchnphngnttnhtclivmtthicngvkinhtk
thuttitkimtxydngvticnhiudintchbng
t.
Quacctrnghptrnhbytrny,trongthctthy
rnghnhthclyncbngtrmbmhoccngvtrmbmthngpdngminngbngcnhaihnhthclyncxyp
dngcaomcncvkodingknhdnthngpdngmin
trungdu.
4.5.2.3. Hnh thc ly nc th ba

133

Khilulngcangun nckhngmbothomnyu
cudngnc.Caotrnhmcnccangunnckhngthphn
caotrnhyucumcncuknhti(tcQs<QkvHs<Hk).
Trng hp ny phi p p ngn sng xy dng kho nc
nhmnngcaocaotrnhcangunncvtrlngncmatronglu
vcvkhonc.Tutheotnhhnhngunnccaluvcmcth
xydngkhonctheoiutitnmhociutitnhiunm.
TrnghpHs>Hkthkhoncchcnhimviutitlulng.
Hnhthclyncnythngpdngvngnivtrungdunh
hsuiHai(HTy),CmSn(BcGiang)
Trongbahnhthclynctrn,nucncvoctnh
cacngtrnhtrnmttphnloithcngtrnhu
miticthphnthnhbahnhthcchnhsau:
-Lynckhngcpdngtclchxydngcnglync
trctiplynctsngvoknhmkhngcnpngnsng
dngcaomcnc.Bithsti(q-l/s/ha)vnta(n)hslidng
knhmngcahthngthdintchttic(ha)sl:
W(ha)=n.Qk/q
Trong:Qk-llulnguknhti.
-Lynccpdngnc,tclkhiHk>Hskhngthlync
tchycmphixydngncsngnhhnhthclynch
thngsngCu,hthngsngThchNham,cngtrnhnych
yuldngnc,ngthilmnhimvtrnctrongmton
sngnhtnh.Dostoiukinttchoviclyncvo
macn.
-Lynckhoncciutit,tclnutnglngncsng
mbotinhnglulngncsngphnphikhngngu
clclulngkhngmbotithphixydngkhonc(h
chanc)iutitlulngchophhpviyucuticatv
cacytrng.

134

4.5.3. o dc ngun nc mt phc v s dng t nng

nghip
Cngtcocngunncmtphcvsdngtnng
nghipcthchintronghthngthunng.ylmttrong
nhngcngtcquantrngqunlvkhaithchthngthu
nngmtcchchiuqunhttrongvickhaithctim nng
tnngnghip.
4.5.3.1. ngha v mc ch ca cng tc o nc
oncchimvtrquantrngtrongcngtcqunlcch
thngtitiunc.nghavmcchcacngtcomtncl:
- Phc v cho cng tc phn phi nc v dn nc mt cch
chnhxckpthi.Trongcngtcqunldavoyucuncv
iukinngunncmngitanhramtkhochphnphi
ncticngnhiuphinctiutrntonbhthng.Vvycn
phi bit c tnh hnh mc nc lu lng ca ngun nc i
chiuvikhochdngncnhmnhgivicthchinkhoch
iuphincthcttyucutracha.Thngquaonc
chngtabitctnhhnhthctngunncccvngcth
iuchnhthayikhochsdngncmtcchkpthinh
dintchtcnti,mcti,thigianti,slnti
-Cungcpvtchlusliukhoahcphcvchovicci
tincccngtrnhtinctrnhthngcngnhkhocdngnc
trongtnglai.
Quathigianocngunncstchluccctiliuv
mcncvlulngcangunnc,khnngtrnccaao,h,m
nhtronghthng,khnngdnncvoknh,cchslidngnc,tnglngncdngtrongtonv,trongtonnmmcncmiln
quaccnm.

135

Cctiliuthuthpcstoiukinttchovicnghin
cuphcvnngcaochtlngcacngtcqunltitiugp
phnvoviclpkhoch, thc hinkhochdngncmt
cchchnhxc,thiuqukinhtcao.
- Lm cn c thu thu li ph trong s dng t nng
nghip.Nhmboncmtaickhaithctthn,
snlngcytrngocnngcao,doccnvdngncc
nghavngthuliphtheoquynhcanhnc.Hinnay
nctadavodintchctihnhthcti(titchy,bmtt)
thuthuliph.Nhngdotnhhnhqunlnccnyukm
nngnngunncthlycnhiunhngcuingunncth
thiuncnghimtrngnnkhngmbocngbngtrongthuph
thuli.Thngquacngtcocncsthuthuliphtheolung
ncticacngthctichotngnvdintch.Nhvyvam
boscngbnghplkhinchoqunchngtitkimlngncti.
Banqunlnmcthigiancungcpnc,lulngvkhilngnc
cungcpchotngvng,tnghdngncccstnhton
thuliphvtnhtonthuchihoctnhkinhtcahthng.
iunycncnghanngcaothctrchnhimcaccnhn
vinqunl,cacchdngnc,tnhcngbngtrongvicsdng
nc gia cc h dng nc u ngun v cc h dng nc cui
ngun,thngquanngquacaonnglcphcvcahthng
vgimgithnhsnphm.
4.5.3.2. Yu cu ca cng tc o nc
Viconccnthc hin trn din tchrng,yucuo
philintcnnihivacthitb,mcchnhxcphi
cao.Ngiophikintrthntrngphictinhthntrchnhim
thcngtconcmitktqucaotrongcngvicphnphi
ncvkpthichoccnv,cnhndngnc.

136

ccnccngnghipphttrindngmyonctghiv
myonctmxabngvtuynvhutuyn.ocnc,qunl
ncbngccphngphptintinnh trnnngcaonngsut
ocnc,nngcaochnhxccacngtconc.ycng
lphnghngphttrincacngtconctrongtnglai.
ncta,trongcngtcqunlphnphinctinhnho
ncccngunnccthngxuynlintctrnhuhtcch
thngnhngvicoccnbngnctrongphmvicchthng
chay.Phngphponccsdngrngrinhtncta
hinnaylobngmylutc,mththngthchinbngcng
trnhoncchuynmn.
Hinnaydoiukinkinhtvkthutcatacnhnch,
mbocvicncmtcchkinht,tacngprtthc
hinmtmngliovkhngchncrngri.lmtvn
quantrngcncsuynghtitrongcngtcqunlnc,nhtl
trongsnghipphttrinnngnghiptronggiaidonhiniho
nngnghipvnngthn.
4.5.3.3. Ni dung ca cc trm o nc
tcmcchvyucucacngtconcnu
trntronghthngthunngthngphicccloitrmoncvi
nidungockhcnhau.
-Trmongunncttrnmtonsng(sui h)cch
cngtrnhumikhong20-10mvphathnglu,occc
trngcbnnhmcnclulng,chtlngnc(hmlngphsa,hmlngmui).Trncsnhgi,tnhtonkhnngtivtiunc
cacccngtrnhumi.
-Trmoncuknhchnhtcchcnglync50200
mnhmnhgikhnngthctlngnccthlyvohthng
ivicngtrnhtivkhnngtiunccacngtrnhtiu.

137

- Trm o nc u knh nc chia nc ti t u knh

nhnhcchcngchianctivphahlukhong2050mnhm
kimtravicphnphincvcckhutivtnhtonlngnctn
thttrnonknhchuynnc.ivicngtptrungnctiuth
trmotcchcatiuthtrmotcchcatiut20
50mvphathnglunhmnhgilulngtptrungvcngtiu.
-Trmoncuknhphnphinctrmctu
ccmngcivmngcon(knhcp3vcp4)cchcngphn
phincchng10-30mvphahlunhmkimtralngncphn
phivcccnhngsoviccyucunccachng.
Khibtrmnglicctrmonc,ngoiccyucunutrn
cnphimboiukinchungl:lngsng(lngknh),y
sng(yknh)bsng(bknh)onbtrtrmocnphi
nnh.Chtiunnhbnhquncacconsng,knh
l:

h1 h2 h3

3
100% 5%
nh0

Trong:
Ho:lsulpnctrongsng,knhsovimtchunca
ysnghocknhlnoutin.
n:slnoc
h1, h2, h3: su theo chiu thng, ng phn b 3
imkhcnhau,gialngsnghocknh
1.Trmongunnc
2.Trmoncuknh
3.Trmoncuknhphnphinc
4.Trmoimphnphinc

138

4.5.3.4. Cc phng php o nc mt trn h thng thu nng

Cngtconcchchtrngocmtsctrngnh
mcnclulngvtnglngncchyquaccknhmng.l
chtiuthngdngtrongcngtcqunlnclinquanns
dngt.
Sauytrnhbymtsphngphpcthoctrc
tipcsliusdngtrongcngtcqunlnc.
1. Phng php vn tc v din tch
Phng php vn tc v din tch l phng php xc nh
dngchytrongnghoctrongknhhthngquavicoc
mtctngangcadngchyvlutcdngchy.Lulngdng
chyctnhtheocngthc:
Q=w.v
Trong:
Q:lngdngchytrongnghoctrongknhh(m3/s)
wldintchmtcttcang,knhh(m2)
v:lutcbnhqunquatitdinht(m/s)
Dintchmtcttwcthcxcnhhocotrc
tipthngquamcnctrnknh,lutcdngchy(v)ctho
bngmyolutc,nghoncdngphao,bnhxeonc
ethride
2. Li dng cu mng dn nc o lu lng
Cccngtrnhthunngnh cumng(bcnc,xiphng)
trnhthngkhngctcdngkhnglulng,nhnglulngchyqua
cngtrnhphthucvomtctvmcncthnglu,hluca
cngtrnh,vvynuoccnhngchsnycthtnh
tonclulngchyquacngtrnh.
Vi nhng cu mng mt ct tng i n nh v u,
khngbntnvrructhlidngonc,khiob
trthconcchnhgiacumngkhiim0cathcon-

139

cngangbngviycumng.DavochsmcncHkhc
nhautrongcutnhlulngchyquacumng.
Q= WC

RI

Trong:
Q:lulngchyquacumng(m3/s)
I:dcmtnc,cumngngncthcoidngncchy
utrongcumngnncthlyIldcycumng.
R:bnknhthulc(m)viR

W
X

W:titdintcacumng(m2)
X:chuvitcacumng(m)
C:hsx-ditheoN.N.Pavlopski
C

1 1/ 6
R
n

n:hsnm,phthucvovtliuxydngcumng.C
thquathctocxcnhhocthamkhoccsliu
sau:
Vtliubnggnhnn=0,105
Vtliubngbtngn=0,014
Vtliubngxyn=0,015
3. o nc trong trng hp mt ct knh l mt ct ch nht
khng i.
Lulngchyquamtctchnht,lptrn,thnh
mngccatrnlmtctchnhtkhngicxcnh
theocngthcFrancis:
Q=0,184bh3/2
Trong:
Q:llulngchyqua(l/s)
b:chiurngymtctchnht(cm)
h:sumcnctrongknhchnht

140

4. o nc trong trng hp mt ct knh l hnh thang.

Trong trng hp mt ct knh hnh thang, l p trn
thnhmngmangtnnhphtminhngi.Dngcsdngph
binlptrnCipoletionccmtcttrnvihsmidc
m=1/4.
LulngchyquatrnoncCipoletictnhbngcngthc:
Q=0,0186bh3/2
Trong:
Q:lulngchyqua(l/s)
b:Chiurngymtcthnhthang(cm)
h:sumcncmtcthnhthang(cm)
5. o nc trong trng hp mt ct trn nc hnh tam gic
Catrnonctamgiccmtcttrnnchnhtamgic
cnvigcnhl900.uimnibtcatrntamgiconclctholulngdngchynhmtcchkhchnhxc.
Lulngchyquatrntamgiccgc90 0ctnhbngcng
thc:
Q=0,0138h5/8
Q:lulngchyqua(l/s)
H:sumcnctrn(cm)
6. o nc bng phng php ho hc
oncbngphngphphohclmtphngphpmi,khng
thngquatcdngchyvmtctdnnc,khngcnt

141

cccngtrnhthutrnknh.Vvycthsdngoncti
bt k v tr trn h thng. Trong phng php ny s dng mt
dungdchchartdhotanhovodngchygilcht
chththngquavicocnngcanctrcvsauthi
imchochtchth,ttnhtontnhtonralulngca
dngchy.
oncbngphngphphohctrncgilphngphp
phalong.
Dngmtchthohchocmtchtmunodhotan
cdungdchtimtnngnobitC1.
Khi ln cht ho
cht
C1 =
Khi lng nc
DungdchcnngC1nycchodngchyvimtlulngno:
Th tch dung
dch ch th
q1 =
Thi gian cho
Saukhidungdchhotantonbvutrongdng
chytrnknhtinhnhonngcancsaukhihocht
chthlC2.
GiC0lnngcanctrnknhtrckhichochtchth
Qllulngdngchytrnknh,tacphngtrnh:
QC0+q1C1=(Q+q1)C2
QC0+q1C1=QC2+q1C2
QC0-QC2=q1C2-q1C1
Q(C0-C2)=q1(C2-C1)
Q

q1 C 2 C1
C0 C 2

Thngthngmuinlchtsnctrongncnnngthi
cngcnhchtchth.

142

4.5.4. nh hng qun l s dng ngun nc mt

sdngngunncmtchiuquthbinphpqunl
ngunmttrongcchthngknhmngtinhmgimtntht
nclrtquantrng.Trongnhiuhthngtisdngknht,lngnctnthtcthlnti50%lngnclyvocngtrnhu
mi.Nutchctitt,cccngtrnhthunnglmvicttth
thnhphnchyucalngnctnthttrnhthngllngnc
tnthtdongmlngknh,cnlngnctnthtdongmc
mtrungvbchitrnmtknhllngtnthtrtkhkhng
ch.
TheomtstiliucaLinXthlngtnthtngmtrn
knhticcknhcpncchimphnchyu,bivchiudi
caknhnyrtlnvchlmviccaknhnythngbgin
onnhiuhnsoviknhchnh.
Tnthtnctrnhthngknhmngticnhiutchinh
sau:
-Tnthtnccthlmgimnhdintchcti
-Tnthtnclncthlmtngkhilngtxyknhmng
-Tnthtlnslmchochiphqunltng,gimnhhiu
ch cng trnh, c bit l i vi trng hp h thng ti bng
nglc.
-Tnthtnclnslmtngmcncngmlmxutrngthi
tti,lmtbthoiho.
Bivy,chngtnthtnctrnhthngti,nngcaohs
sdngnclnhimvhngutrongcngtcqunlsdngnc.
hnchtnthtnc,nngcaohssdngnccths
dngccbinphptheohngsauy.

143

4.5.4.1. Bin php qun l ngun nc mt

Bin php qun l l bin php hng u trong nhim v
chngtntht,nngcaohssdngnctrnhthngti.Ni
dungchyucabinphpqunlbaogm:
-Thchindngncckhoch,nngcaochnhxcca
viclpvthchinkhochdngnc.
-Honchnh, tubv qunl ttcccng trnh ly nc,
cngtrnhonc,cngtrnhchngtntht,tintihiniho
vicphnphincvonc.
-Tinhnhtchctilunphinmtcchhpltoiu
kinthunlichocngviclyncvgimtnthtnc.
-Citinkthutti,dngccphngphptihinihn
chtnthtnc.
-Sdngcngthctihplhnchtntht.
4.5.4.2. Bin php cng trnh
Cnhiubinphpcngtrnhhnchtnthtnc.
* Bin php cng trnh truyn thng
Binphpcngtrnhtruynthnglphbgimtn
thtdongmngangvdr.
-Phbtrckhii:
Trclcidngtvnphvochnbphathngluca
dngthm.Khincvoithtvnthnhbnlpknpha
thnglucchang,hcdongvt(cua,chut..)xuynquakt
cucngtrnhphbnhhnhv.
(1)(2)(3)(4)

Hnh. Kt cu cng trnh b ph

1-Mtrung
2-Bph

144

3-Brunghocbknh
4-Rungthphocknh
Midcbphphithchhpnugcnghingqulnthb
phskmtcdng.Khilmtcntrnhlmhngbph.B
phchctcdngkhimcnchaibnbcschnhnhaung
k.
-Phbsaukhii
Saukhiirungbohonc(nonc).Dngcccngc
thngthngcotbnvochnb,lmthnhbph.
Nichungvicphbtrclcistrnhclngnctn
thtlnlci,songut chonhncngphbkhln.
Trnthctnubcphtvntrclcithtronglc
icngcnutthmmtsnhnlccngcbph.
* Bin php hin ti.
-Lmbrung,bknhbngvtliuchngthptt.
Thngthngthbrunghaybknhuckthpgiao
thng,vvynutonbrunglmbngvtliuchngthmtt
srttnkm.Vvy,chkhibrunghaybknhcnhimv
nthunlthunlngnncthmidngbinphpny.
-Sdngvtliuchngthmtt
tvtliuchngthmttvobmthocbntrongb
knhtngcngkhnngchngthmvdr.

Hnh.4.10.LtmithngluHnh 4.11.LtmihluHnh 4.12C

chngthm

145

4.5.4.3. Bc lt knh tng h s s dng nc

Cnhiuphngphpbcltknh.
-Bcltknhbngtst
Binphpltknhbngtstthngpdngmngliknh
cchlmvicthngxuynvtstdbntnkhiknh
khnc.Lptstcltphicdy5-8cmvtrnlpt
stphiclptbovdykhong30-40cm,cthgimtn
thtdongm70-80%.

Lpbovchngthm3040cmLptst58cm

titkimtst,trongmtstrnghpcthlmtng
chngthmhnhptsttheotl:tst60-65%,sisnhay
xthan35-40%.Chiudytngchngthmvokhong10-15
cm.Tnthtnctrongtrnghpnycthgimxung60-70%.
Viknhcbclttst,tcnctrongknhkhngnnvt
qua0,7-0,8m/s.Cngcthchtrnglngknhbngmtlpt
stmngchngthmnhngtcdngcabinphpnykhng
ln(chcthgimtntht60%)vtuithcngtrnh1-2v
lmttcdng.
-Torasbilnglngknh
iviknhnmtrntcthnhphncgiinh(ct,ct
phacthchobilnglngknhbngphsahayhtsttng
tnhchngthmchot,gimlngthtdongmvibinphpny,
theokinhnghimmtsncnuchobilngcthgimtntht

146

1,5-2ln,nudnghtstcthgimtntht2-5ln.Bin
phpbilngbngphsalbinphpmangtnhtnhinvph
satntitnhintrongncti.Cnbinphpdnghtstlbin
phpnhnto.
bilng1m2lngknhti1-10kgtst.Khisdngph
sathccancphsaphimbovokhong3-5g/l.
iviknhnmtrnvngtdnh(ttht,tthtpha)
cngcthsdngbinphpbilnglngknhgimtn
thtthmnhngtrckhitobilngnnximtknhvichiusu
20-25cmvsaukhitobilngphimnnmtknh.
-Muiholngknh.
VinsA.NXacalopskixutbinphpmuiholng
knhchngthm.Cschyucabinphpnylthuyt
vtnhhpthcat.Theohcthuytthtnhchtholca
tphthucvothnhphncaccgctraoitrongt.
Trongphchhpthcatccgctraoichyul
Ca++,Mg ++,Na+,H+.TrongphnlnlCa ++ .IonCa++ ivo
phchhpththkhnngphnlyyuvcgichtmt
ngoicacchtkeot.Dotccutovin,tkhngc
tnhphntn,tctnhthmnclnthphchhpthcha
nhiuCa++.
Ngcli,trongphchhpthcatchanhiuionNa +
thtnhphntncatlntmtcutovtnhthmnc
km.
Nguynlchyucavicmuihodngknhlvicthay
thionCa ++ trongphchhpthbngionNa +.Munvycn
chotcchpchtnhtnhnhNaCl,NaOH.
Lng mui Na c a vo trong t c th xc nh theo
cngthc:
A=

abT
(kg/m2)
1724

147

Trong:
A:LngmuiNaCl(kg/m2)
a:Chiudytngtcnmuiho(m)
b:Dungtrngt(kg/m3)
T:Dnglngtraoicat(1l/100kgt)
1724:Hsinvtlinglngra1kgNaCl
*Phngphptinhnhnhsau:
+Phngphph:Xixomttlngknhvichiusu
khong5-6cm,sautincmuihocchomuikhvom
nnk.Nhcimcaphngphpnyllptcmuihod
bratri.
+Phngphpkn:Trntngtcthmlpbovdy1520cm.Nhcimcaphngphpnyltngbovdbstl.
Muiholngknhcthgimtnthttrongknhxung23lnnhngknhhaybxivspl.
-Ltlngknhbngtmchtdo.
Dngtmchtdody0,1-0,2mm,phatrncphlpt
dy20-30cm.
-Bcltknhbngbtnghaybtngctthp.
Bcltknhbngbtnghaybtngctthpcrtnhiuu
imvvytrnthgiicngnhVitNamvicsdngbtng
haybtngctthplpknhvangphttrinmnh.
4.5.4.4. Phng php phn tch la chn bin php phng
chng thm
qunlttcnchnbinphpphngchngthmthch
hp.Cncncvomcchvyucucacngtcphngchng
thmmchnmtsbinphpchngthmkhthi,saucnc
voktquphntchkinhtxcnhphngnttnht.

148

* Phng chng thm gim nh lu lng ly vo cng

trnh u mi c ngha l gi nguyn lu lng thc cn Qnet
gim nh lu lng ly vo u ngun Qbrut.
GiKlhsgimtntht(ln)scxcnhl:
K=

Qt
Qot

(1)

Trong:
Qt:Lulngtnthtkhichacbinphpphngthm
Q0t:Lulngtnthtkhicbinphpphngthm
GiN-%tnthtcgimsaukhicbinphpphngthm
Q Q't
N % t
100
Q't

Qt
K 100 1 1 100

Qt
K

Qt

(2)

Hssdngnckhicbinphpphngthml c
thxcnhtheocngthc.

Qnet

Qnet Qt

Qnet
Qnet
KQnet

Q
KQnet Qt
KQnet Qt
Qnet t
(3)
K
K

(trong:

QnetllulngthccnviQnet=QbrQt)

Hssdngnctrckhicbinphpphngthml
(nta)cxcnh:

Qnet
Qnet Qt

Lpts:

Qnet
KQnet

1 Qnet Qt KQnet Qt

Qnet KQnet Qt
Qbr Qnet
1

(5)
1 KQnet Qnet Qt
KQbr
k k

Ttac:
1

K
K 1

(6)

149

N %

1
100
1 1

(7)

Cngthc(7)cthnhlpbngcchrttrsKt(6)v
thayvocngthc(2).
* Phng thm tng din tch t c ti
Trongtrnghpnysthayivdintchtistngln:

Qnet
Qbr Qt

Qbrut
Qbr

Qnet
1

Qbr

Qt
K
Qbr

Qbr

1 KQbr Qt
Qbr
KQbr Qt
1
1
1

K
K

KQbr
Qbr Qt K (Qbr Qt )
1

*100
K 1
1
vN(%)= 1
K

Nitmlithngquacccngthc(1),(6),(7),(8),(9)tac
thxcnhcvNkhibitvKhocngcli.
Sau cn c vo tr s N(%) chn c mt s bin php
phngthmnhtnhtcmcchvyucuvgimtn
thtncra.
cbinphpttnhttacntinhnhsosnhkinhtgia
ccbinphpchn.
* Phn tch kinh t la chn bin php phng thm
phntchkinhtcnxcnhccchtiusauyca
ccgiiphpphngthm.
1.Chiph
Baogmkhuhaocngtrnh,sachacngtrnh.
2.Lich
Baogmlichdotitkimnc,lichdotrnhcngngp
docknhmngbclt,lichdotitkimt.

150

Vd:Mththngknhchuynncnukhngcbinphp
phngthm(phngn1)th:
-ChiphhngnmlC1
-LichhngnmlB2
Nupdngphngphpphngthm2scl:
-Chnhlchchphhngnmsoviphngn1lC2
-Chnhlchlichhngnmsoviphngn1lB2
Tslitcchiphcaphngn2l:R2=B2/C2
Nupdngphngnphngthm3(phngn3)sc:
-Chnhlchchiphhngnmsoviphngn1l:C3
-Chnhlchlichhngnmsoviphngn1l:B3
Tslitcchiphcaphngn3l:R3=B3/C3
SosnhR2vR3phngnnoctslich-chiphlnhn
slphngncchn.ngnhin,khilachnbinphpphng
thmcndavotnhkhthicaphngn.

151

chng 5

nc ngm v kh nng khai thc nc ngm

5.1. nh ngha v phn loi nc ngm
5.1.1. Cc loi nc ngm trong t
Ncngmtrongtlloincnmphadimttvbchi
phibicclcsauy:Lchpth,lcmaoqunvtrnglc.Ncstrngthitnhnuhplccacclctrnbngkhng.Tuy
nhintrongthcthunhkhngctrngthicnbng.Tutheo
lcchiphiphntnctrongtmtaphnthnhccloincsau
y:
1. Nc hp th hay cn gi l nc ht m
ylncbaoquanhcchttrnthnhcclpphnt.
Trongtrnghpnylchtgiabmtcchttvccphnt
ncchimuthsovilcmaodnvtrnglc.Lcnylnhnlc
htnccabrcytrng(iviascytrng,lchtnc
cabrl15,2bar)vvymcytrngkhngthsdngc
nchtm.
2. Nc mao qun
Ncmaoqunlncchaytrongcclrngrtnhca
t(gillrngmaoqun).Ncmaoqunnmtrongkhongm
tnhthtmtiscgimngrung.Lcnylcmaoqun
chimuthsovilchttrnglc.Lcmaoqunlktquhplc
gilcht(giaphntncvccloit),vilcdnh(giacc
phntncvinhau).
Tuynhincytrngkhngthsdngtonbncmaoqun.
Chncmaoqundvnngmicchchon.Ranhgii
phnbitncmaoqundvnngvkhvnnglim
dngmaodn(cngilimnguyhim).Trongthctngita
thnglyimnguyhimcgitrbng2/3scgimng
rung.

152

3. Nc trng lc
Nctrnglclncchaytrongcckherngphimaoqun
cat.Nctntitrongkhongmtscgimngrungti
mboho.
Ditcdngcatrnglc,ncdichuynxungphadivvy
khngcnghachovicdtrivicytrng.
4. Nc ngm
Ncngmlloincnmtrongmttngtbohonc
honton,phadiltngkhngthmnc.Trongnhngphnsau
chngtasnghincuquylutvnngcancngmcbin
phpkhaithcnhmphcvchonhucutivnhngyucukinh
tkhc.
5.1.2. Phn loi nc ngm
Tutheoyucusdng,ngitachiancngmthnhccloi
sauy:
1. Theo su ca nc ngm: Ncngmcphnthnh:
-Ncngmnmsu>50m.
-Ncngmnmnng<50m.
2. Theo iu kin ca ngun nc, nc ngm c phn thnh:
-Ncngmcngunnctheodngncdng.
-Ncngmcngunnctheodngnc.
3. Theo iu kin ngun nc, ta c:
-Ncngmtrongtngchanc.
-Ncngmtrongmnglichanc.
4. Theo b mt cha nc, ta c:
-Ncngmtrongtngchanccbmtnh.
-Ncngmtrongtngchanccbmtln.
5. Theo iu kin kin to a cht, ta c:
-Ncngmtngchanctrongiukinvannh.

153

-Ncngmtngchanctrongiukinvakhngn
nh.
6. Theo bn cht l hng trong tng cha nc, ta c:
-Ncngmtronghoa.
-Ncngmtrongvi.
7. Theo cc c tnh thu lc, ta c:
-Ncngmcbmttdo.
-Ncngmtnh.
8. Theo thnh phn ho hc, xc nh tng s mui tan trong nc,
ta c:
-Ncngt:Tngmuitan<1g/l
-Ncmn:
Khitngsmuitan1-3g/l:Ncngmtmn.
Khitngsmuitan3-4g/l:Ncngmmn.
Khitngsmuitan4-7g/l:Ncngmmntrungbnh.
Khitngsmuitan7-10g/l:Ncngmkhmn.
-Ncmnl:
Tngsmuitan10-30g/l:Ncmnlyu.
Tngsmuitan30-50g/l:Ncmnlmnh.
-Nckhonghomnh:Khitngsmuitan>50g/l.
9. Theo c tnh ho hc v vt l ca nc, c xem xt n mc
ch s dng nc:
-Nckhong.
-Ncchocngnghip.
-Ncchosinhhot.
10. Theo iu kin i mi ngun nc:
-Ncngmiminhanh.
-Ncngmimichm.
-Ncngmng.
11. Theo nhng ch s v kh hu, ta c:
-Ncngmcanhngvngmvnho.

154

-Ncngmckhonghothayicanhngvngkh
hn.
12. Theo v tr tng cha nc, ta c:

Mtt
Ncngmtngtrn

Tngthmkmhay
khngthm

Ncngmtngdi
Tngtkhngthm

Ncngmtngdicp
Tngtkhngthm
Hnh 5.1. V tr tng cha nc ngm
Vicphnchiachititncngmnh trngipchovickhai
thcchiuquncngmvoccmcchsdngkhcnhau.

155

Vngb
cp
Mcthup
Mtt
Ging
phun
Gingth
ngkhng
p

Tng
khng
thm

Tng
khng
thm

Tngncc
p

Hnh 5. 2. S m t cc loi
tng cha nc
Chiucaomcnc
ngm

60

40

20

10203040
rngt(%)

156

Vngrcy
Vng
thong
kh

Vngtrunggian
Vngmaodn
Vngboho

Vng
bo
ho

Tngkhngthm

Hnh 5.3 S phn b theo chiu thng ng

ca nc di t
5.1.3. Cht lng nc ngm
*Ncngmdngchonung.
Nuncngmdngchonung,yucuphitccchtiu
sauykhngnhhngtisckhoconngi:
-NngPblnnht 0,1mg/l.
-NngFlnnht 1,5mg/l.
-NngZnlnnht 5mg/l.
-NngCulnnhtmg/l.
*Ncngmdngchoncti.
Vicnhgincngmthchhpchotikhngchdavo
nngmuitantrongncmcntheoctnht,loicy
trng,cngnhiukinkhhu,ngyvphngphpti.
Ni chung khng c nhng cng thc c nh hon ton
chnhxcnhgichtlngncngmchoncti.Tuynhinc

157

th coi nc ngm l thch hp cho ti khi t cc iu kin sau

y:
-Nhitncgnbngnhitt.
-Lngmuitantrongnc<1g/l.Nuvtqutrs1g/l,taphi
xc nh ring cc thnh phn mui v phi m bo cc tiu
chunsau:
-Nng1g/lchoNaC03.
-Nng2g/lchoNaCl
-Nng5g/lchoNa2S04.
5.1.4. Mt s ti liu v vic s dng v khai thc nc ngm
1. Nc ngm trn th gii.
Ccnctintintrnthgiiurtchtrngnvickhai
thcncngmphcvchoyucutivccyucukhccann
kinhtqucdn.Chngtathamkhomtvisliusauy:
-B,anMchsdngn90%trlngncngm.
-c,Thuin,NhtBn60-80%trlngncngm.
-Anh,Php,PhnLan25-35%trlngncngm.
-LinXckhaithc72,5trium3ncngmtrongmtngy.
-M:Tnm1995ngitathngkvickhaithcncngm
nhsau:Mingykhaithc175trium3nctrongc143,4triu
m3dngtichim82%sovitnglngkhaithcv72,2%sovi
tnglngncdngti.
- Algerie: Ch ring tnh Urir khoan n 930 ging nc
ngmtrongcgingsun1200m.
-Israellncctlsdngncngmtrongnngnghipkh
cao87%lngnctilytncngm.
2. Nc ngm Vit Nam.
TluNhncthnhlpcngtykhaithcncngm
phcvchocngtcquyhoch,thitkvkhaithcchiuqu
tinguynncngmphcvchonnkinhtqucdn.Ncta

158

xydngccbnacht:Nm1984cBnthuvn
tl1:500000trongtonquc;bn1:3000000Atlas;bn
achtthuvntl1:1000000catngccacht.
Bnachtthuvntl1:200000clptheotngnhm
vngkinht.Bnachtthuvan1:50000;1:25000lp
chocckhuth,khucngnghip.
Nm1997tmkimthmdncdit165vngvitng
lngkhaithcctnh2.300.000m3/ngy.Theoktqukhoaniu
trathmd,cthphnchiavtrachtthuvnnctatheo
ccphnvsau:
* Cc tng cha nc c l hng trong thnh to t:
-ngbngbcb:C2tngchancchyulHalocen(Qh)v
Pleistocen(Qp)tngtrlngkhong7.500.000m3/ngy.
+TngQh gpsu2040m,lulnglkhoan(Qlk)l
0,5-10l/s.
+TngQp gpsu50-60m,Q lk >10l/sHuhtcc
nhmyncngbngkhaithctngncny.
- ng bng Nam b: C5tngchancQh,Qp 2-3,Pliocen(M4),
Miocen(M3),Tngtrlngkhaithckhong27.500.000m3/ngy.
+TngQh cdintchphnb43.000km2,gpsu
20-70m,tchancchyulctnh,ctbt.Nhnchung
tng ny ngho nc cht lng nckm,ncny thng nhim phn,
nhimmn.
+TngQ1-2phnbhuhtngbngvidintchkhong
50.000km2,thnggpsu40-80m,bdylpnct25-135
m(TB=50-70m).Vngchancchyulctsi.yltng
chancphongph.Chtlngncthayitngvng,ngNam
btt,TyNambhaybnhimmn.
+TngM4rngkhong49.000km 2,su150-350m,dy
50-140m,haygpsu90-100m.tlctnhiucht,cha

159

nhiusnsi.Tngnylngnckhln.Chtlngncthayitng
vng,vngtrungtmvvenbinhaybnhmmn.
+TngM3phncchM4 lmtlpst20-50m,nphnb
rngkhong37.000Km2,sukhong300-450m,haygp
su200-350m.tchanclctsnsi.yltngchanc
phongph.Chtlngnctt.Vngtrungtmvvenbinbnhim
mn.
- ng bng ven bin min Trung:Cctngchanctrendin
hp,kodikhnglintc.ThnggpchailoiQhvQpdy
chancmng,tngchancctlchyu.RingtngQp lct,
si,cui.HintngnhimmnkhphbinnhtltngQp.
* Cc tng cha nc khe nt trong thnh to bazan
Pliocen- t
TngnyphnbrngkhpTyNguynvDngNamb,
ngoiracnthyQuHp,inBin...vidintchkhngln.Lngncthayivngvphthucvontn,dyvmc
phnbcakhibazan.Chiusulkhoanthngkhngqu
100m.Cchdykhibazan200-300mnh Pleiku.Chtlng
tt,chyulncbicarbonatCloruavikhongho0,2-0,3g/l.
Nguncungcpchotngncnychyulma,nnngthibin
inhanhtheoma,makhmcnchnhanh.Cthkhaithcnc
tngnyviquymtvanln.
* Cc tng cha nc khe nt trong thnh to lc a
nguyn
Phn b ch yu vng ng Bc Bc b, Bc Trung b,
ngoiracngpTyNguynvNamTrungb.Tngchanc
baogmcctrmtchlcnguynhTriat,Jura,Neogen.tchancchyulctkt,cuiktvstktbnt.Nhnchungtng
nynghonc,tuynhincmtsnigptngctkt,cuikt
ntnkhgiunc,Qlkhoanl5-10l/s.CnQphbintngnc
nyl0,5-2,0l/shocnhhn.Khnngkhaithcchquym

160

nh,ccb.Chtlngnctt,tngkhonghothngl0,01-0,2
g/l.
*Cc tng cha nc khe nt Karst trong thnh to
Carbonte
CcthnhtocarbonateVitNamctuiCarbontPecmi
nTriat.
-CctngchanchTriatphanbthnhrilnkodit
TyBcsangngNamtrnvngTyBcvidintch1.200km 2
thuccctnhLaiChu,SnLa,NinhBnh,ThanhHo.
-CctngchanckhentKarstPleozoiphnbkhrng
vngthucBcbnh QungNinh,CaoBng,LngSn,BcCn,
ThiNguyn,TuynQuang,Snla,LaiChu,ThanhHo.tchanclvintnhockarstphttrin.Nhnchunglngncphong
ph,lkhoankhaithcthngsu80-150m,cQ=5-15l/s
haylnhn.Chtlngnctt,thngldngbicarbonate-cloruahay
bicarbonatesunfat,tngkhongho(KH)l0,3-0,7g/l.Tng
ncnycthpngchokhaithcquymvavln.
- Cc thnh to carbonate- Silur c din tch phn b hp,
gpmtsvngTyNghAn,HTnh,QungBnh,QungTr,
inBin,LaiChu...mcntnhpvkarstyunnchat
nc.
*Cc thnh to a cht rt ngho nc hoc khng cha
nc
-Baogmccthnhtolcnguyn,lcnguynphuntroh
PaleogenNeogen(P-N),hJuraCreta(J 3K1)vhTriat.Thnh
phnchyulstkt,btktvphinst.Ccthnhto
binchtCambriOrdevic,Proterozoi(Pr),vArkeozoi(Ar).t
chyulphinthchanh,mica,dphinamphibolit,quarzit.Cc
thnhtonyphnbvngBcb,TyBc,BcTrungbv
TyNguyn.Nhnchung,ccthnhtinynghonc,Qlkhoan

161

khngcnchocthpl<0,1l/s.Tuynhincctgykinto
hnhthnhcciphhukhphongphnc.ychnhlitngtmkimncytrinvngtrongccthnhtonghonc.Nc
trong thnh to ny cht lng tt, KH < 0,3 g/l, ch yu l
carbonate-clorua.
-Ccthnhtomcmaxmnhpccutokhic,tnt
nnnkhngcnc.Ncchtntitrniphonghophttrintrn
bmtkhixmnhpnnmakhthngkhngcnc.
minBc,mtsvngkhhnthiungunncmtvmt
svngbivensngcnctinhkhaithcngunncngm.
cctnhphaNam,nhpkhaithcncngmphcvcho
nhucutinctrongnngnghipngycngtng.Dintchcti
bng nc ngm trong cc nm 1975, 1979, 1984 nh sau: 1975 l
15.700ha;1979l16.400ha;1984l23.400ha.
5.2. Nhng nh lut c bn v chuyn ng ca dng nc
ngm
5.2.1. nh lut DARCY
1. S th nghim.
C mt ct t hnh tr nh hnh v. Mc nc c gi n
nhnh2khoavb.Lymtmtchunbtk0-0.ocao
opting1lH1vng2lH2.
Khongcchgiang1vng2l1.
2. nh lut.
nh lut Darcy pht biu nh sau: Trong iu kin chuyn
ngnnh,lulngthmtlthunvihsthmcat,vi
dintchthmvdcthulc.
Q=W.V=W.K.J

(1)

Trong:
K:lhsthmcat

162

W:ldintchmtcttmdngthmiqua
J:ldcthulc

J=hm/l=(H1-H2)/l=-((H2-H1)/l(2)
Hoccthvit:V=KJ=-K(dH/dL)(3)
Nghal"lutcthmtlbcnhtvigradient
thylc".

hm
l

H1

H2

o
Hnh 5.2. S th nghim

3. Phm vi ng dng.

163

nh lut Darcy ch ng trong trng hp dng chy tng.

Nhiuthnghimcnchngtrngchcthmchytngvis
Rynon(Re)nhmituntheonhlutny.
Pavolopsky(Nga)chorngkhivntcthmvtqugiihnVk
thtakhngpdngcnhlutDarcy.Vkcxcnhnhsau:

Trong:
A:rngcamitrngthm

N:hskhngbiniN=50-60
d:ngknhhtt
Gnyngitaxcnhciukinpdngchnh
xcnhlutDarcy,lRe<=5
Trong:
(DAT-SGK)
(5)
Cckhiutrongh(5)cgiithiutrongh(4)
TrnghplutcthmvtqulutcthmphngiiV>Vk,ta
khng p dng c nh lut Darcy. Trong trng hp ny chuyn
ngcadngthmtuntheonhlutchyri:
(DAT-SGK)
(6)

164

Trongh(6):hsthmvJdcthulc,msmtu
thucloit.Vinhngloivtliuchtln(nhdm,cui
Pavolopskynghm=1/2).
Ccphnsautachgiihnnghincutrnghpchytng
tuntheonhlutDarcycadngthm.
4. H s thm ca t.
-Hsthmcatphthucvoccyutsauy:
-Hnhdngvkchthchtt
-Thnhphnnhamthch.
-iukinnhit
Vd:Httln,u:kln
Httnh:knh
Nhittng-nhtcancln-kln
Hsthmcamtsloitnhtrongbngdiy:
Tn loi t

H s thm bnh
qun
K(cm/s)

tst

Cthtto
5.2.2. Phng trnh LAPLACE
p dng nhlut Darcy v phngtrnh lin tccho dng
khnggianbachiucamtchtlngkhngnncquamitrngrng,dntiphngtrnhLaplace:

(DAT-SGK)
(7)

165

Phngtrnhnychobit:Tngohmringphnbchai
cathnngctnctheocchngx,y,zbng0.
5.3. Chuyn ng ca dng nc ngm trn tng khng
thm nc
5.3.1. Chuyn ng u
Chngtanghincumttrnghpnginnht:Dngnc
ngmchuynngnnhutrnmttngkhngthmnc
nmnghing,cdcyi(xemhnhv)

(DAT-SGK)

Trongtrnghpny,ccngdngusongsongviyngmtnctdoccoilngbin.Timtct1-1ctnco
pHl:

(DAT-SGK)
(1-1)
Trong:
Z:caoahnhcaimnmtct0-0.
p:psuttimtimtrnmtt1-1.

166

:Trnglngringcanc.
Xtmtct2-2cchmtct1-1mtkhongds,cao
opgimimtlngdH.dcthulcsl:

(DAT-SGK)
(1-2)
p dng nh lut Darcy, ta xc nh c lu lng nc dng
thm:
(1-3)
Trong:0:ldintchmtcttcadngu.
5.3.2. Phng trnh vi phn ca chuyn ng n
nh, khng u thay i dn ca dng thm (dng nc
ngm)
Xtchuynngkhnguthayidntrongnhnglng
dnhnhlngtr,mtctngangcdngbtk(xemhnhv).

(DAT-SGK)

167

Timtct(x-x)cchmtct(1-1)mtonstheophng
nghing,tahytmmiquanhgiadcthulcJ,dc
yivsudngchyh.
v

(DAT-SGK)

(2-1)

(DAT-SGK)
(2-2)

(2-3)
Trongtrnghpdngu:h=constantvw=w0
Cngthc(2-3)cchuynthnh:
Q=WokinhtanghincutrongphnI
Tatiptcnghincumtsdngcaphngtrnh(2-2)nh
sau:
1. Khi dc y thun i>0
Trnghpdngncngmchuynngu,lulngcxc
nhtheoh
(2-3).
Q=K.w0.i

168

Trnghpdngncngmchuynngkhngu,lulngc
xcnhtheoh(2-3).
(DAT-SGK)
Vdngncngmlnnhnntacthcnbngh(13)v(2-3).
tbinitonhc,cuicngtach(2-4).
(DAT-SGK)
2. Khi y nm ngang i=0.
Cncvophngtrnh(2-3),khii=0tac:
(DAT-SGK)
3. Khi dc y nghch i<0.

(DAT-SGK)

Gischuynngucadngthmcchiungcli(v
dcnghch),lcnylulngcxcnhtheohthc:
(DAT-SGK)
(2-6)

169

TrongW0'lmtct tcadngthunchyukhic
suh0'.Cnbnghaihthc(II-6)v(2-6)tac:
(DAT-SGK)
(2-7)
tW=vbinii,phngtrnhviphncatrnghp
nycdngsau:
(DAT-SGK)
(2-8)
5.3.3. Cc dng ng mt nc trong chuyn ng khng
u ca ng nc ngm (dng thm)
Chngtanghincubatrnghpsauy:
1. Trng hp 1: dc y thun (i>0).
Trongkhuvccadngncngm,tavngbohoN.Ntng
ngcadngu.ngN.Nphnchiatngchancthnh2vng:
-Vngach>h0
-Vngbch<h0
Trongh0lchiudycadngncngm,phngtrnhvi
phncdng(2-4).

(2-4)
(DAT-SGK)

170

dh/dslunlundng:Nghalsucadngncngm
tngdntheolngncchy:lngncdng.Talulkhih
h0thWW0
(DAT-SGK)
ngncngmlyngN.Nlmtimcn.
Trongvngb:h<h0
ngncngmlyngN.Nlmngtimcnphatrn.

(DAT-SGK)

2. Trng hp 2: dc nm ngang i=0. T phng trnh (2-5)

Q=-kw.dh/dsbiniitacphngtrnhviphnsau:
dh/ds=-Q/Kw

(3-1)

dh/ds<0nghalsuncngmgimdntheohng
chy,ngmtnccdngnch.

(DAT-SGK)

3.Trnghp3:dcynghchi<0tabitphngtrnh
cbntrongtrnghpny(pt2-8).
(DAT-SGK)

171

Trongtathydh/ds<0vkhngphthucvo.
su nc ngm gim dn theo hng chy. ng mt nc ngm
trongtrnghpnylngnch.Khitiptuynca
ngbohothnggcvitngkhngthm.
Khi,phatrnngmtncngmctimcn
ngang.

(DAT-SGK)

5.3.4. Tch phn phng trnh vi phn ca chuyn

ng n nh khng u thay i dn ca dng nc ngm
v v ng mt nc (ng bo ho)
5.3.4.1. Trng hp dng nc ngm chuyn ng trong cc lng
dn hnh lng tr, mt ct ngang l hnh ch nht c chiu rng
ln
Trnghp1:dcythuni>0.
vw=bh
w0=bh0
(DAT-SGK)

Tchphnphngtrnhnytmtct(1-1)nmtct
(2-2)vikhongcchgiahaimtctl1tachthc:
(4-2)
(DAT-SGK)

172

chuynsanglogaritthpphntach(4-3)
(DAT-SGK)
(4-3)
trong:
i:

dc

knh

h0:sudngu
hi:sudngncngmtimtctdcyi.
Trnghp2:ynmngangi=0.
Trong:
q:llulngnvcadngncngm/1mdi
b:chiurngcadngchy
h:sucadngncngm
Tphngtrnh(3-1):dh/ds=Q/Kw
ThayccgitrcaQvwtrnvotac
(DAT-SGK)
Tchphnphngtrnhviphn(4-4)tmtct(1-1)
n(2-2)tac:
(DAT-SGK)
(4-5)
Trng hp 3: dc y nghch i<0 ta bit trng hp
ny, phng trnh vi phn c dng:

(DAT-SGK)

173

5.3.4.2. Khi dng dn c dng phi lng tr gi z l cao trnh

ca mt nc ngm nh t mt chun nm ngang no (0-0).
Lc lu lng ca dng nc c xc nh theo h thc:
Q=-Kw.dz/ds
Phngtrnhviphncdng:
- dz=Q/Kw .ds, tch phn hai v ca phng trnh ny
t mt ct (1-1) n mt ct (2-2) ta c:
(DAT-SGK)
Choon1ngncthxemmtct tcadng
thmthayirttvcthlytrstrungbnh:
wtb=(w1+w2)/2th:
(DAT-SGK)
(4-7)
Khi bit Q v K ta c th v ng bo ho( mt nc
ngm) theo phng trnh (4-7) bng cch th dn
Diygiithiumtsbitpmupdnglthuyt
hc.
Bi tp 1: C mt knh y cao hn y sng v cch
sng mt on kh di.
Hy xc nh lu lng trn n v chiu rng ca dng nc
ngmvvngmtncchobitdctngkhngthmi=
0,02hsthmk=0,005cm/s.Khongcchgiasngvknhl
180m.sucadngncngmchrakhiknhlh1=1mvch
vosnglh2=1,90m.
Bi gii:

174

-Theoiukincaubih1<h2:
ngmtncngmlngncdngknh.

(DAT-SGK)
Xcnhsuh0trongcngthc(4-3)vi=0,02>
0

Thayccsliuubichovobiuthctrntac:
0,02.180+(1-1,9)=2,305h0.lg(1,9-h0)/1-h0

tmh0 tadngphngphptrath.Trctinvth
quanhgiah0 vf(h0)bngcchchoh0 mtgitrno,ta
tmcgitrtngngcaf(h0).
h0=0,92

f(h0)=1,001

h0=0,94

f(h0)=1,121

h0=0,96

f(h0)=1,315

Trnthtatmthyh0=0,954m
-Xcnhlulngnvtrn1cmrng.
q=K.i.h0
q=
-Vngmtncngm:
S dng phng trnh (4-3) xc nh ng mt nc
ngm.Vih1=1mbit,choccgitrh2khcnhau,taxcnh
ccckhongcch1tngng:

175

(DAT-SGK)

tngngh4=1,4m

h5=1,7m

h4=120m
h5=159m

Vigitrh1,h2,h3,h4,h5 cxcnh,tavcng
mtncngm.
Bi tp 2:Timtctmpnccamtconsng,ngita
o c cao trnh mt nc l y2=47,32m. Cao trnh tng t
khng thm l y02=44.Ti mtct (1-1) cch b sng l=2422m.
Quathmdngitabitccaotrnhmcncngmly1=58,8m
vcaotrnhtngtkhngthmly 01=41,72m.Xcnhlulng
nvcadngncngmvvngmtncccimc
su ln lt l h=1,5m, h=15m, h=13m, h=11m, h=9m, h=7m,
h=5m,bithsthmcatlK=0,002m/s.
Bi gii:

(DAT-SGK)

Xcnhdcy:

sudngncngmtimtct(1-1)v(2-2)lnltl:
h1=y1-y01=58,8-47,76=17,08
h1=y1-y02=47,32-44=3,32
Tnhh0lsudngungvidci=-itheophng
trnh(4-6):

176

(DAT-SGK)
Thayccgitrbitvthugnlitachthc:
(DAT-SGK)
Tnhh0theophngphpthdnnhbngdiy:
h0(m)
49
0,349
0,0678
0,0474
52
0,329
0,0638
0,0426
51
0,335
0,0651
0,5440
50
0,342
0,0664
0,0450
-Xcnhlulngdngthm(dngncngm)

2,322
2,215
2,2244
2,28

(DAT-SGK)

-Vngmtncngm:vngmtncngmtas
dnghthcsauy:

(DAT-SGK)
trong:

Thayccsliubitvophngtrnhtrn,tac:

177

(DAT-SGK)

Quanhgianhtrongbngdiy:

(DAT-SGK)

Bi tp 3:Mthchancsngl1=300m,caotrnh
mcnctronghvsngl.Tngtthm
ncgiasngvhltngchtchsthmk=11m/
ngy..Tngtkhngthmnmngangcaotrnh

Xc

nhlulngnvcadngncngmvvectngmtnc.

(DAT-SGK)

sudngncngmmphvsnglnltl:

Vytngkhngthmi=0.Tapdngcngthc(4-5):

178

hay:

-Vngmtncngm:Binicngthc(4-5)theo
dng:

(DAT-SGK)

Lnltthayccgitrx=0;50;100;200;250taccc

caohxtngngtrongbngsau:
lx(

h(

4,

x)
m)

5
0

55

1
00

4,
16

1
50

3,
74

2
00

3,
26

2
50

2,
69

3
00

1,
98

0,
75

5.4. Ging v hm tp trung nc ngm.

5.4.1. Ging tp trung nc ngm
1. Ging nc phun
Ging c khoan su ti tng cha nc nm gia hai tng
khngthm.Dopsutcancngmlnhnpsutkhngkhnn
nctronggingsphunlncaotngngvipsutlndnnc.
Ngitaphngingphunthnh2loigingphunhonchnh
vloikhnghonchnh.

179

-Gingphunhonchnh:Gingcynmtrntngkhng
thmnc.
-Gingphunkhnghonchnh:Gingcynmllng
trongtngchanc.
Xtmtgingphunhonchnh,tngchancnmngangc
chiudatkhikhngbmnc:Dngncngmtnhli.Khibmnclintcvu,lulngncQlyrakhigingcnbngvilulng
dodngthmtrongtcung cp.Lcnycthcdngchy
ngmldnguvnnh.

Tinhngimcchtmgingmtkhongx,dcthu
lcubngnhauvbng:
J=dz/dx
Z:lcaocactnccaimctongangx.
-TheonhlutDarcy,lulngthotracadngthml:
Q=K.W.dz/dx

(1-1)

wldintch tmdngncngmiqua.ldintch
mtbncaruthnhtr,bnknhxvchiucaolz.Tuynhin
nc thm vo ging ch yu tng c chiu dy t nn W=
.Thayvophngtrnh(1-1)
(DAT-SGK)

KhiZ=Hthx=R.Rgilbnknhnhhngcaging.l
chiudinhrakhuvcnhhngcaging.Ngoiphmviny
ngbohokhnggimthp:

(DAT-SGK)

180

Trongphngtrnh(1-4)s=H-hgilsuhtnc.
CchxcnhbnknhnhhngRcaging:Viloitc
cchtctoR=700-1000mhoccthtnhRtheocccngthc
sauy:
(DAT-SGK)
Trong:Slsuhtnctnhtheom
Khsthmcattnhtheom/s.
Trnghpgingphunkhnghonchnh:Ngoiphnlulng
thmquathnhbn,cncphnlulngthmquay.Vicxc
nhlulngthmnhpvogingkhphctp.Tacthxcnh
theocngthckinhnghimcaConi:

(DAT-SGK)

2. Ging nc ngm thng

Gingnmphatrntngkhngthmnc,sucadng
ncngmtnhttngkhngthmlH.Gingdodngnc ny
cung cp gi l ging nc ngm thng.Cngging nh trng hp
gingncphun,gingncngmthngcphnralm2loi:
-Gingncngmthnghonchnhlgingcynmtrc
tiptrntngtkhngthm.
a. Gingncngmthnghonchnh

(DAT-SGK)

181

Gistacmtgingohonchnh,ncngmsthm
nhpvoging.Khicaoncdngtrongginglh,tabmnc
rakhiygingvilulngQbnglulngthmvoging.Lcny
chuynngcadngncngmlnnhu.Nctccpha
thmvogingcdnghnhphuhngvtmging.
Xtmtmtctcchtmginglr,caongmcnc
ngmlz.Dochuynngcadngthmlnnhnndc
thulcmiimtrnhnhtrbnknhrlnhnhauvbng:
J=dz/dr
Mtcttmdngthmiquachnhbngdintchxung
quanhcahnhtrbnknhrvcaolz:
(DAT-SGK)

TrongthctchiusuhtncSlrtnhsoviH;nhthc
thbquatrsS/2Hvcngthctrndngnginhn:

b. Ging nc ngm thng khng hon chnh

Trong trng hp ny y ging nm l lng trn

tngkhngthm.Nukhongcchtygingntngkhng
thmlnthtrongtngchancchcvngphatrnlthamgia
voviccungcpncvoging.Vngnygilvnghotng.S
c2trnghpxyral:
Ha>HvHa<H
b, Khi Ha>H: Lulng ca ging cxcnh theo
cngthckinhnghimcaPhoockhhayme:
d. Khi Ha<H: LulngcngcxcnhtheocngthctrnnhngphithayccilngHvTbngHavT:

182

(DAT-SGK)

Khir0 khnhsovisunctronggingh,tacthb
quashng0,5r0trongcngthc.
CchxcnhtrsHa(chiusuvnghotng)
0,2
1,3

0,3
1,6

0,5
1,7

0,8
1,85

1
2

,00
Ngoi ra ta cng c th xc nh H a theo cng thc ca
P.I.Sipenc
Giiphngtrnhbngphngphpthdn.
(DAT-SGK)
3. Ging tp trung nc

(ging tiu nc) c th dng ging

tiunckhimcnctrongginglnhnchiudytngchanc.
Ncschytgingratngthmnc.
(DAT-SGK)
ngmtnccdngngconglm,dcthulc
J=-dz/dr
Theo nhlutDarcy Q=w.K.J. Timtct(1-1) cch tm
gingmtkhongr,lulngthotncsl:

(DAT-SGK)

183

4. T ging ly nc
Trongthctngitaphixydngmttgingmim
boyucutiuhoccungcpnc.Vntnhtonsphctp
hnsovitrnghpgingn.Miginglmvicsnhhng
ngingkhc.
Trnghpmtgingthnghonchnhlmvic,mtngncngmcdng:
(DAT-SGK)
Trong:
I=1,2tngngvithtging
ri:KhongcchtimAnongingi
r0i:Bnknhcagingino
Khinginglmvicngthi,pdngphngphpcngth
trongchcchtlng.
Phngtrnhmtbohocdng:

Trong:
Z:lsudngncngmtimtimtrnmtncmta
xt,vdimA
ri: l khong cch nm ngang ca im ta xt n tm
ccgingtngng
C:lilngkhngi
xcnhC,taxtmttrnghpnginnhtkhilulng
caccgingbngnhau:
Q1=Q2=Q3=Qn=Q0/n
(DAT-SGK)

184

HsCcxcnhnhsau:GithitimAcchtging
mt khong kh ln. Lc ny ta c th xemkhong cch gia cc
ging l nh so vi cc khong cch r 1,r2,...,rn nn ta c th cho
r1=r2=...=rn=r
Thayccgitrvophngtrnhtrn:

(DAT-SGK)

Datheophngtrnhtrn,khibitZtacthxcnhc
lulngQ0catging.HocngclikhibitQ0tacthxcnh
Zmtimbtkngmtncngm.
Khiccgingbtrtheovngtrn,bnknhpvclulng
bngnhau.
PhngtrnhngmtnctiimOviZ0ltrscaZti
imOsl:

TrscabnknhnhhngRcngcthtnhgingnhi
vi ging n. Cng c th dng cng thc kinh nghim ca
P.I.Cu.Xa.Kin:

5. Ging nc ngm c ngun do sng h cung cp

-Taxtmttrnghpnginnhtkhiygingnmtrn
tngkhngthmnmngang.Tngnycnglysng.Vn
tralcnphixcnhQcungcpchoging(cnglkh
nngkhaithccaging)theocciukinbitH,h,K,lvr0
(xemhnhv).

185

- Trc ht cn v phng trnh ng mt nc cho ging: Ta

thaysngbngmtgingA, noclulngarabnglulng
cagingAccungcp.ccimcchuhaigingmcnc
ngmsnhnhau.
GiQllulngtrongtngging,rvr,lkhongcchtmt
imbtktrnmtncngmctolZntmgingA
vA,.pdngphngtrnh(1-5).

(DAT-SGK)
Du (-) trong h thc biu th nh hng ngc chiu gia 2
gingAvA,.TiimBbsngcZ=Hvr=r,.ThayvophngtrnhtrntartracC=H2 vphngtrnhngboho
cagingcdng:

(DAT-SGK)

- Xt im E nm trn b ging: Gi h l su ca nc
tronggingA,llkhongcchtbsngtitmgingA.ivi
imEnmtrnbgingtac:

(DAT-SGK)

186

Trongh(1-19):
H:sumcncsng
l:khongcchtgingtimpsng
h:sumcnctrongging
r0:bnknhcaging
K:hsthmcat
5.4.2. Hm tp trung nc
Tachgiihntrongvicxtnghmtptrungnccmt
ctnganghnhchnht,yhmcthnmtrctiptrntng
khngthmnchoccaohn.
1. y hm nm trn tng khng thm
Coinghmlixng,tachcnxtchuynngca
dngncngmmtphacanghm(xemhnhv)
(DAT-SGK)

Giqllulngnvtptrungncvomtphacahm.Ti
mtct(1-1)theonhlutDarcy:
q=w.v=z.l.k.ds/dx
Phnlybinstacphngtrnhviphn:

(DAT-SGK)

Phng trnh(2-2) l phng trnh ng mt nc ngm

nhnhbnphicahm.

187

Cngnh trnghpxtccgingngm,nutaakhinim
giihnnhhngcahmLvothkhix=L,Z=H,phngtrnh(22)trthnh:
(DAT-SGK)

Nunghmdilthlulngmtphacanghml:
Q=ql
-Giihnnhhngcahmcxcnhtheoiukina
chtthvn.Sbtaxcnhtheocngthc:
L=(H-h)/Jtb(2-4)
Trongcngthc(2-4)
H:sumcncngmtnhntngkhngthm
h:sumcnctrongging
jtb:dcthulccangboho
Vihtcttojtb=0,003
Viloitstjtb=0,15
2. Dy hm tp trung nc nm song song ht nc t pha trn
xung.
Giscmtdyhmtptrungncsongsongcmtct
chnht,htnctmttthmxung. Khongcchgiahai
hmbng.Chiurngcahm2b 0.Lulngthmxungtl
q,/1mdi
-Lulngthmvonghmtimtctnobini
theotoxvbng:
TheonhlutDarcy:
(DAT-SGK)

188

Bi tp p dng chng 5:
1.xcnhlulngcadngncngmvomtvngtrng,
ngitakhoan2lthmdocchnhaul=800m.Ti2lkhoanta
occaotrnhmtncngmvtngkhngthml:
y1=19,62m
y2=9,4m

y01=15,8m
y02=9,4m

Tmlulngcadngncngm?BithsthmcatK=
40m/ng.d,CDS:q=1,59m3/ng.d
2.Mtgingncphunhonchnhcbdytngchanclt
=15,9mvsuhtnctronggingS=0,5m.Xcnhlulng
cthlyrakhiging?Bitngknhcagingd=25,4cm,
bnknhnhhngR=100m;
k=40m/ng.d
(S:Q=34,61/s).
3.Mtgingncphunhonchnhcchiudytngchanc
t=8,0m.
ngknhgingd=0,2mvbnknhnhhngcagingl
R=100m.Khikhaithc,lulnggingQ=2l/sthsuhtnc
trongginglbaonhiu?BitK=24,05m/ng.d.
(S:S=1m)
4.Mtgingncphunhonchnhcbdytngchanct=
38,9mvngknhcagingld=0,1m.KhilyralalngQ=
9,8l/sthsuhtnctronggingS=1m.Kimtralihs
thmcat?BitbnknhnhhngcaginglR=100m.
(S:K=26,4m/ng.d)
5.Mtgingncphunkhnghonchnhcchiusu
cagingnvotngnca=8,0.ngknhcagingd=0,2m.
Tmlulnglyrakhiging?chobittngthmdyt=38,69m.

189

suhtncS=1m,bnknhnhhngR=100mvhsthm
catK=24,65m/ng.d.
(S:Q=3,18l/s).
6. Mt ging nc ngm thng hon chnh c ng knh d
=30,5cm.KhihtncthsuhtnclS=4,0m.Tmlulng
tngng?ChobitsulpncboholH=14m,bnknh
nhhngR=300mvhsthmcatk=20m/ng.d
(S:Q=9,21l/s)
7.Mtgingncngmthnghonchnhcd=0,152mv
sutngbohoH=15,86m.NulyralulngQ=6,1l/sth
su ht nc l bao nhiu? Cho bit h s thm ca K =
0,00012m/s
(S:S=4,0m)
8.Mtgingncngmthngkhnghonchnhcchiusu
tngbohoncH=18,96m.Tmlulnglyrakhigingkhi
suhtncS=4,5m.Mcnctrongginglh=7,5m.Bitging
cngknhd=0,152mvhsthmcatK=0,00012m/s
(S:Q=5,59l/s)
9.Mtgingtiuncngmthnghonchnhcngknhd
=0,2m.Khitiuncvo,nctronggingnngcaosovimcnc
ngmthinnhinS=3,0m.Hilulngavoginglbaonhiu?
BitsutngbohoncH=9,0m,hsthmK=30m/ng.d
vbnknhnhhngcaginglR=100m
(S:Q=10l/s)
10.Mthmtptrungncdil=150mtngaytrntng
khngthmnmngang.LpncbohodyH=3,0mlpnctrong
hmsuh=0,2m.Tmlulngtptrungvohm?Chobitgii
hnnhhngcahmL=75mvhsthmK=4m/ng.d
(S:71,68m3/ng.d)
11.Mthm tp trung nct ngay trn tngkhng thm
nmngangclpncbohoH=4,0m.Tmlulngthmnvq

190

tptrungvonghmtrong2trnghp:Giihnnhhngca
hmlnltlL=16mvL=90m.BitK=6m/ng.d.vsulp
nctronghm0,5m
(S:KhiL=16m,q=5,9m3/ng.d
khiL=90,q=1,05m3/ng.d)
5.5. Mt s phng php thc t xc nh lu lng ca
mt tng cha nc ngm
5.5.1. Xc nh lu lng theo cng thc ca Darcy
-Khincngmdichuyntrongmttngchancngnht.
TatnhQtheocngthccaDarcy:
Q=K.J.w

(1-1)

hocq=K.J.h
Trong:
Q:lulngcadngchyngm
q:lulngnv(trnmtnvchiurng)
K:hsthmcat
J:dcthulc
w:Titdinngangcadngngm
h:chiudycatngchanc
- Khi tng cha nc nm nghing, cng thc Darcy c bin
thnhnhsau:
q=K.J.H.cos

(1-2)

(DAT-SGK)

5.5.2. Tnh ton lu lng theo tc thc

(DAT-SGK)

191

Trong:
Q:lulngcadngchy
Vr:tcthccadngnc
q:Lulngnv
w:Titdinngangcadngngm
h:Chiudycatngchanc

Vrvwthngctnhtheogitrbnhqun:
(DAT-SGK)
5.5.3. Tnh ton lu lng theo nh hng ca ging
Q=B.e.Qp/2R

(3-1)

Trongcngthc(3-1)
B:chiurngcatitdinncchy
Qp:lulngcaging
e:hshiuchnh,thnglye=3
R:bnknhnhhngcagingcxcnhtheocngthc
(1-5)hoc(1-6)trongchng4.
5.5.4. Tnh ton lu lng theo phng php ca gio s
Malisevsky(Nga)
q=(Q1+Q2)/2l

(4-1)

Trongcngthc(4-1)
q:lulngnvdngchy
Q1:lulngcaging1
Q2:lulngcaging2
L:khongcchgia2ging1v2
phngphpnydavosquanstlulngcthkhaithcc2ging.
5.5.5. S thay i lu lng dng ngm

192

Lulngcadngncngmquacngmtmtctcththay
itheomavtheonm.Sthayinyphthucvosthay
idcthulc,cnghalphthucvotcdichuyn
cadngnc.
Mtkhcividngncngmtdo,dycatngcha
nccngthayitheovdodnnsthayilulngca
dngncngm.
xcnhlulngthayicadngncngm,taphic
cctiliuquanstvchthayimcnc,vdcthu
lcvvntcdngnc
Lulnglnnhtcadngncngmcxcnhtheohthc:
Qmax=QJmax/J

(5-1)

Trong:
Q:lulngbitphhpvidcthulcJ
Jmax:dcthulclnnhtcadngngm
5.5.6. nh gi cc phng php xc nh lu lng

-CngthcDarcybcsdngkhitngchancnm

khngsu
-CngthctnhQtheotcthccpdngkhitng
chanctngingnhtvxp.
-CngthctnhQtheonhhngcaccgingchcgitr
gnng
-CngthccagiosMalisevskykhngcchngminhvl
thuyt.
5.6. Kh nng cung cp nc t ngun nc ngm vo tng
t canh tc
5.6.1. Tr lng cung cp
Ncleomaodntncngmcthcsdnglpthot
tnhcacytrng,phthucvosumcncngm,c
tnhmaodnvtrngthimcat.xcnhchnhxclng

193

nc ny cn tin hnh nhng nghin cu chi tit v t v nc,

cbitvtnhmaodncat.
5.6.1.Trlngcungcp.
Ncleomaodntncngmcthcsdngclpt
hot tnh ca cy trng, ph thuc vo su mc nc ngm,
ctnhmaodnvtrngthimcat.xcnhchnh
xclngncnycntinhnhnhngnghincuchititvtv
nc,cbitvtnhmaodncat.
Vlthuyt,cctcgiRitema(1965)vBenetin(1970)
arabiuthctonhcxcnhquanhgiasumcnc
ngmvdngmaodnthmnhpvovngthottnhcacy
trngsauy:
1

qk+Kf

Z
=

1
n

qk + Kf.e

.hwn

(1-1)

+Kf

(hw -hwn)

Tronghthctrn:
Z:sutrnmcncngm,lsutnhtmtt
nmtncngm.
qk: Dng mao dn thm nhp vo vng r cy trng, ph
thuccaoZ(m/s,mm/ng.d)
K=Kfe-(hw

-hwn)

Kf:dnsutthulccatkhimcatl
Kw:dnsutthulccatkhittrngthiboho.
hw:plchtnccattngngvim
hwn:plchtnccattngngkhimtgnt
gitrmbaoho.
=0.1-0.02
ivitnh:ln

194

ivitnng: nh
Datheocngthc(1-1),taxydngthbiudinmi
quanhgiaZ,qkvhwnhhnhvdit.
thbiudinquanhgiasumcncngm,dng
mao dn (q*) v p lc ht nc ca t i vi t ct khi K f =
0.01m/ng.
Datheothny,khibitccgitrZvh w,tatraccc
gitrqk.Cuicngkhibitkhongthigiant,taxcnhclngncthmnhpvovngtchabrcytrngwk:
wk = qk. t(1-2)
Bngdiygiithiumtsktquctnhchtnhhngcaqktrnmtsloit:
Loi

qk(mm/ngy)
suncngm(m)
5
2,5
0,35 0,40 -

t
t
ct

0,7
Ct

phast
St

0,75
0,7 -

0,9

0,5
0,5-0,9

0,85 -

0,9 -

0,85
0,75 -

1,00
0,7 -

1
0,45 -

1,05
0,80 -

1,10
0,95 -

1,0 -

1,0
1,10
1,15
1,25
(TheoBenenin:1973.Giotrnhtinc-Tip1979)
Victnhton wk theoh(1-2)khphctp.Trongviclp
dntikhngsliutnh.VvyBenetinsutxc
nhwktheonhngilngkhcnhaudtmhn.

wk

= E(etp)

= t (1

h-hr

)
2

Wm-Wv

(1-

hkr-hr

Wkh-Wh

Trong:

195

)m(1
-3)

E(etp):Lngncngmcytrnghpthquabrbchi
mtlvlngncbchikhongtrng.
Eet:Bchimtlvkhongtrngcacytrng.
h:suncngmtnhtmttnmtncngm.
hr:chiusuncngmkhicdngmaodnncdoncngm
cungcpthomnlngncbchimtlvkhongtrng
cacytrng.
hkr:H(KSD)+hu
H(KSD):Chiudylptkhimtttngngviim
dngmaodnchophp(imnguyhim).
hu:Chiudytngtchabrcytrng
Wm:Trlngnctrongtngtchabrcytrngtithi
imno.
Wu:Trlngnctrongtngtchabrcytrngtngng
viimhokhikhngtihoctrclcti.
Wkh:Trlngnctrongtngtchabrcytrngkhinc
ngmnmsuh,tngngvimOks.
n:Hs:ivitctn=3
ivitthttrungbnhvnngn=2,m=1.
hr:cxcnhtheohthc:
hr=0,33hu+hd
Trong:hdlsunwocsngmtngngvim
dngmaodn(tncngm)bng1/2cngbchimtlv
khongtrng.LcnyhdtngngvigitrZxcnhtheo(1-1)
*************biungang

5.6.2. cao leo t nc ngm

196

Phntrntrnhbylngncngmckhnngthmnhp
vovngtchabrcytrng.Trongphnnychngtatip
tcnghincucaoleotncngm.
Nguynnhntorasleocancngmldoschnhlchp
lcbmtmtncngmvmtlmnincleoln.
Tcleolcukhnhanh,chmdnvcuicngdngli
khicscnbnggialcmaodnvtrnglc.
Tnhtonlthuytcaoleo:
ivitltng,cchttdnghnhcu,ckchthc
ngu,caoleocxcnhtheohthc.
H

0,15

(2-1)

Trong:
H:Ctncleotmcncngm(cm)
r:Bnknhngmaoqun(cm)
Tachngminhhthcnynhsau:
Giscmtngmaoqunhnhtrnhngvomtchunc.
Dochnhlchplcbmtnitipxcgiamtncvngtr,
ncdngcaotrongngtrncaohthfdngli.Khicscn
bnggiatrnglngkhilnglngvlcdosccngbmtgy
ra.Xutphttlluntrn,tachthsauy:
2.r.t=.r2.H.y(2-2)
Trong:
r:Bnknhngmaoqunhnhtr(cm)
T:Sccngbmtcanc.
Khinhitnc200C,T=72,8dyn.cm
2.r.T:plcncdosccngbmtgyra.
H:dngcaoctnc(cm)
y:Trnglngringcanc.
y=p.g=1g/cm3.981cm/s2=981dyn/cm3

197

p:Khilngringcanc(1g/cm3)
g:Giatcritdo(981cm/s2)
Thayccgitrtrnvo(2-2)tac:
2.r.T=.r2.H.y.
2T
H

2.72,8dyn/c

yr
H

981dyn/cm3.r
0,15
r

*******hnhv
-Khitccutrcdngkhilpphng,quanhgiakch
thchcclrng,cchttvlncchttnhsau:
rmin=0,14R
rmax=0,73R
TrongrlbnknhkhernggiacchttvRlbn
knhcchtt.Khictncleottigitrlnnhtvnh
nhtlnltl:

rmin

0,15
0,41R

0,73
D

rmax

0,15
0,41D

0,41
D

Trong:
D:Lngknhhtt(cm)
-Khitccutrcdnglclng.
rmin=0,155R
rmax=0,288R

198

ctncleolnnhtvnhnhttncngmlnlttccgi
trsauy:

0,4
1

1,93

Hay0,41H.D1,93
Quanhvaxcnhchcgitrlthuytcngnhnh
hng ban u ca cng tc quy hoch ngun nc ngm. cc thc
nghimthctchothycaoleocancngmcthlnti35mtutheoloit.

199

chng 6
nhucunccaccngnhkinht
6.1. Tn xut cp nc
6.1.1. Khi nim v tn xut.
TnxutxuthincabincAtrongmtlnkhonghim
lts%giaslnxuthincabinckhislnthc
hintnglnvhn.
Tnxutcxcnhtheocngthc:P(A) = (m/n) . 100
(%)
Trong :mSlnxuthincabincA
n-Slnthcnghimhocquantrc
SpxpgitrlulngQ(m3/s)trongbngtlnnnhv
tnhtnxutPtheocngthc(6-1)tacccgitrtngng.Vi
migitrQtrongbng,tathykhnngxuthinlnhnhauP=
1/15x100=6,6%
ivilulngQ12m3/s,tnxutxuthinsl:
P(Q12m3/s)= Pi = 8 . (1/15) . 100 = 56 %
Trongthctngitathngsdngcngthcvngsxc
nhtnxut.
P = [m/(n+1)] .100 (%)
Trong:m-sthtcabinccspxptlnn
nh.
n-snmquantrc.
Vnlsliubng(6-1),dngcngthc(6-2)taxcnh
ctnsuthintngngvigitrlulngcatngnmnhtrong
bng(6-2).
Bng6.2.

200

Visliubng(6-2)tacthvcngquanhgialu
lngvtnxut.

6.1.2. Tn xut cp nc
Btccngtrnhkhaithctinguynncno,khicthit
k,tnxutcpnc(cngiltnxutbom)cngct
ra.ltlphntrmthigianmcngtrnhmboccng
sutcpncthitktrongbtciukinthititno.
Nichung,tnxutcpnccnglnthquymcngtrnh
cnglnvphthucvotmquantrngcacngtrnhcpnc
iviyucucannkinhtqucdn.Tnxutcpncchomt
sngnhthngcchnnhsau:
CpncsinhhotvthP=95-98%
CpncthuinP=85-95%
CpnctincP=75-85%
CpncgiaothngthuP=95-85%
CpncthusnP=75-85%
6.2. Nhu cu cp nc cho n ung v sinh hot
6.2.1. i tng v cht lng nc
itngcpncgmcckhudnc,khuthngmi,ccvn
phngcngsNhnc,cngnhntrongccphnxngsnxut,
nhtmcngcng,bnhvin,cngvinvvnhoa.
-Vchtlng:yucuncphimbocctiuchunsinh
hcvhohc.lloinckhnggynguyhimchocthngi.
Theo quan im vi khun, nc khng cha cc mm mng. Theo

201

quanimhohc,nckhngchaccchtchichocthngi.TmlincphimbocctiuchundoBytquynh.
6.2.2. Tiu chun cp nc cho sinh hot
Bng(6-3)v(6-4)giithiunhmccpncchomtsi
tngtheotiuchuncaNga(LinXc).

Bng (6-3): nh mc cp nc cho mt s i tng

Mcyucu
itng

nvtnh

(Lt/ng
y)

Nhtm
Nhn
Bnhx

Hskhng
u

Hskhng
ngy

ugi(Kh)

(Kng)

1ngi
150175
1ngi
1525
1 ging 100150

1,00
1,15
1,15

1,00
1,15
2,50

bnh
Trnghc
1hcsinh
vntr
1tr
Rp chiu 1ch

1015
4050
710

1,50
1,40
1,40

2,15

bng
igiasc
Ln
Tiugiasc

50
30
510

1,20
1,25
1,25

1,40
1,35
1,35

1ucon
1ucon
1ucon

Bng(6-4):nhmccpncchokhudnc.

c im

Lu lng 1/ngi - ngy

Trung
Ln nht

bnh
1.Hthngngng 15

140170

cpnctikhudnc,
khng c nh tm
cngcng.

202

H s khng u
Kng
Kh (gi)
(ngy)
1,1

1,4-1,5

2.Hthngngng 180-200

200250

1,1

cpnctikhudnc,

1,25 1,30

c nh tm cng
cng.
3.Hthngngng 270-400

300420

1-1,05

cpnctikhudnc,

1,20 1,25

cnhtmcngcng
v h thng cp nc
nng
Lngnccncungcptrongmtngycahthngcpnccxcnhtheocngthc(6-3)
W=q.N.Kng.Kh(6-3)
Trong:q:Tiuchuncpnctrong1ngycho1ngi
N:Sdntrongkhuvccpnc(ngi)
Kng:Hskhngutrongngy.
Kh:Hskhngutronggi
CW,taxcnhclulngcncungcpQ
Q=W/t
Trongcngthc(6-4)Qctnhbngm3/shocl/s
W-lngnccncungcp(m3hoc1)
t-Thigiantnhbnggiytrongngy
6.3. Nhu cu cp nc cho cng nghip
6.3.1. Yu cu v cht lng
TheoktqunghincucaVinnghincubovngunnccaLinXc,nhgichtlngncchoccngnhkinht
nichungvchocngnghipniring,ccchtiusauyc
sdng:
It:Chtiuchtlngtnghpcanc
Ivs:Chtiuvsinhchung

203

Io:Chtiuvnhim
Bng (2-5): Gii thiu cht lng nc cho cc ngnh theo cc ch
tiu trn.
Ch tiu v
ngnh s dng

Rt sch

Trng thi nc v kh nng s dng

Sch
Km
Nhim
nhim
sch

Chtiuchtlng
It
Ivs

5
5
5

4
4-5
4-5

bn

3
2
2,5-4 1,5-2,0
3,5 - 2,0-3,5

1
<1,5
<2,0

4
Io
Ngnhsdng
1.Ncsinhhot

Sdng

Sdng Chs

Khngs

ccn

dng

ccn dngkhi

dngc

chngvi

lm

cxl

khun

cnx

schvi

cbit

xm

lClo

sinh

vthy

nhp
2. Nc cng S dng

cli
Ch mt

nghip

dng

dng

ngnh

Ch s

t dng c
saukhi
xl

63.2. nh mc cp nc cho cng nghip

Lngnccpchocngnghipthayiphthucvoloinh
my.Nicchkhclngncnyphthucvonhucuncivi
quytrnhcngnghsnxut`rasnphmcngnghipcatng
ngnh.Ngoiralngnccpcngthayitheoma(nhngn
vsdngnclmmtmyhochthpnhitcasnphm).
Bng 6.6 gii thiu nh mc cp nc cho mt s nh my cng
nghipcaNga(LinXc)
Bng6.6.
TT

Loi nh my

n v tnh

Luynkimmu

1tn

204

Mc yu cu
(m3)
4000

2
3

Nhmygiy
Nhmydt

1kg
1kgsiho
hc

0,4-0,8
2,5-5,0
0,02-0,05

1mvibng
si
4
5
6

Nhmyphnm
Nhmychbin
duth
Nhmytmy
ko

1tn
1Tn

500-700
30-40

Myko1

0,120,20

chic

0,14-0,20

t1chic
7

Nhmycngc
Xngckh
Xngngui
Xngrn
Xnghipng

1Ci
1Ci
1Ci
1kg

0,035
0,02
0,04
0,008
0,012

6.4. Nhu cu cp nc trong nng nghip

6.4.1. Cht lng nc ti
Ccthngsnhgithchhpcanctiivicy
trnggmccchtiu:mn,PH,ccioncbit,cccht
chi.
1.mncancti:Ltngsttcccmui(xemmc3.4
chng3)chotantrongncti.mncbiuthbnglng
muihotantrong1nvthtchnc(g/l)hocbngdn
in (electrical Conductivity) EC (ds/m). Phn ln cy trng c
phnthnhccnhmchumnnhtrongbng(4-7),trongEC
binit1,3-10ds/m)
Giihnmnchophpnhtrongbng(4-7)chyupdng
choccloicytrnggiaionchn.giaionucassinh
trng,giihnchophpthngbhnchhnvthngbchiphi
biiukinkhhu.Nichungcytrngnhycmvimnhn
trongiukinkhhukhvnngsovikhhumtvm t.

205

Phngphpticngcnhhngtoitcngcamn.Khitinh
git,ncmncthgytthithivicytrnghnltiphun
ma.
Bng 6.7. mn cho php ca cc nhm cy trng.
Nhm cy trng phn

Ngng EC (ds/m) (bt u c

ng mn
nhycm
Nhycmtrungbnh
Chumntrungbnh
Chumn

tn tht)
1,3
1,3-3,0
3,0-6,0
6,0-10,0

Ngun Ager v Westcol 1985, KK Janji and Bfaron.

ManayementwateruseinAgriculturenew-york1994
2.pH<4,5cthtngkhnnghotancast,nhmv
mangan, dn ti tp trung cao bt li cho s sinh trng ca cy
trng.
NcvigitrpH>8,3lncckimcaovchangNa
CO3cao.NichunggitrthchhpcapHlt5-8,5.

3.nhhngcaccioncbit
Cytrngcthnhycmviscmtcanhiuionc
bittrongncti.Thmchmtstptrungmctrungbnh
caccionnhNa+,Ca2+,ClvSo42-
Cngcthgimssinhtrngvgyratnthtcbit.
ivinhmcytrngnhycm,lngNavCl>3mg/lgyc
hichochng.
LngNatritraoi(SAR)cngchlmtchtiunh
gichtlngnc(xemchng3).
4.Ccnguyntvilng:
Mtsnguyntvilngcthcmttrongnctinhngch
mcnhtnh.PrattvSnaRezgiithiugiihnchophpca
ccnguyntvilngtrongbng(2.8).

206

Bng (2.8): Nguyn t vi lng trong nc ti

Nguyn t
Ch
Flor
Km
Mangan
Chrom
Selen
Cadimi

Hm lng ln nht
(mg/l)
5,00
1,00
0,50
0,20
0,10
0,02
0,01

Bng.6.9. Gii thiu tiu chun nc ti do Trng i hc

tng hp Califonia xut (1985)

207

Ch tiu

Mc hn ch s dng
Khn Nh n Nng

n v

g
-mn:
EC
Hmlngmui

ds/m
mg/l

<0,7
<450

TB
0,7-3,0
>3,0
450 - >2000
2000

- nh gi SAR v EC
ngthi
SAR=0-3vEC>0,7
= 3 - 6 v EC >

>0,7
>1,2

0,7-0,2
1,2-0,3

<0,2
<0,3

= 6 - 12 v EC >

>1,9

1,9-0,5

<0,5

=12-20vEC>

>2,9

2,9-1,3

<1,3

=20-40vEC>

>5,0

5,0-2,9

<2,9

<3
<70
<0,7
<5,0
<90

3-9
>70
0,7-3,0
5-30
90
-

>9

1,2
1,9
2,9
5,0
-LngNa(SAR)
Timt
Tiphunma
-Bor(B)
-Nitrogen
-Bicarbonate
-pH
-Clor

mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l

mg/l

500
Bnhthngt6,5-8,4
<1
1-5

>3
>30
>500

>5

6.4.2. Xc nh nhu cu ti IR (Irrigtion Requirement)

1.Bchimtlvkhongtrng:
-Trongccthnhphnhaonctrnngrung,lngbchi
mtlvkhongtrngchimtllnnht.ltnglngncdo
cytrngsdng(toracthvthothiqual)vbchi
mtt.ThnhphnnyckhiuET,nvm 3/hahocmm
ctnc.xcnhcETcnphibitlngbchimtlv
khongtrngtimnngETp.(evapotranspiration).

208

-Bchimtlvkhongtrngtimnng:Llngbchi
phhpvihaigithitsauy:Mtlmtrongtxpx
mngrung.Hailsphttrincacytrngttigitr
tiu.
-XcnhETtheocngthc(6.6)
ET=K0(ETp)(mm)(6.6)
TrongKclhscytrng,phthucvoloicytrng
vthigiansinhtrng,cbiuthnhtrnth.

Kc

Btudng
noc
Ktthucdngnc

Gia v
uv

Cu
i

ThIgiansinhtrng

Hnh 6.1. Lng nc bc hi qua l v khong trng (Kc)

JDrovenbosvW.o.pruittIrrigationSystemDesign-AIT.1987)
tnhsnKcchotngloicytrngnhtrongbng6.10v6.11
Bng 6.10. Tnh Kc cho la vng chu .
Ma,v
Mama

Thigian

Thigian

trng

thuhoch

Thng6,7

-Ginh
-Gimnh
Makh

Thng12,1

-Ginh

Tthngth

4tun

nhtn

Giav

Thng

thngth2
1,10

1,05

0,95

10,11

1,15

1,10

1,00

Gia thng

1,00

1,25

1,00

1,15

1,35

1,05

cui

-Gimnh

Bng. 6.11: Kc ca mt s loi cy trng

Loi cy

Phm vi bin

209

Giai on quyt

trng
Ngccvrau
Cynqu
Nho

i
0,20-1,25
0,40-1,05
0,25-0,90

nh
0,95-1,25
0,75-1,05
0,60-0,90

- Xcnhlng bchimtlv khongtrng tim nng

ETp.CnhiucngthcxcnhETp.Diygiithiuhaicng
thcBlaney-CridlevTurcelnhngcngthcdpdng,thun
lichocngtcquyhochbanu.
a)CngthcBlaney-Cridle(1945.USA)

Etp = 100 t.p /k (mm)

Trong:ETp:Lngbchimtlvkhongtrngtimnng
(mm)
t:Nhitbnhqunhngthng
p:Tlphntrmgiasgichiusnghngngytronggiai
onnghincuvitngsgichiusngcnm.
K:Hstnghpccyutkhckhngphntch,cxc
nhtrongbng(6.11)
Bng.6.12. Xc nh Kc trong cng thc Blaney - Cridle.
Loicytrng
Rau
Khoaity
Ng
Lanc
Chanh
Lam

GitrK
Vngduynhi
0,70
0,65
0,75
1,00
0,50
0,75

Vngkhhn
0,70
0,75
0,85
1,20
0,65
0,85

b)CngthcTurce(1960.France)

ETp=0,40(I0+
50)

t
t + (mm)
15

210

(6.8)

Trong : ETp: Bc hi mt l v khong trng tim nng

(mm/thng)
I0:TngbcxcathngnghincutnhbngCalo.
t:Nhittrungbnhcathng
Cngthc(2-8)tnhchothngc30v31ngy,thng2c
28ngytathayhs0,40bng0,37.Nutnhlngbchitrong
10ngymtththaybnghs0,13.
Bng(2.12)v(2.13)lnhitvsgichiusngbnh
qunthng trongnhiunmcamtstnhminBcdoi
nghincukhtngLng(HNi)cungcp.
2.XcnhnhucutitimtrungIR.
a)Tnhtoncholavxun(ivilamacchtnhcngtngt)
IR=Wa+Wd(6-8)
Trong:IR:Nhucunccncungcptimtrungchola
trongv(m3/ha)
Wa:Lngnccncungcptiilmttrckhigieocy
(m3/ha)
Wd:Lngnctidngla,tnhtlccynkhithonc
hontonkhirungla(m3/ha).
Chngtaslnltxcnhccthnhphnvphicaphngtrnh(6-8)
-XcnhlngtiiWai.
Wa=Wbh+10.e.t+10a-10p.(m3/ha)(6-9)
Trong:
Wbh:Lngncbohotngth(m3/ha)
Wbh=104h.d(bh-0)hayWbh=104h.A(1- A0)(610)
Trongcngthc(6-10)
A- rngt

211

 A0 - mttthiimbanutnhtheorngt
(%)
h:sulptmtrungcnlmboho(m)
d:Dungtrngt(t/m3)
dbh:mbohot
d0:mbanu,trckhianc.mtrongcngthcny
cxcnhtheo%tronglngtkhtuyti(%TLK)
e:Cngbchinc(mm/ngy)
t:Thigianngmi(ngy)
a:sulpnctimtrungcnthittrckhicy
P:Lngmaritrongthigianngi(mm).
Theotiliuthnghimnhiunmcctrmti,vngng
bngBcb
Wa=1500-1600m3/ha;vngtrungduWa=1900-2000m3/
ha
-XcnhlngnctidngWd.
Wd=ET+We-10.P(m3/ha)(6-11)
Trong:
ET:Lngbchimtlvkhongtrngcacytrng(m3/ha)
We: Lngncngmnnhtrnrung(m3/ha)
We: =10Ke.te.(a+h)/hhayWe=10Ke.te
Ke:Hsngmnnhtrnrunglua(mm/ngy)
te:Thigianginchaythigianngmnnh(ngy)
Vngngbngbcbk=0,91,0mm/ngy
Vngtrungdu:K=1,0-1,1mm/ngy
P:Lngmaritrongv(mm),thngctnhtheotnxutma
thitk(75-85%)hoclybnhquntrongnhiunm.
.:Hslidngma,phthucvocngthcti,mctitrn
rungtrckhima,khnngdbothitit.ivivxunu
thiv,hslidngmaln,cuivhslidngmanh.Trongc
vtheotiliucaVinkhoahcthuli=0,4-0,7

212

b)XcnhnhucutincchocytrngcnIR:
ivicytrngcn,lngncticxcnhtheocngthc
(6-12)sauy:
IR=ET-(10.P+W +Wdt)(m3/ha)(6-12)
Trongcngthc(6-12)
ET:Lngbchimtlvkhongtrngcacytrngcxc
nhtheocngthc(6-6).
P:Lngmaritrongthiontnhton(mm),tnhtheotn
xutmahocbnhquntrongnhiunm.
:Hssdngma;tnh =0,6-0,7;tnng=
0,4-0,5
W :Lngncngmckhnngcungcpchocytrngph
thuc vo loi t v su mc nc ngm. Cn c vo bng
(6.14)tacthxcnhcW .
Bng.6.14. Kh nng cung cp nc ngm.
sumcnc
ngm(m)

Cngncngmcungcp(mm/ngy).sunc
ngm(m)

Ct

5
0,35-

2,5
0,40-0,75

1
0,45-0,85

0,5
0,50-0,90

Stphact

0,70
0,70-

0,75-1,00

0,85-1,75

0,90-1,10

St

0,90
0,70-

0,80-1,10

0,95-1,15

1,00-1,25

1,00
Wdt:Lngncdtrtrongtcthcungcpchocytrng.
Wdt=104.h.d(1-2)(m3/ha)(6-13)
Trong:
h:sulptdtrm,thnglybng90%chiudib
rcytrng,ivimtsloicytrngtaxcnhtheobng
(6.15)
d:Dungtrngt(t/m3)

213

1,2:mlnltuvcuithiontnhtoncxc
nhtheo%trnglngtkhkit.
Bng.6.15. Chiu di b r ca mt s cy trng
Cy trng

Chiu di b r
(m)
0,4-0,5
0,6-1,0

Ng:-Trctrc
-Sautrc
Cchua,khoaity:
-Thikbnr
-Thiksinhtrng
Bng:-Bnhqun

0,3-0,4
0,5-0,7
0,5-0,6

3.Xcnhslntivthigiantimiln:
-Slntitngcngtrongv:
N=IR/m
Trong:
N-Slnticv
IR-Nhucuticholoicytrngnotrongv.
M-Mctimtlntimtrung.
ivicytrngcn,llngnccnthitavorung
nngmttgiihndichophpnmngrung.
ivila,llngnccnthitnngmctitgiihndiln
giihntrntrongcngthcti.
Munxcnhslntitrongtngthng,taxcnhnhu
cuticacytrngtrongthng,chiachomctimiln.
Thigiankodica1ttit:Lthigiantihtmctimi
ln(cngilliulngti)
T = m/E
Trongcngthc(6-15)
t:Thigianti(ngy)
m:Mctimiln(mm)
E-Bchimtrungtrongthiontnhton(mm)

214

 E=e.t trong:e-lngbchimtrungmm/ngy;t
thigian(ngy)
Thigiantiphthucvotnhthmcat:T=m/K
Kltnhthmcat(mm/ngy)
4. Xc nh nhu cu ti ti u ngun:
Xcnhnhucutitiungunphikntnthtnc
baogmtnthtdobchi,rr,thmvcxcnhtheo
cngthc(6.16)

IRS = IR. K

(m3/ha)

(6 -16)

Trong:
IRS: Nhu cu nc ti ti u ngun m3/ha ca h thng
(IrrigationRequirementofSystem)
IR:Nhucunctimtrung(m3/ha).
K:Hstntht.Kphngphpti,cxcnhtheobng
6.16.
Bng. 6.16. Xc nh h s K.
Phngphpti
-Nhgit
-Phunma
-Rnh
-Trn
-Ngp

GitrK
1
1,15-1,25
1,25-1,45
1,45-1,65
1,65-2,00

215

Chng 7
hiu qu kinh t ca vic khai thc ti nguyn nc trong
nng nghip
7.1. Hai quan nim c c t ra khi lp v thc hin
mt d n ti
Khitinhnhlpvthchinmtdnti,haiquannimsau
yctra:
-Tinccxemnhmtbinphpcitotnngnghip
-Tinccxemnhmtbinphpcnthitdkinkhai
khnnhngvngtmivlbinphptinquytcnthitcho
ttcccvngmunnnhvphttrindnsmi.vic
chuynikinhtccanhsangacanhihinhucuncti
lnhn.
8.1.1.Tinclbinphpcitotnngnghip
1.Tincctcdnglmthongkhtdocctcngv
chcvhohccanc
-Tcngchc:Khiti,nclmboholptphatrn.Lng nc ny khng tn ti lu trong t. Mt mt chng c th
thmxungphadi,mtkhccthbchivokhngkhbtr
hmtrong
-Tcnghohc:ldolngoxyhotanngktrongnc.
Khincchy,ccloikhcuthnhnnkhngkhhotantrongnc.
Ncthmvotlioxylmtngcnghintngnitratho.
-Trongccknhtiu,khiphntchncngitathylngoxy
kmhnvCO2lnhnsovitrnghpncchytdongoikh
tri.
2.Tinccungcpthmccchtdinhdngchotvcy
Trongncticnhiuchtchotan.Khicavotrong
tlngundinhdngttcungcpchocytrng,llimon(ht
tcngknhnht2050),mdittcccdng,KOHv

216

CaO.Tacnlulccchtnythayitheoluvc,theomav
theothigianlync.
3.Tinciutitchnhitcat
Do t nhit ca nc ln hn ca t nn ti nc c tc dng
iutitchnhittrongt.Vmangtincctcdng
nngcaonhitcatchngbnggi.Ngclivmahtinc
lictcdnghthpnhitt,mbochocytrngc
thsinhtrngvphttrinbnhthng.
Trongtrnghptinckhngngcthgyranhngtchi
ngk,l:Gyratriccchtdinhdngtheochiusu
hoccthlmchoncngmdngcaotitngtchabr
cytrnglmchotthiuthongkhvlyho.
8.1.2.Tinclcngckhaithcvngtmi
nhngvngtmi,nhngvngkhohn,vickhaithcch
trngchvotinchocnhngvngmunbccanhchuyn
sangacanh.Tincctrautin.Ngoivicnghincu
vkinhtvkthutlinquanncngtrnhti,phidon
trccslnglaongcnthitavocanhtcvngtmi,
xydngcccngtrnhkhaithcchophpnginngdntnti
ctrnvngtmhskhaithc.
Mtdnkhthiphitnhnvicnghincumtchng
trnhadngsauy:
1. To ranhng lnh vc mitrong nng nghip c phm vi
thayitheomctiuvnhngiukincaaphng.
2.Tinhnhcngvicchunbchocanhtc
3. Xy dng c s h tng: ng giao thng, nh ca cng
cngcnthitchocucsngcngngvccdchvcngcng
khc.
4.Nhngthitbkhaithc
5.Xydnghthngtitiuthchhp
6.Citot

217

7.2. Khai thc hiu qu ti nguyn nc

Ctlicaccdntilphimbocskthutvkinh
tvngchcngthichiusutlnnhttrongkhihotng.
Tacthyngayrngvicnghinculrtphctp.Trongthct
khngthphtbiunhngquylutvamangtnhchttngqut
livachnhxc.Mitrnghpphicnghincutronghoncnh
ring.Mctiucchotngvtilrtkhcnhauphthucvo
sphongphcangunncvdintchtcanhtcphiti,theo
quanimkinhttanghincu4trnghpsauy:
1.Ngunncphongph,tcanhtckhngbhnch
Trongtrnghpny,hotngtiphicthchinthno
1hatcanhtcthuclinhunlnnht.Cngcnghalta
thuctnglinhunlnnhttrndintchnghincu.
2.Ngunncphongphnhngtnngnghipbhnchv
khngthmrngc.Trongvnglicnhucusnxutnhiulngthc,thcphm(nh mtsvngca Trung Quc, NhtBn,
ngn,BcItalia)vvyphitmcchsnxutcnhiu
snphmtrn1ha.
3.Ngunncbhnch,tnngnghipphongph
Trongtrnghpnytacnchn1trong2hnggiiquytsau
y:
-Hocltitrnmtphmvinhtnh
-Hoclrtbilngnctitrong1hanhngmrngcdin
tchti.
4.Cngunnclntnngnghipbhnch.yltrng
hpthngthymtsncvngaTrungHinhminNamItalia,
bcAiCp,Isaren,HyLp...
Trongtrnghpny,dnphicthchinthnosn
lngthuctrn1nvm3cungcpllnnht.

218

Chngtahynghincu1thdmangtnhchtlthuytnhngchophpnhgicctrnghptrnvigithitdnticho
vngkhhnvccanh.
Trchttaxydngthquanhgiagitrsnphm
P/ha(ngcongIvlixutB/ha(ngcongII).Vilngnccn
cungcpcho1ha(xemhnhv8-1).

ngcongIlculnvotrchonh,saunimQ 0llngnctithiucncungcpcho1habtuvoquyhoch.
Tipnsnphmlitngtheolngncccungcpchotikhigi
trnccncungcplnnhtQM.Tiimogitrsnphm/ha
cnglnnht.Sausnphmligimi,nghalnucungcp
ncthasvch.
ngcongIIcsuyratccimcangcongI.VimtlngncQvsnphmPtatnhcchiphvlisut.LngncQmtngngvigitrlnnhtcangcongIIkhngtrngvigitr
QMtngngvigitrlnnhtcangcongI(Qm<QM).
Davo2ngcongtrntacccgiiphpcho4trnghp
tranhsau:
-Trnghp1:Ngunncphongph,tnngnghipkhngb
hnch:Taphitmcchthuclixutlnnhttrn1ha.Trnngcong2,ngvigitrBmax taxcnhclngnccncung
cpcho1halQm.

219

Hnh(8-1)Lngnccncungcpcho1hatrongcctrnghp
khcnhau
-Trnghp2:Ngunncphongphnhngtnngnghipb
hnch.Donhucucaaphngvlngthcthcphm.Nn
taphiut csnphmlnnhttrn1ha.VigitrPln
nhtngcongI,taxcnhclngnctngngcncnthit
cungcpcho1halQM.
-Trnghp3:Ngunncbhnch,tnngnghipln:trong
trnghpnydntiphicthchinnhthno
thuclisutlnnhtvtichnhcalngncgiihnv,cng
cnghallisutlnnhtca1m3nccungcpcho1ha.
NugiQv llng nccung cp cho 1ha,ta thy Qv ltrc
honhca1imtrnngcongIImtiptuyncani
quagcto.TrnngcongIIimnyctsB/Qlln
nht.NulngncgiihnlV,dintchcthtilS=V/Q
thlisutlnnhtcalngncgiihnVl:
B.S=

Trong:
B:lisutca1hacanhtc
Qv:lngnccungcpcho1hatlisutB
V:lngncgiihncangun
S:dintchcthtingunncVthuclisutlnnht
-Trnghp4:Cngunnclntnngnghipbhnch

220

Trnghpnylmsaocsnphmlnnhttrn1hakhis
dng 1 m3 nc. Ta chn lng nc cung cp cho 1 ha trn trc
honhlQwtngngvimtimtrnngcongIsaocho
tsP/Qllnnht.chnhlgiaoimgiatiptuyni
quagctovingcongI.
7.3. Hiu qu kinh t ca vic khai thc ti nguyn nc
trong nng nghip
7.3.1. Chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh khai thc ti
nguyn nc
Tinccamtvngnophicnghincuvkinhtv
tichnhchititxemchiuquvcththchin
khng.Vicnghincunyclinquanmtthitvinhng
nghincukthutbandu.Migiiphpphicxemxt,
sosnh,nhgikhngchvchiphxydngcbnban
umcnnhiuccchiphkhcnhau.
Nichungccdntiphitnhnchiphvoviclp
tthitb,cngnhvicxydngcshtngngoira
cn cc chi ph khc nh lao ng, bo dng v chi ph ni
chung.
Victnhtonchiphhngnmvmtlthuyt,chiatheo
sdintch(ha)cti,dochophpabitcchoph
cho1havdtonvictngthuhochtrctincthomn
tonblngchiphnyvemlilichchonngdnlngiphichutonbchiphhaykhng.
1. Chi ph xy dng ban u gm chi ph chung cho xy
dngcbnbanuvcccngtrnhcngcng:cng
trnhlync,knhchnh,knhnhnh,knhdnncvtt
ccccngtrnhtrnknh.
2.Chiphhngnmgm:khuhaovncnh,khaithc.
a)Khuhaovncnh:tlkhuhaovncnhcn
nhnhsau:

221

-3,5%khuhaotrong30nm:nhxng,cccngtrnhbng
btng.
-8%khuhaotrong30nm:ngng,cngtrnhbngkim
loi,ngin.
-12,5%khuhaotrong10nm:mtinvdiezen.
-15,47%khuhaotrong8nm:ngccmtnh.
b)Ccchiphkhc
-Chiphhnhchnhvchiphchung khcctnhvis
nhnslnnhtvokhong1,5%chiphxydngcbn.
-Chiphbodng:tnhbng0,8%chiphxydngcbn
gmctc,novtknhmng,bodngcccngtrnhbng
btngvmymc(trmbm,mt).
3.Bnncti
a)Bnnctheodungtch:Nungunnctididovlulng
un,tacthbnnctheodungtch,ychnhl
hnh thcttvcng bng i vi ngi s dng.Tuy nhin
nngdncnbitquytcsdngncttvbittrnhlng
phnc.
b)Bnnctheodintchcti:ylcchbnncrtcxa,ngin.Ngisdngtrtintheotldintchcti
chkhngtheolngncdng.Cchnythnggylngphnc.
c)Bnnctheothigian
Trong mt s trng hp khng th duy tr c lu lng n
nh.Thd:lngncbkhcnhocmcnchthpdo
gimdungtchcungcpncchongisdng.Trongtrnghp
nyphitinhngbnnctheothigian,lphngthc
hplvcngbngchoccbn.
7.3.2. nh gi hiu qu kinh t khi ti nc
Mctiucchotngkinhtlemlilisut.Tronglisut,
lisutcxcnhnhsau:
Z=PN

222

Trong:
Z:lisutthuc
P:doanhthu
N:chiphsnxutbaogmchiphvttvlngchongilao
ng

LisutZcxemnhtngktquut.Trongnngnghip,
ktqunhhngcaticxcnhbngcchsosnh2trnghpsauy:
-Trngthisnxutkhicti,cnghalmctrungbnh
casnxutvngtcti.
-Trngthisnxutkhikhngti,nghalmctrungbnh
casnxutkhikhngtitrongcngmtthigian.
Lisutmanglikhiutca1nvtintkhitincc
tnhbngtngthunhptrndintchkhictitritng
thunhptrndintchkhikhngtiemchiachotngvn
ut.

Trongcngthc(8.3)
Zt:lisututca1nvtint
Pt:tngthunhpkhicti
P0:tngthunhpkhikhngti
m:chiphut
nhgihiuqutinc,ngitadngchtiut
Thunhpca1hacti

223

t=

(8-4)
Thunhpca1hakhngti

Trongt:hiusutti
Tngthunhpcti
Thunhpca1hacti=

(8-5)
Dintchcti

Tngthunhpkhikhngti
Thunhpca1hakhngti=
6)
Dintchkhngti

224

(8-