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Origins of a Bloodbath

Birth of a Nation

New Ideas

New ways of
thinking new
opportunities

Oppression

people of
Action

People in
Individuals who
controlled misery are willing to
by authority
lead

Weakness of
Establishment

Revolution

Some flaw in the


Deep and lasting
authority that
change to the
can be used to
situation
gain advantage

Spark a defining event that seems to provide the point of no return from which
the revolution is inevitable.

But first beer


300 years ago much of the world was
intoxicated much of the day. This was mostly
a health issue. Water was too polluted to
drink, so beer was the beverage of choice.
"Until the 18th century, it must be
remembered, many [people] drank beer almost
continuously, even beginning their day with
something called "beer soup." Malcolm
Gladwell

"It's no accident, that the age of reason


accompanies the rise of caffeinated
beverages.
Now they began each day with a strong cup
of coffee. One way to explain the industrial
revolution is as the inevitable consequence of
a world where people suddenly preferred
being jittery to being drunk."

The coffee-houses provided a gathering place


where, for a penny admission charge, any man who
was reasonably dressed could smoke his long, clay
pipe, sip a dish of coffee, read the newsletters of
the day, or enter into conversation with other
patrons. At the period when journalism was in its
infancy and the postal system was unorganized
and irregular, the coffee-house provided a center
of communication for news and information...
Naturally, this dissemination of news led to the
dissemination of ideas, and the coffee-house
served as a forum for their discussion.

People are living atop one


another; their ideas are as
well. So notions bump into
hunches bump into offhanded
comments bump into concrete
theories bump into absolute
madness, and the results pave
the way forward.

Scientific Revolution
Copernicus (1530s), Galileo 1620s), and Newton (1700s)
Science became increasingly trusted as it was able to produce useful
knowledge to improve humanity. Eg. Navigation, medicine, engineering

Freedom, Reason, The Enlightenment


Rousseau Man is born free,
Voltaire I will defend your right to say something I disagree with
Thomas Paine My own mind is my church,

Democracy Brits/Americans
Early forms of democratic representation influenced Enlightenment
ideas about the importance of the individual.

The Reformation
Martin Luther weakening of the strength of the church in Europe.
Caused general suspicion of the motives of the church.

Divine Right of Kings


Monarchy was established by God through the approval of the church. Since they were
appointed by God, kings (sometimes queens) ruled with unquestioned authority.

95+ % of the population belonged to the lower class (third


estate) most of these were peasants whose lives depended
on the goodness of the Nobles who controlled their land.
They barely had enough to survive.
Subsistence was a way of life for most people and there
was no real chance of the climbing the social ladder.
Lifespan was about 30-40 years
Marriage at 10-12 years old
Sickness disease and poverty

Given piece of land to work where produce belonged to


King and he would let you keep some of it so that you
stayed alive.
You would provide the King with sons for his army and
daughters for marriage if he so chose.
Life was hard little reason to seek advancement
Much corruption on the part of government officials
People were resigned to their lot in life it was the
way God wanted it.

Events and Personalities


Anger about royalty
Louis XIV (Sun King) (1643 - 1714) 72 years
Built Versailles
I am the state!
People were angry at the King
for spending $ on foreign
wars, building a castle, and
generally ignoring the plight
of the common people.

Louis XV (1715 -1774)

People became suspicious of


the monarchy. They thought it
was ridiculous that a 5 year
old could meaningfully rule a
kingdom

Weak ruler became king at age 5


Caused people to question absolutism
Lost the 7 Years War (and New France (Canada))

People became increasingly tired of the


arrogant attitude of the monarchy.

Louis XVI (1774-1793)


1776 -American Rev = great debt (revenge for the 7
Years War)
Married an Austrian (Marie-Antoinette) at age 15
Guillotined

France supplied naval vessels, soldiers


and supplies for the American
Revolutionaries. The French did this to
seek revenge against the British after
losing the 7 years war to them.

Marie Antoinette
Loved the decadent lifestyle of royalty
Was largely oblivious to the political aspects of ruling
as a monarch.
Marie was despised by her people because she was more
interested in fancy hair styles and the life of decadence than in
the situation that her people faced.

Robespierre

1758 1794
Initially friendly toward monarchy
a skillful public speaker
Known as a central figure in The Reign of Terror
Famous quote:

Terror without virtue is [meaningless] but virtue without terror is


powerless

France has huge and increasing debt + unfair tax system


Crop failure! Famine
Weakening influence of church
Weakening trust in absolute monarchy
New Ideas about individual freedom
Inequality in class system

The Spark

Created during Feudal times had not been called to meet since 1614.
King needed to call a meeting because he needed increased powers to control spiraling debt.

Equal numbers of representatives of the 3 estates meet as estates


One vote per estate
Role was to give advice to the king
The Third Estate hoped the king would hear their main complaints (cahiers)

How are these classes represented


in the political/governmental
system which was operating at this
time in France?

Anatomy of a revolution
New Ideas

Liberty
Freedom of
individual,
Authority
questioned
Scientific
revolution
Power of
reason.

People of
Action

Oppression

Lack of
political voice
(estate
generale)
Hunger
(famine)
Taxes
Church rules
and
corruption

Robespierre
Danton
Marrat
(newspaper)
Corday
Sans Culotte
Napoleon

Weak
Establishment

Church
weakened by
Reformation
Incompetent
Monarchy
Out of control
debt

Revolution

Fundamental
changes to
society.
Wipe out all
evidence of
old regime.
New sense of
nationalism
emerges

Complaints become a constitution


Equality of taxation
Rights for citizens
End to hunting rights of nobility
More of a political voice

The Cahiers de
Dolances were the lists
of grievances drawn up
by each of the three
Estates of the Estates
Generale. The King
ordered these to be
compiled so that each
estate could air their
complaints about the
problems facing France.

3rd Estate demanded vote


They are locked out of the Estates General
Birth of the National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath

We will create a fair constitution for France

The Revolution had begun!

Origins of a Bloodbath

Tennis court oath

Louis brings in the army


Mobs loot food stores and seize fortresses (Bastille)
Mob believed that the king was stockpiling weapons there and
keeping many political prisoners imprisoned there
demanded that the castle be turned over to them
when the commander refused they opened fire
the fort eventually falls to the mob and is torn down

July 14, the day of the Storming of the Bastille becomes Frances
national holiday
The Great Fear (people were suspicious that the nobility hoarding
food and the nobles were nervous expecting the people to attack
them many did)
THE VIOLENCE BEGINS!!!

Early revolution

Feudalism is abolished by the system of government in the National Assembly


peasants are freed, nobles are stripped of titles

The Declaration of Man


guaranteed rights of wealthy landowners to have a voice in who would form the government

The Womens March to Versailles 1789


Tried to find the stores of food that Marie Antoinette was apparently keeping.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy


Reduced authority of the church

10% land, state appoints clergy, the divide begins between religion and the government
France now has One: flag, currency, metric, new calendar, single language
Royals are in trouble! (Secret Letters, Varennes, Treason, Abdicate)
The National Convention established in 1792
French Republic formed, constitution sworn in (the cahiers have now become the constitution)

Revolution builds

Old regime

new republic

Men are free and equal


Liberty, ownership of property,
security
Nation is sovereign
Limits to liberty determined by
law
Law is an expression of the
general will
Due process of the law
Presumed innocent until proven
guilty
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech and the
press
Only state police, not personal
Equal taxation
Govt accountable to the public
Separation of powers
Right of property security

All people are equal


The right to own property
Rule of law
Everyone has the right to
life, liberty, and security
Due process of law
Presumed innocent until
proven guilty
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
Freedom of thought
Will of the people is the
basis of a govts authority
Limits on rights must be
pros by law
Right to a nationality
No discrimination based on
race or ethnicity.

Revolution out of control?!?

1793 - Robespierre leads the NC


Committee on Public Safety formed
Guillotine invented as a way to provide equality in death
Reign of Terror begins (20K in one year)
Denouncing goes overboard (sans-culottes)
People begin ratting out their neighbors for the silliest of reasons
Anyone who even says something silly about the price of bread is going to be in trouble

Wars with neighbours


Austria and Spain see France as weak and try to take a piece of it

1793 (Jan) Au Revoir, Louis why?


treason

(Oct) Adieu, Madame Deficit


trumped up charges

Robespierre comes to a brutal/pathetic end


Shoots himself then is guillotined

1794 The madness ends..

And then along comes

results of the French Revolution:


The old social, political and economic structure (Old Regime) feudalism was
destroyed
The recognition of human rights Declaration of the Rights of Man foundation of
modern constitutions roots of democracy

results of the French Revolution:


Nationalism in France was developed out of love for the nation and belief in control
for and by the people
The idea developed that the country and the government belonged to the people, not
a monarch nationalism is born
The ideas above were spread to many other countries in Europe

results of the French Revolution:


Of all the above, probably the most important is the new sense of nationalism
among the French people that grew out of the revolution. No longer were the
French people loyal to their king or to the church or to a local nobleman. Now they
were loyal to the nation and the ideas of liberty, equality (egalitarianism)
and fraternity. This new kind of loyalty was destined to spread throughout
Europe and the world.

So then
Answer the big question:
(To what extent) How much violence should be used in the getting rid of a corrupt
system of government?
List examples that could be used to argue this case.

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