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Laboratory report 1:
Bernoulli`s equation
Table of Contents
1-Abstract3
2-Introduction.4
3-Results and Discussion..6
4-Conclusion..16
5-References..17
6-Appendix.18
1-Abstract
In this experiment was concluded that we can experimentally validate the Bernoulli equation by
the comparison of the results application of the equations. The experiment consists essentially in a three
laminar and three non-laminar flows of water passing through a Venturi`s tube, whose total pressure
was measured at six different sections through a direct and an indirect method. According to Bernoulli's
Equation, the total pressure in all points would be constant if in a steady, inviscid and incompressible
flow. Experimentally noticed that the indirect total pressure was higher than the direct due to
systematic errors. In the section F, the divergent nozzle, there is a greater error due to a wrong
estimation of the velocity in that spot. In addition, the computational simulation was an important tool
for the understanding of the water behavior in different flow conditions and provided results that
reinforced the arguments presented in the experimental discussion.
2-Introduction
2.1-Theory
2.1.1-Bernoulli`s equation
In 1738, the physicist and mathematician Daniel Bernoulli changed the Science of fluids by
publishing his book Hydrodynamics. In this book, appeared an equation, after called Bernoullis
equation, which is a powerful tool in fluid mechanics and overused in aerodynamics theories.
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. It states that, in
a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that
streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains
constant.
The Bernoulli`s equation used in this experiment is:
1
(1)
(2)
Where =density, V=velocity, D=the smallest diameter in the test section and = viscosity.
2.2-Objective
The objective of this experiment was determine if Bernoullis equation accurately models steady
water flow through a converging diverging duct by applying the Bernoullis principle in different flow
conditions. Also, analyze the water behavior in different flow conditions through computational
simulation.
2.3-Methods
Was used two different methods: experimental and computational.
2.3.1-Experimental method:
The equipments used in this experiment were:
Hydraulic bench
Bernoulli accessory
Graduated cylinder
Stop watch
The procedure were to calculate the total pressure of 6 points in the tube which has a form a
Venturi tube, as showed in the Figure 1, by two methods: direct and indirect.
Figure 1- Schematic of test section detailing manometer tap positions and associated cross-section
diameters.
2.3.1.1-Direct method
Were collected the heights of the water in the manometer connected to the total pressure head
probe, which moved along the test section centerline. The total pressure of each point was calculated
directly through the stagnation pressure of the probe using the following equation:
= =
(3)
5
=
(6)
Where v=volume and t=time.
2.3.2-Computational
The computational method was a simulation of a Venturi`s tube (showed in the Figure 14 in the
appendix) with a flow rate fixed of 10ml/s. The program used was the COMSOL Multiphysics. Three
studies in different conditions were done as described in the table 1.
Table 1: Computational test matrix.
7.2ml/s(laminar)
Pressure(Pa)
2640
2620
Indirect total
pressure
2600
Direct total
pressure
2580
2560
2540
2520
2500
A
Tapping position
10.4ml/s(laminar)
2650
Pressure(Pa)
2600
indirect total
pressure
2550
Direct total
pressure
2500
2450
2400
A
Tapping position
11.8ml/s(laminar)
2650
Indirect
total
pressure
Direct total
pressure
Pressure(Pa)
2600
2550
2500
2450
2400
A
Tapping position
is the velocity contours at Figures 9 and 10, where the right edge has higher velocity than the left edge
even that they have the same diameter.
In this experiment, the operation of the instrument is a possible error source. A bad control of
the time that the water filled the cylinder in order to measure the flow rate is an example of that. In
addition, as the indirect total pressure is higher than the direct total pressure the three flow rates,
demonstrated in Figures 2-4, it can be assumed that there is a systematic error in the measurements.
One possible error is the probe not aligning in the fluids direction. Consequently, it can produce a
nonsymmetrical fluid. Furthermore, the measurements can have errors in the reading of the
manometers.
The following graphs are demonstrations of the direct and indirect total pressure head versus
position for flow rates that configure a non-laminar flow.
34.4ml/s(Non-laminar)
2650
Pressure(Pa)
2600
Indirect total
pressure
Direct total
pressure
2550
2500
2450
2400
2350
2300
A
Tapping position
45ml/s(Non-laminar)
2650
Indirect total
pressure
Direct total
pressure
Pressure(Pa)
2600
2550
2500
2450
2400
2350
2300
A
Tapping position
50ml/s(Non-laminar)
2650
Indirect
total
pressure
Direct total
pressure
2600
Pressure(Pa)
2550
2500
2450
2400
2350
2300
2250
2200
A
Tapping position
The first comparison between the studies showed in table 1, is the velocity versus position data
of the no slip and slip cases . A 3-D cut line was created in the simulated tube as showed in Figure 15 in
the Appendix. The Figure 8 provides the velocity along the cut line for no slip and slip conditions.
11
12
13
14
15
average velocity of the fluid and impedes the appearance of streamlines near the boundaries. Finally,
the velocity versus position as function of time graph was an important tool for the understanding of the
water behavior in a transient flow.
With the results, it is possible to prove the importance and the truth of the Bernoullis principle,
and to understand why the theoretical values and the experimental values are different.
5-References
Munson, Bruce R., and Theodore H. Okiishi, Wade W. Huebsch, Alric P. Rothmayer. Fundamentals of
fluid Mechanics. 7th ed. Wiley.
17
6-Appendix
The following Figures are demonstrations of the computational simulation.
18
19