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InfluenceLines

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InfluenceLines
Introduction
Aninfluencelineforagivenfunction,suchasareaction,axialforce,shearforce,or
bendingmoment,isagraphthatshowsthevariationofthatfunctionatanygivenpointona
structureduetotheapplicationofaunitloadatanypointonthestructure.
Aninfluencelineforafunctiondiffersfromashear,axial,orbendingmomentdiagram.
Influencelinescanbegeneratedbyindependentlyapplyingaunitloadatseveralpointsona
structureanddeterminingthevalueofthefunctionduetothisload,i.e.shear,axial,and
momentatthedesiredlocation.Thecalculatedvaluesforeachfunctionarethenplotted
wheretheloadwasappliedandthenconnectedtogethertogeneratetheinfluencelineforthe
function.
Forexample,theinfluencelineforthesupportreactionatAofthestructureshowninFigure
1,isfoundbyapplyingaunitloadatseveralpoints(SeeFigure2)onthestructureand
determiningwhattheresultingreactionwillbeatA.Thiscanbedonebysolvingthe
supportreactionYAasafunctionofthepositionofadownwardactingunitload.Onesuch
equationcanbefoundbysummingmomentsatSupportB.

Figure1Beamstructureforinfluencelineexample

Figure2Beamstructureshowingapplicationofunitload

MB=0(Assumecounterclockwisepositivemoment)
YA(L)+1(Lx)=0
YA=(Lx)/L=1(x/L)
ThegraphofthisequationistheinfluencelineforthesupportreactionatA(SeeFigure3).
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ThegraphillustratesthatiftheunitloadwasappliedatA,thereactionatAwouldbeequal
tounity.Similarly,iftheunitloadwasappliedatB,thereactionatAwouldbeequalto0,
andiftheunitloadwasappliedatC,thereactionatAwouldbeequaltoe/L.

Figure3InfluencelineforthesupportreactionatA

Onceanunderstandingisgainedonhowtheseequationsandtheinfluencelinesthey
producearedeveloped,somegeneralpropertiesofinfluencelinesforstatically
determinatestructurescanbestated.
1. Forastaticallydeterminatestructuretheinfluencelinewillconsistofonlystraight
linesegmentsbetweencriticalordinatevalues.
2. Theinfluencelineforashearforceatagivenlocationwillcontainatranslational
discontinuityatthislocation.Thesummationofthepositiveandnegativeshearforces
atthislocationisequaltounity.
3. Exceptataninternalhingelocation,theslopetotheshearforceinfluencelinewillbe
thesameoneachsideofthecriticalsectionsincethebendingmomentiscontinuous
atthecriticalsection.
4. Theinfluencelineforabendingmomentwillcontainaunitrotationaldiscontinuityat
thepointwherethebendingmomentisbeingevaluated.
5. Todeterminethelocationforpositioningasingleconcentratedloadtoproduce
maximummagnitudeforaparticularfunction(reaction,shear,axial,orbending
moment)placetheloadatthelocationofthemaximumordinatetotheinfluenceline.
Thevaluefortheparticularfunctionwillbeequaltothemagnitudeofthe
concentratedload,multipliedbytheordinatevalueoftheinfluencelineatthatpoint.
6. Todeterminethelocationforpositioningauniformloadofconstantintensityto
producethemaximummagnitudeforaparticularfunction,placetheloadalongthose
portionsofthestructureforwhichtheordinatestotheinfluencelinehavethesame
algebraicsign.Thevaluefortheparticularfunctionwillbeequaltothemagnitudeof
theuniformload,multipliedbytheareaundertheinfluencediagrambetweenthe
beginningandendingpointsoftheuniformload.
Therearetwomethodsthatcanbeusedtoplotaninfluencelineforanyfunction.Inthe
first,theapproachdescribedabove,istowriteanequationforthefunctionbeing
determined,e.g.,theequationfortheshear,moment,oraxialforceinducedatapointdueto
theapplicationofaunitloadatanyotherlocationonthestructure.Thesecondapproach,
whichusestheMllerBreslauPrinciple,canbeutilizedtodrawqualitativeinfluence
lines,whicharedirectlyproportionaltotheactualinfluenceline.
Thefollowingexamplesdemonstratehowtodeterminetheinfluencelinesforreactions,
shear,andbendingmomentsofbeamsandframesusingbothmethodsdescribedabove.
Examples
Influencelinesforasimplebeambydevelopingthe
equations
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QualitativeinfluencelinesusingtheMllerBreslau
Principle
Qualitativeinfluencelinesforastaticallydeterminate
continuousbeam
Calculationofmaximumandminimumshearforceand
momentsonastaticallydeterminatecontinuousbeam
Qualitativeinfluencelinesandloadingpatternsforamulti
spanindeterminatebeam

Qualitativeinfluencelinesandloadingpatternsforan
indeterminateframe

ContactDr.FouadFanousformoreinformation.
LastModified:04/21/200011:51:32

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