R

ccciit dcvclopmencs in cnii~miiiiiCatiniis

arc drivel1 hy scvcral things: 1 ) high
da ra ratc w i re k s s c o n i in 11 11i cntioii bc-
tivccii two pr)rtahk rcrminals dm
iiiay I)c locatcd aiiywlici-c in thc
world, 2) thc visinn of a singlc
plionc tliat acts as a tiadirioiial ccl-
Iular plionc whcii used outdoors a n d R S a conventional
liigh qudity plionc whcti uscd iidoors [3], and 3) tlic ilccd
ibr ~ C C C S Siiicdin to the liomcs ntlicr than the cotwcntirjnal
copper p h i c lincs. Thc gi-car popularity of cordlcss
1' IIOIKS, ccl I U 1iir pho IICF, radio paging, pot ta b Ic C'( 1111pi 1 t-
in&, and ntlicr pci+snixiIcoininiiiiii-atir,n sciviccs (I'CS)
dcmoustrarcs rising dcmanJ for rhcse scrviccs. ltapid
growth in Inobilc co~iipiitingand nthcr wil-clcss d m scr-
v i m is inspiring iiimiy prcqirxils for high-spccci data sur-
viccs in tllc rangc of 64-144 kb/s for micro ccllulur wide
arcs and high mobility applicatinu and l i p to 2ML,ls for iii-
door applications [4]. III addition tn iiiohilc applications,
hd wirclcss access (FWA) tcchnalogics oilier the pniinisc
ofbriiigiag high quality tclcplaony, high-spccti Iiitcruct ,IC-
ccss, iiiultimcdia, and orhcr I ~ r ~ ~ t d b a isaviccs id. ro tlic
hoinc o w - wirclcss links [ 5 ] , 161. llcscarcli clinllciigcs ill
this arcii iiiclucic rhc dcvclopmciit of cfticicnt coding and
modulation, signal proccssitig rcchiiiqucs to irnprovc thc
quality and spectral cfficicni-yofwirclcss coriiinur7icatiriiis,
and bcttcr tcchniquw for sharing tlic limiccd spcctrum
among d i tYc rent higli c < paciry
i I I sc rs.
'l'hc intiiririaticiii capacity of wircless cotnm~inica~ion
sysrcrns incrciiscs dramatically hy cinployiiig iiiultiplc
trailsinit and rcccivc aiitciiiiiis [ 11, 1:2]. An cffcctivc ap-
proach to i1icrc:ising data LICC ovcI wirclcss clmincls is to
cmploy coding tcchniqucs appropriarc ro indtiplc [miis-
mit antennas, nnmcly space-timc cr~diiig. Slxicc-tiriic
coding (S1-C) [31]-[43 1, 1371 is a coding tcchriiquc h i t
is dcsigiicd fnr iisc with multiplc tl-ansiiiic aiateiiiias. ST
corlcs introtiucc tciinporal aiad spiiial correlation into sig-
nals transmitted fiom differcut aiiccniias, ita order to p m
viclc divcrsity at thc receiver, a n d coding gaiii nvcr an
iuncodcd systcm without sacliking tlic hantlwidtli. The
spacial-temporalstmctilrc of chcsc cndcs c u i hc crplmitcd
to fLirthtr iitcrciisc the capacity ofwirclcss systcius with ,I
rclativcly simplc rcccivei- stiwctLirc 1-441. In rhis al-ticlcwc
will rcview S'I'C atid its associatcd signal proccssing
Franicwurk.
Thc physical limitation OF rhc wirclcss clinnincl pw-
ciits a furidanicntnl tcchnical ch;illci~gcfor rcliablc c o n i -
niunications. Tlic cliaiuicl is suhjcct to tiiinc-varying
i unpa imiei 1ts such as I ini sc, intc rfi rc I I cc, and IIIIIlr i p atli
[7]-[13].1,iinitatbiwon rlic powcr iind s i x o f r h c nir.)bilc
tcrminal and ofnctwork tcrmitiating clcviccs (N'l'L3s) in n
FWA application i s a sccnnd niaj(ir design coiisidcration.
Most 1)crsoiid com 11111nicatiu l i s und wireless scrviccs
p o r t d h arc iiicniit to bc ciirricd i l l ii briefcnsc and/or
pocket aud, thcrchi-c, iiirist be sniiill and lightwciglit,
which trarislatcs to A low po\.t.c~- ~.cquit-cmcnt siiice small
barrcries intist bc uscd. Althougli ail NTl) in IiWA iippli-

MAY 2000 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 77


A 1. Space-time coding.
initrcr. For iiatancc, in time division duplcx ('l'lll>)
sysrcriis [18], the saint atitcntia wcigtits ;ire used for recep-
tion :itid transmission, so feedback is implicit iu thc exploi- multiplc tiansiiiit antcriilas to sirnulate fast f.tding. An ap-
tation of channel syinnicriy. Tlicsc weights arc ch[iscii
dnring rcccption to riiaxiinixc the rcccivc SNR, arid during
transmission to weight tlic ainp1itudc.r of the transmittcd
signals, and, therefow, will also maximix the S N l i at dit
rcccivcr. Explicit feedback irlcludcs switched diversity sys-
tems with fccdback [19], h practice, Iiowcvcr, inovcniciit
by cithcr ttic timismitter 01'thc rcccivcr (or die sui~i~ou~~d-
iiigs snch as cars) and iiiterfcrcncc dyr~arriicscauses ;1 m i s -
inatcb betwccti the channcl perccivcd by thc tiansmittei:
and that pcrccivcd h y thc rcccivcr.
Transmit clivcrsiv sclwiiics inentioiicd in the sccond cnt-
egq' iisc liiicar processing at thc trniisinictcr M sprcnd the
inh"on ~ C T O S S aritcnnar. At the rcccivcr, inforiiiatioii is
recovcrcd by an optimal receiver. kcdfonvard intomation
is required to csriinatc the channel fi-om tlic transmitter to
die receiver. Tlicsc cstiniatm arc iisccl to coiiipcnsatc for rhc
channcl response at the wcciwr. Tlic first scheme of this
tyy was proposed 1 y Wittnebeii [ 2 2 ] , aiid it iricludes tlic
dclay divcrsiry scheme of [23] a s a spccinl care. I h c liiicar
p r ~ c s s i n gtcchniqitcs werc also snidicd in [XIand 11251.It
was slio~wiu 1:261and [27] rhat dcly diversitysdicmcs arc
iiidecd optimal in providing divcnity, iti h c sciisc chat the
divcrsity gain exxpeiienced a t tlic rcccivcr (which is asstimed tciiiias a t i d M rcccivc aiitciin;is. A s stiown in Fig. 1, chc
tn lxq~titiiai) is q u a l m thcdiversity ~ ~ i n o b t a i n c d ~ ~ i t h rinfbrination
ccive divcrsity. Thc liiicar filtering ~rscd(to crcatc dclay di-
vcrsiv) at ttic uxnsmitter c;ln Lx: vicwcd ks a channel codc
that calccs binaryor iiitcger inpiitaiid crcatcs rcalvalucd cut-
Input: 0 1 5 7 6 4
Txl: 0 0 5 1 3 6
Tx2: 0 1 5 7 6 4
a
0 awragc cticrgy oftlic constcllation puiiirs is oiic. Alsti, let
00, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06 ,07
1
50. 51, 52, 53, 54, 5 5 , 56, 57
2 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
':70.:':77'':.72 79 ,.:'$,& 76 ::*e:: 77::; put- symhrol trmisinittcd from cadi rratisinir antcnna is
3 :-' -. . .
'
. , ..
4
L-~.. .I I L.:.
40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47
5 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15. 16, 17
6 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67
7 &; ,:$.i.::
.$, 33,;34,&:
A 2. Ejghr-PSK eight-slate ST code with two transmit antemus.
78 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE
put. Wc show rliat tlicrc is a significant
gain to bc rcalixd by vicwing rhis proh-
lcm from a coding pcrspcctiw tatlicr
than from a purely signal pi~ncessing
poilit rd-\4cw.
'llle third catcgorydoes not reqiiirc
fccd b ack or fccd fi) r w w d i iiforin at ion.
Tnsrcad, ir iiscs iiiultiplc transmit au-
teniias cornhiiicd with channcl coding
to providc divcrsity. An cxanplc of
rhis approach is thc iisc for cl~auiietcoding along with
phase swccping [ZS] or for frequency offscr [29] with
propriately designcd chauncl code/intt.rlcavcr pair is iiscd
to p v i d c t h e divcrsity bcncfir. Anotlier approach i n chis
catcgory is to cticridc iiiCormatiou by a c l i a i d codc and
transmit tbc cticle symbols using ditkrcnt antetinas in a n
orthogc~iialinmticr. This can hc done by cirhcr tirric
multiptcxii~g[ X I , or by using m~hogonalsprcading SC-
qiiciices for diffcrciit ati~ccriiiasI 301. Tlic disadvanragc OF
these sclicnics as compared to the pl-cvioustwo catcgories
is thc lnss iii bandwidrh cfticici-tcydue to thc iisc of thc
ct-tatiticlcoilc. Using apprapriarc coding, it is possible tu
rclax thc ortlirigoixility 1-cquircinetit iiccdcd in rlicsc
sc~iciticsaiid to olitaiii tIic Aivcaity as WII as a coding
gain withotit sacrificing I~aiidwidth.This will tic possiblc
to dn if otic yiews the wholc sgsrcrn as a inultiplc in-
piit/mulriplc oncpur system and iiscs chamicl codcs that
are desigric.d witli that view in mind.
Space-Time Coding
Wc will dcscribc a hnsic model fur a communication sys-
tcm that employs s p c c riiiic codi~igwith hr transmir an-
c- symbol s(l)at timcI is ciicocled by thc STcti-
codcr as .N coilc syinbols c, (l),c, (l),,..,cAv (l), Each code
symbol is tmnsmitrcd, siiiiiiltatieousllr, from a dityercnt
aiiteniia. I b c cncodcr chonscs the N codc symbols to
transmit so chat both tlic codiiiggain atid diversitygaiii at
thc reccivcr arc maximized.
Signals arriving at ditkrcnt rcccive atitciiiias undcrgo
indcpendent fading. Thc sigiial at c a d i rcccivc aiitctiiia is
a iiaisy supcrpositinn of t l ~ fiidcd
c vcrsions ofthc hT tratw
mittcd signals. A flat fading clianncl is nssiimcd. Wc as-
siitiic that dic signal constcllation is scalcd so that thc
i t t c d all
us assuinc that E 5 is the t ~ i t a l c n c ~ ~ : y ~ r i i n s m(from
aiireunas) pcr inpiir symbol. TIicrc€urc, The energy per in-
. ,
HI / hr. 1,et I;. (E), j = 1,..., M be tlic rcccivcd sigilal at an-
tcntiii j after iiiatchcd filtering. Assuming i d d timiiig
and frequency iriforniatioii, wc liavc
jg, .j7
MAY 2000
whcrc q ( I ) arc iiirkcpcndwt samplrs ofa ZCLOmcaii cnm-
plcx whitc Craussiali proccss with two-sidcd power S ~ W -
tral density N o / 2 pcr dimcnsbi. It is also assuined that
q .(I)and q h(1) arc iiidepct1dcilt for j f 12, 1 s j , 12 5 M . wlicrc ^c is the rank of chc ci'ror iimtrixA a n d h , ,d = l,.,.,~
d i c gain (1) iiiodcls rlie complcx fading ciianiicl gain are tIic i i o n z c ~cigciivalucs
'~ ofthc crror iuatrixP,. Wc call
finm transmit antennaito rcccivc aiitcniiaj. It is assurricd casily scc that tlic probability nfcrror bound in (5) is siiiii-
tliar h, (1) aiid hll,(E) arc iiidepcndcnt for i + q or j + li., lar to the probahility of c r w r boutid for rrcllis codcd
15 i, 4 5 N , 1 2 1, k < M . This condition is satisficd ifrlic modulation for fading chaniiels. Thc first tcriii
transmit. aiitciinas are wclI scpnrated (by more t h a n h /2)
or by using antennas with diffcrciit polarization.
<qI =fl:xl L, rcprcscnts thc coding gain actiicvcct 1 3 y tI1c
STCULIC, aud thcsccond t c m ( E , / 4N(, )-'*I rcpreswts a
Let c, = [c, ( I ) , ...,tN @)I"' bc thc N x 1 code vcctor divcrsiq?gain of YiM. It is clcar thar in clcsiguitig 311ST
t r a n s m i t t e d f r o m rhc N a n r c i i n a s a t t i i n c 1, trellis codc, thc I-ank ofthc ci-mIrnilrrixr should bc maxi-
f ~ j ( ~ = ~ ~ ~ j ~ ~ ~ bc , . t. h.c , corresponding
~ ~ ~ ( ~ ~ ] ~ Nx1 iiiizcd (tliereby maxiiiixiug tlic divcrsily piin) aiid a t t k
chauncl vector from the iV transmit antciinas ro the $11 same tinic J, should bc also maximizcd (thcrcby maxi-
rcccive antcnna, and r(l) = 1~~ (I),.,.,r,{L}]'' he the M x 1. mizing tlic coding gaiii).
rcccivedsignalvectnr. Also, lerq(l) =[ql (!), ...,qM(E)]'. be As aticxat~q)lcfnrSTtrellis cndcs, wcprovidc an 8-l'SK
tfic M x I nnisc vcctor at thc reccivc anteiinas. Lct u s dc-
(phase-shift Icccycd) cight-statc Si' cndc dcsigi-ied fur two
finc thc ikf x Nchaniicl i n a t r i s ~from r the N transmit to
tiuamit ar~tcntlas.F'ig~11.c 2 providcs a labcling of the
tIic M reccivc anteiitlas as ~ ( ! ) = [ f i , ( ~ ) , , . . , I I ,(I)
~~
Equation (1) can \K. ~-e~vritrcn

r(l) = & p L H ( 1 ) . c i+q(1).

in a marrix form :is

(2) 3;
..
2
*l
Input:
T x l : 0 01 15 57 76 64
Wc can casily scc that thc SNR pcr rcceive aiitcmia is 4t +O
givcn by Tx2: 0 1 5 7 6 4 '\

2..* 4"
7
6
0 00,01, 02,03,04, 05, W O 7
1 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17
2 20, 21, 22,23,24, 25, 26, 27
3 30,31,32,33, 34,35, 36, 37
Space-Time Trellis Codes
4 40,41, 42,43, 44, 45,46,47
Supposc that tlic codc vcctur scquciice 5 50,51, 52, 53,54, 55, 56, 57
6 60, 61, 62,63,64, 65, 66,07
C=cl C2' ..., c ,
7 70,71, 72,73.74,75, 76, 77
was transinittcd. Wc rotisidcl.the whabilitv that the dc- A 3. Eight-PSK eight-stote delny divers.+ os an ST code.
coder dccides crroiicously in f'wor of
thc Icgitimatc code vcctor secpencc
IO0
-
c = q , -c2 -c , , .
I".,

Fram@Length = 130 Symbols

Coiisidcr a frame or hloclc of data nf
length I, and tlcfitic thc N x N error
iiiatrixd as
i

e lo-'

wlicrc (.)x ciciiorcs the coiijiigatt:opcr-

arion for scalcrs and thc crmjupatc
t t x m p m c Far matrices a d vcctci1.s. If
1 o-2
idcnl chaiiticl state information (CSI)
x(1)= 1,...,Lis availalde at tlic reccivcr,
then it i s srraightfnrward to sbnw that 10 12 14 16 18 20
thc probability of ttausiiiitting C and
dcciciing i n f a w r of 7 i is uppcr I-
S N R (dB) per Receive Antenna

boundcd by 1.451 A 4.Performance of 4-PSK ST i r e l k codes with two tronsmit ond one receive antennos.

MAY 2000 IEEC SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZlNE 79

 ’ .. . . , . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .:.
. . ., .. . .. . . . . ..
?
One of the goals of the third-
and fourth-generation wireless
systems is to provide broadband
access to both mobile and
stationary users.
8-I’SK cotistcllation a i d thc t d i s description for rhis
cndc. Each row i i i tlic inatrix showii in Fig. 2 rcprcsciits
chc cclgc labels for ti;lmirions fioin thc co~:rcspoiidiiig
s r m . ’lhe edgc labcl s1s iiidicatcs that symbol sI is tpaiis-
mittcd over rlic f i s t auteiina atid that symbol s2 is trails-
mitccd ovcr tlic sccond antciiiia. Thc inpiit hit strcatn to
dic ST cncodcr is dividcd into groups of 3 bits, and cach
group is iiiappcd into niic of eight coiistcllation points.
T h i s codc tias a baiidwidth cficieiicy of3 birs/chatiticl iisc.
Figiirc 3 shows the STC: rcprcscutation ofdclaydivcr-
sity. I t is alsri inter-csringto iiotc that the two trcllis codcs
in liigs. 2 ;ind 3 arc similar. I n fact, UJCcan gct the c o c k in
Fig. 2 by swapping the rwv that s t a r b with R Lcl”withthc
row that starts with il “5” a d the row that starts with a
“3” with thc row that starts with n “7.” Hy Ioolciiig ut thc
coiistcllation poiiits in Fig. 2, wc will easily Icalizc that
rhis SI’ codc is dclay-divcrsity cxccpt that thc dclaycd
sytihol is inultiplicd by -1 ifit is an c~ld symbol { 1,3,5,71
and Iiy + 1 if it is a n even sjmlml {0,2,4,6}.This siiiiplc
inappiiig nfthc dclapcd symbol gives a 2.5 dR of coding
gain as coriiparcd tn siniple dclay tiivcrsity.
Pur dccoding Si codes, wc asstiiiic rhat tlicchaiiiicl in-
fotitiationX(I), 1= l,,,., 1,is awilablc at thc i w e i v c r . Siip
posc that a code vcctor scqucricc e = c l ,c, , . . , , c,, has
hccii transmittcd, aiiri R=I*, ,r2,..,,r,, Iins bccii rcccivcd,
wlicrc rpis givcu by (2).At tlic receiver, optimum dccod-
-
ing ani’out~sto c~ionsinga vcctor codc seqiiciict
C =Fl ,F2 ,..., Ff, kit-which rhc f i p s t c r i m i probability
is maxiinizcd. AssLiiiiiiig thar all cndcwords arc
cqiiiprobablc, tlicii since thc iioisc vcctor is nssumcd to bc
; I I Constallation
........ I ST Btock Code
Mapper
I^.-.%..%- >.--..- ......
............................
I Signal I\
A 5. Transmitter diversity with ST block coding.
ao
. .. . . .. . . . . .
a multivariarc AWGN, it caii bc casilp shown thar tlic
optimiriii dccndci. is 1451
Ynr thc ST codcs with trellis rcprcsci~iitio~~s (as in ~ h c
cxninplc in Fig. 2 ) , it is olwious tliar tlic ciptiniuni dc-
coder in (6) can bc iiiiplcmcntcd using the Vitcrbi algo-
rithm. Notc that Icix)wlcdgcoftlic channcl is rcyircd for
dccoding. ’I’lic rcccivcr, tlici*tfC)rc,iiiiist cstiinatc tlic
cliariiicl cithct biindIy or Iiy using pilor/traiiiing symhols.
Vigirc 4 slimvs die perfnrinnucc of4-PSIC SI’trcllis codus
for TWO trauisiiiit :\11d OW reccivc ijlltCiiliRS with diffcrcnt
nlllllbcrs of stiitcs.
Space-Time Block Codes
Whcn rlic iiumbcr ofantciinas is tjxcd, the dccoding coin-
pksity nf ST trcllis coding (nicasui+cdby tlic iiuinbcr of
trcllis states at tlic dccodcr) iiicrtascs cxpnciitially as a
fiitictioii nftlw &\~ciaityIcvcl a i i d tlansmission r ~ [35],c
Iii addrcssing thc issuc oi’dccodirig complsity, Almoiiti
[37] discovered a rwiarkahlc SI’blockcodingsclicmc for
ti+aiismissin~~ with two aiitciiim. This schctnc suppmts
maximi in-likclihood dctcctioii bascd on Iy on linca r pro-
cessing a t the rccciver. ‘Ihis schcnic w ; later-
~ gccneralixd
in 1,3XI tn i i ~ arbitrary
i iiuinbcr of aiitciinas and is ahlc to
achicve thc full diversity pcmiiscd by tlic iiuinbcr of
timis~nitand 1-cccivc antcnnas. I-Tcrc, wc will brictly r e
vicw thc hasics of ST block coJcs (ST13Cls). Figure 5
sliows the bascband rcprescntation for ST block codilig
with two antcunas at tlic tcaiismittcr. Tlic iiiput syinbols
to tIic SI’Ihlock aicodcr m c diviclcd into groups of two
sytnbols each. Ar a givcii syiiiliol period, thc two symbols
in cacli gi’wip { c , ,c, } iwc trans;mittcd siiriultancously
from rlic two antcniias. Tlic sigiial ti-aiisinittcd i h i i an-
tcniia 1 i s c1 ,and thc signal traiisinittcd froin atiterilia 2 is
c2 . In thc next symhol pcriod, the sigiial -c: is rr~nsmit-
tcd fmui atitciiiia 1and chc signal c; is rt“mitrcd fin111
aiitciiiia 2. 1.et h, and b, be the chanuicls from dic first
and scco~idcrntisi-nit siitcnnas to the rcccivc antciina, re-
sImtivcly. Tlic iii;ijoi+assiiiii~>rionhcrc is that h, and b,
arc coiistnnc ovcr nlro coiisccutivc symbol pcriods, that is
~ 3 j ( ~ ~ t ? ’ ) = b i ( ( n i~=t 1,2.
)T),
Wc assiiiiic a rcccivcr with a singlc rc-
cciw antcana a n d dciiotc tlic rcccivcd
signals over two coiisecutivc syitibol
periods as P , ~ n Td, , ‘I’hc Ircccivcd sig-
nals c.an bc writtcn as
A- 1’, = h , c l +h,c, + q l (7)
. .
>,.../
\
IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE MAY 2000
 i2Soft Decision lor q

A 6.Receiver for ST block coding.

wlicrc q ,,, is the rioisc vector and H ,,, is rbc cliatiiicl ma-
trix froin the two traiisniit aiircniias to t h c ~ d rcccivc
i ai-
tciiiia. I n this case the aptiumm MI. Jecnciiiig rulc is

As bcfoorc, in the cascoflZiI icccivc antciinas, the dccodiiig

rule ccinIx fiirthcr sitiiplified by prcniultiplyiiig thc rc-
ccivcd signal vector r,,,by HI,,. Iii this cast, the divcrsity
ordcr providcci by rhis scheme is 2 M . Figw-c h sliows a
siuiplificd blnck diagram for the receivcr wirh two rcccivc
Nntc that clic tiecisinn rulc it1 (13) niid (16)
;i~itccnii;ls.
niiinunts to pwforining a hard ciccision uii F and
- C:lt;,
r,w= ~ l i -respcclivcly.
, ; ~ , TIiercfim, as sliown in
Fig.6 , clic rcceivalvcctor after linear cntnbining, F,,{,c ~ i i
bc corisidcrcd as a soft decision for cl and c, . When tlic
S’I’BC is concatciiatcd with an oatci- coii~cutioilalchau-
ricl codc, lilcc a miivolutiond codc, thcsc soft decisions
cati brc fcd to thc oiircr chaiincl clccodcr to yiclrl n bcttcr
pcribrmance. Nnrc also chat for tlic above2 x 2 S‘L’BC,rhc
triinsiiiissioii ratc is OIIC while achicving thc masiinum di-
vcrsiry gniii possiblc with two transmit antct~nns:
’ l k cxrcnsiou oftlic above S T K WRS smdicd in [MI.
Thci+c, ii gciicral trchtiiquc for constructing STDCs f c ~ r
N > 2 that provide the inaxinmm tiivcrsity pmiiiscd hy
thc number of trailsinit n n d rcccivc aiitctiiias was dcvel-
opcd. ’l’hcsccodcs rctniri tlic siniplc MI, clcmditig a l p -
I-itliinb a d 011 only l i i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r otlic s ~ i i [i3~7 ]~. t
c crcccivcr
It was also sliowii tliarforrzalsigiialconstcllario~is(PAM
coi~stcllacic~ii) , S‘l‘HCs with tmimiiission raw 1 can be
constrtictcd 1381. However, for a gciicral complcs con-
stcllatioiis likc IM-QAM 01: M-PSI<, ic is nr)t kiiowii
whcthcr an S’I’HCwithtrammission r a w 1aiid siinplc lin-
car proccssiiig that will givc the iiiaxirrmin divcl-sitygain
with N 5 2 rransmit a n t e m a s docs exist or not. Morcovcr,
i t MUS also shown that such code wherc tlic iiumbcr of
tl-ansinit mtciiiias N eqiialls rlic number of c t p l s both
the nu1iibcr of iu for ination sym 11oIs ti31I siii itrcd niici thc
iiiiinber rjftiinc slots nrcd to rransmit tlic codc block clocs
not exit. Rowcvet for- rarcs < 1,sach codcs can be fbund.
For examplc, assmiiiiig that rhc transmitter unit iises four
transmit nnrennns, i i raw 4/8(i.e., it is a ratc 1/2) STUC is
g i w i I)y

MAY 2000 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 81

 .. .. .
....... . ..... . . .. . . . . ... . . .. . .. ..... ., . .. . ,. ,' :i.

STC is a new coding/signal

processing framework for
wireless communication systems
with multiple transmit and
multiple receive antennas. This
new framework has the potential
of dramatically improving the We can iminediately sec chat H is onhngonal, that is
capacity and data rates.
F'
H*W=p,. I , where p4 = 2 . i=llhi12.Thercfnrc, the
same procedurc uscd for dcco ing the simple2 x 2 STUC
can bc uscd for this mde tno. 111this casc, chc SNli for
6 , ,..,,c4 isp,E, / N o ,pmvidinga3 d13cudiiiggaiiiinad-
dition TO four-branch diversity performance. Tlic 3 dR
cociiiig gain coines from tlic (inmirivc) fact t h a t eight
titnc slots arc usedto transmit four information symbols.
Note that the decoding of STBCs rcqiiircs knowledge
o f t h e channel at the receiver. Thc channcl statc infnrnia-
tion can bc obtained at the receiver by scnding rrainitig or
(17) pilot symbols or sequcticcs to csrimate the channel fiom
each of rhc transmit antcnnas to the I eceive aiiteiiiia
In this casc, at titnc t = 1, c1 ,c2 ,c3 ,c4 are transmitred [46]-[53]. For oiic transmit antclina, there exist differen-
from antelinas 1 through 4 , rcspcctivcly. At timc c =2, rial dctcction schcincs, sucli as DPSK, that ncitlicr rcquirc
-cz ,c1 ,-c4 , c g are rratismitted from ;iiitciiila 1through 4, kiiowledgc of thc channel nor einplny pilot or training
respectively, and so on. For this cxatnplc, lcr rl ,r2 ,,..,ry symbol transmission. Thcsc diffirential decoding
be the received signals at tirnc c = l,2,...,R, rcspectively. schemes are used, for cxainplc, in tlic IS-54 cellular stan-
Define rlic iicw r c c c i y c d signal vector dard (n/4-Dl'SK). This niotivares tlic gcncralizarioii of
. X

r = r Y , ,rz ,T3 ,r4,Tg ,T6 ,r7 ,t+;

.

1
. 111 this case we call differential detection sclieiiies for tlic case nf multiple
transmit anteim~s.A parrial solution to this problem was
write the I-eccivedsigiinl vectw r at die rcccive arircnna as
proposed in [41] foe the2 x 2 codc, whcrc it was assumcd
r = a . c +q (18) that the clianiicl is not known at thc receiver. In this
schemc, rhc dctcctcd pair of symbols at timet - 1are IISCXI
whcrc q is an X X 1 AWGN noise vector a i d H is 8 x 4 to estimate the chatincl ar tlic receiver and these channel
channel matrix given by estimates nrc uscd for dctccring thc pair of symbols at

Burst 2 /*

Burst 1 e Interference Cancellation

and
ML Dsclsion
Termlnal 1
Information

v
Terminal 1

Burst2 7

Block Encoder

Burst 1
Terminal 2

A 7.Interference cancellation with STBCs.

a2 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSINGMAGAZINE MAY 2000

tiinc t . Thc sclicnic in [41],howcvcr,
rcqiiires thc rraiisinissiori nfkiiorvn pi-
lot symbols a t thc bcgiiiiiing a n d
liciicc is not f d l y dil'i'ctcntial. Y'hc
scherrie iti [41] can be thought as joint . ,. . . . . . . . .
.. . . , . . . . .
I

datn/chaniicl cstimntion apptoach

which call lcad to c1-m~- propagation.
In [4U],a true diffcrciirial cictcluion
schcme for thc 2 x 2 codc was con-
structcd. This scheinc shares inmy of
the dcsirablc propcrtics of IIPSK: it . . . " ,.,,..,. ".

caii bc dct1iodillilted with or witlioiit

CSI at tlic rcccivcr, nchicvcs fill diver-
sity gain in both C R S C S , a n c l tlicrc cxists
a sitnplc nuncohercnt rcccivcr thac
pcrforins wirhin 3 dl< of tlic cohctciir
receivcr. HOWCVCL., this schcmc has
, s m c li miradons. First, thc encoditig
SNR per Rx Antenna (de)
scheme expands thc signal c( mtclla-
rion fi)r nonbiiiary signals. Sccniid, it A 8. MMSE interferencecunceliution with STBCs.
is limitcd oiily tn thc-N=2STFiC for
coinplcx cortstcllations and to thc casc N 2 8 for real COII-
stdlntinn. This is bascd on the rcsults it1 [ 3 8 ] that t h e 2 x 2
STBC. is a n ortliogniial dcsign a i d coiiiplex orthogonal
dcsigiis do not exist fwN > 2 . lu [54],anr,tlicr appro"di
for diffcreiitial iiiodulatioii with tl-ansiiiit divcrsiiy baseti
oti group codes was prq"c"d. This npprmch can bc ap-
plied to any nuinbcr cjfaiitciinas :~ndCOa n y cmstcllation.
Thc group strumii'c oftlicscs cmdcs greatly siinplifics the
arialysis of thcse schciiies aiid may also yield simplcr aad
more ti+aiispatciirmodulation arid ilcniod~rlationprocc-
durcs. A diffcl-cntiio-ditTcreurialapprcuch to transmit di-
vcrsiry when thc channel is not known n t thc rcccivcr is
ceportcd in [ S S ] and 1561 but this approncli rcqiiircs cx-
poiiciitia 1 cncoding and dcsod itig complexitics.

Interference Suppression with ... . .

. . ..-. . . . . . .
.

Space-Time Block Codes

Thc properties ofthc ST blockcodingschcmc in [37] and
its cxtcnsirm i i i 11381 ca11 bc fiirthcr exploitcd ro devclop
I: ,r)
(c,A) = MMSE. I>RC(r,,r2,Ht,H,,G, ,G2

ci'iicicnt i ntc t fe I'C 11cc s ~ i pi-cssio

p II tcch II iq11cs rha c cat i 13c
uscd to incrcasc systcrn capacity or inacasc tliroirghput
for individual iisci's. In gcneralj we cmsidcr a itiulriuscr
e I wi miiincnt with K s 5 7iid i rmio~is coc hail 1icl U scrs v,hxe
each iiscr is cquippcd with rrlinsmit anteniias atid iiscs
an STW with N traiisitiit aiitcnna. 111gencril, in this sce-
nario, tlicrc will bc IC x N intcrkring sigiials arriving at
thc rcccivcr. Tlicrcfoi-c,classical inmfcrencc supprcssion
tcchniqucs [57] with multiplc rcccive aiitcIiiias will U -
q i i k N x ( K - 1)+ 1.antciiiins at thc rcccivcl- tci supprcss
sigiinls fknm thc I<- 1cuchannel ST tiscrs and acliicvc x
d i w s i t y ordcr oEN for the dcsircd tctminiil. Hy exploit-
ing tlic teniporal and spttial StriictLiw oi' STIFCs, it c m bc
shown [ 4 2 ] , [43], a i d [SX] that only Kantcnnas arc rc-
qnircd to suppress tlic inrcrkrcncc h t n thc IC - 1
cochatitici uscrs while iii;iiiataining thc diversity ordcr of

MAY 2000 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 83

 In rhe 7xr[i-fi)rciiig solution, thc
Training
Sequence
S1
... - . . - . .
Data Pilot
Pl
Data Pitot
PI
.. . Pilot
Pl
Data
Tralnlng
Sequence
S1
interfcrcnce bcrwccii the two ST
cochanncl users is rcmovcd, without
any regard to noise enhancement, by
b
Lb
' Burst 1 usiiig a matrix linear combiner W
such that
A 9.Downlink sloisfructurefor STCM-bosed modem

N provided by chc ST13C. Given the assuinption that the

rcccivcr is cqiiippcd with M 2 IC antentins, xero forcing
(ZF) and miniinurn mcan-sqnared error ( M M S E ) inter-
fercncc supprcssion ccchniqucs thac cxploit thc striichirc
of the SI'BC arc clcvclopcd in [42] and [58].Tlicsc tcch-
niqiies will perfectly suppress tlic intcrfcrcncc from thc
Tc' - 1. cochannel iwr!: aiid prnvidc :I diversity order of
N x ( M - K -t1.)whilc mniiitaining thc simple liricar pro-
cessing feature of the SIBCs.
We out1i ne these iiitcrferencc cancellation sclicmcs for
the 2 x 2 case here. For a innrc dctailcd trcatmcnt tlic
render is refcrred to 1142.1. Figure 7 shows a siniplc scc-
narin for two synclimnnus cochatincl57' iiscrs (cach cm-
ploys the 2 x 2 Sl'UC) and a receiver with nvo rcccivcr
ante1im.s. Using thc signal model dcvclopcd abovc, rhc
In this casc, thc rnodificd rcccivcd signal vccror dc-
pcnds only on signals from first tcrmiiial and rIic modi-
fied received signal vector % depends nnly nn sigiials
from second terminal. It was shown in 11421 that a soln-
tion for W is given by
It is intercstiiig to note that by iisiiig this matrix linear
coriibiiicr W, thc matriccs and will havc thc samc
struchirc as that of the chaiitiel matrix H in { 10) Heiiclce,
I

rccciwd signal vector at atitcima 1m d 2 wc using the matrix linear combiner in (24) will reduce the
problem of dctccting tlic two coclianIic1 ST iiscrs hito
i*l= H l , c + G , -x+ql (20) nvo scpfiraccprobkrns that havc a much simpler solution
as poiiitcd out bcforc. Tablc 1s h w s t l i c algorithm for
thc aro-forcing intcrfcrcncc cnnccllatioii arid maxi-
mum-likclihood dccoding of STBC.
In the MMSE interfcrciicc supprcssion technique, let
11sassurnc, for example, rhat wc arc intcrcsrcciin dccoding
signals from d ~ first
c ST uscr. In this casc, tlic rcccivcr sc-
lccts two lincar combiners w, and w such that

aiid

I Concatenated Space-Tlms Encoder

Burst 2 f l

A IO. Base station transmitter with STCM and two transmit antennas.

84 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE MAY 2000


w1icl-e M=HH'- + l / T I , r = E , / N u is thc S N R ,
11, = [ / I , , hil !g12 hl, 1''- is the ikst column of H, and
11, =[h,, -hll h,, -6;2]''' i s tlic sccuiid CO~UIIIIId H . It
wax shown in [42] that w , and w, :xrc orthogonal, and
hencc, crl'ors in decoding c1 do not atycct hcodiiig G, aiid
visa vcrsa, thei~chyiilaintaining the separate cictcctioii fca-
t w c fbr STBC dccoditig.Nmtc that thc iMMSh snlutionwill
r d u c c to thc ZE' snlutiori outlineclcarlicr as F + W.Talk 2
outlitics the algorithm description tor ILZZ.ISH iiitcrfcruicc
suppression and decoding of STHC. For a more dctuilcd
treatmnciit ofboth die ZY and MMSE solutions the readcr is
referred to [42]. Ygirrc 8 shows the pcrfur[iiance of thc
MMSL iiitet+crciicc cancellntion schciiic as a ~ Ltiction I of
SNK and sigrlal-to-interfelcti~cratio (SIR) for two
cochaniiel Sl'uscrs cach usingdic2 x 2 WIK arid a rcceiver
with two ceccivc antciinas. Nnte that tlic petfnrmaiiccof the
ZF ititcifririicc caiiccllatioii will always he tlic siltnt as that
of a sitiglc S1'uscr with onc receiver anteniia.
Applications of Space-The Coding
to Wireless
As poiiited out' carlier, niic ofthe gr,als of thc third- and
wirclcss sysrcins is to providc broad-
fr~nrth-ISencrationi-~eiiei.~t~o~i
band ~ C C C S Sto both rnobilc and sraticliiary uscrs.
1Lea 1 - t ii n c iiiu 1ti 111c d i n s E rv ices ( x 11c h a li 11 i dc o
I
confereming) would i+equircdata rates two to threc or-
ders of magnitude largcr than what is offcred by ciirrciit
wirclcss ccchiic~logics.A highcr spectral cfficicqT can b e
acliicvcd by i~singtnukiple tr~iisiiiirand/or reccivc nnrcn-
A I 1. Mobile receiver with STCM nnd fworeceive antennas.
MAY 2000 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE
iias [l],[ZO], [5Y1. S I T tccliniqucs with inultiplc trans-
mit aiiteiii~~so f k r the best possiblc tracic-oi'F bcccveen
powcr coiisuinption aiid spcctral cffciciicy in multipath
radio chnniicls. S'I'C and signal pi-ocessiiig tcchniqncs
with niiilciple transmit aiirctmis have been rccctitly
adopted i 11 third-generation cc 1111 lar s taiidard (c.g.,
Cl>MA-ZOUC)[60] and W C D M A [til]) and also have
tvxti prnpnscd for widess local loop applications (Lu-
cent's 13LAST project [ I , ] ) atid rvidc-area packet data x -
CCSY (Al'&l"s hdvaiiccd Cellular Kntcmct Service if;]).In
this scctioii we will ourlitic sevcl-al cxmplcs of applica-
tion of STC to diffcrcnt wirelcss applications.
Appkation to Narrow Band TDMA CeIlu/ur
I n this scctioii, wc will prcsciit R gcncral architccturc for
a rianow baod TDMA iiiodein with STC and two trans-
mit aimonas [46]. liar brcvity, wc will prc~cixthc inn-
dcni arcliitccturc fur the dowiiliiik only. Thc upliiilc
mndctn will have a similar architccturc, cxccpt that thc
framing and timing sttiicture will bc dit'fcrent a n d i~iiist'
allow f i x A guard tiinc bcrwccn diffcrcnt asynchruiious
(due to diffcrcncc in prnpagatioii dclay) bursts from dif-
fcrciit users. ' l k sysrcm atchitecturc rliat wc p-opnsc is
similar, but not identical, to that of the 'is-136US ccllu-
lar standard. Vigurc 9 shows the basic TL3MA tiine slot
st ru c til re, c mployi iig a si g ii a ling forinat which i ntcr-
Icavcs traiiiing A I K ~synclironiz~tionisqueiiws, pilot se-
quciiccs, and data is uscd. In cadi TDMA slut, two
bursts arc rratisinitted, oiic from cadi antentla. The
training scquciiccss, aiidS, will hc used for timing atid
frcqucncy synchroiiizatinn a t tlic rccciver. In addirion,
thc ri.ansmirrilr inserts pcrindic and urthogoiial pilot se-
quciiccs Pl and P, which are used, along with thc miti-
ing scqiiciiccs S, and s,, a t thc rccciver to cstiiilate the
chaiiiicl f b r n ciich of the traiisrriit antennas tn tlic corre-
sponding rcccivc atitcnna. Fig111.cLO shows a block dia-
gran1 foor rhe transinittcr, whcre in addition ro the ST
Concalsnated Gpace-TIme Decoder
85
 wlicrc T, = 1/ R I is the symbnl pcriod
and p ( t )is thc transmit filter pulse. Fig-
iirc 11s h o w thc cnrresponding block
diagram nf a rnnbilc rcccivcr cqi~ippcd
with nvo iwcive antennas. After down
coiivcrsion to baseband, the reccivcd
signal at each antzntia clmiciit is til-
tcred using a receivc filter wirli irnplsc
respnnse j ( t ) t h a t is matchcd to rhc
trailsrnit pulsc shapc p(t). Thc outpm
oftlie matcIiccI tilrcrs is o v c r s a m p ~ar
a rate that is ai1 inrcgcr niulriple nF thc
syrnbol raw. Rcccivcd samples corre-
sponding to rhc traiiiing sequences S,
and S, 21rc uscd for timing and fre-
I" a 9 10 I1 72 13 14 15
SNA (per Rx Antenna) dB qu cricy syrdironi zatioii. The received
saniplcs at the optiiiiilm sampling in-
A 12. FER Performance of &PSK 32-staie ST code with two transmit and two receive an- stant are theii split into two streanis.
tennos at I80 Hz Doppbr with different coding rates. Tlic firsr om coiitaitis tlie received s m -
pIcs corrcsponding tn tlie pilot ailcl
training symbols.Thesc QK used to cs-
tiiiiate the ccirrespotiAtig CSI 7i(l)at
the pilot and training scq~iciiccsyii-
bols. The rcccivcr thcn uses 311 appro-
priately clesigiied intzrpolatiori filtcr to
intel-phte thosc trained CSI cstitnatcs
ancl obtain accurarc inrcrpohrcd CSI
cstimtcs for: the whole burst. The scc-
oud sti.eain contai tis tlic rcccivcd sam-
plc s c o r r c s pondi ng t o t h e
supcrimposcd i i i f n i m " i i s y " s .
Tlic iritcrpolated CSI &mates ~Iloiig
with thc r e c c i v d sainplcs corrcspoiid-
irig to the infbrmatiori symbols arc
then dcinterkavcd using a bioclr s p i -
Concatenated Decoder
ho 1- by s y inbol d cirircr lcavcr aiid
I

A 13. Concutenulion of STBC and conventional chonnel coding schemes for increasing passed to a vcctor mnyimum-likcli-
capocity. hood seqiiciicc dccodcr f~llowcdby a
tis dccclder.
cncoder, a high rate lked-Soloiiion (RS) block cncadcr Figtire 12 show the performance of thc abovc inodcm
is used as an nuter code. Thc RS oiircr codc is iiscd to arcllitcctuic with a 32-smte X-l'SK ST c r x k with IWO trails-
correct the few symbol errors at the output ofche STdc- mit aiid two rcccivc aiitciiiias aiicl with diffcrcnt coditig ram
codcr. 'i'he output of t h e RS ciicodcr is thcn cricodcd by oprioiis (sce [MI for details). At 10 B z Dopplcr, this mno-
an S'1' cliaiincl encoder and the ontpiit of thc ST cncodcr dcrn arcliitccnw witli the 32-state 8-l'SIC STC would bc
is splic into two streams of cncodcd modulacion sym- ablc to dclivcr almnst 56 kb/s (over a 30 kHz bandwidth)
bols. Hach stream of cncodcd symbols is rhcn indcpcnd- with 10% h m e error rate at 18 dl3 a n d 11dB SNR for 1
eiitly interleaved using a block sgmbol-bg-symbal and 2 rcceivc aiiteimas, rqxctivcly. At 180 Hz Dopplcr,
inteikaver. Tlic tratismittcr iriscrts thc corrcspnnding the required SNli would be 20 dl3 and 12 dB rcspcctivcly.
training and pcriodic pilot sccyiciiccc"in cach of the twn 'Ihesc rcsults assLiiiit: basic IS-136chaniiclizautinn and fi31ri-
hiursrs. Each burst is then piilsc shapzd and tratistnittcd ing sttiicttirc. As poinrcd om in [&I, this architecture Iias
from thc corrcsparidiiig antcnna. The signal traiisrnitted tlic potelitid of almost doubling tiic ciirrciit data rates sup-
fi-om thc ith antcnila, d = 42, can he written as poi-ted by the 15-136 cclluhr standard.

86 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE MAY 2 W O

 The spatial-temporal structure of
space-time codes can be
exploited to increase the capacity
and/or data rate of wireless
systems with a relatively simple
receiver structure.

vciitiond c h a n i d code which will providc protcctinii

agaiiist clinnncl errors.
Tllc abovc ST I h c k coding and LMMSE intcrfcrctw
supprcssinu rcchnicpc ciln also bc uscd in situations

Concatenated Encoder ~ . ..
- .=- :. ...:.. .

Concatenated Encoder
I
(29) A 74.Paralie/ transmission wirh ST block coding for increased system throughput.

tX
I

10410
I Y
I
STBC Only
-T STBC t RS(57,63) over GF(64)
' +-STBC + RS(53,63) over GF(64)

15 20
1

25 30

SNR per Rx Antenna (dB)

MAY 2000 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 87


10 15 20
SNR per Rx Antenna (dB)
A 1 6.Throughputperformonce ofporallel transmission wifh ST block coding with un-
equal coding.
wlierc incrwsing the data rate or the data rhroughput is nf
intcrest. Tn this casc information symbols ftcm a traris-
niitting tcrminal arc s$ itiro L p r d l e l streams. Strcariil
is then encoded using ;Icorivcntional channel codc wid1
rate R , and rhcn cncodcd with an ST block ctcodcr with
two traiisrnitriiig antclinas (as before, N tr.insmit anten-
nas in gcricral can be uscd with thc appropriate S'I'HCs).
Thc coding i'ates for each of thc L parallel streailis arccho-
scii such that R , i R , <-.m<X,. In this casc, symbols
timsmittcd in strccam 1will have bettcr immunity against
channcl mors than tn symbols rransinittccd in stream Y
wlicrc z$>l. The base station rcccivcr is assumed to be
equipped with L rcccivc antcntias. 'l'he base station rc-
ceiver trcah cacli strcain as a diferetit uscr arid nscs thc
above lMMSE intcrfcrciicc suppi+essiontcchniqiic to gen-
cratc soft dccisinns t,, atid t,, for thc dam in the first
strcam. 'l'licse soft decisions arc thcn fed i t m the decoder
corresponding to tlic first channel code. The 011 tput in-
fnriiiatioii symbols arc rhcn cncoded with thc samc c hati-
iiel codc for tlic first stream. Sincc thc first strcam lias thc
Space-Time Coded OFDM Tx
Block Encoder
A 17. Transmitter for ST coded OFDM for broodbond uppiicutions.
88 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE
smallest coding rarc I<,, it will havc
dic best immunity %gainstchannel tr-
rors and itlost likely it will be error
frcc. The resulting symbols are then
used to subtract thc contributions of
the first strcarn in the received signal
while decoding die remniiiiiig L - 1
strcams. In dccodiiig chc rctriaining
L - 1streams ,the decudcr will decade
signals from thc sccond stream first
sincc it will have the bcst itnmunity
against chaiiiiel errors among the re-
maining L - l streams. Thcn the re-
ccivcr cancels mit the corirriburion of
thc sccoiid stream it1 thc rcccivcd sig-
nal. This process is rcpcarcd until all
streams are clecodcd. In this case, we
25 detiiie the systcm throughput as
1 ',
p=- C R /'(1- FHK, )
L 1=1
where FER, is dic frame etrnr rate of
stream L. As wc willsce from the simn-
lation, this will jncrem the system d~roughplttat low
SN l b , Viglirc 14 shows a block diagram for a tcrminal that
uses four transmit antennas. I11 diis CASC, the input informa-
tioii srrcatii is split into two pamllcl streams i.e., (L=2).
Figure 15 shows the peiformance of the system in Fig.
13w l ~ r aconcatcnared
e cndingsclmne is nscd. The figure
shows thc FER of any ofthe four iiscrs wid1 different cod-
ing rates. Thcrc \va<four cochantid uscrs atid each uses the
2 x2 STEC atid dic rccciver had four nntcnnas. Tlic above
MMSE-IC scheme was used to scparate the four usen.
This sclicmc is suitable for fixed wirclcss access applica-
tions. Figure 16 shnws tlie tliroughpur pcrhimanct: ofthc
systcin in Fig. 14. Chnbiiied MMSE intcrferencr:cancclla-
tion atid dccoding of the STBC was uscd tn separate rhe
two diffcrmt data strcanis. Using this parallel transmission
a i d makirigusc ofthe STlC propcrtics to separate tlie trvo
streams will allow for cbiibiing the data ratc. Also if one of
the two dam streams is coded hcavicr dim the other one,
jncrcascd ttirouighput can be obcaincd especially a t low
SNR. See [ 4 4 ] for more details.
Burst 1
MAY 2000

Space-Time Coded OFDM Rx
A J8,Receiver for ST coded OFDM for broadbond npplicotions.
16-state 4-1)SK ST codc [35] with two transmit and t\vo
rcceivc atitciinas togcrhcr with an niitcr { 72,64,9) lis cndc
ovct-GF(17).Wc plot thc fi-mic error pmbabiliry as hinc-
tioii ofSNR for diffciwrt dclay spread. 1;roin this plot, ivc
c;in SCE that an E , / N , bctwccn 2.7-4 ti11 (dcpctidiiig 011
tlic dclay 4spi-cad)i s iiccded to achicvc a data ratc of 1.5
Mb/s. This tecliuiquc caii be uscd also with the combitied
ST block coding and iiitcri'crcncc supprcssioii schcnw, as
S ~ O W I Iin Fig. 20, to yicld CVCII liighcrdm r*~ccs
(riiultiplcs
ofMb/s/l MHz) over a wirclcss shaniicl.

App/katlon to Broadband Wire/ess

Figures 18 atid 17 sliow simplifrcdblock diagrms fijr tlic
traosmitrcr and reccivcr, rcspwtiwly, frir ;in OF13M 1110-
dcm with a coiicntcnatcd S'lC schciiie. 'lliis arcliitcctiirc
[62] is siiirhlc for broadhand wirclcss coi~iiiiiinications
applicatioiis (siriiilai. work, but bascd on STBCs, can h c
found in [MI and ],641),Thc input iiifo'orniatinnsyiiibob
arc first ciicndcd by ail omcr mi~vcutionalclianncl cotk.
Tlic m t p t of dic oiltcr cadc is thcii ST cncoded. Each
stiwm d ' t k SL' code oiitpirt strcmis is thcn OE'13M mod-
ulntcd ancl suit nvcr tlic corresponding aiitcnila. At thc U -
cciver, thc signal at cadi rcccivc antciina is C)E'l)M
dcmodularccl. The dcmodnlatcd sigiials froin aiitcnnas arc
then tctl into tlic !TI' dccoder hllowcd by tlic outcl dc-
coder. Figure 1.9shows the siinulacion rcsulrs fur tlic sbovc
Df;llM STcoded madcm (SI'CM). In this siniiilarion, tlic
avail;iblc baldwidth is 1I\,IHz atid the 1ii;ixiimm Ilopplcr
frcqiiciicy is 200 Hz.Thc iutiiihcr of O.PT)M toncs t i s d
for iiiodiilatioii is 256. Tlicsc coruccspoiid CO a subcarricr
scparatinii of3.9 KHz aiid OPlDM frame duration nf25G
11s.Acyclic p d x oC40 ~s duration is addcd to each fiatnc.
thch roiics mnd~ilatcsa 4-13Kcoiistcllatioii, idthough
highcr order M-l'SK or M-QAM may hc HSCCI. We iiscd a

Ay~m hbqjzfiib(Mcmbcr) iwcivcd tlic

R.Sc. dcgrcc (with honors) and tlic
M.S. dcgrcc in elccrrical ciiginecring
Crorn Cairo Univcrsity, Chiru, &ypt,
in 1987 and 1990, rcspcctivcly, and
thc M.S. dcgrcc in slatistics aiid the
l'li.D, dcgrcc in elcctricnl ciigiiiccring
hnm Stnnfrwd Univcrsity, Stanford,
CA, iii 1993 and 1996, rcsptctivcly.
Fruni I987 CO 1989, lrc s p i t his mili-
. . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . .... . . .
tary scrvicc :it the Signal 1)ruccssiiig
LLaborntory, TIic Military 'rccchnical
C:olkgc, Cairn, Egypt. 1~m11i 1989 to
1.990, hc was cmploycd with Cairo
University as il rcscnrch atid tcaching
assistant in rhc (-;ciiniiiiiiiicatiniiThc-
5 6 7 a 9 10 ciry Group, Ilcpartmcnt of Elccti-icd
I SNR per 8 x Antenna (dB) Engiriccring. E'rom 1990 tr, 1995, hc
w a s a 1Lcscarch aiid Tcachine
A 19. FER of concatenated ST coded OFDM with 4-PSK 76-stute STC with 2Tx and 2Rx an- " Assis-
taiit in rlic Iiitimrkitioii Systciiis Labn-
tennm.

MAY 2000 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 89

ratory, Stanford University. hi 1996, lie joincti AT&T
Labs, Florham Park, NJ, where lie is LIOW a Principal
Member ofTcchnical Stail. His c i w w t research intercsrs
include antciiiia a r q s , sigilal pmccssiiig, modulation,
and coding fnr high d m iatc wirdcss and digiral cniniiiti-
nicatioiis and madem ckesigti for broadband systcms.
Nambi S e s h d ~(l!cllnw) is currciitly Tcchiiical Director
for Comiii~inicnticiiiSystems R8r.D;it Broadcorn Corpo-
ration, Irvinc, CA. Prior joining Broadcoin, and firnin
1996-1999, Iic was thc L>ivisionMarlagcr for C n m m m -
cations Licscarch lkpirtmciir :it .4T&'l' t a b s , lksearch,
Florhain Park, NJ. Tlicrc his team was rcspoiisiiblc for
sevcral iriiiovatioiis in communic~tic>us aiid signal com-
pression such a s ST cocks, incremental redundancy bascd
radio liiilr prococds for wirclcss data, arid multiplc clc-
scription signal comprcssion for video. l+mi 1.986-3.995
h e was with AT&T Bcll Labotntnrics, Murray Hill, NJ.
He rcccivcd his undcrgraduatc cducation from Rcgiorial
Eiigincc,ringCollege, . l ~ i ~ i ~ ~ l ~ iIndia,
~ ' i ~ ~in~1982,
l l i , and
his graduatc cducation ftmm Renssclacr Polyrcchnic In-
stihitc, Troy, NY,from wlicrc hc carricd his M.S. and
A 20, P a d e l tronsmissian with ST block coding furincreased system throughput over delay spread channeh
90 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE
P1i.D. degtea. Along with Vahid Tarokh and Rob
Calderbank, hc is a rccipient of thc Rcst Paper award
froin the 1nfoi~inatioi-iTheory Society for tlic ycar 2000,
Hc was the Associate Editor for Coding Tcchniqucs for
the IiiforriiatioriTlieory Society for tlic years 1996-199s.
A. lloben CaEhrbank (Fcllow) received thc R.S. degree in
I975fr.orn~anvickUniversity,U.K.;r1iclM.S. degree it1
1976 from Oxford Universiry, U.K.; arid the 1'11.13. de-
grcc in 1980 from California Institute nf Teclindugy,
Pasadcria, all in mathcrnarics. Hc joined AT&T Bell Lab-
oratories i n 1980,a d prior tn the split ofAT&T atid Lu-
cent, he eyas a D c p r t m e n t Head in dic Mathematical
Sciences Kescarch Ccnter at M m r q Hill. He is tiow M-
rccwr of thc hiforination Scicnces Research Cenrcr at
AT&T Labs-ltesearch in Florliarii Park, NJ. His research
interests raiigc from alge-ebraiccoding clicory to wireless
data timismission to quantum computing. At tbc Univer-
sity of Michigan arid at l'rjiiccroii Univcrsiry, he has de-
veIoped a n d t a u g h t a n i n n o v a t i v c c o u r s e oti
bandwidth-efficient communication. 1:rom 1986 to
MAY 2000
1989, lh, Caldcrbank was Associatc F,diror for Coding
Tcchniqucs for thc I M f i T~finsmtiions urz Iwfiwmtio?i The-
o y . Prom 1996 ro 1999, hc was tlic Editor-iii-Chicf‘nf
rhc I E M T n “ m o n i@owwtioion ‘Ih o v y . He was also
Gucsc l!ditor for the Spccial Issiic on of the IEEE ??wmc-
tions OR I~@wrzarioiolzTheory ilcdicarcd to coding for smr-
age dcvices. Hc scrved nn rhc Board of Goveriiors of the
IEEE Tnfnrmtrion Theory Society fi-om 1990 CO 1996.
Dr. Calderbaiik rcceivcd tlic 1.995 Prize Papcr Award
fiun the Inforiixhn ’IPicorySocicty for his work 011the
2 4 linearity of the 1Ccrdock and Prcparata codcs (jnititly
with A.R. H;unmcm, Jr., 1I.V. Kumar, N.J.A. Sloaiic
and P. Sole).Hc also rcccivcd the 1999IntormationThc-
nrp Society Rcst Paper ANTid (joiiirly with V. Tarokti
and N. Scshadri).

MAY 2000 IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 91

92 fEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE MAY 2000