Department of Civil Engineering

IIT Guwahati

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Foundation Engineering

Built on the basic principles of

Soil mechanics

Soil hydraulics

Structural mechanics

Foundation engineering and design

Begins with the certain assumptions

Choice of specific parameters

Determination of the theoretical outcome

Suit the ideal conditions as far as possible


Ideal conditions are of rare existence

Natural soil conditions are heterogeneous, anisotropic and nonlinear

Progressive updating of theories with the aid of field conditions

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Foundation and Soil-Structure Interaction

Foundation

Footing

Influenced Soil

Soil-Structure Interaction

Stresses and Strains transmitted from the superstructure to the

substructure and the influenced soil

Results in complex interaction phenomenon

1/9/2013

CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Foundation Design Engineer

Limitations of the theories

Developed for ideal conditions

Do not take into account all the possible contributory parameters that

lead to the soil-structure interaction

Interaction phenomenon becomes more complex in the presence of water

A good design engineer

Thorough knowledge of the theories and their limitation

Should have a knowledge of


Environmental conditions

Strength and settlement characteristics of the soils

Have the capability to modify the design to suit field conditions

Practical and pragmatic approach Safety and Economy

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Requirements for Foundation Design

Reconnaissance Survey

To select site for particular project

Information obtained from the structural counterpart

Layout plan for the project

Plan of load-bearing elements with estimated dead and live loads


Columns, Walls, Caissons

Information obtained from soil exploration

Strength and settlement characteristic of the site soil

Hydraulic conditions of the site

Deciding on the type of foundation required - Safety

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Soil Exploration - Planning

Governing factors

Type, size and importance of the project

Preliminary or detailed site investigation

Preliminary investigation for large projects

Selecting a site and feasibility study of the project

Tentative designs

Cost-estimate of the project

Only a few boreholes are required distributed over the area

Field and laboratory tests of collected samples to gain an idea of

strength characteristics

Rejection of unsuitable sites

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Soil Exploration - Planning

Detailed site investigation

Soil site is chosen

Planning steps

Detailed study of geographical condition


Collection of all available information about the site,

Collection of existing topographical and geological maps

Topographical features in the site

Collection of available hydraulic conditions

Water table fluctuations

Flooding of the site

Access to the site

1/9/2013

CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Soil Exploration - Planning

Planning steps

Preparation of the layout plan for the project

Preparation of borehole layout plan


Depths of the boreholes

Number of boreholes distributed over the area

Layout plan of any additional soil investigation

Preparation of specification and guidelines for the field execution of the

various elements of soil investigation

Preparation of specification and guidelines for the laboratory testing of

collected samples and preparation of reports

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Depth of Boreholes

Governing factor

Zone of soil affected by foundation bearing pressures

Standard Practice (IS-1892: Code for Subsurface Investigations of Soil)


Boring up to Significant Depth

Excess vertical stress (v) caused by fully loaded foundation 0.1v



Conforms to 1.5B from the base level of foundation

v  Net imposed vertical stress at the foundation case level

B Width of the foundation

Closely spaced strip or pad footings

Overlapping of stressed zones

The whole loaded area acts as having a wider foundation



Requires deeper boreholes

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

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Depth of Boreholes


Pile or Pier foundations

Exploration involves to identify the soils and their properties lying even below
the tip of the single-pile of pile-groups

Pier foundations require further depth of exploration



Load is transmitted to larger depths

Foundation on Rocks

Rocks at shallow depths



Foundation should rest on rocky strata

Boring should explore the strength characteristic of rock

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Number of Boreholes

Small building area (<100 m2)


One borehole or test-pit at the centre of the area

Area not more than 4000 m2



One borehole or test-pit at the centre

One borehole at each corners

Large project


Depends on geological features and variation of strata

Grid spacing of 50m

Combination of borehole and sounding tests

Use of DCPT test is recommended

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1/9/2013

CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Number of Boreholes

Requirement of adequate number

of boreholes

Reasonably accurate determination of

the contours of the proposed bearing

stratum

Locating
soft pockets in the
supporting soil


Adverse effect on the safety and

performance of the proposed design

A Typical Borehole-Log

Detailed report from a borehole-log

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

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Broad Classification
Foundation
Depth classification
Shallow Foundation
(Df < B)

Deep Foundation
(Df > B)

Soil at shallow depth possess

adequate strength to bear the
superstructure loads

Df

Upper stratum of the soil is

weak, and the loads are to be
transmitted to larger depths

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Types of Shallow Foundations

Spread footing / Pad footing

Base of column or wall is enlarged

Pad foundation is the footing of a column


Square, circular or rectangular slab of

uniform thickness

Stepped or Launched to distribute load

from a heavy column

Wall footing


Continuous footing or Strip footing

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Types of Shallow Foundations

Combined footing / Strap footing

Footing supporting more than one column

Can vary in shape and size

Continuous / Strip footing


Row of columns connected by a footing

Wide Strip footing



Soil of very low bearing capacity requires a wide strip

Transverse bending occurs in the projected portion of

the beam

Reinforcements are required to prevent cracking

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Types of Shallow Foundations

Raft footing / Mat footing

Normally required on soils of very low bearing

Structural columns or other loaded areas are so

close in both the directions



Individual footings nearly touch each other

Normal practice

Individual spread footing is more than 50% of the loaded

area of structure

Reduce differential settlement arising due to



Variable soil

Variation in loading between adjacent columns and

adjacent loads

Application

Multistoried building, Storage tanks, Silo clusters,

Chimneys, Floor slab of basement

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Types of Shallow Foundations

Strap footing

Narrow rigid beam connects two or more isolated footing

Falls in the category of combined footings

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Types of Deep Foundations

Crude assumption

Depth of foundation greater than the width

Types

Piles

Piers

Caissons

Drilled Shafts

Well

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Types of Deep Foundations

Cylindrical foundation with or without steel reinforcement



Piles and Drilled piers

Caissons and Wells

Multi-storied buildings and Bridges

Piers


With or without enlarged bottom

Concreted in place after excavation or drilling

Drilled shafts


Applied on land and under-water for supporting structures

Large-diameter piles, Bored and Cast-in-situ

Caisson / Well


Large monolith built above ground

Sunk in stages to the founding level as a single unit

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

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Requirements for Stable Foundation

Proper location in regard to future influence which can

adversely affect its performance

Many different contributory factors

Some evaluated analytically, some by engineering judgment

Foundation must be stable and safe from failure

Can be evaluated analytically considering various factors

Foundation must not settle or deflect sufficiently to damage the

structure and impair its usefulness

Should not deflect or settle objectionably


Level of deflection with regard to objection is not clearly defined

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

Stable Foundation !! ??

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CE 533 Lecture 2: Introduction to Foundn Engg

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Thank You for Patient Hearing