2014-08-28

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Objectives Today
Be able to:

Define biomaterial and list several examples

List some terms that well learn more about in class

Identify 3 or 4 biomaterials from history

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What is a Biomaterial

Biomaterial: Nonviable material used in a medical device

intended to interact with biological systems to evaluate,
treat, augment, or replace any tissue, organ, or function of
the body

For human use, FDA approval is required (the product and

application, not the material!)
Natural and Synthetic
Replace a body part or augment function: devices, implants
Cell culture, in vitro research
Biotechnology
Diagnostics, Imaging, Clinical/Lab Assays

Biocompatibility: ability of a material to perform with an

appropriate host response in a specific application

Why does it matter?

Biomaterials affect millions of peoples lives every day

Market worth BILLIONS of dollars yearly

The field is focused on improvement of quality of life

Jobs in research and development, academia, industry, grant

writing or review, regulatory agencies, commercialization
(marketing, patent law, business), and entrepreneurial
endeavors.

Biomaterials Market

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http://www.biopharminternational.com/biopharm/News/Big-Biotech-Outpaces-Big-Pharma-Burrill-Reports/ArticleStandard/Article/
detail/810797?contextCategoryId=435&goback=%2Egde_61852_member_233987401

www.nytimes.com/
2012/11/25/business/
mit-lab-hatches-ideasand-companies-by-thedozens.html?
pagewanted=all&_r=1&

sciencecareers.science
mag.org/
career_magazine/
previous_issues/
articles/2012_11_16/
caredit.a1200127

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Classes of Materials

Synthetic vs. Natural

Metalsorthopedic, dental, craniofacial interventions

CeramicsJoint replacements, dental, bone cements

PolymersSutures, contacts, wound dressings, hemostatic

products, drug delivery, tissues engineering, implants
Carbonsimplant coatings

Composites

Metals and Alloys

Inorganic materials possessing non-directional metallic

bonds with highly mobile electrons

Conduct electricity, strong, easily formed into complex

shapes

Applications: Orthopedic devices, dental fillings,

craniofacial implants, stents, pacemakers, valve replacement

Titanium and Titanium Alloys as Biomaterials

By Virginia Senz de Viteri and Elena Fuentes

http://www.heart-consult.com/articles/bare-metal-stents

Ceramics

Inorganic materials composed of non-directional ionic bonds

between electron donation and accepting elements.

May be crystalline or non-crystalline (glasses), very hard, resistant

to degradation, brittle, similar molecularly to bone

Orthopedic implants, dental application, implant coatings, bone

cements, bone graft substitute

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Polymers

Organic molecules in long chains held

together by directional covalent bonds.

Natural and Synthetic

Widely used in many applications with

tunable properties

Artificial Bladder, Wake Forest University

Integra- the Artificial Skin

Carbons

Elemental Carbon

Natural: Graphite, Diamond, and Fullerenes

All have different properties/ potential for biomaterials

Synthetic: Pyrolitic carbon

High strength and hardness, blood

compatibility issues

Nano: carbon nanotubes

Mainly used for implant coatings

A long time ago, in

a place not that far
away

Ancient Biomaterials:

unintended implantsKennewick Man with implanted

spear head, circa 9000 years old

Tattoos, 5000 years ago

Dental ImplantsMayans and Egyptians, 2000 years ago,

even had osseointegrative materials!

Sutureslinen, catgut, gold wire, lead and silver1000s of yrs

These all predate knowledge of sterilization,

biocompatibility, inflammation.Yuck!

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Not as long ago

First artificial heart pumps in 1800s

Contact lenses: described by Da Vinci and Descartes in 1500-1600s,

successful glass contact lens in 1860, plastic lenses in mid-20th
century (poly(methyl methacrylate))

Understanding of biocompatibility evolved in 1800s and 1900s

really this is still evolving!

Polymerslargely evolved post-1940 and heavily researched since

then.

Hip and Knee ReplacementStarting in late 1800s, many material

innovations and iterations led to current designs

First soft contact in 1959 by Otto Wichterle (pHEMA)

The Start of Modern Biomaterials

Methods for reinforcing arteries and vessels, removing

blockages, and replacing atherosclerotic vessels

Balloon-Stents invented by Julio Palmaz at UTSA, 1985

Advances in biodegradable stents, drug-eluting stents

TPA and streptokinase can save a patient having a stroke

and prolong the lives of those with thrombotic tendencies

Alan Michaels provided the engineering solution to the first

commercially successful drug delivery device (Ocusert for
treatment of glaucoma, Alza Corp, 1968)

The Start of Modern Biomaterials

A chemical engineer miniaturized the artificial kidney (Ben Lipps

of Dow Chemical)

A chemical engineer pioneered methods of blood clot prevention

in artificial organs (Ed Merrill, MIT, 1960)

Robert Langer (MIT) and Nicholas Peppas (Purdue/UT-Austin)

are the fathers of drug delivery and set the principles for
pharmaceutical delivery systems in 1978.

MIT and Johns Hopkins researchers (Robert Langer) were first to

successfully treat brain tumorspolyanhydride wafers to release
local chemotherapeutic drug, 1988-95, saved thousand of lives

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Think of all thats involved

In designing a hip replacement

Is this material strong enough?

Is the material too strong?

Can it withstand the force of compression,

shear force, rotation, torque, etc.
Will it cause the adjoining bone to break if
its too strong?

Can it mimic physiological motion of

walking (ball in socket)
Durability of the material? How long will
this last?
Will the material cause a chemical
reaction/blood clots/infection/tumor/
inflammation?
Will the body over time build up scar
material around the joint?
Wear debris?

The Present and Promise of the Future

WAY TOO MUCH TO LIST!

Treatment of rare diseases is becoming possible (cost-effective) due to

the advent of genetic engineering for drug design and drug delivery

Organs and tissues are being grown, such as cartilage, liver, heart
on biodegradable scaffolds and function close to natural tissues

Imaging agents to track organ rejection or disease progression

Implanted device for nerve or brain interface with robotic prostheses

Biosensors, bed-side diagnostic tests for disease progression

Microneedles for home-based vaccine delivery

Reawakening spinal cord circuits

Tissue Scaffolds to promote wound healing

3D Printing!!

Key topics we will learn about

Biospecific biomaterials

Protein Adsorption

Wound Healing and foreign-body reactions

Controlled Release and Drug Delivery

Orthopedic, dental, cardiovascular applications

Tissue Engineering

Nanotechnology

Intelligent Materials

Non-fouling materials

Regenerative Medicine