City Development Plan for Kollam, 2041 (Draft City Development Plan) June 2014 Supported under Capacity Building for Urban Development project (CBUD) A Joint Partnership Program between Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India and The World Bank@ CRiSiL. INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited Ministry of Urban Development Capacity Building for Urban Development Project City Development Plan for Kollam - 2041 Draft City Development Plan June 2014 “Efficient, clean ER Rela Ui Ra Tr infrastructure”@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development “TWFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Contents List of Abbreviations List of Tables... List of Figures List of Maps 1. Project Background. 1.1 Context 22 1.2. Revised CDP under CBUD Project. 23 1.21 CBUD Programme. 23 1.2.2 Preparation of Revised CDP under BUD Programme 24 1.3. Revised CDP Guidelines ~ Key Areas of Emphasis. 24 1.3.1 Vision Led Planning 25 1.3.2. Resource based planning 25 1.3.3 Participatory approach 25 1.3.4 Equity concerns, poverty and local economy development 25 1.35 Capacity Bullding in ULB 25 1.3.6 Sectoral Action Plans with Goal Oriented Targets 26 1.3.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements 26 1.4. Objective of the Assignment 26 1.5. Approach and Methodology 26 1.6 Brief on 1% generation CDP 28 1.6.1 Projects proposed in 1st generation CDP 28 1.7. Brief scenario after 1" generation CDP 29 1.8 Key process undertaken for CDP preparation process 29 1.8.1 Committee Formation 29 1.8.2 Stakeholder’s consultation brief. 30 2. Introduction to the City 2.1. Regional Setting 32 2.2 Administrative Boundaries 33 2. Location and Connectivity 34 2.4 Defining the Study Area 35 25 Physical Setting. 35 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 1MMinistry of Urban Development 25.1 Topography and Geology 35 252 climate. 35 2.53 Agriculture and Fisheries 36 254 Minerals 37 255 Water Resource 37 3. Demographic Profile of the Town 3.1. Background 39 3.2. Urbanization Trends in Kerala. 39 3.3. Demographic profile in Kollam district and Kollam Urban Agglomeration 41 3.4. Population Growth Trend 42 3.5. Population Density 43 3.5.1 Population density ward-wise 44 35.2 Ward-wise population 44 3.6 Household size. 48 3.7 Literacy Rate 48 38 Sex Ratio. 49 3.8.1 Age and Sex Distribution 50 3.9. Social Composition 50 3.10 Population Projections 51 3.10.1. Methodology Adopted for Estimation of Population 51 3.10.2. Basic Assumptions for Population Projection 52 3.10.3 Recommended Population Projection 53 3.11 Key Observations 53 4, Economic Profile of the City... 4.1, Background 58 4.2 Overview of economic situation of the State, 56 4,3. Industrial and commercial activities 56 4.3.1 _ Informal business and Local Economy - Trade and commerce 56 4.3.2 Banking and Finance 58 43.3 Tourism. 59 4.3.4 Industrial Profile in Kollam 60 4.4. Primary Sector Activities in Kollam 62 4.5 Workforce Participation rate. 64 4.8 Workers’ classification 6s Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam ™@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 4.7 Workforce Projections 6s 4.8 SWOT. 66 49 Key Issues. 66 5. Physical Planning and Growth Management. 67 5.1. Background 67 5.2. Constituents of Planning Area. 67 5,3. Projected population under Development Plan. 68 5.4. Spatial Growth Trends 68 5.5. Land use analysis. 70 5.6. Spatial distribution of population 72 5.7 Critical appraisal of development ‘master plan 72 5.7.1 Comparison with URDPFI guidelines 74 5.8. Role and responsiblities of KMC and Parastatals agencies 75 5.9 Key Issues 76 6. Social and Cultural Resources. 78 6.1. Background 78 6.2 Health care faclties 78 6.2.1 Health Indicators 78 6.2.2 Status of Health Infrastructure in Kollam 79 623 Disease profile 20 6.2.4 Role of KMC in health programmes 81 6.25 Key Issues and concems. 81 6.3. Education Profle 81 6.3.1 Indicators 82 6.3.2 Status of educational infrastructure 82 633 Key Issues 83 6.4 Recreation 83 6.4.1 Parks, Grounds and Open spaces. a4 64.2 Lake and Beaches 85 643 Key Issues 85 7. Infrastructure and Services 87 7.4 Water supply 87 7.14 Existing water supply situation 87 7.1.2 Ongoing projects 30 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam ™Ministry of Urban Development 7.1.3 _ Institutional framework for water supply system 7.1.4 Key issues. 7.2. Sewerage and sanitation 7.21 Existing sewerage and sanitation system 7.2.2 Ongoing and proposed projects. 7.2.3 Institutional framework. 7.24 Key Issues 7.3. Solid waste management 7.3.1 Existing solid waste management system 7.32 Future Solid Waste Generation 7.3.3 Ongoing projects 7.3.4 _ Institutional Framework for SWM. 7.35 Key Issues 7.4. Storm water drainage 7.4.1 Existing Drainage system 7.4.2 _ Institutional structure. 7.43 Key Issues 8. Traffle and Transportation System 8.1. Existing Road Infrastructure 8.1.1 Road hierarchy system in city, 8.1.2 Important Junctions 8.1.3 Bridges, Fiyovers and interchanges. 8.1.4 NMTiacilties 8.1.5 Issues and Key Challenges 82 Existing Traffic and Transportation System 82.1 Traffic Volumes. 8.2.2 Modes of Transport. 8.2.3 Public Transport system 8.2.4 Parking facilities. 825 Safety and Tratflc management measures. 8.2.6 Issues and Key Challenges 83. Review of Institutional and investments 9. Housing and Urban Poverty. 9.1. Overall housing scenario in the city 80 80 91 91 93 93 94 94 94 96 96 96 97 97 97 98 98 99 99 102 103 104 104 104 104 106 107 107 108 108 108 109 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam wi)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 9.1.1 Present avallablty of housing stock 9.1.2 Quality of housing stock 9.1.3 Housing requirement as per the future projected population 9.1.4 Overview of growing Housing Sector in the town 92. Urban Poverty and Slums 9.2.1 Dynamies of urban poverty in the state and in Kollam 9.22 Slum profile in Kollam 9.2.3 Spatial distribution of slums (ward-wise distribution) 9.2.4 Average Slum Size 9.2.5 Avallable infrastructure for slum communities 9.2.6 Land and tenure of slums 9.2.7 Housing Demand 9.2.8 Government intatives in slum improvement 9.28 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) in Kollam 9.2.10 Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework 93 Key Issues 40, Baseline Environment: Urban Environment and Disaster Management .. 10.1 Pollution Level in the town 10.1.1 Ambient Air Quality 10.1.2 Noise Pollution 10.1.8. Water Pollution. 10.2 Water bodies 10.2.1 Wet Lands 10.2.2 Coastal Environment 10.2.8. Mangrove forest 10.3 Disaster Proneness Assessment ofthe City. 10.3.1. Draft SFCPOA Kollam 2013 Disaster Risk Management initiates in Kollam 10.4 Key Issues and Concems 11. Climate Change and Sustainable Development . 11.4 Climate Change on cities 11.2 Leaming from the Past 11.3 Climate change and Kerala, 11.3.1. Carbon emission scenario in Kerala. 11.4 Risk and visible Impacts of Climate change In Kollam. 109 109 109 110 a nt nt 112 113 113 114 114 115 116 116 118 120 120 120 120 tat 123 123 123 123 124 125 126 126 127 127 128 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam (viMinistry of Urban Development 11.4.1. Urban Heat island 11.5 Initiatives for energy conservation and sustainable development in Kerala. 11.5.1. Non-renewable energy 11.5.2 Green Budget. 11.6 Initiatives in Kollam for sustainable development. 11.6.1. Solid and liquid waste management projects under KSUDP. 11.6.2 Greater Kollam Development Plan 2031 11.6.3. Projects under KMC annual plans 12, Cultural Resources, Heritage and Tourism 12.4 Historical Importance of the town 12.2 Existing Framework for Heritage Zone (Protected and un-protected) 12.2.1 Archeological Survey of india ~ Thrissur Circle 12.2.2 Recent Practices for heritage conservation in Kerala ~TP Schemes. 12.3 Heritage conservation initiatives, 12.4 Tourism Scenario 12.5 Major Tourist spots. 12.6 Tourist Arrivals 12.7 Existing Tourism Development Initiatives 12.8 Role of Agencies involved in tourism development 12.9 Fairs and Festivals 12.10 Traditional - handicraftesik, cuisine etc. 12.11 Key Concer Areas for Tourism Development. 1, Assessment of Institutions, Systems and Capacities 18.1 Urban governance system 13.1.1. Kollam Municipal Corporation 13.1.2 Kollam Water Authority, 19.2 Urban reforms transfer of function 13.2.1. Status of 74th CAA and Decentralised Governance 13.2.2 Progress in Implementation of Reforms ~ State Level Reforms 13.2.5. ULB Level Reforms, 1.3 Roles and Responsibilities of various Institutions. 13.4 Key Issues. 14, Financial Assessment 14.1 First Generation CDP- Key Features of Municipal Finance Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development “INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY — 14.2 Status of key financial indicator. 146 14.3 As-Is-assessment of municipal finance 146 14.4 Revenue Account. 147 14.4.1 Revenue Income. 147 14.4.2. Revenue Expenditure 155, 14,5 Capital Account 159 14.5.1. Capital Income 159 14.5.2 Capital Expenditure 161 14.6 Salient Features 162 14.7 Key Issues and Concerns 162 15. SWOT Analysis 164 15.1 SWOT Analysis 164 16. Stakeholder Consultations .. 168 16.1 Consultative meetings. 168 16.2 Stakeholders workshops. 168 16.3 The Issues Identiied 169 16.4 Stakeholder suggestions 170 17. City Vision, Development Goals and Strategles.. 17.1 Vision Statement. 17.2 Milestones 172 17.8 Development goals 173, 18. Sector Plans. 18.1 Water supply 176 18.1.1 Gap analysis 7 18.1.2. Sector strategies. 7 18.1.3. Action plans 178 18.2 Sewerage and sanitation. 179 18.2.1 Gap analysis 179 18.2.2. Sector strategies. 179 18.2.3. Action plans 180 18.3 Solid waste management. 180 18.3.1 Gap analysis 181 18.3.2. Sector strategies. 181 18.3.3. Action plans 182 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 1Ministry of Urban Development 19. 18.4 Storm water drainage. 184.1 Gap analysis 18.4.2 Sector strategies. 18.4.5. Action plans 18.5 Traffic and transportation 18.5.1 Gap analysis 185.2 Sector strategies. 18.5.3. Action plans 18.6 Basic services for the urban poor. 18.6.1 Action plans 18.7 Urban environment 18.7.1. Action plans 18.8 Social and cultura infrastructure 18.8.1 Action plans Capital investment Plan 191 Institutionalizing CIP 19.2 Summary of capital investment. 19.2.1. Project phasing 19:3 Water supply 19.3.1 Timeframe for strategy implementation 19.4 Sewerage and sanitation. 19.4.1. Timeframe for strategy implementation 19.5 Solid waste management 195.1 Timeframe for strategy implementation 196 Storm water drainage. 19.6.1 Timeframe for strategy implementation 19.7 Urban roads, traffic and transportation 19.7.1 Timeframe for strategy implementation 19.8 Housing and basic services for the urban poor. 19.8.1 Timeframe for strategy implementation 19.9 Urban Environment 19.9.1 Timeframe for Strategy Implementation 19.10. Socio-cultural infrastructure 19.10.1 Timeframe for strategy implementation Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 182 183 183 183 184 184 184 185 185 186 187 187 188 188 190 191 192 194 195 197 197 198 199 200 201 201 202 203 204 204 205 205 205@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 19.11 Priory projects. 20. Financial Operating Plan. 20.1 Financial plan for the city 20.2 Methodology 20.3 Financing strategies for CIP. 20.3.1 Financial projections 20.4 Investment sustenance capacity. 20.4.1 Key assumptions 20.5 Investible surplus 20.6 Business as usual scenario. 20.7 Improved case scenario ~ Reform implementation 20.8 Improved case scenario ~ Debt 20.8.1. Key summary 20.9 Revenue enhancement initiatives 20.10 Expenditure management initiatives 20.11 Asset management initiatives, 20.12 Financial management iniatives, 20.13 Projects on PPP basis. 20.14 Land resouree leveraging 20.15 Key conclusion 21. Annexure. 21.1 Categorization of Slums 21.2 Slums profile in Kollam. 21.3 Accounts Recast 21.4 CDP - Committees 21.5 Workshop — Issus and suggestion provided by the stakeholders. 21.6 Attendance sheet -Workshop. 21.7 Financial Operating Plans 21.7.1 Business as usual scenario -Without Grant. 21.7.2. Base case scenario -With Grant support 21.7.3. Improved case scenario -With Grant support 21.7.4. Improved case scenario -With Grant and Debt support 206 207 207 207 209 210 210 an 212 212 213 213 214 218 216 217 217 2168 2168 219 220 220 221 223 226 230 295 239 239 240 240 240 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam be)Ministry of Urban Development List of Abbreviations ADB AEE ARV BPL BSUP CAA CAGR CBSE cBuD cop. cps cps CEPCI CESS CHO. cP) kM CPHEEO CRIS. cRZ cB DEAS DPC! DPR DToP EsI ESR ews FAR Fol FEDA FOP FSi GAD ppp GDP GKOP GSDP HPEC HUDCO ICSE IDA IDDP, IHSDP kM IMG PT IRE wr JHI JICA JNNURM KDA Asian Development Bank Assistant Executive Engineer Annual Rental Value Below Poverty Line Basle Service for Urban Poor Constitutional Amendment Act Compounded Annual Growth Rate Central Board of Secondary Education Capacity Bullding for Urban Development City Development Plan Centre for Development Studies Community Development Society Cashew Export Promotion Council of India Centre for Earth Science Studies Corporation Health Officer City Investment Plan Clean Kerala Mission Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited Coastal Regulation Zone Demand, Collection and Balance statement Double Entry Accounting System District Planning Committee Detalled Project Report Directorate of Town and Country Planning Employee's State Insurance Corporation Elevated Service Reservolr Economically Weaker Sections Floor Area Ratlo Food Corporation of India Fresh Water Fish Farmers Agency Financial Operating Plan Floor Space Index General Administration Department Gross District Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product Greater Kollam Development Plan Gross State Domestic Product High Powered Empowered Committee Housing Urban Development Corporation Indian Certificate of Secondary Education International Development Association Integrated District Development Plan Integrated Housing and Slum Development Plan Information Kerala Mission Institute for Management in Governance Intermediate Public Transport Indian Rare Earths Limited Inland Water Transport Junior Health Inspectors Japan International Cooperation Agency Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission Kollam Development Authority Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam ba@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY KDP Kollam Development Plan KILA Kerala Institute for Local Administration kKMAM Kerala Municipal Accounting Manuel kc. Kollam Municipal Corporation kscpo Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited KSPCB Kerala State Pollution Control Board KSRTC Kerala State Road Transport Corporation KSUDP Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project, KWA Kerala Water Authority LPcD Liter per person per day LsG Local Self Government MLD Million liters per day MouD Ministry of Urban Development MSL Mean sea level NATPAC. National Transportation Planning and Research Centre Nios National Institute of Open Schooling NMT Non Motorised Transport NRLM National Rural Livelihood Mission NRO. National Resource Organisation NRW. Non-Revenue Water NSDP Net State Domestic Product Nsso National Sample Survey Organistalon NULM National Urban Livelihood Mission NUPAM National Urban Poverty Alleviation Mission HT Over Head Tank PHC: Public Health Centre PHED Public Health and Engineering Department PMU Project Management Unit PPP Public Private Participation PWD Public Works Department RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana ROT Reverse Osmosis Treatment SFCPOA = Slum Free City Plan of Action SJSRY ‘Swarna Jayanti Shaharl Rozgar Yojana SOR ‘Schedule of Rates SPEM State Poverty Eradication Mission SPM ‘Suspended Particulate ssl ‘Small Scale Industry STP ‘Sewerage Treatment Plant sWD Storm Water Drainage sWM Solld Waste Management swoT Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat swTD Kerala State Water Transport Department Top ‘Town and Country Planning ToPD ‘Town and Country Planning Deparment TPD Town Planning Department TPO Town Planning Officer TPPFL ‘Twin Pit Pour Flush Latrines TM Trivandrum TVPM Thiruvananthapuram URDPFI Urban development plans formulation and implementation uIDSsMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns ULB Urban Local Body UPA, Urban Poverty Alleviation usP Unique Selling Proposition Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam pyMinistry of Urban Development VAMBAY Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana WPR Work Participation rate wss. Water and Sanitation Sector WIP Water Treatment Plant Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam bv)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY List of Tables Table 1: Projects envisaged under CDP. Table 2: Climate data for Kollam. Table 3: census towns and statutory towns in Kerala. Table 4: Major urban centres in Kerala - 2011 Table 5: Comparative analysis of Kollam City with Agglomeration, District and the State Table 6: Growth rate and density in Kollam Table 7: Ward-wise population Table 8: Household number and size in Kollam clly 2001-11 Table 9: Region-wide distribution of iteracy rates Table 10; Social composition Table 11: Population projections in various studies. Table 12: Population projections as per various methods Table 13: Dynamics of population in the planning area of GKDP 2031 Table 14: Major economie activities within Kollam city Table 15: Various categories of shops in Kollam, Table 16: Number of banks in the city Table 17: Detalls of MSME registers in KMC limit. Table 16: Details of MSME registers in KMC limits Table 19: Work force participation rate in Kollam -2011 Table 20: Category of workers. Table 21: Workforce projections Table 22: SWOT Analysis Table 23: Population projection and proposed activities Table 24; Population projections and proposed activities. Table 25: Existing Land and Proposed land use in KMC 2011 Table 26: Proposed land use break-up 2031 Table 27: Land use comparison. Table 28: Proposed development activities, Table 28: Key health Indicators Table 30: Teachers per School and Pupil-Teacher Ratio Table 31: Profile of various categories of schools in KMC area Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 28 36 40 40 41 42 44 48 49 51 51 52 52 56 57 58 61 6s 64 65 66 66 68 68 70 7s 7 75 7 22 22 xy]Ministry of Urban Development Table 32 Table 33: Table 34 Table 35: Table 36 Table 37 Table 38 Table 39 Table 40 Table 41 Table 42 Table 43: Table 44 Table 45 Table 46 Table 47 Table 48 Table 49 Table 50 Table 51 Table 52 Table 53 Table 54 Table 55: Table 56 Table 57 Table 58 Table 59 Table 60 Table 61 Table 62: Table 63: Table 64 Table 65: Coverage of piped water supply system Kollam: Water tai. Service-level benchmarking — water supply Water demand estimated for future Rating and categorization of cities based on sanitation practices Service-level benchmarking - Sewerage ‘Sewerage future generation. Various sources of waste and the quantity generated, ‘Service-level benchmarking -SWM ‘SWM future estimation ‘Service-level benchmarking — storm water drainage Kollam - Storm water drainage: Agencies Involved in operation and maintenance Road hierarchy in the city Detalls of road network in Kollam city Intersections and peak hour PCUs Traffic volume at the major traffic junctions Projected housing stock in the city Number of slums in Kollam based on various survey reports ‘Slum profile Land requirement for sium housing RAY project cost estimation. Kudumbashree in KMCs. ‘Ambient Air Quality data for Kollam City during 2006. Heritage framework Tourist arrivals in Kollam and Kerala 2010-11 Role and responsibilities of various agencies Involved in tourism development ‘Compliance of the 74th Amendment Act Provisions. KMC: Status of e-govemance. Role and Responsibilties of Parastatals agencies Responsible of various departments Key financial indicators KMC: Municipal financial status Property tax ~ Demand, collection, and balance statement Key parameters and scales Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 28 28 89 0 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 98 99 101 102 105 110 a1 112 115 116 117 120 131 134 134 141 143 144 145 146 147 152 164 bv]Ministry of Urban Development @CRiSiL. TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Table 66 Table 67 Table 68 Table 69 Table 70 Table 71 Table 72 Table 73: Table 74 Table 75: Table 76 Table 77 Table 78 Table 79 Table 80 Table 81 Table 82 Table 83: Table 84 Table 85 Table 86 Table 87 Table 88 Table 89 Table 90 Table 91 Table 92 Table 93: Table 94 Table 96: Table 96 Table 97 Table 98 Table 99 Key Strengths of Kollam Key weakness of Kollam Key Opportunites for Kollam Key Threats. ‘Stakeholder Priority sectors, Key issues raised by the stakeholders. Goals and Strategies suggested by the stakeholders ‘Sector wise developmental goals Demand-gap analysis for the water supply sector Goals identified for the water supply sector. ‘Action plan for the water supply sector Gap analysis: Sewerage sector ‘Sewerage and sanitation sector strategies. ‘Sewerage and sanitation action plan Demand-gap analysis for solid waste management. Goals identified for the solid waste management sector Solid waste management — Action plan. Storm water drainage ~ Gap analysis. ‘Storm water drainage ~ Shor-term goals. ‘Action plan for storm water drainage Gap analysis ~ Traffic and transportation ‘Short-term goals ~ Traffic & transportation ‘Action plan ~ Tratfie & transportation. ‘Short-term goals for alleviating urban poverty ‘Action plan for alleviating urban poverty ‘Short-term goals — Urban environment. ‘Action plan - Urban environment. ‘Action plan ~ Social and cultural infrastructure. ‘Summary of capital investment. Phasing of investment (Figures in Rs. lakh) Projects identified - Water supply sector Water supply sector - Strategy (2015-2021) Projects identiied ~ Sewerage and sanitation. ‘Sewerage and sanitation - Strategy (2015 - 2021) Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 165 166 166 167 168 169 170 173 177 178 178 179 180 180 181 181 182 183 183 183 184 185 185 186 186 187 187 188 191 192 194 195 197 197 peull]Ministry of Urban Development Table 100: Table 101: Table 102: Table 103: Table 104: Table 105: Table 108: Table 107: Table 108: Table 109: Table 110: Table 111: Table 112: Table 113: Table 114: Table 115: Table 116: Table 117: Projects identified ~ Solid waste management Solid waste management ~ Strategic action plan (2015-2021), Projects identiied ~ Storm water drainage Storm water drainage strategy (2018-21) Projects identiied ~ Traffic and transportation Traffic and transportation sector - Strategic Action Plan (2016 - 2021) Urban poverty alleviation ~ Projects identiieg Urban poor strategic action plan (2015-21) Projects identified ~ Urban environment Strategic action plan - Urban environment. Investment for socio-cultural infrastructure ther investment - Strategic action plan (2015-2021) Priority projects Methodology for preparation of city financial plan Key assumptions. Projects on PPP basis ‘Slum data, ‘Slum profile in Kollam 199 199 200 201 202 202 203 204 204 205 205 205 206 207 an 218 220 221 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [xwill]Ministry of Urban Development @CRiSiL. TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY List of Figures Figure 1: CBUD project components Figure 2: CDP Approach Figure 3: Revised CDP Preparation Methodology. Figure 4: Kollam cy and iis regional connectivity Figure 5: Location map of Kollam Figure 6: Administrative boundaries of Kollam city, Figure 7: Monthly rainfall data in Kollam Figure 8: Major cities in Kerala. Figure 8: Population trends in Kollam Figure 10: Population density in Kollam Figure 11: Density pattern in various cles Figure 12: Ward-wise density. Figure 13: Sex ratlo trends in Kerala and Kollam since 1971 Figure 14: Age-sex distribution Figure 15: Population projections as per various methods. Figure 16: Major commercial nodes in the city Figure 17: Major tourism attractions in the Kollam District Figure 18: Major economic activity zones in Kollam Figure 19: Work partcipation profile Kollam 1980-2011 Figure 20: Spatial growth pattern of Kollam city Figure 21: Proposed development plan for Kollam. Figure 22: Health indicators comparison Figure 23: Category of hospitals in Kollam Figure 24: Manaima Gandhi Park and Kollam Beach Figure 25: Adventure Park Figure 26: A public protest against traffe problems in Kollam. Figure 27: Rallway connectivity Figure 28: Housing requirement for the future years Figure 29: Ward-wise Slum locations Figure 30: Map: Disaster Vulnerability map of Kollam Figure 31: Standing Committee 24 27 28 33 34 35 36 41 42 4s 4s 44 49 50 52 57 60 62 64 6 7s 7 20 24 8s 103 106 110 118 124 138 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [xt]Ministry of f Urban Development Figure 32: Figure 33: Figure 34: Figure 35: Figure 36: Figure 97: Figure 38: Figure 39: Figure 40: Figure 41: Figure 42: Figure 43: Figure 44: Figure 45: Figure 46: Figure 47: Figure 48: Figure 49: Figure 50: Figure 51: Figure 52: Figure 53: Figure 54: Figure 55: Figure 56: Figure 57: Dratt city Organization Structure of Kollam. KMC — Revenue Income Growth Trend Revenue Income ~ Contributions Tax Revenue Growth trends Tax Revenue Composition Property Tax Collection efficiency Property Tax Trends ther taxes composition Non-Tax Revenue Trends Non-Tax Revenue Trends Revenue grants trends Revenue Grants - Composition Revenue Expenditure Revenue Expenditure Composition ‘Salary expenaiture composition (08M expenditure Trends. (08M expenditure Composition Revenue Surplus margin trends Capital Grants Trends. Capital grants composition Capital Expenditure Trends Capital Expenaiture Composition Milestones. Capital investment for 2021 (Figures in Rs. crores) Investible surplus ~ Base and improved case : Finanelal capacity ~ Key scenarios. Development Plan — Kollam 138 148 149 149 150 151 152 158 158 154 154 155 155 156 187 187 158 158 160 160 161 162 172 191 212 215 foq@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development “INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY List of Maps 1 Base map for the city, 39 2, Population density map. 45 3. Social infrastructure map for the city. ot 4, Existing water supply map. 96 5, Existing sewerage and sanitation map. 102 6. Roads network map for the city. 112 7. Existing water bodies map. 133 8. Heritage Map. 144 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam ext}Ministry of Urban Development 1. Project Background 1.1 Context ‘The need for an overall urban improvement and development to sustain the economic growth momentum post the liberalization era first found its expression in the mandate of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) launched by the Government of India in 2005. The project, endeavored to bring about an improvement in urban quality of life and make them as investment destinations, The programme derived its initial rationale from the “National Common Minimum Programme’ of the Government of India that laid stress on expansion of physical infrastructure and therefore, comprehensive urban renewal and slum development could be taken up. The second rationale for such a large scale programme was derived from India’s International commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and therefore, the Government of India (Gol) proposed to = Facilitate investments in the urban sector; and = Strengthen the existing policies in order to achieve these goals. In recognition to the above mandate, the UnNURM programme was conceived. The scale of the programme was aimed to be in a mission mode primarily to make the cities realize thelr full potential and. become engines for growth. It is argued that the urban sector contributes to over 50% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and therefore, focused attention Is required for urban infrastructure development. ‘As already mentioned above, the JnNURM Is the first flagship national programme for urban development of this nature and size by the Government of India. The programme sought to bring about a change in the way urban development has been perceived. It recognized the Importance of two major aspects for urban development in the country including = The need for urban infrastructure Improvement in order to Improve quality of life and sustain the local economy as well as to attract more investments; and = The need for investment for carrying out the urban Infrastructure Improvements. In doing the above, the programme brought about the necessary awareness among the Urban Local bodles (ULBs) for planning and implementation of projects, need for systematizing the urban services and thelr management, the need for involving stakeholders in project planning and raising revenues for the urban areas that can sustain the urban infrastructure. Significant emphasis was given to urban governance reforms and the need to link reforms with Investments. Assistance therefore, to the state governments and ULBs was proposed to flow through a reforms linked plan. Introduction of such reforms were considered crucial for developing sustainable infrastructure that would include, = Efficient management of created physical assets so as to increase self-sustalnabilty; and = Enhance efficient service delivery. Both these aspects were to be achieved through the agenda of reforms in the cities. Progress ‘Over the past nine years, the programme has committed over Rs. 286 billion for 552 projects involving a total investment of over Rs. 620 billion. Some of the key achievements of the project include: = The mission has been successful in catalyzing multi-year investments and reformed development in urban infrastructure ‘There has been visible improvement in the delivery of municipal services in many cities; Some cities have prepared developmentmaster plans for the first time. There Is also greater awareness in the ULBs for the need to develop systematic plans for improvement in Infrastructure. There Is also an increase in aspiration levels among communities and there Is a demand for better Infrastructure and services: = Several projects especially in transport sector have been taken up within the JnNURM. framework that has significantly Improved the quallty of lite in the cities; and = There has been good progress in implementation of reforms at policy level at state and central level. Most of the states have framed thelr policies on reforms and started Implementing the Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 22]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY ‘same. ULBs have started implementing the reforms in the areas of accounting, e-governance, and property tax and user charges. While there has been significant change in the urban sector due to JnNURM, challenges have emerged which will need to be addressed going forward: = CDP was seen as an investment plan for projects in the immediate term and not as a vision document for the city with very limited cities revising the same; = While preparing the CDP, consultations with the stakeholders was limited and mostly restricted to the line departments and Parastatals agencies; = The pace of project execution has been found to be slow. Some states have been able to take greater advantage of the programme than others; = Cities have also not been very successful In leveraging JNNURM funds to raise finances on thelr ‘own or to attract private or PPP-based Investment; = The ULBs are not in a position to take over all the functions mentioned under 12th schedule of 74” Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) at present. Most ULBs are also not in a position to take over functions like roads and bridges, water supply sewerage, drainage and urban forestry due to their present incapacity to do so; and Institutional strengthening and capacity bulldings initiatives are yet to initiate In most of the ULBs. Most of the ULBs are facing capacity related Issues such as lack of staff (staff recruitment has not been carried since long). ‘The Planning Commission of Government of India, through a committee has devised a framework for JNNURM Phase-Il. This framework has been prepared after studying and analyzing the success and challenges arising from JnNURM and the Initiatives taken by other Ministries. The High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC) repor. 2011 further Identiied about Rs. 39,000 billion of investment in infrastructure in the urban areas of India, 1.2 Revised CDP under CBUD Project z j i 4.24 CBUD Programme In order to give an impetus to reforms under JnNURM, the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) have launched a new project called “Capacity Building of Urban Development” (CBUD). The project has been launched with support from ‘The World Bank (WB). The Gol has received the financing from the WB/Intemational Development Association (IDA) towards CBUD project. The broad aim of the CBUD project is to address the major constraints of urban development and specttically focus on the capacity building requirements for ‘successful urban management and poverty reduction across the selected ULBs in India. The project will contribute to Gol’s overarching objective of creating economically productive, efficient, ‘equitable and responsive cities. Achieving this objective, will help sustain high rates of economic growth, accelerate poverty reduction, and improve services, especially to the urban poor. ‘The project has three components as presented in the figure below. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 23)Ministry of Urban Development Figure 1: CBUD project components carl rar Crear at hrs CeCe tcl Rs Strengthened Urban Eee aro ra Dormant IMonitoring and Alleviation] 1. Capacity Bullding for Strengthened Urban Management: This component is aligned with the Infrastructure and governance sub-mission of JNNURM and will thus support technical assistance across the several urban management topics. 2. Capacities Bullding for Effective Urban Poverty Monitoring and Alleviation: These capacity bullding initiatives are aligned with the basic services to the urban poor sub-mission. They reflect the need for building Information systems, sharing experiences, and designing strategies on urban poverty alleviation, 3. Implementation Support: This component will support a national Project Management Unit (PMU) for providing overall technical and managerial support during the Implementation of the Programme. The PMU will have a critical role In promoting and support the project. 4.2.2 Preparation of Revised CDP under CBUD Programme In order to Identity broader Issues for intervention and areas of assistance pertaining to development of city, City Development Plans (CDPs) which were already avallable for most of the cities under the JNNURM Is required to be revised as per the revised CDP Guidelines (April, 2013) issued by MoUD. ‘The MoUD has identified 30 cities across India under the CBUD project to facilitate the support. The MoUD Invited proposals and entrusted CRISIL Risk & Infrastructure Solutions (CRIS) with the responsibility of preparing the City Development Plans. 1.3. Revised CDP Guidelines —- Key Areas of Emphasis ‘The revised guidelines Issued by MoUD further incorporate certain additional aspects; these aspects shall be covered while preparing both the fresh and revised CDP. The aspects to be Incorporated are: Formation of CDP Committees — Policy and Technical; Inclusion of Heritage, Health and Education sector in the CDP; ‘Stress on infrastructure management aspects; ‘Outcome parameters of projects; Revenue enhancement initiative, expenditure management initiatives and asset management initiatives; ‘Special emphasis on PPP projects; and = Transit Oriented Development (TOD). Apart from the above points, some of the other key areas of Importance in the revised guidelines are as follows. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 24]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 4.34 Vision Led Planning The revised guidelines specify that unlike the past CDPs the vision for city need to be more detalled. They need to be based on understanding the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) for the city, the needs and priorities of the people of the city. The people must be encouraged at workshops and consultation sessions to visualize thelr future of the city, their aspirations and the consequent growth that they anticipate In the city. This vision finally can be translated into respective sectoral visions. 1.3.2 Resource based planning Every city in India in the context of its regional location has particular strengths in terms of Its resource endowments. Such resources need to be assessed and thelr strengths realized for city development. ‘The approach for plan preparation could be: a) national resource led planning for cities endowed with natural resources like water bodies) OR b) Economy based (for an industrial or trading city), OR ¢) Tourism based for heritage citles OR d) combination of the above. This helps in settling the city apart from the rest. This approach can be Identified based on: a) Existing city strengths and its opportunities, b) Regional role of city in the context of state development, and ¢) Needs of the city 1.3.3 Participatory approach As already mentioned above, the revised CDP guidelines have specified that the CDP be treated as a “ling document”. For this periodic revision and updation of the CDP is necessary. Such revisions have to and must be conducted with a participatory planning approach. The CDP outlines that local area plans need to be prepared in consultation with the ward committees to fulfll the expectations of the citizens. ‘A'so, the guidelines specity that such an approach is necessary to ensure equity concerns and poverty issues are integrated in the CDP. Consultations also need to be carrled out at every stage of the plan preparation and implementation. The citizens must be able to prioritize and choose thelr needs for infrastructure development. 1.3.4 Equity concerns, poverty and local economy development Poverty and local economy development go hand in hand. Understanding of the local economy would help in devising appropriate Infrastructure development strategies that can help Invbe conducive to the growth of local economy and thereby nurture local talent and resources. These need to be given adequate focus in the present CDP exercises and therefore help in not just local economy development but also in regional economy development. ‘The 12" five year plan has also started a mission for National Urban Poverty Alleviation (NUPAM) for targeting housing and poverty alleviation based on recommendations of the NUPAM Identifying the Issues of poverty and housing In city and Implementation status of programmes such as Rallv Awas Yojana, Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP), etc. Integration of these aspects would be crucial in making the CDP relevant to state and central government policies. 1.35 Capacity Building in ULB ‘The ULBs presently face serious human resource shortage for planning, development and urban management activities (Including operations and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation, financial management and procurement). This Issue has been highlighted by the study on appraisal of JnNURM projects as well. The guidelines have proposed that the CDPs must address this Issue as to the gaps In ‘such capacity can be addressed. Also, it has been suggested in the guidelines that urban reforms need to be done with greater participatory approach. The strategies to arrive at the vision for the city should be linked to the reform agenda. ULBs should be asked to furnish the reforms and propose a time line to achieve the same. Administrative and structural reform should be made mandatory and carried out as soon as possible. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 3)Ministry of Urban Development Financial thresholds need to be decided and adhered to in terms of the central assistance under JnNURM being given as a soft loan or a grant. This approach would help In designing an appropriate capacity bullding strategy. 4.3.6 Sectoral Action Plans with Goal Oriented Targets ‘The revised guideline specifically also lay out the need for preparation of sectoral action plans that have targets that are orlented towards specific goals. Action plans are specifically requlred for sectors including Local Economic Development Plan, Infrastructure Development Action Plan, Housing and Poverty Alleviation Action Plan, City Mobility Plan (CMP), Heritage Management Plan (Where needed), Financial Management Plan, Institutional and Capacity Bullding Action Plan and Environment Management Plan (Including disaster management). Such sectoral plans would be based on clearly Identified goals. Also, Inter-sectoral as well as intra-sectoral linkages need to be addressed through the cop. 1.3.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements ‘The guideline clearly spells out the need for monitoring and evaluation at regular Intervals as to the extent of Implementation of the CDP. Also, development of such monitoring arrangements would go a long way in securing community participation who can be involved In the process of monitoring. 1.4 Objective of the Assignment ‘The CDP aims to identity an integrated solution to the challenges facing the city. It recognizes the economic growth strategy as well as the actions that would be required by various agencies to ensure the sustainable development of the city. The CDP is the ULB's strategy that presents the vision of a desired future for the city, and the mission statements on how the ULB, together with other stakeholders, intends to work towards achieving this long-term vision. The City Development Plan incorporates the assessment of city on majorly four levels: Socio Cultural and Economic Environment; Physical Environment; Infrastructure Services and institutions; Urban Poverty and Heritage. ‘The primary objective of this assignment Is — to revise and update the existing CDP. ‘The scope of work in brief shall entall — = Profiling the present status of the city, giving an in-depth analysis of its demographic, economic, financial, infrastructure, physical, environmental and institutional aspects; = Based on the above analysis, the consultant shall develop a perspective and a vision for the city, which would be prepared in consultation with Its relevant stakeholders. In order to achieve the vision, a formulation strategy for bridging the gap between where the city Is at present and where It wishes to reach need to be prepared; = The CDP should provide for a City Investment Plan (CIP), based on which the concerned ULB will be able to access funds under central state government schemes as well as from own and other sources based on priority actions and projects identified in the CDP; = The document should also provide Financial Operating Plan (FOP) fo direct the ULBs for mobllizing various financial resources to Implement the Identified projects. The inter-sectoral and Intra-sectoral Issues need to be addressed by the CDP; = Preparation of the CDP will consist of city development strategies that will emerge out of a structured consultative process. The process will enable elected representatives, key staff of departments of Municipal Corporation’ Municipal Council, Parastatals agencies and other Institutions, policy makers and the citizens to participate and plan for spatial, social and ‘economic development of the concern cities; and = The CDP has to adhere to the latest revised toolkit prepared by the MoUD for CDP preparation published on its website www jnnurm.nic.in In April 2013, 1.5 Approach and Methodology ‘The approach to the assignment would be based on consultative and analytical assessment of the existing situation. The inputs from stakeholders would be used to prioritize areas of development and to Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 26)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY formulate the strategies In order to make the revised CDP an implementable document. The approach of revised CDP preparation Is presented in the figure below. Figure 2: CDP Approach Consultative Chpernen 3 ‘The revised CDP would be prepared for the period of next $0 years, |.e. 2041. It will be a forward-looking consensus program for the city that outlines the path with respect to the following aspects: Infrastructure Development - Assessment, gap analysis, arriving at investment requirement (short term and long term) and prioritization of various services provided by Municipal Corporation - water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage, roads, traffic & transportation, street-lighting, solid waste management, firefighting, education, health, etc. Slum Development — Prepare a programme for the development of slum pockets in the city. This Includes access to all the basic services as well as housing for urban poor. Economic Development — The revised CDP will focus critically on tapping the existing potential and Identifying key economic development opportunities for the city. Soclal Development ~ The revised CDP will take Into account the social development needs of the city such as the need for hospitals, education institutes, and recreational centers. Institutional Development — Assessment of capacity-bullding required for ULBs to undertake development of city Financial sustainability -The revised CDP will assess the revenue sources, areas of expenditure and current and future Investment requirement of the city. Based on this, it would arrive at a sustalnable investment capacity and would suggest measures to Improve revenues and control expenditures. Reform Assessment Plan —The revised CDP will also discuss status of various reforms undertaken by the ULBs to bring about Improvements. These reforms are in the areas of accounting, e- Governance, property tax, user changes, building byelaws, etc. Moreover, the approach will be based on the philosophy of developing workable solutions. The methodology for undertaking the work of preparation of revised CDP Is presented In the figure below. Broadly there are five steps in a sequential order to undertake this work. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 7Ministry of Urban Development Figure 3: Revised CDP Preparation Methodology 1 Step eer) ‘Biesiep Data collections required for CDP v Review of 1* Generation CDP Aten a Peay 3 Siep agar aay Review of SLB indicators and ongoing projects & reforms f ‘Stakeholder Meeting Submission of Interim Report Step Preparation of FOP and CP, taming Vision, Goals, Kentificaion of, pronly sectors and identiiatlon of Inrastucture projects. Sie enicsag) wre Ye inal City DevelopmentPlan fala ea 1.6 Brief on 1*' generation CDP aiop KMC has initiated the CDP under UIDSSMT scheme; the document has been prepared through a consultation process with elected representatives and the government departments/agencles. The CDP adopted was an inter-sectoral exercise and assessed the current status of municipal services and municipal finance. However, the CDP was placed for approval but it was not approved by the then council. Therefore tis not submitted to the Government of India and hence the projects envisaged under the CDP were never executed. 1.6.1 Projects proposed in 1st generation CDP Following table provide the overall investment estimated for Kollam city over the next 20 years. The total estimated investment was Rs 495 Cr. The water supply sector accounts for 30% of total investment followed by sewerage sector 25%. However, the CDP was not approved hence KMC has not prepared the DPR for any of the projects. Table 1: Projects Ed sstment_ Key Components of the Proposed Projects: Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 28)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TRFRAGTRUCTURE ADVISORY rs ro cnn 1 | Water Supply 150 | + Waler Supply augmentation 2 [Sewerage 720 [+ Network in he central area and The outer area ofthe Gly 3 [Swit 25-[+ SWM collection. disposal and Treatment 2 stom Water [+ Improvement of Surface waler dranage and canals Drainage 5) Roade/ rater 175 | + widening and improvement ransportation = Rehabilitation of existing roads + Maintenance of existing roads + Junetion improvement + Transportation improvement and parking facies 6] inand water 5 [* Development of boat jetties ways 7 sreetighing Ne_[No Specie Recommendations 3] urban Poor No-|* No Specific recommendations Provision 3 Enwronment No-|* No Specie recommendations provision To | Hentage 5 | ~ No Specie recommendations conservation T7| bevelopmentat 15 [Ro Specie recommendatons puble markets otal 300 ‘Source: Summary note on project estimate for UIDSSMT, KMC. 1.7 Brief scenario after 1°' generation CDP ‘CDP was prepared under UIDSSMT programme but CDP was not approved by the council and hence it Is not refereed for any developmental works in the KMC. 1.8 Key process undertaken for CDP preparation process In Kollam, the revision of CDP process was started in August 2013, Inception meeting was organized on 23 August 2013 at Kollam. Objectives of the meeting were to discuss with the KMC officials on the CDP preparation process and the role of the ULB and other line departments in the preparation process ete. Also, explained the relevance of various technical committees as envisaged In revised CDP Toolkit. Data Collectior Secondary data on various sectors were collected from respective departments Including KMC, TCDP, KWA, KSUDP, KSRTC etc. Other major documentsireports collected from Kollam include Greater Kollam Master Plan, Integrated District Development Plan, Draft Slum Free City Plan of Action SFCPoA, Municipal Budget, Kerala Municipal Act and Governance Manuel etc. Also, we have carried out discussions with key stakeholders of the city. 4.81 Committee Formation KMC has formulated both policy and technical committees in line with Gol’s revised toolkit for CDP preparation. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 9]Ministry of Urban Development 4.8.2 Stakeholder’s consultation brief To ensure a participatory and Inclusive development process CRIS team in association with KMC has organised a consultative workshop on 27" November 2013 at KMC Office. The objective of the workshop was to discuss about status and performance of service delivery mechanism in Kollam, City SWOT analysis, to understand aspirations of the citizen on city development and framing of the vision for Kollam Inception meeting on 23" August 2013 at Kollam INCEPTION MEETING 23'¢ August 2013 Kollam MunicipalCorporation Consultations with stakeholders Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [30]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development ‘TWFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [31]Ministry of Urban Development 2. Introduction to the City Kellam, one of the oldest settlements isthe fourth largest clly in Kerala. Thangassery and Neendakara ports tiggered the development actviles In the region and led tothe growth of settlements around —— these ports and thus Kolam developed as. an Important commercial center in the southern part ot [AMEE eee e eae eed Kerala. During the colonial period it was krown 2s [haiti Quilon and was famous for is trade linkages and : : Quon and was famous fo Is rade Inages 2nd Ue eM a indus! potent for he a Perr! ‘ Ven na aesaceN ern In the eater days (2 century AD), Kolam was | Meveeaeien called Desinganadu. In those days, Kolam was the ’ called Desnganad tose day, Kotor was (ne Pe eee ae developed and evolved as an important Jee aye commercial center in the southem part of Kerala Jey urutleeuy itl ceig ey eur Cees along with activities in the Neendakara and De R uC R RUC R SC Thangassery ports. Eee ee coe ‘The Desinganadu had a sustained commercial reputation from the days of the Phoeniclans and the Romans. Chinese traders were one of the oldest foreign communities to settle In Kollam. During that period, Kollam evolved as a major trade center of spices and an important port in the Malabar Coast. In 1502, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a trading center and later came the Dutch followed by the British in 1795. 2.1 Regional Setting Kollam is the fourth-largest city in the state and Is the headquarters of Kollam district. The town was a prominent commercial and industrial centre in the southern part of the state. The clty is situated 72 km north of Thiruvananthapuram, the state capltal, and 150 km south of Kochi. The clty has strong physical connectivity with important towns in Kerala as well as the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu both by road and railways. In ancient times, Kollam was a prominent commercial and Industrial centre In the state. The town had a strong influence in the region. The town was connected to Europe, Middle-East, Sri Lanka and China by sea. At present, the port is in a degraded condition and it Is being rejuvenated. The following figures present the port's connectivity with various citles in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 2]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development INFRASTRUCTURE ADVI Figure 4: Kollam city and Its regional connectivity As per the Integrated District Development Plan (IDDP), the settlements In the districts are divided Into groups based on thelr density and activity pattern, Kollam Is the first order settlement in the district. Kottarakara, Karunagapally, Chattannur, Punalur and Anchal are the second order settlements in the district. Being the district headquarters, the city accommodates many administrative institutions such as the District Collector's office and District Court. However, the growth of Thiruvananthapuram has reduced the significance of Kollam in the region as Thiruvanathapuram caters to the demands of higher order functions of the region. Hence, the pressure of urban expansion on the city’s growth Is limited. Moreover, balanced rural urban growth Is prevalent in the region. Therefore, the dependency of the neighboring towns and villages on Kollam has reduced over the last decades. 2.2 Administrative Boundaries Kollam Is one of the southern districts In Kerala situated on the coast of Arabian Sea. It Is surrounded on the north by the Alappuzha district, and on the north-east by the Pathanamthitta district. To the east lies the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu and to the south lies Thiruvananthapuram district. The western side of the district is bordered by the Arabian Sea. The district covers a total area of 2,491 sq.km, The district accommodates four major urban centers and 71 villages. The major urban centers in the district are Kollam, Parvaoor, Karunagaplly and Punalur. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [33]Ministry of Urban Development Figure 5: Location map of Kollam KOLLAM CORPORATION AREA When Alappuzha district was formed In 1957, Chertala, Ambalapuzha, Mavelkkara, Karthkappally, Chengannur and Thiruvalla talukas of Kollam district were united to form the new district. When Pathanamthitta district was formed on 1st July 1983, the entire Pathanamthitta taluka and nine villages of Kunnathur Taluk of the district were removed, Now, Kollam district has a single revenue division with its headquarters at Kollam. Pathanapuram, Kunnathur, Kottarakkara, Karunagappally and Kollam are the five talukas in the district. The district is divided into thirteen development blocks. Kollam city is situated on the west coast of Kollam district and it is administered by the Kollam Municipal ‘Corporation (KMC) covering an area of 57.31 sq. km. The city is surrounded by Needakara Panchayath In the north, Arabian Sea in the west, Ashtamudi Lake in the Northeast and the Kottamkara Panchayats, The city Is divided into 52 wards for administrative purpose and governed by the Mayor and Council 2.3 Location and Connectivity ‘The clty lies on the banks of the Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian Sea coast and is located at 8°53" north latitude and 76°35" east longitude. The growth of the city Is defined by its geographical location between Arabian Sea in the west and south and by Ashtamudi Lake in the north. Hence, the physical expansion of the city is limited ‘The city Is connected with other major towns in Kerala through the National and State highways. NH 47, connecting the city of Salem to Kanyakumari town, passes through Kollam and NH 47 connects the city with Thiruvanathapuram in the south and with Alleppy and Kochi in the north National Highways 744 (previously 208) links Kollam with Madural in Tamil Nadu. Kollam city Is connected with all major cities in the state through the rail network as well. Kollam Is an Important railway Junetion in the Southern railway division of the Indian rallway. All the towns and villages in the district are connected with tarred roads and a public transport system. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 4]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY ‘The Thiruvananthapuram-Emakulam (via Kottayam and Alappuzha) line passes through Kollam and is the terminal junction for the Chenkotta-Kollam meter gauge line. Being the major railway station in the district, it attracts most of the iong-distance passengers from the region. The city is also connected with ‘Aleppy, Kottayam, and Kochi and nearby settlements through Inland Water Transport (IWT) systems. Figure 6: Administrative boundaries of Kollam city 2.4 Defining the Study Area ‘The jurisdiction of KMC Is about 57.31 sq. km. The CDP Is now updated and revised for the existing KMC limits. The existing population of the study area as per the 2011 Census Is about 3.49 lakhs. 2.5 Physical Setting 25.1 Topography and Geology ‘The general physiography of Kollam Is flat with a moderate slope and altitude varies from 0 to 10 m above Mean Sea Level (MSL). The city has a gradual sloping terrain towards west with a natural drainage. The coastal plain Is below the 7.5 m contour and Is characterized by marine landforms of beach ridges, beaches, swamps and lagoons. The soll type Is sandy loams along the coast, laterite in the mid land and forest soll in the eastern forest belt. 25.2 Climate The climate of the region Is tropical humid, with an oppressive summer and plentiful seasonal rainfall. ‘The south-west monsoon season stretches from June to September followed by the north-east monsoon. from October to November. The rest of the year Is generally dry and the hot season lasts from March to Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 53)Ministry of Urban Development May. The average annual atmospheric temperature of the area Is about 270C; the annual temperature range Is 27.8 to 3300 as a maximum and a range of 22.3 to 26.10 C as a minimum. Figure 7: Monthly rainfall data In Kollam infal 600 500 37.7 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainfall ‘The South-West monsoon provides heavy rainfall with the average annual rainfall being about 3,100 mm, within an average of 115 rainy days. The monthly mean value of relative humidity varies from 75- ‘96% in the morning (08:30 a.m. hours) to 65-91% In the afternoon/evening (17:30 hours). Winds from the North-West prevall during November to January and South-East winds during May to August. Excessive rain during June to August causes frequent floods in the rivers and canals in the area, ‘submerging low-lying areas. Table 2: Climate data for Kollam ‘Temperature Max: | 338] 252| 962] 355[ 533] 308] 298] 382] S11] S12] 316] 326 Mint: [2it| 21 [aaa] 234 e368] 228] 224 | 225] 224] e22] 217 | 207 Relative Humidity Max 73,78, 8] 85] 8] 93] 93] 82] 91] 92] 88] 84 Mint: [219| 218[ 258] 295| 901] 295| 286 | 264] 281] 286] a74| 247 Temp & Humidity trom Punalur observation Genie. Source: Meteorological Centre: Thiruvananthapuram 2.5.3 Agriculture and Fisheries Agriculture and fisheries are two major primary economic activities of the Kollam district. Agriculture is predominant in the eastern part of the district while fishing Is a prime activity along the west coast. An area of around 2.18 lakh hectares of land Is under cultivation in the district. The major crops grown here are paddy, tapioca, coconut, rubber, pepper, banana, mango and cashew. About 70% of the workforce Is engaged in agriculture but more than 95% of the farming community is constituted by small and marginal farmers and the average per family holding Is 0.21 hectare. The shortage of labour has affected the growth of the agriculture sector in the region, Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [36]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY ‘As per the GKDP, the existing land area under agriculture is about 3.74 sq. km. Two categories of agriculture are prevalent in the city; one Is wet agriculture mainly along with the residential bullt-up land, coconut plantations, and another one Is wet land agriculture predominantly has paddy cultivation. ‘The extensive coastline and large number of backwater and freshwater streams provide abundant fish in the region. Fisheries form one of the main resources and fishing Is one of the major activities in the region; most of the Income Is generated by fishing activities. One-third of the state's fish catch Is from Kollam region. The district has more than 15 fish-landing stations and two major fishing harbors of which the Thangaserry harbor Is within the KMC limits. The important species of fish found in the region are Oll Sardine, Sole, Shark, Silver bellies, Catfish, Seer, Mackaeral, Pomtret, Ribbontish, Skates Whalebalt, Chirocentrus, Prawns, Crabs, etc. 25.4 Minerals Kollam district is a major producer of limeshell and sillimanite in Kerala. An important mineral occurrence In the district includes bauxite, china clay, limestone, sillimanite, titanlum minerals and zircon. Besides, the large deposits of china clay are avallable in the region. The china clay Is extensively used for the production of ceramic wares and materials such as electric fuses. There are also lime shell deposits in Ashtamudi Lake, bauxite deposits in Adichanallur, and disseminated graphite In Punalur. Other minerals that occur in the district are fire clay, garnet, graphite, kyanite and lignite. However, no major mineral extraction Is happening within KMC. The beach sands of the district have concentrations of heavy minerals such as llmenite, Rutile, Monosite and Zircon which offer scope of exploitation for industrial purpose. 2.5.5 Water Resource Water Is drained by two major perennial rivers, .e., Kallada River and Ithikara River, which originate in the eastern hilly region and drain towards the west into the Arabian Sea. The Kallada Irrigation project is. ‘one of the major multipurpose projects, undertaken by the state government to utllise the water of Kallada River for irrigation purposes in the southern region of the state. Ashtamudi Lake Is the second-largest wetland of Kerala recognized under the Ramsar International Treaty for Wetland Protection. The wis om ys a \ 0 wa lake Is spread across an area of 32 ‘sq km. It Is a brackish water lake connected to Lakshadweep Sea and the movement of water Is influenced by tidal action, Sasthamcotta Lake, the major fresh water lake In the state Is in Kollam Ps 5 aide and covers an area of 3.75 sq. km. Kesar a The lake Is located on the northern side of Ashtamudi Lake at a distance Odanavattom of 25 km from Kollam city Puayta Ve The Sasthamcotta Lake Is the major source of drinking water in the region. There are no visible tributaries feeding the lake but springs at the bottom of the lake are slated to be one of the sources which supply water throughout the year. etna The volume of water in the lake is : estimated to be about 22.4 milion cum. arpa 2.5.6 Forest Resources Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam B71Ministry of Urban Development As per the Indian forest report 2011, 1330 sq, km forested area Is located in Kollam district; this area constitutes almost 53.49% of the total district area. Moderate dense forests and open forests are more prominent in the district with about 75 sq. km area being under dense forests. Teak and softwood form the major forest plantations in the district. There are two forest divisions in the district. Pathanapuram, Anchal, Kottarakkara and Chadayamangalam are the blocks and have large areas of forests. ‘There is no major forest area within KMC limits but major trees such as teak, anjli, and plavu (jacktruit) are grown in the city. Recently, the state government has come-up with a scheme to achieve timber selt- sufficiency by providing incentives to land owners who have taken up tree planting in thelr own land, ‘The other objectives of the scheme are to increase the area under tree cover, mitigate the effects of global warming, and promote tree farming as a secondary agrarian practice. A mangrove forest is seen along the banks of Ashtamudl Lake in Kollam city Mangrove forest Mangroves are wetland ecosystems formed by the assemblage of specialized plants and animals adapted to semi-saline swamps along coasts. In Kollam, mangrove forests are confined to the upper reaches of estuaries, lagoons, backwaters and creeks. Mangroves provide excellent habitat for migratory birds, serve as breeding ground for many species of fishes and prawns, help in controlling pollution, rutting of husks etc. The major threats to the mangrove forests are land reclamation for development, Intensive aquaculture, felling of mangrove trees for fuel and fodder, unsustainable land use, ambigulty in ownership, etc. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [38]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 3 Demographic Profile of the Town ‘The chapter presents a detalled overview of the demographic profile of the city and its overall position with reference to the state and district. It also describes population growth trends, spatial distribution and. ‘other demographic characteristics of the city. In addition to that, based on the past trends and potential of the city, the future population has been estimated through various scientific methods. 3.1. Background Kerala Is the third-fastest urbanizing state in the country. As per Census 2011, 48% of the total state population Is residing In urban centers. Though the population growth rate in the state Is In a stabilizing mode, the decadal rate of urbanization during the period 2001-11 was about 82%. Kerala exhibits a Unique settlement pattern of rural-urban continuum with high density in coastal and midland regions, ‘There Is a considerable increase in the number of urban areas In the state due to change in the delineation of the local bodies and a trend among households to move away from city centers to sub- urban areas. 3.2 Urbanization Trends in Kerala ‘There are 5 municipal corporations and 60 municipalities in the state. Out of them 12 cities are 1" grade urban centers, 22 are 2" grade urban centers and 26 are 3 grade urban centers. The rapid increase in urban population Is attributed to the number of villages that have been converted into Census Towns (cP). KERALA, URBAN AREA - 1961 Reiss VAN Pena UA ee noenmany angan = Tevandrum use Trivandrum vat As per Census 2001, there were 60 statutory towns and 99 CTs, which add up to 158 towns in the state. ‘Over 60% of the towns are located In Kannur, Thrissur, and Emakulam districts. In six districts, namely, Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 59]Ministry of Urban Development Wayanad, Idukki, Pathanamthitta, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam and Malappuram, no village was designated as a CT. According to Census 2011, the scenario has changed. The number of statutory towns was reduced from 60 to 59, whereas the number of CTs was increased to 461 (an increase of 362). As per Census 2001, six districts do not have CTs, but as per Census 2011, CTs proliferated in all the districts with the exception of the Idukki and Wayanad districts. Emakulam, Kannur and Thrissur continued to dominate as far as urban trends are concerned In the state. The following table presents the increase in number of towns from 2001 to 2011 ‘Table 3: census towns and statutory towns in Kerala oy Eo 2011 ‘Statutory Towns 60. 59) 2 Census Towns’ 38) ai 3 Total 159 520 ‘Source: Census 2011 Demographically, the state enjoys a very advanced status with declining birth and death rates, low Infant mortality and very high literacy. The state has good quality social infrastructures developed with the ‘support of private agencies and missionaries leading to a high quallty of life as compared to other Indian states ‘As per Census 2011, there are 6 million plus urban agglomerations in Kerala. Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode are the major urban centers in the state followed by Kollam city. Kochi is the largest urban agglomeration with a population of around 21 lakhs and has the highest density of 6,277 persons/sq.km, Table 4: Major urban centres in Kerala - 2011 1__| Thiruvananthapuram 7.96 5284 16.87 2_| Kochi 6.02 e277 21.18 3_| Kozhikode Bat 5280 20.31 4_[ Kollam 3.49 6199 77.40 3 __| Thrissur 3.16 3130 18.54 6 _| Alappuzha Bat 4000 Bat 7_| Palakkad 131 NA 234 @__| Kanhangad 126 NA 230 3 _| Kottayam 113 NA 357 10__| Malappuram 07 1,187 16.98 ‘Source: census 2011 The above trends have confirmed that there has been growth In urban sprawls. The rural-urban continuum in the state has allowed people to live in the countryside and commute to cities for work. This 1 Census Town (CT Places tha sats the following criteria are termed as Census Towns (CTS) a) A minimum population of 5000 (b) Atleast 75% ofthe male main working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits ()A density of population of at least 40 per sq.km * Urban Agglomeration: An Utban Agglomeration (UA) i a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining urban ‘outgrowth, or two or more physically contiguous towns together and any adjoining urban outgrowth of such towns. In some cases, ‘allway colonies, university campuses, port areas, millary camps, etc, would have come up around a ciy or statutory town outside the statutory limits but within the revenue limi ofa vilage or vilages contiguous fo the town. Each such individual area by isef ‘may not salisty the minimum population lini to be treated as an independent urban unt but deserves to be clubbed with the town 2 a continuous urban spread. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 40)Ministry of Urban Development ‘TWFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY has been possible with the Increase In personal vehicles. Kerala has one of the good rural road networks within the country. This adds to the urban sprawl Figure 8: Major citles In Kerala — Urban Centers in Keral 10 g 2 2 9 = 3 : i : 3 : 7 Z 2°) Fg i gos z e z a Be 2S £3 § s so 1. @: : gy @ @® ‘t and Kollam Urban 3.3. Demographic profile in Kollam dist: Agglomeration Kollam Is one of the oldest settlements in the state. Kollam urban area Is the sixth-biggest urban agglomeration in the state with a total population of 11.10 lakhs. As per Census 2011, the population and the size of Kollam UAs have Increased by 3 times indicating the rapid growth In the suburban villages and towns. In total, Kollam UA has 3 medium towns and 17 villages along with KMC. Kollam city’s spatial growth is regulated by the Arabian Sea in the west and the Ashtamudi Lake in the north-east. In addition, the share of urban agglomeration population to total urban population in the district Is about 93%. Kollam UA’s population is more than that of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation. Thiruvananthapuram city is the largest city in the state in terms of population. Also, the density of both Kollam city and the agglomeration area Is higher than that of Thiruvananthapuram city. As per Census 2011, Kollam city is the 4" largest city in the state with a population of 3.49 lakhs. Also, the city has the 2"! highest density in the state. The city accounts for 1% of the state's total population and around 2% of its urban population. KMC’s population accounted for 29% of the district urban population and 13% of the district's total population. The comparison of Kollam city’s population with the {otal population and urban population in the state and district is presented in the table below. Table 5: Comparative analysis of Kollam City with Agglomeration, District and the State Sorry ro col fry ica een ms eee) oc Gite Urban sical Keraiastte | ooa.t | 1747 | 159.8 42% 2% % Kolam Datiet | 26a5[ vas] 119 15% 29% 13% RNC 349 of 349 100% 100% 700% ‘Source: Census 2011 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam it)Ministry of Urban Development 3.4 Population Growth Trend Population of Kollam city increased moderately trom 2.43 lakhs in the year 1971 to 3.61 lakhs in the year 2001. During the period 1981 to 2001, four Panchayats, namely, Vadakkevila, Killikolloor, Sakthikulangara and Eravipuram were merged with KMC. As a result, the area of KMC increased from 18.48 sq. km to 57.31 sq. km and the population density has declined from 7,568 persons per sq. km to 6,090 persons per sq. km However, during the period 2001-11, both the population growth rate and the total population have declined within KMC limits. However, the population growth in Kollam district and the agglomeration were higher as compared to KMC. The following figure presents the population trends in Kollam city since 1971-2011 Figure 9: Population trends in Kollam Population Trends in Kollam ots 4 3.46 sez 3.438 35. I 1 3 2.68 I 243 ‘ 25 \ / 2 ed 18 1 os. os 1971 1981 1991 2001 zor Population (lakhs) ‘As per Census 2011, the population of KMC has declined as compared to the census year 2001. The entire state of Kerala Is experiencing a decline in the growth rate except Malappuram district. According to the State Urbanisation Report, the state Is moving towards a stabilised growth rate. With a very low fertity rate and stabilising death rate, the state Is already experiencing a negative population growth and Is expected to achieve zero population growth rate In the next 25 to 30 years (as per Centre for Development Studies report (CDS) 2011). Table 6: Growth rate and density In Kollam 1971 2.43 1987 268 1424 18.48 T4502 1987 346 23.07 18.48 T8723 2007 362 aa8 37.31 a7 2011 349 C340) 37.31 080 ‘Source: Census 1971-2011 ‘The State Urbanisation Report (SURK) prepared by Town and Country Planning Deparment (TCPD) found that out-migration and decline in fertility are the major causes for the low population growth. Comparatively higher female age at marriage, higher female literacy and employment, and improvement In medical and health facilities have resulted in low fertility rate in the state. ‘On the other side, Kerala has been considered an ‘out-migration’ state right from 1930. As per a study of CDS, about 22.8 lakh people from the state were living abroad in 2011. The number of migrants living in other states Is estimated at 9.31 lakh, Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 142)Ministry of Urban Development ‘TWFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY ‘The study also pointed out the increase in the proportion of population in the elderly category leading to health-related problems and shortage of labour. Kerala already depends on workers from other states, especially West Bengal, Odisha and the North-East for construction activities. Kerala would also face labour shortage in agriculture and related activities in the future. As per the report on domestic migrant labour in Kerala now have around 2.5 million Immigrant laborers, mainly in the construction sector and other allied activites. 3.5 Population Density ‘The population density has grown from 14,502 persons per sq. km in 1961 to 18,723 persons per sq. km in 1991. In the subsequent decade, the population density decreased to 6,317 persons per sq. km. This was due to the expansion of KMC limits to 57.31 sq. km and furthers the city's elevation to the level of a corporation. As per Census 2011, the city has a gross population density of 6,090 persons per sq. km. ‘The density has decreased trom the period 2001 to 2011. The following figure describes the trends in density in the city. Figure 10: Population density in Kollam 70 18723 20000 15000 $ 10000 = 5000 § a 0 1981 1991 2001 2011 mmm Area SqKm — —-Density Person/sq.km In order to observe the density in the region, a density comparison has been carried out with neighbouring towns such as Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Alappuzha. Koch! has reported the maximum density of 6,277 persons per sq. km followed by Kollam with 6,199 persons per ‘sq. km and Thiruvananthapuram with 7,020 persons per sq. km. As indicated in the figure below, the density in Kollam Is the 2"* highest in comparison to other towns in the region. 7000 oor £ 6000 5000 / \ 4000 i ' § 3000 Can ‘ H 000 \ / Pr F 000 ° “Thrwananthapurar Koahitee Thissur Appa Figure 11: Density pattern in various cities Density Persons/Sqkm aN = Density Persons/Sqkm Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 143)Ministry of Urban Development 3.5.1 Population density ward-wise In KMC, the wards, namely, Kayyakkal, Amman nada, Punnathala and Pallimukku and Thenkkumbashagam accommodate more than 8,000 persons each. Also, there are 15 wards which ‘accommodate more than 7,500 persons. Around 11 wards have population between 5000 to 6000. Ayathil has the least number of persons. ‘As per GKDP 2031, the average density in the city Is about 70 personsina. The coastal areas are experiencing a very high density varying from 134-145 persons per ha. The Kollam beach area and the areas along NH 66 and NH 744 are also experiencing high growth resulting in high density ‘Also, the density in the core area has reduced from 7568 to 6099 during 1991 to 2001; the density in the outer city area has increased from 5353 persons per sq.km to 6361 persons per sq.km, Indicating the decline in urban growth in the core city area. Figure 12: Ward-wise density Density Per Ha persons per Ha Akko Auunoottimang Kavanad ikolloor Mangadu Mulluvila Palakadavu Palkulangara Meenathcher| Punnathala Eravipuram Kaikkulangara Punthalathazham Chathinamkulam, ‘Contonment Kureepuzha \Vadakkevila. Valathungal = Density Per Ha ‘Average household's size varies from 3.85 to 4.55. The sex ratio Is favorable among all the wards, only the sex ratio among children below 6 years is a concer. In 36 wards, the sex ratio Is less than 1,000 ‘and Ashramam has the lowest sex ratio (831) among children. 3.5.2 Ward-wise population Its attempted to understand the ward-wise distribution of population and Its characteristics. However, it is not possible to carry out a time series analysis as the ward boundary keeps changing every 5-10 years. Also, it Is expected that the re-delineation of wards would happen in the near future. The following {able presents the ward-wise details In KMC limits Table 7: Ward-wise population Maruthadi 1703} 6777} 3.97 1059 a4] 94.64} Low sex ratio among the children ‘Sakinikulangara 1578 | 6236 | 3.85 7055 ees 323 |Low sex ratio among the children Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 144)Ministry of Urban Development @CRiSiL. TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Tr 'No of Hs ‘Meenathcheri 1668 6748 4.05 1087 94.64 Favorable sex ratio Kavanad 1513 255 a3 1078 1059 31.02 Favorable sex ratio Vallikeezhu 1500 14a aa 1075 336 3433 Low sex ratio among the children Kurespuzna Te13 18 428 1127 1052 Favorable sex ratio Mulamkadakam 7538 a8 1082 3a4 36.83 Tow sex ratio among the children Thevally B22 393 7064 1222 o7.48 Favorable sex ratio ‘Vadakkumibhaga m 3850 7086 1076 35.46 Favorable sex ratio ‘Asramam 1386 3431 388 1124 eat 97.86 Tow sex ratio among the Uliyakovil TetT 025 398 1103 1019 355 Favorable sex ratio Punnathanam 1947 7876 4.06 1100 3a7 Ba78 Low sex ratio among the children Kadappakkada a e217 336 1107 355 36.87 Low sex ratio among the children Punnamoodu 1384 3820 aie 1103 1082 35.42 Favorable sex ratio Koikkal 1557 562 aai 7083 ar 36.57 Tow sex ratio among the children Palakadavu 1762 et 382 1097 360 35.87 Low sex ratio among the children Mangadu Teo 7817 a2 7054 coy 35.22 Low sex ratio among the children ‘Arunootimangal am TetT 685 448 1082 ea 32.94 Low sex ratio among the Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [45]Ministry of Urban Development children Chathinamkulam 1495 282 aa7 1074 1051 32.02 Favorable sex ratio Karikodu Tee 7682 428 1053 304 O17 Low sex ratio among the children Collage division e186 a6 1081 308 32.54 Favorable sex ratio Palkulangara aaa 4.06 1087 165 35.19 Favorable sex ratio Kiikooor 75 aot 1138 1124 36.95 Favorable sex ratio Punthalathazha m 6521 a4 1098 388 85.7 Low sex ratio among the children Mulluvila 77 434 343 33.7 Low sex ratio among the children Palathara Te96 7345 a8 1088 358 34.08 Low sex ratio among the children Manakkadu 7788 434 7063 332 35.82 Low sex ratio among the children Kayyalakkal 2082 e618 a2 865 32.47 Highest population, Also significant proportion of SC Koottikkada Baa 445 1119 1087 35.22 Favorable sex ratio Valathungal 1206 3687 472 7060 865 35.28 Low sex ratio among the children “ARKOT 127 Biaa 455 1072 375 or3t Low sex ratio among the children Thekkumbhaga m 1853 030 433 1072 co Ba82 Low sex ratio among the Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [46]Ministry of Urban Development @CRiSiL. ‘TWFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY children Eravipuram 708 7178 a2 1098 382 Ba72 Tow sex ratio among the children Kolloorviia Ted 7081 aie Ta 1175 92.28 Higher share of sc Palimukka 2076 wes 334 1085 a7 33.78 Maximum no of families Low literacy rate ‘Ayathir 1304 3022 385 1068 1004 35.56 Favorable sex ratio “Amman nada, 320 aa7 1075 312 353 Low sex ratio among the children Vadakkevila 8667 1085 3488 Favorable sex ratio Pattathanam 2012 7304 393 1120 1006 35.16 Favorable sex ratio Bharanikkav 1386 3708 a2 1164 328 34.46 Low sex ratio among the children Thekkevila B18 382 105 382 35.38 Low sex ratio among the children TiundakKal 580 6365 408 T06S oe W546 Tow sex ratio among the children Udaya marthandapura m 1322 3686 a3 7056 872 34.96 Low sex ratio among the children Contonment 1504 680 aad 383 332 87.98 Low sex ratio among the children Thamarakulam 1264 Co 476 385 348 86.48 Low sex ratio Pallthottam 1248 3438 436 386 883 32.34 Low sex ratio Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam (47)Ministry of Urban Development Port 1618} 6386} 3.95 1108 962] 97.51 }Low sex ratio among the children Kaikkulangara 1738 | 7600; 4.22 7080 1072 | 88.16 | Favorable sex ratio Gutchery 1751 | ait 385 Ts 35 | 9745 [Low sex ratio among the children Tangasery Tet | 7108 | 3.88 7050 336 33.8 | Higher share of sc Punnathala Boat | 8258] 4.05 7067 1075 | __ 95.45 | Favorable sex ratio Thirumullavaram 1536 | 6482 | 422 7057 32 | 93.22 | Higher share of sc Total 4086 | 34865) 4.16} 10759 973.77 | __ 94.12 | Favorable 7 sex ratio ‘Source: Census 2011 3.6 Household size ‘As per Census 2011, the average household size” in Kerala was about 4.3 and in Kollam it was about 4.1. From the table below, itis evident that the total population has decreased during 2001-11, however the number of Households(HH) have increased from 78,182 to 85,000, indicating clear decline in the average Hh size from 4.6 to 4.1. This indicates a clear shitt from multifamily system to the nuclear families. The deciine in the household's size indicates decline in natural growth, but also expected to have a better financial status. As far as Kerala's spatial growth model is concerned, the increase in the number ‘of HHs means further division of property and reduction in farm size and making unviable for the agriculture purpose and also facilitates urban sprawi Table 8: Household number and size In Kollam city 2001-11 RI Ea Eon Population 361560 348,657 Total HHs 76162 85000 ‘Average HHs size 46 44 Source: Census 2001 and 2011 3.7 iteracy Rate As per Census 2011, In Kollam, the literacy rate is about 94.13% which is higher than that of the district, and the state average literacy fate. The phenomenal rise In literacy from 70% In 1981 to 90% in 1991 was the result of the total literacy campaign coordinated by the Kerala Association of Non-formal Education and Development, and the Kerala Shastra Sahitya Parishad. * A household consists of al the people who occupy a housing uni, Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 43)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Several factors have contributed to the high literacy rate in the state, Including the enlightened traditional Tulers, influence of missionaries, abolishment of caste restrictions in schools, the relatively tat ‘geographical terrain with access to educational institutions, etc. Table 9: Region-wide distribution of literacy rates TET) rrr) cr 1 ‘Kollam 94.13 92.74 z Kollam (District) 33.77 31.35 3 Kerala 33.91 198 Source: Census 2011 3.8 Sex Ratio Since 1991, Kerala tops Indian states in terms of sex ratio“. This sets the state/city apart from most of India. From the figure below , It Is evident that Kollam clty also exhibits a favourable sex ratio pattern since 1971; the sex ratio has increased steadily trom 977 to 1077 during 1971- 2011. However, the child ‘sex ratlo in Kollam is on the lower side and It is at 973 against the state average of 959. Figure 13: Sex ratio trends In Kerala and Kollam since 1971 Sex ratio 1971-2011 1084 1016 97 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 —Kollam =—Kerala * Sex rato is the ingictor to measure the gender dlstrbution ofthe population. As per census Indi, i is defined as the females per thousand males Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 49]Ministry of Urban Development 3.8.1 Age and Sex Distribution ‘The age-wise? data analysis has been carried out for Kerala urban areas using the Census 2011 data since Kollam also exhibits similar pattern of development as that of the state. As per the age-sex pyramid, the middle-aged form the larger age group compared to the old and young. The pyramid also Indicates that for the next 20-30 years, the share of the working age group would be dominant, but at the ‘same time the lower birth rate and high mortality rate would result in the decrease In the proportion of children and increase in the proportion of the elderly. Further, the working population aged between 16-60 may start declining. Its interesting to observe from the pyramid that the percentage of males outnumber females in the category 0-19 years while the proportion of females drastically Increases between 20-60 yeas. This could be attributed to the out- migration of the male population to other places/countries for work. Also, the larger proportion of females above 60 years can be medically explained - females tend to have a longer life span than males. Figure 14: Age-cex distribution 80 above 70-79 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 20-29 10-419 09 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 3.9 Social Composition ‘As per the 2011 Census, the percentage of SC population in KMC limits is about 8% and the percentage of ST population Is about 0.2%. As per the CDS study, the crude birth rates for Hindus and Muslims in Kollam district are 15.5% and 18.7% respectively. The total fertilty rate is about 1.6 among Hindus and 2.1 among Muslims. In Kollam, 58% of the population follows Hinduism, about 16.6% follows Christianity and 14.2 are Muslims. Kollam accommodates a major share of Nairs and Latin Christians residing in the state. About ‘43% of the total population belongs to the OBC Including the Ezhavas, Latin Christians and Muslims. * One of the tools that demographers use to understand the population is the age structure olagram; sometimes it is called as ‘population pyramid, but iis not amays pyramidal in shape. This clagram shows the distibution by ages of females and males vthin a certain population in graphic form Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [50]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Table 10: Social composition SoS ng ras eT Cea Ca Cove ueeae cy ‘Kollam 16.7 24.5 16.7 3.6 13.6 14.2 10.7 100 [Kerala | aif titf 216, 425, ‘565 268 15 100 ‘SOUrGE: CONSUS 2OTT 3.10 Population Projections ‘The population projections would play a vital role in the assessment of future needs for the city. The projected population would assist In estimating the demand for water supply, sewerage, solld waste management and social infrastructure facilities such as schools, hospitals and parks in the ensuing years. In addition, the population projections have been carried out for the study area for the next 30 years using various methods. The following sections would describe the method adopted for population projections and recommended population projections for the study area. 3.10.1 Methodology Adopted for Estimation of Population In order to estimate the population for the next 30 years, intially the population projections were finalized in the water supply project under KSDUP and GKDP plans. The review indicates that the projected population in GKDP Is on the higher side as compared to that in the water supply DPR. However, GKDP being a statutory document, the projected population for the CDP should be in ine with GKDP projections. The trends in population projections in various studies have been provided in the table below, Table 11: Population projections In various studies x Population projected in the GKDP Ces 2031 580883 NA 2041 NA 408667 Source: KMC and GKDP- ‘The appropriate method for population projection Is adopted to carry out a demand-gap analysis for the horizon years, |.e., 2021, 2031 and 2041. Based on this, the Infrastructure requirement in water supply, ‘sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management, storm water drainage, traffic and transportation and other amenities Is forecasted. Further, based on the population trends during the past four decades, CRISIL has projected the population for the study area using the following methods: Arithmetic; Incremental increase; Exponential; Power; Log; and Polynomial 2nd order. It can be observed from the chart below that the projected population through the arithmetic, power and log methods Is on the lower side. The exponential method projects the population on a higher side as ‘compared to the other methods. As per the exponential method, ItIs estimated that the population would Increase to 12.85 lakhs by the end of 2041. Similarly, methods such as incremental and Polynomial 2nd order project the population on a moderately higher side. The population projections made through various methods for the next three decades have been presented in the chart and table below. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 151]Ministry of Urban Development Figure 15: Population projections as per various methods 1400 1208 @ 12.00 12.28 § 10.00 262 = 8.00 21 816 5 6.00 te oat i 599 3 4.00 440 & 2.00 0.0 | 2021 2031 2041 —+ Polynomial 2nd order—a Arthmetc ie Ineromental Exponential = 9 Power tog ‘Table 12: Population projections as per various methods eT Br Pa ey Polynomial 2nd order 5.09 6.53 8.16 ‘Arithmetic 444 479 5.44 Incremental 5.28 8.21 12.28 Exponential 5.78 8.62 12.85 Power 3.82 4.41 5.00 Log 3.58 3.86 4.40 ‘Source: CRIS- Analysis ~ The flgures are in lakhs. 3.10.2 Basic Assumptions for Population Projection Considering the population trend and the non-availability of land for development purpose, It Is assumed. that Kollam city will remain a medium urban settlement in the state. However, as suggested In GKDP 2031, the city limits may be extended. GKOP has delineated the planning area to Include three panchayats along with KMC. Thus, the total planning area would be around 87.050 sq. km (Kollam MC+3 Panchayats) by 2021. In 2001, the population of the planning area was 4.52 lakhs. Table 13: Dynamics of population in the planning area of GKDP 2031 Ear Se TT oo ea oe 20012011 | (2001-11) 1 | Kollam MC 361560 | 348657 3.6 468566 2 | Neendakara GP 77060 | 16876 05 — 3 | Kotlamkara GP Barat | 44402 Tea 2869 | ThrikkadavoorGP BESIS] 8285 ToS “a1080 3 Total 452074 | 449820 OF e088 Source: Census 2001 and 2011 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 152]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY From the table above, it Is evident that the total population Is declining In Kollam. The population within KMC and Neddakara Panchayat has shown a decline In growth rate as well as decrease In the Population. However, the population in Kottamkara and Thrikkadavoor has shown a high growth rate ‘compared to the parent city, district and the state. This trend Is also Indicating a shift from the core city to the urban periphery which Is a trend in the entire state. ‘As per the GKDP, the density within the core city Is experiencing a decline while the density in the Periphery Is increasing. This is also attributed to various restrictions such as CRZ, environmental protected area imposed on the parent city and limiting Its growth, 3.10.3 | Recommended Population Projection ‘The projected population under various methods has been compared with the population projections finalized in the water supply DPR and GKDP plan. The arithmetic projections are slightly on the higher side as compared to the population finalized In the GKDP plan for KMC area. Further, we have also considered the following key factors while finalizing the projections for the years 2021, 2031 and 2041 For the year 2021: © For 2021, the planning area considered Is as per the GKDP. It is assumed that the population in KMC and Neendakara Panchayat would remain more or less the same. ©The growth In Kottamkara will Increase and in Thrikkadavoor decrease. For the year 2031: © As per the IDDP and the State Urbanization Report, the urban limits of Thiruvanathapuram and Kollam will expand by 2041 to develop as a growth corridor. © Hence, there Is a possibility of the expansion of the boundary limits of KMC. However, the growth rate In the region would be stabilized or would decline, For the year 2041: Its assumed that the urban growth would stabilize and the growth rate within KMC limits will be 10%. Based on the above factors, the population trends during the past four decades and the projected Population in various studies and methods, the arithmetic method was found appropriate. As per the arithmetic method, the population would increase to 4.79 lakhs and 5.44 lakhs In 2031 and 2041, respectively for KMC area, Further, the results of the various methods were presented during the 1" clty-level stakeholders’ workshop. 3.11 Key Observations "With dectining birth and death rates, low infant mortality, favorable sex ratio and very high literacy rate and high quality health and educational system, Kerala state enjoys a high quality of life compared to other Indian states. "Kerala state Is experiencing an unusual pattern of urbanization with increase In the area under urban while the density In the major urban settlements remains more or less the same. The spread of urban has both positive and negative Impacts on development. = The spread has facilitated equity In the development of all regions of the state and also In Kollam district. But the spread has also led to land use changes and degradation of environment. "Also, the cost for provision of basic infrastructure is high in the low-density development ‘compared to high concentrated growth pattern. "The population has declined within Kollam city; the size of Kollam urban agglomeration area has Increased by three times during 2001-11 = Provision and improvement of Infrastructure facilities In the newly emerged CT are going to be the major challenge in the planned development of the Kollam UA. This also indicates scope for the realignment of KMC jurisdiction to include the newly developing areas in the city limits. "Reduction in death rate and low birth rate has resulted in increased life expectancy, leading to higher proportion of elderly population in the city. The change In the age structure and gender of the elderly population has posed serious challenges in the demographic and development Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 153)Ministry of Urban Development sector. In the coming decades, one of the major challenges would be providing employment opportunities, social security and pension for the aged persons. "The low sex ratio among children Is also a cause of concern in a progressive state llke Kerala where the sex ratio has been favorable since the last three decades. Further research Is required to understand the real causes of low sex ratio in the age group 0-5 years. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 154)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 4. Economic Profile of the City ‘The chapter presents a detalled assessment of the economic profile of the city such as key economic rivers of the city, spatial distribution of economic activity, Industrial protile, workforce participation rate, workers’ classification, state-level economic policies which impact the city’s economy, key economic indicators with reference to the state and the district, and a brief on informal sector activity in the city. ‘The sector-wise workforce projections have been carried out for future years. Further, the key Issues with respect to economic base have been detalled out at the end of the chapter. 4.1 Background ‘The three pillars of the city's economy are trade and commerce, industries and primary sector activities Including fishing and agriculture, Kollam was an important trade centre during the 17" century and was known for Its trade linkages with the Middle East and China. Itis ee the centre of the country's cashew trading Cos and processing industry. There are 17 large and one medium-scale Industries in the district, of which two are Central Government undertakings. Handloom Industry, clay and wood-based industries also contribute to the industrial advancement of the region. Kollam district Is also a hub for marine products’ industry. About 1,963 SSI Units have been registered in the district Post liberalization, there has been significant growth in the banking and Insurance sectors across the state. Kollam city has as many as 36 different types of formal banking Institutions. Kollam Is one of the prime destinations of domestic tourists. The district, has beaches, back waters towards the west and hillocks with wild life and bio-diversity towards the east. Besides, the religious and Inducrat processing, andloomand ret cultural activities of the region attract lots of people to this city: Roun rue ea Key Economic Indicators of Kollam District Seen Reruns ced ‘© Per capita income inoreased from Rs. 34,475 |AMNIOWIE ISS Ur Tei i in 2007-08 in to Rs. 53,595 in 2010-11, © Contribution from the primary sector was about nec ) Rs. 2,450 crores, Bee eta © Secondary sector reported moderate growth [TSP a MC MEMS Loa) rate of 5.5%, + Tertiary sector reported appreciable growth | Sulies una rate of 11.4%. © Per capita income growth rate of Kollam was lower than that of the state (8.33%). Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 153)Ministry of Urban Development ‘The table below presents the key economic activities in Kollam city. Table 14: Major economic activities within Kollam city Tertiary Service ‘© Whole sale and retall trade * Tourism + _ Banking and Finance ‘Secondary? + SSis Industries + SMEs + Traditional industries ~ Coir, Cashew Processing, Handloom and Khadl Primary * Agriculture - Homestead farming, coconut cultivation, + Animal Husbandry + Fishing 4.2 Overview of economic situation of the State Kerala has been in the forefront as far as social development indicators are concerned. However, at the same time, Kerala has weak economic indicators in India. Post liberalisation, there has been significant growth in secondary and territory sectors such as IT, tourism, entertainment, telecommunications, airlines, banking and insurance. Kerala's economy is also largely dependent on remittances. The CDS study on Kerala's economy describes that the remittances from global capitalism are carrying the whole Kerala economy. ‘As per the report of the Planning Commission of India 2012-13, Kerala has the highest HDI among the Indian states and also leads many other states in terms of per capita GDP (Rs.74, 620) and economic productivity. Kerala had an average GDP per capita growth of 13% during 2004-11; the growth rate during 2010-11 was about 17%. Kerala's economy Is driven by the service industry. Kerala's economic progress Is above the national average, but only a few major corporations and manufacturing plants are headquartered In Kerala. © The State Economic Review 2013 reveals that more than 80% of the state's NSDP is contributed by the secondary and tertiary sectors and these also form the largest contributor to ‘employment in both rural and urban areas. This indicates the decline of the primary sector in the stale. As per the State Economic Review 2013, Kerala recorded a growth of 8.24% during 2012- 13, © Another interesting fact Is that unemployment in Kerala Is found to be much higher among women compared to men. The total number of unemployed women in Kerala stood at 23.86 lakh, making them 60% of the total unemployed persons in Kerala. * Kerala government Is one of the highest deficits in India, 4.3 Industrial and commercial activities ‘The section describes the existing industrial and commercial activities in Kollam city. Kollam city Is the district headquarters of Kollam district; the city accommodates the wholesale trade activities of the entire district. The wholesalers buy products from distributors (wholesale/retall) and sell them to retailers. In most of the cases, the retallers come to the wholesalers to buy products to replenish thelr stock. Chinnakkad Is the core city centre where most of the wholesale and retall trading activities happen. The area caters to wholesale trading needs of both the city and the district. As per the table below, around 700 wholesale trades of various types and categories flourish in the city. Also, It Is clear from the table that the retall shops are spread across the city. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 156)Ministry of Urban Development Table 15: Various categories of shops in Kollam i Shops cern) Escmiesucs Caue ee ead ‘Chinnakkada. 719[ 76 25 75 3] 44[ 36. 1 High School 3] 2t 6 1 3 7 1 Junction Kadapakkada Te] ry 7 a, to, 23 5 ‘Sakihikulanagara 115 a Ti atl 17 z Munnamakutly 364 3 2 1 Kavanadu Junction | 239 16 7 3 1 2 Ramanagkulanagara | _118 1 5 14 Polayathodu: a0, 87 & 3 2,3 2 Source: GKDP Kadapakkad Is the first order node for retail activity and has the highest cumulative commercial facility Index (CCFI) of 6420.783 and combined commercial Index (CCI°) of 430.19. The major issues faced by retall and wholesale trading Is the lack of basic infrastructure facilities including parking for both LMV and HMV, loading and unloading areas, comfort stations, solid waste management facilities, etc. Figure 16: Major commercial nodes In the city QO wore node © insorer neve Informal trading activities ‘The major locations of informal trading activities are Kumar theatre, Convent junction, Chinnakkaroad, Kallupalam road, Thanagaserry junction, etc. No space is allocated for street vending and this often affects the smooth flow of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. ‘As per the GKDP, around 348 persons are engaged in informal trading activities in the city, of which 86% are males; primarily they are street vendors engaged in selling Chinese commodities such as bags and ° CCFI Is combined index of level of services and type of services. CCI Is calculated by multiplying CCF! with the percentage land commercial land use In a node. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 171Ministry of Urban Development toys. Fruits are vegetable vendors are seen across all the wards and around 102 persons are engaged In this activity. Female participation Is significant in the selling of fish and vegetables. KMC has cartied out a survey to Identify street vendors in the city but the database Is yet to be Published. No policies are available to protect the rights of street vendors, but a state policy on street vending Is being prepared by the Government of Kerala (Gok) In line with the modal policy Issued by MoHUPA, Gol. 4.3.2. Banking and Finance Post liberalization, there has seen significant growth in banking and insurance sectors across the state. Kollam city has 36 different types of formal banking institutions, of which 30% of them are nationalized banks. The Indian Bank Is the leading bank in the district. Table 16: Number of banks in the city EAC od Nn 1 Cooperative Banks 9 2 Nationalized Bank 13 3 ‘Olher scheduled Banks e a Non-Banking financial institutions & 3 Total 36 Source: GKDP 2031 ‘As per the CDS report 2019, the percentage share of emigrants from Kollam is about 7.2%. Kollam has 35 NRKs per 100 households and receives significant amount of remittances trom abroad. Kollam receives about 8.5% of the total remittance to the state and Kerala has the highest share (33%) of the {otal remittances into the country. It ls estimated that the state has recelved $2.3 bilion during FY 2012- 13. In recent times, RBI has been trying to encourage NRIs to Invest and send more money back home. In 2010, there was a de-regulation on the interest rates of NRO and NRE accounts, thus helping the NRis to deposit into India banks. One more factor for the rise of remittance was the strong value of the US dollar with respect to the weak Indian rupee. Thus, it led to more Indians depositing money in their Indian accounts even during the global slowdown. The bulk of remittances are still meant for maintenance expenses for dependents at home, but a few NRKs Invest in properties and in economic development in the region, According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), as on December 2012, Kollam has a credit-deposit ratio of 73% (CD ratio). CD Is an Indicator of how much banks are lending out of the deposits they have recelved, which means that the banks In this town are lending 73% of what they recelved as deposits. Micro-financing also has a major share in financial activities in the city. Micro-credit activities are being promoted in the city by Kudumbashree?, with the support of KMC. Kudumbashree units lIke other micro- credit programs, start with mobllzation of thrifts. Each household contributes a minimum of Rs. 10 per month, which form the basis of the savings pool of the NHG; these are normally deposited into a bank in the name of the NHG, ‘The NHG members collect thrift (small savings) from members every week for Income generation. The thrift raised by the NHGs Is given back to its members as loans for meeting consumption purposes as well as for meeting contingent needs such as medical treatment, education of children, marriage expenses, and repayment of old debt. Kudumbashree being a women-centered micro-credit program has contributed to the removal of gender inequalities and empowerment of women, The Kudumbashree program in the state of Kerala, represent an alternative delivery fo the commercial model of delvery and ‘embraces a number of elements: micro-enterprises, insurance, education, old-age assistance, etc. futher explained inthe later sections. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 158)Ministry of Urban Development @CRiSiL. ‘TWFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 4.3.3 Tourism Kerala Is a prime high-end tourism destination in the Indian sub-continent and has been rated as “one of the fifty destinations to be visited in one's lifetime" by the National Geographic Channel (2004). Kerala tourism has made significant growth during the last two decades. From the sluggish tourist arrivals of the 1980s, the tourism scenario in Kerala has shown substantial growth. Foreign tourist arrivals have increased trom 2 lakhs in the year 2000 to 6.6 lakhs in 2010. Domestic tourist artivals have Increased from 50 lakhs to 86 lakhs, from 2000 to 2010, Foreign exchange earnings have increased from Rs. 525 crores In the year 2000 to Rs. 3,797 crores In 2010, thereby contributing substantially to Kerala's economy. It Is estimated that the total foreign tourist flow to Kerala in 2004 constituted 10.26% of the total foreign tourists who visited India. The tourism sector contributes 9% of the state's GDP. As compared to the other states in India, Kerala is unique for the interesting geographical diversity it possesses within the smallest area possible. Other USPs includes moderate climate, rich art, colorful festivals, and diverse natural and cultural attractions with a physical quality of lite comparable to developed nations — causing the tourism industry to flourish in Kerala. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [9]Ministry of Urban Development Figure 17: Major tourism attractions In the Kollam District PATHANAMTHITTA, ‘ourism spots in and around Kellam Kollam district is one of the prime destinations of domestic tourists; the district has beaches, back waters towards the west, hillocks with wild life and bio-diversity towards the east. Besides, the religious and cultural activities of the region attract a number of people to this city Kollam city offers tourists a range of attractions and experiences such as beaches, and backwaters; the performance of the sector Is weak in the region. The peak tourist arrival is observed during December to March, «Inthe recent decades, Kolm nas become a prominent spot inthe tourist map of he state + [Asper DTPC repors, Kola had recelved about 2 lak vistors cutng the year 2012-1 Bee ot nem were toelgh tur + Kolam agglomeration has around 16 home stays and good:qually hotels wih 348 rooms for thes «hs per Kerala tourism statisti, tne average length ofa foreign tours staying in Kollam Is 7 days niet 9 days ate stato lvel andthe average say ofa non-Keralts touts 3 days. + ‘Ato, the survey reveals that 60-70% ofthe forelgn tour sayin start hotel wile 20-40% non-keralte fours stayin starhotle. also 19 house boats operate trom the Kolam et about ‘As per the GKDP, the requirement of hotel rooms in the city is about 583; shortage of 67 rooms is estimated In star hotels for accommodating tourists in the district. The city has around 22 Ayurvedic centers and that could meet the demand for Ayurvedic treatment by tourists. ‘Around six tourist planning agencies operate from Kollam, but the volume of tourists coming to Kollam Is. less compared to the state average due to various factors like location, lack of branding, and high competition from nearby cities like Allappuzha and Kottayam, 4.3.4 Industrial Profile in Kollam Kollam, like other districts in the state, is moderately industrialized. Cashew processing and coir production are the major industrial vocations of the district. The handloom industry, clay and wood-based Industries also contribute to the Industrial advancement of the region. There are 17 large and one medium-scale Industries and about 26,157 SSI units have been registered in the district. Points to be noted: Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [0]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY © Some of the major employers in the public sector are Indian Rare Earths Limited (IRE) at Chavara, Kerala Metals and Minerals Limited at Chavara, and Kerala Primo pipe factory at Chavara (closed 3 decades ago); © United Electrical Industries (popularly known as the Meter Company) and Parvathi Spinning are based at Kollam, ‘* Other major industries in the private/cooperative sector are Aluminium Industries Ltd., Kundara, ‘Thomas Stephen & Co., Kollam, Floorco Paravur, Cooperative Spinning Mill, and Chathannur and Punalur Paper Mls, Punalur, Parvathy mills and United Electrical Industry were the major industries in the city. Parvathy mills was located In the city centre and had provided employment for about 2000 persons but at the moment It ‘employs only around 130 people and it is on the verge of shutting down. United Electrical Industry has an investment of Rs. 1,230 lakhs and it Is engaged In the production of motors, electricity meters and gears and employs around 129 persons. Around 3,631 micro-small and medium enterprises (MSME) are registered in the city, generating employment opportunities for around 10,717 persons. The detalls of the same are provided in the table below. It Is evident that around 15 different categories of MSME units are registered In the KMC area. The highest numbers of units registered are engineering-based units (20%) creating employment opportunities for 2,183 persons. However, the average employment generated is about 2.93 per unit. The units under forest products have average employment of 4 per unit. The average employment per Unit Is low because almost 22% of the registered MSMEs are not functioning, Table 17: Detalls of MSME registers in KMC limit Type of unit Coram Po Coc ac cy % coor Eon ‘agriculture 166 457 513 479 3.09 Food Processing a7 755 75 75% 27 Fubber based 35 Tae 155 Tae 3.00 Gament based ea 176 7 To 267 Plasto based Ea 255 25a a7 276 Forest products 08 Tia 1555 1485 385 “Rnimal Rusbandly oF ora Es) O55 218 Texte 6 1566 1475 13.76 287 ‘Chemicals ea 1250 125s 1.76 276 Engneering based Tae | 2085 BBS 2057 285 Elestronies § Es 26 26 230 258 anerals 5 OE Es) O55 ait Bulaing materials 56 760 156 Tae 265 T 1 338 26 208 176 Fisheries 7 a7 i) 178 267 ‘oner 505 1402 1505 1408 236 Total 3657 | 700.50 TOT 700.00 255 Source: DIC Kollam Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [st]Ministry of Urban Development ‘Traditional Industries Cashew: Kerala Is the largest producer ‘and exporter of cashew kernels in India. The cashews are consumed in as many as 60 countries all over the world; there are regular shipping facies trom India to all ports of the world. The major shipments from India take place through ‘Cochin port. Cashew processing and colr production are the two most Important sources of employment in the private sector, Cashew processing and sorting employs a large share of women workers who manually shell, peel and sort cashews into different categories by size. The city has around 67 cashew processing units with an employment potential of 10,300 persons. ‘The headquarters of the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI) Is at Kollam. Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited (KSCDC) Kollam, a government company, has 30 cashew factories and employs around 20,000 people amongst which $5% are women. Coir: The colr Industry has very prominent in the city due to the presence of back waters and availability of coconut husk. As per the GKDP, there are 8 colr cooperative societies functioning in the city and providing employment to around 1,500 persons. However, many coir units have been closed due to Increase in the wages and decline in the demand for coir materials. Khadi: Khadi and handloom units are also functioning in the city. Around 29 handloom units are registered in the city and have employment potential of 1,360 persons. Also, the city has 154 registered Khadi units giving employment to 660 persons. Figure 18: Major economic activity zones in Kollam 4.4 Primary Sector Activities in Kollam Agriculture As per GKDP, around 1.17 sq. km of the area Is under dry agriculture in the city and more than 80% of the area Is under coconut cultivation. Also, 0.72 sq. km of area Is under paddy cultivation. However, IDDP studies reveal that coconut production Is very low in this area and does not contribute significantly to the economy, but it is homestead cultivation. Rice productivity Is about $000 kg/ha but the maximum productivity in the district Is about 5000 kg/ha. ‘Though paddy is a high water-intensive crop, the area is not served with canal irrigation but dependent ‘on ponds. The major issues affecting paddy cultivation in the KMC region are shortage of agricultural Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [62]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY labourers, non-availability of community irrigation faculties, absence of any mechanism to ensure timely availability of good quality seeds, etc. Recently, KMC has proposed strategies to rejuvenate both dry land and wet land agriculture with the help of the Agriculture Department and Kudumbashree workers. Animal husbandry As per the 17" quinquennial census, there are around 4,266 cattle within the KMC limits. As per the data from animal husbandry department, 33,85,000 liters of milk is being produced annually within KMC. limits. Seven milk cooperative societies are functioning in the city. ‘A major issue faced by the sector Is the shortage of fodder with feed getting expensive. However, the availability of milk processing plants, veterinary hospitals, and milk cooperative societies enables development of the sector. GKDP has Identified this as a potential sector for development in the peri- urban wards of KMC. Table 18: Detalls of MSME registers in KMC limits EOC Ty Ge ory Pr ‘Quantity (numbers) | 4266 2538 97 12708 | 32993 ‘5641 Pry Source: 17" quinquennial census Fisheries Kollam Is a district with a coastal line of 37.8 km and the fishing Is predominant In the west coast of the city. A significant percentage of the households living along the coastal line are Involved in fishing for a livelihood. Following are key observations on fisheries development in the region. Ashtamudl Lake offers high potential for inland fishing. ‘Compared to marine fishing, inland fishing activities are marginal and not regularized. ‘An estimated number of 1.34 lakhs persons are engaged In fishing and allied activities In the district. ‘About 60% of the production of prawns In the state Is from this district. ‘There are around 26 fishermen colonies and 24 inland fishing villages across the district. ‘One-third of the state's fish catch is from Kollam; the district leads in marine landing and receives an average of 1,40,000 tonnes of fish annually. © Considering the unique location and infrastructure avallable, the Government has established a fishing harbor at Neendakara, the neighboring Panchayat of KMC. © Kollam port, Muthukkara, Vady, Thanagssery, Eravipuram, Kannimel etc. are major marine fishing villages with landing centers within the KMC. In the fisheries sector, there are 93 producer co-operatives, two credit cooperatives, and one marketing cooperative. There are 38 Fishermen Development Welfare Cooperative Societies In the district. Nearly 3000 mechanised boats are operating from the fishing harbor. FFDA and VFFDA are promoting fresh water fish culture and prawn farming respectively. ‘There also 6 exporting units within the KMC area, exporting about 480.5 tonnesiday. The Government Is. setting up a model fishing village with 100 houses at Eravipuram. A model prawn farm Is coming up at Ayiramthengu and a few new hatcheries are also coming up to cater to the needs of the aqua-culturists. ‘The major Issues faced by the sector are inadequate Infrastructure facilities such as the shortage of fish processing units and ice plants, storage of nets and boost engines, tollet facilities, non-effective waste management mechanisms and low wages for ancillary works, Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [63]Ministry of Urban Development 4.5 Workforce Participation rate” ‘The trends of work participation over 1981- 2011 are presented In the figure below. It shows an increase In work participation from 28% in 1981 to $4% In 2011. This increase could be attributed to the change in the KMC boundaries and the inclusion of many fishing villages from coastal areas In the KMC limits, As per Census 2011, the work participation rate in Kollam area is about 34%; it implies that 66% of the persons are non-workers and they are dependent on the working population. Among the workers, 85.67% of them are main workers and the remaining marginal workers. Figure 19: Work participation profile Kollam 1980-2011 Work Force Participation (%) 40 34 35 32 33 20 2 as 2% 1 10 1981 1991 2001 2011 —WrFP("%) ‘As per the Census 2011, the female work participation rate in Kollam is around 26% whereas at the state level, female work participation Is extremely low. Also, interestingly, the proportion of women in the marginal workers category is higher (39%) than in the main workers’ category. ‘The WPR of women Is relatively high because many of them are associated with fishing, colr-making and cashew processing, which are seasonal and labour-intensive activities. The following table presents the work participation rate in Kollam, ‘Table 19: Work force participation rate in Kollam -2011 Brora) Cry Pry SC ce LT Dea 1 Total work force 119667 | 34.32 | 87983 73.52 | 31684 26.48 2 Main work force 102523 | 29.41 | 77463 75.56 | 25060 aad 3 Marginal 1744 | __ 492 | 10520 61.36 | 6628 38.64 a Non-worker 228980 | 6568 | 80025 3495 | 148967 5.05 * As por Consus of Inia, al persons engaged in work ar defined as parcipaton in any economicaly productive acini wih or without ‘compancation, wagee or proft ace workers, The Cansus clsstie Workers info two groupe namaly, Main workers and Marginal wakes. The Felerencepetod fr detrmiring a personas woke and non-warkar sone year preceding the date of enumeration Main Workars ae hece wakes ‘iho had worked for he major pt ofthe reference pana ie. 6 monthe or mor. Marginal Worere ae thoes workers who had not worked forthe ‘major pt ofthe relrence period. les than 6 months. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [4]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY ocr) Cry Py ea eC aces 5 Total Persons 348657 | 100.00 | 168006 48.19 | 180651 51.81 ‘Source: Census 2011 4.6 Workers’ classification Kollam Is exhibiting a similar pattern that of state and district. The percentage share of both the cultivators and agricultural labourers Is about 1.6%. However, among cultivators, the share of females Is. comparatively high in the city and It is mainly because women-coordinated cultivation Is being promoted. through Kudumbashree units under the MKSP initiatives of Gok. In Kollam, around 2,519 people are engaged in the household industries category. One-third of them are women. Also, major HHs industries are promoted through Kudumbashree under the SJSRY and NULM Initiatives. ‘The other workers majorly Include people working in service sectors lIke administrative offices, financial Institutions, and IT-related activities and employees in the Industrial category. 96% of the total work-force In Kollam belongs to this category. The information regarding category-wise workers (including main and marginal workers) In Kollam during 2010-11 Is presented in the table below. Table 20: Category of workers Ty Total Or ory PCT iT Poe Rte’ Crea Cerny Pred Roc ‘Cultivators 423 0.35 287 67.85 136 32.15 ‘Agriculture workers 1496 725) 1159 T7AT 337 22.53 Households workers | 2519 Zit] 1788 71.02 730 2898 ‘Other workers. T5223 36.28| 84748 75.55| 30481 26.45 Total workers 119667 700.00 | 87983 75.52| 31664 26.48 ‘Source: Census 2011 4.7 Workforce Projections Based on past trends and growth in the working population in the city, the main workers’ population has been forecasted for the years 2021, 2031 and 2041. The arithmetic method has been used for projecting the number of workers in the city. The results of the workforce projection have been verified with the population projections to derive the workforce participation rate. As indicated in the table below, it is assumed that the primary sector would grow at the rate of 2% over the next three decades. In the case of the secondary sector, it Is assumed that the secondary sector would grow at the rate of 45% over the next three decades. In the case of the terllary sector workforce, a growth rate of 30% has been assumed for the future year. ‘Over the years, Work Participation Rate (WPR) would increase from 34% in 2011 to 37% In 2041. At the same time, the tertiary sector would remain as the driving force for the city’s economy followed by the * According to Cencusdetniton,cutvators included persons engaged in culvation of land owned or held rom government or pate persons or inattuons for payment in money, kind or share. lt incudesefecive superisions or dretion in cutvaion. Whereas Agicutural bowers area etsons who works on anather persons land ‘or wages in money or kind or share is regarded 2s agicutural labourers. He has no isk inthe Caltiton but merely works on another person's land on wages. The agreultal aboveres are usualy mere economical and socaly winerale ‘au nthe eit. The general phenomenon fund in met of the wranized areas i thatthe percentage of persone engaged in primary agrcutre sector and culver are very Iw. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [55]Ministry of Urban Development ‘secondary and primary sectors. It Is also recommended that the industrial Investments be restricted to non-polluting industries. Table 21: Workforce projections a Ea Eo 2041 Total workers 41,44,901 4,72,442 2,01,282 Forecasted WPR 35% 36% 37% Source: CRIS analysis 4.8 SWOT Table 22: SWOT Analysis Brora = Diversified activity pattern = Availablity of infrastructure -ports, harbors, public transport system, cooperatives = Well-connected to other major cities and villages through road and rall = Strong banking network with significant ID ratio, = Efficient health and Infrastructure = Availabilty of trained manpower = Favorable state Industtial policies = Strong Micro-financing network among the urban poor yea ‘educational = Scope for developing © Tourism & related activities © Developing Ayurveda and health tourism, © ITATES Land reserved for economic activities not adequate Lack of entrepreneurial talents and initiative Lack of industrial culture and procedural awareness ‘Absence of infrastructure facilities like truck terminals and freight corridors for Industrial growth Poor R&D facilities Low participation rate among women Decline of traditional industries Delay in mainstreaming of street vending activities Ecological sensitive zones, 12% area under cRZ-18 1 High levels of water, sound and alr pollution Competition from other cities - Aleppy and Kottayam Qutmigration of skilled human resources Exorbitant land rates and high cost of living 4.9 Key Issues In Kollam, the contribution of the primary and secondary sectors to GDDP Is declining Cashew trading activity Is affected by the non-availability of raw cashew nuts and labour. Parvathy Spinning mill, one of the oldest industries, Is on the verge of shutdown. © City lacks basic infrastructure like freight corridors, truck terminals, integrated solid waste management facilities and parking spaces ‘The potential of Inland Water Transport (IWT) for commercial purpose Is not explored efficiently. ‘The land reserved for commercial and industrial use Is much lower than the prescribed norms and also CRZ regulation Is hindering development in the hinterland along the lakes and the coastal areas. KMC Is unable to find land for industrial and commercial development in the city. Kollam Is not able to explore Its full potential for tourism and also facing competition trom Alleppy and Kottayam, Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam (66)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 5 Physical Planning and Growth Management This chapter presents a detalled assessment of the planning area, spatial growth trends and distribution of population, and critical appraisal of the development pian, master plan, and land use analysis (existing and proposed). The assessment of existing land and proposed land use has been compared with the Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (URDPFI) guidelines. Also, the roles and responsibilities of the Urban Local Bodies (ULB) and Parastatals agencies in urban planning functions have been discussed In the chapter. The section has highlighted the key challenges in the Urban planning function, plan preparations, Implementation, and roles of the various agencies. 5.1 Background ‘Settlement pattern in Kerala Is unique with no clear distinction between rural and urban settlements. The settlements are developed along the major road networks but with homestead type of residential development, Homestead are the unique settlement pattern In Kerala: “the people have plotted houses with clear- cut boundaries made up of vegetative fencing / compound walls. Each homestead Is sel-reliant with ‘open wells (even ponds in the rural areas), individual septic tanks, pit composting facilities to manage the solid wastes, own vegetable gardens, coconut plantations, etc. Kollam also has a dispersed settlement pattern as a result of historical trends, a liking for homestead- type development, and comparatively developed infrastructure in urban and rural areas, geographical reasons, avallability of sub-soll water etc. (SURK 2012). 5.2 Constituents of Planning Area Kollam district can be divided into three geographical regions, viz., highlands, midlands and lowlands. Natural growth and spatial development is happening mainly in the midiand and lowland regions, while the highlands mostly have plantation cash crops, scattered settlements and reserved forests. ‘The major urban centers In the district are Kollam, Punalur, Karunagaplly and South | Paravoor. — Kollam, Karunagapally and South Parvoor are along the sea coast and Punalur Is in the highland region. All these centers are surrounded by village settlements within the close proximity. The growth is more or less uniform in the lowland and midland regions. In 2011, DTCP prepared GKOP for 2031 for an area of 87.05 sq.km. The planning area for GKDP was delineated in accordance with the recommendations of IDDP. The pl ee panchayats that exhibit urban characters with multi-tunctional activities. Interestingly, a substantial proportion of Ashtamudi Lake falls within the planning area. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 671Ministry of Urban Development ‘Table 23: Population projection and proposed activities, 3 ey Kollam MC All ward except 28, 49 and 16 are urban Needakara GP 6 wards of urban character and 4 wards semi- urban Thrikkadavoor GP. 14.82 3141 | 10 wards urban and 2 wards semi-urban Kottamkara GP 6.96 35513 | 10 wards urban and 5 wards semi- urban Planning Area 87.05 452074 Source: GKDP 2031 5.3 Projected population under Development Plan ‘As per GKDP, the projected population for the year 2031 would be 5.80 lakhs which would entail a growth rate of 28.44% from the 2001 population. It Is expected that 80% of the population would be in the KMC region. The Thrikkadavoor region had the second-highest population In 2001. It is planned to develop Kottamkara GP as the second-largest settlement in the planning area and limit the growth in ‘Thrikkadavoor due to the presence of highly ecological sensitive zones. However, as per Census 2011, KMC Is experiencing a negative population growth rate. The population projections In various planning zones have been presented in the table below. Table 24: Population projections and proposed activities LsG ‘Area (Sq.kms) Population (2001) ar Kollam MC 877 361560 Needakara GF SBT, 77060 Thrikkadavoor GP. 14.82 erat Kottamkara GP 836 35513 Planning Area 87.05 AB2R7A Source: GKDP 2031 5.4 Spatial Growth Trends The city Is growing along the road network towards the north, south and east along the national highways. GKDP has also endorsed growth of the city in these directions; the planning area for GKDP was delineated based on the prevalling trends in the spatial growth. Hence, Neendakara, Thrikadavoor and Kottamkara were Included In the planning area. However, Census 2011 has identified a much- bigger area to be part of the Kollam Urban Agglomeration from Ochira to Adhichanalloor. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [68]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development “TWFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Figure 20: Spatial growth pattern of Kollam city KOLLAM Key Challenges for spatial growth In Kollam It Is observed that urban activities extend along the Vembanadu Lake affecting the sensitive ecosystem. Therefore, one of the major challenges Is to maintain the balance between the multifunctional urban core and the environmentally sensitive zone In the city. However, from the land use pattern and its comparison with URDPFI, it is obvious that the city does not have any major higher-order urban activities but Is primarily service-oriented with a ‘significant percentage of land use under the residential category. The low-dense homestead kind of urban spread demands more investment in infrastructure development and also Increases transportation costs and energy consumption. Such an urban spread has resulted in the depletion of agricultural areas. Physical growth of Kollam city and the surrounding panchayats Is along the major transportation corridors, with concentration of urban development in a few major nodal points. Within the core city, a redevelopment option to achieve optimum intensity of development within the allowable FAR Is difficult due to the smaller sizes of land holdings and larger number of land owners. In the periphery regions, the intensity of development Is comparatively high on land abutting the roads which leaves the central areas with poor or no access for development. ‘There Is a shortage of land for housing the urban poor at an affordable price, which has resulted Inthe over-densification of slums and squatter settlements. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [69]Ministry of Urban Development Central Business districts Chinnakada, the most influential region of the town, is located in the central area of the city, where the major commercial centres, important commercial offices, major traffic and transportation and other Infrastructure facilities are located, A national highway, state highway, and a few major district roads all pass through Chinnakada. The railway junction of Thiruvananthapuram- Emakulam and Kollam— Shencotta rallway lines Is also situated in this area. The commercial sub centres and. residential settlements have J rt evelopod along or win ber) Tah the environs of the major roadways. PNT. The city’s core area demonstrates a pure urban character; the average plot size Is about 20 cents while the coastal areas, demonstrate a semi-urban character with high density but the prime land use is Under residential category. The periphery of the city along the north-south and east demonstrate semi rural settlement characteristics with a sustainable share of land use under agriculture. The average plot sizes in these areas are about 50 to 70 cents. 5.5 Land use analysis Kollam Development Plan 2011 Is currently in force In KMC. As per the DP 2011, of the total area in Kollam, around 80% Is reserved for residential use, which includes not only the area occupied by the houses and thelr immediate outdoor living spaces but also the coconut gardens around the houses. ‘Asa result, a major portion of the urban land Is classified under residential use. The table below provides ‘a break-up of the city's existing land use in 2011 and proposed land use in DP 2011 Table 25: Existing Land and Proposed land use in KMC 2011 Land use (2011) Ber CC ey 1 Residential 42] 72.84 39 | 89.56 z Commercial T 2s TT 146 3 Tndustial 1 Tat 2/375 | 10-12% a Public and Semr-Public, S| 550 T) 325 | tata 5 Park &open space 2] 307 TP 195 | 16-20% 6 "Transportation 3] 588 TP 105 | tata S Water Bodies 3] 575 3] 632 TO | Paddy Land T Tae T) 068 7 | Dry Agrcutture 1 2.08 o[0 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 170)Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Ey Proposed In the DP 2011 | URDPFI Ce iy 12, Total 57 100 48 | 100 Source: GKDP It Is obvious that the proportionate area under each land use remained more or less the same but the development was not in compliment to the proposals In the Development Plan. The area under public and seml-public use Is about 5.5%; indicating that the availability of various institutions and government offices in the city Due to the presence of the Vebanadu Lake within the city limits, the area under water bodles Is about 5.75%. The land use pattern indicates that Kollam Is primarily a service-oriented city. Interestingly around 3.3% of the area is under agriculture, including dry and wet land agriculture practices. Reside Use Residential areas are evenly distributed all over the area giving a spread pattern of settlement. The percentage of residential land was around 73% in 2011. However, the proposed area In the master plan was 89.56%. Most of the residential land Is bult over with Isolated single-storeyed/double-storeyed bulidings. ‘Commercial Use ‘Commercial use includes wholesale and retail shops, warehouses and storage, and commercial establishments. About 2.3% of area Is under commercial use and changes In the character of land use from residential to commercial use are seen In the CBD area and near intersections of Important roads. ‘The spatial distribution of commercial land clearly indicates the concentration of commercial activities in Chinnakkada, Kadappakada, and Bishop Jerome Nagar and also at nodal points of the transportation network, Public and Semi-public Use Being the administrative headquarters of the district, the city accommodates many government offices. Also, the city has well-established educational institutions and hospitals catering to the needs of the city and other parts of the district. Industrial Use ‘Anumber of small, medium and large-scale industries are located in and around Kollam. The area under Industrial use Is about 1.8%. The medium-scale Industries are concentrated In the CBD along the lake side. Coir processing, handloom, khadi and cashew processing are the major industrial activities in the city. Also, recently, an area of 37.75 acres has been developed as industrial plots by DIC in Mundakkal. The new IT zone In the district Is located in Kundara which Is 8 km from Kollam. Traffic and Transport In Kollam, the land use under tratfic and transport includes road networks, bus depots, garages, railway networks and stations, port areas and boat jetties. The percentage of use under this category was around 6% in 2011 which Is very much lower than the required areas as per UDRPFI guidelines. The roads are narrow and the streets are Irregular lanes. However, for developing of a new road network, widening of roads, expansion of rallway networks, etc. additional area would be required. This Is going to be a major challenge in the future development of the city. Water Bodies ‘The land development of the city Is characterized by the predominance of area under water. The water bodles include backwaters, canals, tanks and ponds, etc.; altogether, these account for around 6% of the gross land of the city. Due to large-scale reclamations, this area is getting reduced. The vast stretches of the back water are navigable. But, adjoining the major landmass Is shallow due to siltation. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam rr)Ministry of Urban Development 5.6 Spatial distribution of population Kollam city Is experiencing high density due to the scarcity of developable land, attributed to physical boundaries like the sea and backwaters. In 2001, the gross density of population in Kollam was about 6,266 pp sq km but the density as per Census 2011 was about 6,059 pp sq. km. The coastal belt across the state and in Kollam has very high density of population varying from 13,000 -30,000 pp sq. km. 1994 § 2001 § peel Pepa ay we races wt ME pb Foon samy eet rac ot SY pe Ta tte cesta real one 1809p ctr eat tate rep ne 8 pn Sourve: Census 1981, 91 & provisional census data ‘Source: GKDP 2031. Also, the older settlements like Vaddy, Kollam harbour and the areas between the national highways NH 66 and NH 744 are also experiencing high density as per the GKDP; the core area density has reduced trom 7,568 to 6,199 persons during 1991 -2001 while density in the suburbs increased from 5,353 to 6,361 pp sq. km. This indicates that the old Kollam town Is losing its significance and the new developments are shifting towards suburban villages. The current trends of development also strengthen the fact that the development activities are moving away from the city core due to the unavallabllity of developable land and induced infrastructure growth in the peri-urban areas. 5.7 Critical appraisal of development /master plan ‘The earlier master plan was prepared for the horizon year of 2011; the promulgation of the 74” CAA has faclitated the decentralization and participatory planning approach. Subsequently, the GKDP was prepared during the period 2010-11 Kollam was the first district n the country to prepare an Integrated District Development Plan (IDDP) in a participatory planning mode. The IDDP has recognized the multifunctional growth in the panchayats around the KMC area. Hence, the comprehensive development plan for Kollam was prepared within the framework of IDDP. DTCP has prepared GKDP for 2031 for an area of 87.72 sq.km. The planning area for GKDP was delineated in accordance with the recommendations of IDDP. KMC along with three panchayats were Identified as part of the planning area. These areas exhibit urban character with multi-functional activities. The panchayats are Thrikkadavoor towards east and Koattamkara towards south-east of Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 172)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Kollam city. The following table provides the land use break-ups in the proposed development plan for Kollam, ‘Table 26: Proposed land use break-up 2031 can) eer 1 | Residential 53.75 61.28 2 __| Residential mixed 26 2.96 3_| Commercial 155 177 4_|industriar 226 258 5 __| Public and Semi-Public 388 oat © __| Park open space 099 113 7__| Transportation TAT B16 @ | Water Bodies 142 T2688 9 _| Paddy Land 148 T68 10__| Dry Agriculture (nome steady 225 257 T71__| Total e771 100 ‘As per the GKDP 2031, out of the total planning area, 67.18% Is reserved for residential activities. Further, the water bodies account for 12.68% of the total area while land under transportation accounts for 4.72% and land for public and sem-public use accounts for 4.25% of the total area. ‘The commercial land use and industrial land uses are very less, l.e., 1.55% and 1.47%, respectively. The ‘open spaces account for 2.7% of the total land use. It Is clear from the land use distribution that residential land use dominates the city. The percentage share of all other land uses Is less than the percentage share prescribed by UDRPFI guidelines. Hence, Issues such as scarcity of land for Improving the traffic and transport network, industrial activities, entertainment activities, etc. have not been addressed in the new development plan. Figure 21: Proposed development plan for Kollam For the Implementation and enforcement of the land use proposals, areas have been zoned under various categories such as residential, commercial, public and semi-public, Industrial, transport, park and open spaces, environmentally sensitive zones, etc. The detalls of the permitted nature of uses are defined as permitted, restricted and prohibited in each category _of zones. The permission for the Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 173)Ministry of Urban Development development of activities under the “permitted” category Is to be initiated through KMC while for zones in the restricted category; activities can be initiated with the concurrence of either DTCP or CTP. All the land development and bullding constructions in KMC are guided by the Kerala Municipal Bullding Rules (KMBR), and In the panchayats by the Kerala Panchayat Bullding Rules (KPBR). The bullding tules prescribe specific and separate norms for parking spaces, open area, fire escape, ventilators, sanitation facilities, front and rear yards, etc., Le., for each type of buildings based on their occupancy. 5.74 Comparison with URDPFI guidelines ‘As per the population projections carried out in the demography section, the city would have a population of 5.4 lakhs by 2041. Hence, the comparison has been carried out with URDPFI guidelines for the small and medium towns. As Indicated In the table below, the proposed land use Is meeting the requirements In the case of the residential category. In all the other categories, the proposed land use share Is grossly deficit with respect to URDPFI guidelines. The following table presents the land use comparison with the URDPFI guidelines, Table 27: Land use comparison ES ny Bern rrr ro nr 1 | Residential 61.28 35-40% 2_| Residential mixed 28 2.96 3 | Commerciar 155 TT aa% No 4 industriat 226 2.58 10-12% No 3 _| Public and Semi-Public 388 wat 214% No | Park & open space 098 TAS 18-20% No 7_| Transportation TAT e.18 214% No @ | Water Bodies The 12.68 Balance 9 |Paddyland | £149 &«;| 169 | 10 | Dry Agncuture (home 225 257 stead) T7_| Total a77i 700 Source: GKDP plan and URDFI guidelines 5.7.2 Development Proposals ‘The development plan has provided development proposals for each sector, from agriculture to Industrial to environment along with cost estimates and a list of the agencies responsible for the development process, ‘The development plan has proposed to develop Kottamkara GP as the second largest settlement in the planning area with multifunctional zones since it Is strategically located along the national highways and Naot in the Influencing zones such as environmentally sensitive regions. Thrikkadavoor had the second- highest population. The development plan has proposed to regulate growth in the Thrikkadavoor region because the region is located in highly ecologically sensitive zones. Hence, the land use Is reserved as aqua bio reserve zones in the DP. The DP also has proposed to conserve and preserve all environmentally sensitive areas including mangroves, water bodies, sacred groves and coastal zones In the region. The development plan has also proposed to develop higher order commercial centers In the KMC area and in the Kottamkara GP. The other major proposal Is to extend the city centre extension at Andamukkam. Other proposals include the preparation of a heritage management plan and a disaster management plan for the city. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 174)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Table 28: Proposed development activities ey Pn COM KMC. Multifunctional zones (except in division6,9 &16) Needakara GP ‘Multunctional zones Aqua bio reserve zones. Thrikkadavoor GP. ‘Aqua bio reserve zones Kottamkara GP Multifunctional zones ‘Source: GKDP 2031 ‘The development plan proposes improving the road network along with pedestrian pathways and parking facilities. The new proposed improvement includes: A. Ring road = NH bypass between Mevaram and Kallumthazham, = NH bypass between Kallumthazham and Kavanad Altharamoodu = Road from Kavanad Altharamoodu to Shakthikulanagara B._ Inner ring road = Road from Kappalandl mukku ~ Taluk office junction via Ashramam = Road from Taluk office junction- Mulankadakam via civil station "DSP office — Kapalandl mukku . Junction improvements at Chinnakakda, taluk office and underpass at rallway crossing at YMCA road D. New bus stands near Chinnakkada, parking facilities near KSRTC, multlevel parking at clock tower, etc. E. Truck terminal, extending an area of § acre Is proposed In Mangad junctions by side of NH6 All the plans and guidelines are prepared by TCP; regulation of building construction in accordance with the provisions of the Kerala Municipality Act, 1894, Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 2013, zoning regulations and other related rules and Government orders Is the responsibility of ‘the Municipal Corporation. * According to KMBR and KPBR, no person shall constructreconstruct any bullding or make addltion/extension/alteration to an existing bullding or develop or re-develop any parcel of land in the area concerned without obtaining permits from the local body In order to ensure planned development with due regard to aesthetics, ecology and pollution constraints. ‘* However, operational constructions of the Central and State Government such as Rallways, National Highways and Water ways, and Aerodromes are exempted from KMBR. Similarly, permits are not necessary for minor works such as providing and removing windows, doors and ventilators for partition, painting, and petty repairs, which do not otherwise violate provisions of bullding rules. © The Act and Rules contain provisions for ensuring prompt delivery of services by the local bodies in Issuing bullding permits and occupancy certificates. 5.8 Role and responsibilities of KMC and Parastatals agencies a. Role of KMC In Urban Planning In light of the 74th CAA, the Kerala Municipal Act 1994 has recognised urban planning and land use planning as the responsibilty of local bodies. However, due to the lack of technically qualified staff in the ULB, the planning function Is carried out by the Town and Country Planning Department on behalf of the local bodies. However, the development plan prepared by this department has to be approved by the Mayor and the Council before its enforcement. b. Town Planning Department at KMC ‘The department is headed by a Town Planning Officer (TPO) and four bullding inspectors and one assistant curator carry out the department's functions. Primarily, the responsibilities of the department are: Enforcing master plan regulations, Collecting applications from citizens for development of bulldings, Inspecting the development site, ‘Awarding bullding permissions, and pepe Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 173)Ministry of Urban Development 5. Faciltating land acquisitions for major schemes. 6. The department also conducts routine inspection of the buildings, According tothe state's Urban Poley and Acton Plan 2002) and the KM Act, KMC requires to Undertake the responsibility of urban planning - KMC requires staff to undertake preparation of the municipal development pian including urban planning to reduce state agency involvement in urban planning and implementation; 2. Undertake preparation of a development vision and citywide development plans 3. Establish a planning department within KMC that can take up all responsibilities for the preparation of the development plan including spatial planning and land use management of jurisdiction or demarcated area ¢. District Town and Country Planning Department (DTCP) ‘The District Town and Country Planning (DTCP) department supports KMC In the preparation of land Use plans and development control regulations. Key functions of the DTCP include: 1. Preparation, processing, continuous monitoring, review, and revision of development plans; preparation of detalled town planning schemes, development schemes for potential tourist destinations and pilgrim centres, and development schemes for areas of environmental and heritage concerns 2. Advising local bodies and the government on all issues relating to urban and regional planning 3. Legal and enforcement functions with respect to town planning acts and rules, Kerala municipal bullding and factories act and rules, etc. Technical secretariat of art and heritage commission 4. Formulating urban and regional information system in the department through a continuous system of data collection, compiling, analysis and publication on aspects of town and country planning d. Kollam Development Authority (KDA) As per the Kerala Municipal Act 1994, ULBs are given the authority to formulate land use and spatial plans. Hence, development authorities lost their relevance. The Kollam Development Authority was abolished In 1885 but later in 2013, the state government again reconstituted the Kollam Development Authority to guide the planning activities and to develop Infrastructure provisions in the Kollam urban ‘agglomeration area including KMC and the neighbouring panchayats. @. District Planning Committee (DPC) In Kollam, DPC has been constituted by the State Planning Board, and its main function is approval of annual plans prepared by the municipalities and gram panchayats. The annual plans of the corporations and district panchayats are approved by the State Planning Board, after recommendations by DPC. Kollam Is the first district in the county to prepare an Integrated district development plan, to guide both spatial and physical development in the region. 5.9 Key Issues © Armajor challenge with regard to spatial growth of Kollam Is to maintain the balance between multifunctional urban activities and protect the environmentally sensitive zones in the city. © Kollam city has relatively high-density bullt-up areas with low and medium-rise buildings, but more than 2/3" of the area is under residential category. However, due to the ribbon development and presence of ecologically sensitive zones in the city, the land uses reserved for ‘supporting activities In the development plans are far less than those prescribed In the URDPFI guidelines, © Only 6% of the total land use Is dedicated for transportation; however, as per URDPFI guidelines, it has to be 12-14 %. Land acquisition is inevitable for improving transport Infrastructure. © Alimited area Is reserved for commercial and Industrial activities and there Is a shortage of land In the city for future Infrastructure development. © GKDP has adopted an integrated approach towards the development of Kollam city. But project phasing, implementation mechanisms, strategies to identify land for the proposed projects etc. are overlooked in the DP. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 176)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY © 7% of the area under CRZ -II category, which limits the potential land for development but un- authorized land reclamation, happens to be along the Ashtamudl Lake. This has resulted in the flooding of low-lying areas, extinctions of many aquatic flora and fauna, intrusion of sea water Into the ground water table, etc. © Development plans and land use plans are prepared by the Town Planning Department on behalf of KMC. Lack of technically qualified town planners in KMC affects effective Implementation of plan and enforcement of building control regulations in the city. © The team at KMC lacks trainings in preparation of plans, land use regulations and various bullding bye-laws. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam v7Ministry of Urban Development 6. Social and Cultural Resources This chapter presents a detalled assessment of the social and cultural environment of the city which Includes health services, education status and the role of various agencies involved in the service provision. The key findings of the analysis indicate the status of Kollam city in terms of health, education and recreation service provision, The existing facility has been compared with URDPFI guidelines to arrive at the gaps In service provisioning, 6.1 Background Kerala has achieved social and human development indicators with a low per capita Income and Is characterized Kerala model of Development. This Is attributed to the efforts made by the welfare state and to various socio-economic factors such as land reform movements, high female literacy rate, an effective Public Distribution System, and a strong public health system (Nair and Nair 2006). Keeping In view of the revised CDP, the significant role of health education sector in the city, detalled assessment has been carried on the social and cultural environment. 6.2 Health care facilities Kerala has a long history of organised healthcare. By the time the state was formed in 1956, the foundation for a medical care system accessible to all citizens had already been laid. Kerala has a strong health care system which Is comparable with that of advanced countries In many aspects. For Kerala, the health sector Is the backbone of Its economic and social prosperity (Kerala Vision 2030), Kollam city Is served with efficient health infrastructure and all the wards In the city have easy access to health care systems. The following sections brief about the status of health care systems, the major Issues and recommendations 6.2.1 Health Indicators ‘The crude death rate, Infant mortality rate, and life expectancy at birth in Kollam and Kerala are comparable to even those obtaining In developed countries. In Kollam, the birth rate Is 50% below that of the national average. Kollam’s birth rate is 12.5 per 1,000 females and falling fast (Panikar 1999). Life expectancy in Kollam is 77 years as compared to 63 years in India. Female life expectancy in Kerala exceeds that of the male, Just as It does in the developed world. Kollam has a low maternal mortality rate; Kerala's maternal mortality rate Is the lowest in India. This impressive health standard of the city and the state Is attributed to the state-wide availabilty of primary health centers. There are over 2,700 government medical institutions in the state, with 330 beds er 100,000 populations, the highest in the country. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 178)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Figure 22: Health Indicators comparison 250 22 200 180 100} 74 et ” so 2. 148 re | vee o sf —an —— tile Grude Bith Crude Death” Malemal infant’ Tolal Frtity Expectancy Rateper —-Rateper Mortality Mortality Rate (number atBirth 1,000 people 1,000 people Rate perlakn Rate per _of births per (years) live births 1,000 live woman) births = Kollam mKerala aindia With virtually all mothers taught to breast-feed, many state-supported nutrition programmes for pregnant women and new mothers are being implemented in the state. Hence, the state reports a low infant mortality rate of 7 per 1000, compared with 91 for low-income countries. Also, the city and the state have programmes for the elderly; Kerala provides two-thirds of India's palliative care services with a total population share of 3%. Table 29: Key health Indicators si Tir ror Keral re (District) 1 | Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 77, 74. 63. 2___| Crude Birth Rate per 1,000 people 25 148 22.4 ‘3__| Crude Death Rate per 1,000 people 6 7 72 4__| Maternal Mortality Rate per lakh live births a 22 5__ [Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 ive births 7 3 aT © _| Total Fertility Rate (number of births per woman) 1S 17 26 Source: GOK-Health department 6.2.2 Status of Health Infrastructure in Kollam ‘The Health Directorate Kerala runs around 85 hospitals In and around the Kollam district Including a istrict hospital, taluka hospitals, a TB hospital and PHC working round the clock. According to the IDDP- and GKDP 2031, all the inhabited areas in Kollam district are covered with basic public health Infrastructure. ‘As per the IDDP and GKDP 2031, the health infrastructure in Kollam exceeds the standards prescribed In the URDPFI norms. In KMC, at least one hospital with IP facility is accessible to all the wards within 2- 3 km and Is reachable to people within reasonable time. There are 34 PHCs serving the basic health care needs In 52 wards. The equlty Is balanced in spatial distribution of PHCs and people could reach a PHC at average distance of 1-2km. The two major government hospitals In the city are the district hospital with 537 sanctioned beds and the Government Victoria Hospltal with 273 sanctioned beds. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 179)Ministry of Urban Development Besides, allopathic hospitals and the Directorate of Health, Kerala also runs city also has significant number of Ayurvedic and Allopathic hospitals. However, 40% of the total health facilities are In the allopathic category. Besides, there are five private hospltals In the super-specialty category within the city. Also, more than 51% of the health care institutions are in the private sector. Figure 23: Category of hospitals In Kollam sAllpathy Ayurveda =Homeo =PHC =CHC As per the Directorate of Health, Kerala 2012, private hospitals have surpassed government facilities in thelr density of beds and employment of personnel. Private hospitals far outpaced government facilities in the provision of high-tech methods of diagnosis and therapy such as CT scan, MRI, endoscopy units, coronary units, and neonatal care units. As per the KSSP 2012-13 study, the annual average spending on health care per person Is around Rs. 6000 while it was Rs. 1,500 in 2004. The same study also revealed that the average expenditure in an IP of a private hospital was around Rs.30 800 per person annually. Kerala's Cesarean rate of 12.8 per 100 births is second in India and next to Goa. Women giving birth in private hospitals in Kerala are 1.7 times more likely to have cesareans than those giving birth in publicly financed hospitals. 6.2.3 Disease profile In Kollam, water-borne diseases have reported to have increased during 2011-12 ~ dengue fever, malaria, chickengunia, HiNi and Japanese encephalitis are seasonal. In the age-group between 30 and 60, more than 50% of the deaths are due to non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke. The incidence of suicidal deaths and attempts are also increasing in the city. Also, health Issues related to alcohol consumption and drugs are also on the increase in the city. As per Kerala HDR 2005, in spite of the internationally acclaimed Kerala model development, horizontal Inequality persists among dalits, tribes people and fishermen In the state. However, as per the study report of CUSAT 2011, in coastal villages in Kollam, a significant majority of the people are free from critical allments. Among children, the common morbidity that prevails Is fever while blood pressure and asthma are the main troubles for elderly people. 74.59% of the population depends on government. hospitals for treatment. The clear message Is that the expansion of medical units In the state benefits coastal families in a greater manner. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [20]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 6.2.4 Role of KMC in health programmes Public health, sanitation and vital statistics are the most important statutory obligations of the urban local bodies. Under the statute, not less than 30% of the annual revenue of each urban local body is to be earmarked for public health activities. ‘The major activities carried out by KMC are: ‘© Sweeping of roads, collection, removal and disposal of rubbish, removal of noxious vegetation, the cleaning and watering of drains © Adoption of preventive measures against the spread of infectious disease and vaccination— enforced and executed through Local Authority Prevention of adulteration of food stutts Medical and health care of expectant mothers and children through its maternity and child welfare centers KMC has a health officer to supervise public health activities. Besides, there Is other health staff such as Lady Medical Officers, Food Inspectors, Health Inspectors, Junior Health Inspectors, Lady Attenders, and Junior Public Health Nurses to carry out day-to-day activities in the city. There are 12 maternity and child welfare centers in the city and these centers have a Junlor Public Health Nurse and one female attendant each. Directorate of Health Services Directorate of Health Services Is responsible for various activities in the sector. The main activities of the department are preventive health care In addition to routine curative services and rehabilitation aspects of health care constitute. ‘The activities Include the establishment and maintenance of medical institutions with the necessary Infrastructure, control of communicable diseases, rendering of family welfare services including maternal and child health services, implementation of national controVeradication programmes providing curative services, and administration. The analytical laboratories and public health laboratories function as single- purpose units under the department, with an independent controlling otticer for each. 6.2.5 Key Issues and concerns = The low mortality rates in the city indicate better health conditions and Is termed as “health transition as experienced by the developed countries. However, the proportion of the aged is, Increasing in the city; hence special health programmes for the elderly need to be introduced = On the one hand, Kerala is credited with offering health to all at a cheaper price through government hospitals, but on the other hand, the private hospitals that offer high-tech medical diagnosing facilties are becoming unaffordable for the lower-income category population. Deteriorating quality of services in government hospitals compared to private hospitals Is forcing the population to depend on private hospitals = Though government hospitals are equally distributed all over the city, they are not able to provide quality health care, = CHCs and PHCs should be upgraded as per the Increasing demand for specialized treatment and diagnosing options. = The key Issues at the government hospitals are: * Lack of specialized doctors Low bed strength Inadequate number of mobile health units to attend to emergency cases Lack of maintenance of hospital bulldings and shortage of staff Low frequency of water supply Absence of scientific technology for bio-medical waste disposal 6.3 Education Profile Kerala Is renowned for Its educational indicators. Its success In education Is an outcome of a mix of historical, social and poltical factors. Historically, it was aided by the progressive outlook of rulers of the princely states, active initiatives by the Church and missionary institutions, powerful social and religious Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam et)Ministry of Urban Development reform movements and commercialization of agriculture which increased Incomes and thus the demand for education. Kerala's expenditure on education ranged from 30% to 40% of its total revenue receipts (Kerala Perspective Plan 2030). 6.3.1 Indicators ‘On an average, there were 9, 18, and 35 teachers respectively for each primary, middle, and high school In the city. These numbers are much better than the national average. Kollam also performs better in terms of the number of puplls per teacher at all levels of school education. However, lower birth rate in the city has resulted in a decrease In the pupll- teacher ratio and around 10% of the government primary schools in the city are facing shortage of students. The table below indicates that education level-wise profile of number of teachers per school and pupll-teacher ratio in the city, state and country. Table 30: Teachers per School and Pupll-Teacher Ratio Ty Lower Primary a 6 3 25. 28 a7 Upper primar 16 15 5 18. 25. 35 High school 35: 34 70. 22. 2a ‘37 Higher secondary 18 16 13 79) a7. ‘37 ‘Source: Computations based on GKDP 2030, Kerala Vision document 2030 High enrolment ratios ‘The enrolment ratio is high in the city and in Kerala as well. Overall, the gross enrolment ratio for class 1 to 12 In 2010-11 was about 92.2% in Kerala. This was higher than most other states In the country. Low drop-out rates ‘The dropout rate for standards I-X was about 0% in the city and in Kerala as well, whereas the nationwide figure was 57%. Further, there is low gender disparity in the state and in fact girls have lower dropout rates than boys (as per GoK 2006). 6.3.2 Status of educational infrastructure Initially, education in Kollam had been promoted by Catholic and other Christian missionaries who were keen on providing education to all sections of society without any kind of discrimination and strengthening women. ‘The education section in Kollam is dominated by private agencies, both aided and unaided. 57% of the total schools are in the private alded sector. The fee structures In the aided schools are similar to those ‘of government schools; hence, it is obvious that the majority of the schools offer education at an affordable fee. 6% of the schools in the city are in the private unaided sector; the proportion of schools in the unalded sector Is on the Increase. There Is also rapld growth of schools affliated to the CBSE and ICSE. Table 31: Profile of various categories of schools in KMC area ry rc Primary 10 20% 36 71% {| 5] 10%| 51 100 High School 10 48% @ 3e% | 3] 14% | 21 100 ‘Senior Secondary 4 36% 6 55% [1 9% [11 100 ‘Source: Derived from GKDP The avallabllity and spatial spread of schools In all categories of schools Is substantial within and around Kollam. While educational attainments in physical terms are impressive, the deterioration in quality at various levels have been reported in various study reports. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 22]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY As per the Kerala Vision 2030 document, though the quality of education Is better in private schools, the quality of education in private schools has also been deteriorating over time. However, considering that the quality of private schools Is better than thelr government counterparts, there has been a shift from government to private schools. Also, competition between private unaided and other schools in the state, together with declining fertility, has rendered many government and private aided schools economically unviable, Higher education Five colleges are functioning within Kollam city; these colleges offers courses in basic science, ‘commerce and arts subjects and all the five colleges are privately owned, aided colleges. Two of the colleges are exclusively for women but other three are co-education colleges. A sharp increase in the availabilty of engineering’ technical institutes across the state happened between 1995 and 2011 due to the government's liberal approach towards allowing opening of new institutes by the private sector. In Kollam, the number of engineering collages increased from 3 in 1995 to 19 In 2013. The number of technical and medical institutes per million population Is higher in both Kollam and Kerala. As per UDRPFI guideline, the requirement is one technical institute per 250,000 people. However, itis 4 for 3.6 lakhs of people in Kollam city and 19 colleges for 26 lakhs of people at the district level. However, in general in the field of higher education, students need not stick to thelr parent city and can move across cities, states and the country. According to the report of the Kerala State Higher Education Counell, the quality of education Is poor in self-financing colleges. There are Issues pertaining to Infrastructure, appointment, and avallabllity of teachers, course structures, course content, social inclusion, autonomy, and accountability. 633 Keylssues = As per the norms of the Kerala Educational Act and UDPRFI guidelines, similar to that of the state, Kollam city Is successful in offering education to all sections of people, However, second-generation Issues like reduction in work participation in primary sector activities, increase in unemployment of educated youth, deterioration infrastructure in government institutions, and change in preferences from government institutions to private Institutions are becoming prominent in the city. = More than 60% of the schools in the city are elther private alded schools or private schools; the demand for private schools Is on the rise. However, the quality of education has deteriorated both in government and private schools. Children from the EWS category are dependent on government ‘schools but these schools are not able to compete with upcoming private schools with high teaching taclites. = Lower birth rate in the city has resulted in the increase in the pupil- teacher ratlo; around 10% of the government primary schools in the city face shortage of students. = Though the government policy facilitated the growth of self-financing colleges in the technical category, the quality of education has not Improved in this category and also the demand for the ‘same Is declining over the years. = The city Is covered with ample institutions for higher studies, but the mode of education has continued to be conventional. 6.4 Recreation Recreation Is an essential part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by Individual Interests and also by surrounding social construction. Recreational activities can be ‘communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, and useful for society or detrimental. For any city, public spaces such as parks, grounds, water fronts and beaches are essential venues to cater to the recreational needs of its citizens. In Kollam city, as per the current land use, about 1.7 % of the total land use Is reserved for parks and other open spaces. However, the beaches and the back waters in the city are other potential areas that could facilitate recreational activities in the area. The types of recreational facilities avallable in the area are parks, back waters, beaches and maidans. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 123)Ministry of Urban Development 6.4.1 Parks, Grounds and Open spaces Major parks and grounds in Kollam city include: Children’s park and adventure park at Ashramam MG Park at Kollam Beach ‘Ashramam maidan and Peeranky maithan MG park at Kuravanapalam Nehru park near MC Children’s park at Thevally Mahatma Gandhi Park at Kollam beach Mahatma Gandhi Park Is located along a beautitul beach with a park designed for children. The park Is Just 2 km away from the city centre and Is owned by KMC. This park attracts a large number of visitors not only from the city but also from the district. It Is maintained by a private sector company Rural Tourism Development Company (Rutodec) on contract for a period of five years. There Is a fee for entry Into the park but entry to the beach area Is free. Pay parking facilities are avallable for vehicles coming to the beach and the park. Figure 24: Mahatma Gandhi Park and Kollam Beach Ashramam Adventure Park ‘Adventure Park at Ashrama covers 48 acres of area along the shores of the Ashtamudl backwaters. The park Is surrounded by trees and also has wide varieties of plants and Kandal (mangrove) forest. Along with the tree plantation area It has a children’s play area and Is equipped with adventure activites. The District Tourism Promotion Council provides backwater cruises from the park. A boat jetty Is avallable near the park; various types of boats Including luxury crulse boats, powerboats and motorboat are available on hire from the boat jetty. The Paaramparya Museum also Is in the same premises and it has on display paintings from different parts of the country including Warll, Kalamkarl and Madhubani as well as Kerala mural art Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [24]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Figure 25: Adventure Park Peeranky Malthan ‘One of the major grounds situated in the heart of the city next to KMC’s office, this ground accommodates the Lal bahadur Sasthri stadium, the social welfare department, Quilon Athletic Club and the Peeranky Malthan. Peeranki Maithan is the prime venue in the city for conducting fairs, exhibitions, Independence Day parade, circus shows, etc. The ground Is situated at a slightly lower level and hence water-logging Is frequent issue during the monsoon. Ashramam maidan ‘Ashram maidan is the largest ground within the municipal grounds in the state and covers an area of 53 acres. The famous "Kollm pooram,” a religious festival, Is performed on this ground, Botanical garden A botanical garden was developed In the Fatima Matha College with financial assistance from the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The garden has a collection of common and rare plant species; the garden also comprises plants from the tropical belt which are facing extinction. Other highlights of the garden include a green house, a mist chamber, a pond and a cacti hut. 6.4.2 Lake and Beaches Ashtamudl Lake Ashtamudi Lake provides unlimited scope for recreational facilities but the lake has limited access through roads; passenger boat services and house boasts running across the lake facilitate viewers to enjoy the scenic beauty of the lake. The lake has a lot of potential for promotion of eco-tourism and water sports but the major concern is that the lake is also the destination of Kollam city's solid waste and sewerage, Beaches in Kollam ‘The west coast of the city has four major beaches and many small and medium beaches. Kollam beach Is the biggest and most well-maintained beach In the city and it attracts a number of domestic and International tourists. The beaches In Thangaserry and Mundakal serve the recreational needs of the local community. 64.3 Keylssues "Ten percent of the wards In the city are covered with neighborhood parks, but the shortage of public land makes it difficult to develop parks in all the neighborhood areas, "= KMC Is maintaining the MG Park at Kollam beach through the PPP model; the prime concern is, lack of periodic maintenance. = The neighborhood parks are not maintained periodically. Also, many of the parks are located along the major roads and lack compound walls, making these unsafe for children, = The clty is blessed with many beaches and lake fronts but these are not explored fully. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam (25)Ministry of Urban Development "Ashram maidan Is one of the Important grounds and recreational areas in the city; the maldan needs landscaping, jogging tracks, barrier-free tracks, and planting of more trees, etc. Peeranky Maidan Is an important exhibition ground in the city; itis frequently affected by floods during the monsoons. A comprehensive improvement plan with special focus on drainage management Is required for the ground. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [26]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 7. Infrastructure and Services ‘The chapter presents the status of key urban services such as water supply, sewerage, and sanitation, SWM, SWD, and street lighting in KMC’s jurisdiction. The chapter also elaborates on the key Issues In service delivery mechanism, service-level gaps, and the interventions required for filing the gaps and Improving service delivery in KMC's jurisdiction. 7.1 Water supply ‘The water supply system and service provisions are taken care of by the Kerala Water Authority (KWA) in KMC's Jurisdiction. Water requirements in Kollam city are met from shallow wells which are very common in the homestead type of settlements, and from tube wells 744 Existing water supply situation a) Water supply source The existing water supply system in Kollam was commissioned in 1958 and later augmented. The 1” augmentation and 2” augmentation were carried out in 1990 and 1999 respectively. The major source ‘of water to Kollam city Is the Sasthamkotta Lake which is located 16 km trom the city. During normal rainfall conaition, the lake contributes around 60 MLD of water to the city but Its rated capacity cannot be Increased from this level. Around § MLD of water Is sourced from tube wells located In various parts of the city. b) Treatment and transmission mains: Water Is extracted from the lake and further it Is treated using rapid sand filters in two plants with a capacity of 22.5 MLD and 35.5 MLD (Quallon Water Supply Scheme). However, the plant under QWSS. with capacity of 35.5 MLD alone Is functioning; the old tank Is defunct. The total quantity of water avallable from the tank Is about 18 MLD. ‘The treated water is designed to flow to the city under gravity via two transmission mains. However, the original 700 mm diameter concrete main, constructed in 1963, is not used due to excessive leakage. The ‘second 750 mm diameter cast Iron main line (1996) Is located at Anandvalishwaram, ‘The capacity of the water reservoir sump Is about 20 lakh litters. The second transmission main of 750 mm diameter Is functioning satisfactorily. Still Its capacity Is restricting water carrying capacity as ‘compared to the current demand for water supply in the city. c) Water supply storage system: ‘The treated water Is stored in a sump at Anandavalleswarm which has a capacity of 2 ML. This treated water Is pumped to the service reservoirs and conveyed to 9 overhead tanks (OHT) In the town with a storage capacity of § MLD and thereafter distributed In each areaiwater district through the distribution network, ) Distribution network: Water distribution lines of various pipe sizes from 50 mm to 450 mm have been lald within the city with a total length of about 363 km. Most of the area within the city Is covered with the distribution lines but about 30% of the households are covered with the piped water supply systems. ©) Coverage and connections: In Kollam, around 98% of the area has access to piped water supply either via direct house connections or from public stand posts. Also, 3,000 public taps have been installed by KWA for the urban poor. Around $3 tube wells are placed within the city limits. As per the KSUDP survey, 75% of the households are dependent on private wells. However, no treatment Is given to the water extracted from tube wells Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 71Ministry of Urban Development and shallow wells. Also, in the coastal areas well water cannot be used for drinking purpose due to saline intrusion. Table 32: Coverage of piped water supply system Domestic rrr) Non domestic rar enue) Cnet) 23109 30% 1977 2590 27 Source: KMC. It ls estimated that about 30% of the water in the distribution system Is accounted for by leakages but when taking into account other losses through transmission mains, distribution lines and unauthorized connections. It is estimated that NRW within KMC Is between 50-60%, In addition, water is directly tapped from the transmission main to the city, without any control or metering, to supply water to the Neendakara and Chavara panchayats. Though the requirement water is 42-45 MLD, KWA Is able to supply about 30 MLD water. As a result, the KMC area is provided with dally water supply for 2 to 3 hours in the morning every day. 1) User charges: Water supply network Is laid in almost all the wards of the city but open wells continue to be the major source of water because of the high installation charge of municipal water connections and no assurance on the quailty of water supplied Presently, there are about 23,109 domestic connections in KMC region, but its reported that about 10% of the meters are not working, largely due to fluctuating, Irregular power supply. Water biling for residential connections are done on halt-yearly basis, whereas commercial connections and industrial connections’ billing is done bi-monthly. Gok has rationalized the drinking water tarltt applicable to consumers of KWA, with effect from 01.09.2008. The previous water tariff revision in KWA was done in the year 2008. The existing water tariff has been presented in the table below. Table 33: Kollam: Water tariff rng Sra Pe Po 05 20 (minimum) 1 Domestic 29109 510 20+ @Rs.d per kL 10-20 “40 + @Rs.5 per kL 20-30 ‘90 + @Rs.6 per kL 30-40, 150 + @Rs.14 per KL “40-50 290 + @Rs.14 per KL ‘above 50 430 + @Rs.25 per kL > Non-domestie yor? [_UPt015 | 125 (minimum) + @Rs. 10 per KL 15-50 150 + @Rs.14 per KL ‘above 50 640 + @Rs.25 per KL 3 | tnausta a Le Source: KWA, GKDP 2031 9) Billing and collection: Water billings for residential connections are done on a halt-yearly basis, whereas biling for commercial connections and Industrial connections Is done bi-monthly. KWA has around 5 meter readers who go Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [28]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY door-to-door and Issue bills. The recovery Is also collected door to door. Very small percentages of the citizens come and pay user charges at the KWA office. Collection efficiency Is estimated at about 74%. h) Service-level Indicators Table 34: Service-level benchmarking — water supply ‘st acs Water Supply Coverage of HHs water supply connections 100% 1/3108 HHs connected with water supply network) 65,000 27% {otal HHs) Per capita supply of water 135 LPCD 2 eee 86 LPCD. (80 MLD supply / 3.49 lakh population) Extent of metering of water connections 100% 3 41% (81,000 metered connection/ 75,000 total connections) Extent of Non-Revenue Water 0% 4 [G0 MLD (clear water)- 15 MLD (Billed Wateny 50 MLD 50% (Clear water 5 __| Continulty of water supply 2-5 hours 2anrs Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 100% 6 [al complaints recelved in 24 hours’ all complaints 100% Fedressed in 24 hours) 7__| Quality of water supplied (data Is not avallable) NA. 100% g_| Sostrecovery in water supply services NA 100% (Rs. collection /Rs. expenditure) ‘2 __| Efficiency in collection of water supply related charges Zo 30% ‘Source: KWA Water Supply future Demand ‘A socio-economic survey for GKDP revealed that most of the area within KMC faces severe shortage of water during summer between mid-February to mid-May. Average per capita avallabllity of water in the city Is about 85 Ipcd but the desired water demand as per the CPHEEO manual is 135 Ipcd. A'so, the average duration of water availabilty in the piped water supply Is about 2-3 hours. The current water demand in Kollam city is calculated considering the dally water supply demand estimated for a population’ of 346,147 (for 2014) as follows: Water demand for domestic use : 135 Iped Water losses 25%: 35 Iped Other users like ice-related industries, institutions and firefighting: 30 Iped Total water demand per day - 200 Ipcd ‘The total water demand for the city is 3,46,147 * 200 = 69.22 MLD ‘The current availability Is: © QWSS- 18 MLD © From tube wells - 5 MLD © Total piped water supply in KMC Is - 23 MLD Population is estimated based on the assumption that the growth rate would continue to be negative til 2014 and the new infrastructure developments promoted through KSUDP, RAY and JNNUR II would attract more population and the ciy boundary also would be realigned as per the GKDP. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [29]Ministry of Urban Development © Water supplied from private well is estimated as - 19.04 ItIs found that 75% of the HHs depend on open wells and are not served with direct water supply. As per GKOP, a ward have reported to have severe water scarcity and is assumed that they are extracting on ‘an average 50 Ipcd of water from open wells while remaining HHs extracting around 100 Iped. Table 35: Water demand estimated for future Pry Water Demand (MLD) 1 2021 “414004 €2.80 2 2087 F73005 35.80 3 BOAT BAA005 T0880 Source: CRIS analysis 74.2 — Ongoing projects , Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Project for water supply ‘A water supply project Is proposed under the JICA-aided Meenad Scheme. The much larger ‘Kerala Water Supply Project’ being implemented by KWA has five projects (in five different locations in Kerala) running under this scheme, ‘The project has four components: (1) Intake (pump house), (2) water treatment plant, (3) transmission main line, and (4) overhead service reservoirs and water distribution lines. ‘One of the major issues that the city faces are that the Shasthamkotta Lake, the present source of water, has reached Its capacity limit and the city requires to find an alternative source of water. Under the JICA project, Kallada River is identified as the new water source which is around 50 km from Kollam. With the implementation of this project, an additional volume of around 3 MLD of water would be avallable. It is expected that It would significantly reduce the pressure on the shrinking Sasthamkotta, freshwater lake. Also, the project involves interconnection of Meenad scheme with the Kollam WTP. sing 250 mm dia. pipe from the Kottiyam Reservoir to the Pazhayattinkuzhy Reservolr. b. KSUDP master plan for water supply KSUDP has prepared a detalled master plan to assess the efficiency of the existing water supply system and to Implement new water supply schemes for Kollam for a period of 2041 with assistance from ADB. ‘As per the master plan, the estimated shortage of water would be 45.4 ML by 2041 As per the master plan, Ottakkal in Thenmala has been identified as the new source of water and the treatment plan at Ayathil. Also, three additional reservoirs are proposed to cover the entire population with per capita avallabllity of 185 Iped. A project for the conversion of saline water using ROT Is also strategized in the master plan. Hence, an additional water treatment plant Is proposed at Ayathil with Ottakkal in Thenamala Grama Panchayat as the alternative water source. 7.4.3. Institutional framework for water supply system In Kollam city, the water supply system Is under the control of the Kerala Water Authority (KWA). KWA was established in 1984 as an autonomous body of GoK by changing the erstwhile Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) for the development and regulation of water supply and wastewater collection and disposal In the state of Kerala. The roles and responsibilities of KWA Include project, planning, implementation, operation and maintenance, consultancy, and training. 74.4 Keyissues "Shallow wells are the major sources of water for more than 75% of the HHs in Kollam, but the water from open wells and tube wells Is untreated. Hence, water-borne diseases are frequent during the monsoon season. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [20]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY "High installation cost, water user charges, lack of assurance on the quality of water supplied by KWA and low frequency of water prevent HHs from shifting to private wells, "Frequency of water supply varied from & hours to Y hours a day in KM limits. It implies a huge demand/supply gap, which is likely to widen further in future. "Existing water supply system was commissioned in 1960 and the network Is in dllapidated condition. Another problem Is the contamination of water due to leakage in pipes and the resultant infiltration of storm water and ground water frequently during the monsoon. Also the existing pipes have inadequate carrying capacity to meet the current demand. = Low pressures and uneven distribution of water. Water requirement of the city Is about 60 MLD. but the existing system Is able to supply about 18 MLD water. "Present source of water, the Shasthamkotta Lake, is on the verge of drying up and cannot meet future demand for water supply. "The Illegal connections and public stand posts lead to high non-revenue water. After 1999, Gok rationalized the water tari in 2008; due to the long gap In tariff revision it was a steep increase and hence consumers were reluctant to pay the revised tariff. As a result, collection efficiency has been low in the last five years. "The regulatory mechanism to oversee the functioning of the sector and to fix service standards ‘as well as tariff, fo meet capital and operating expenditure Is lacking, "Multiple agencies are involved in the planning, implementation and O&M. Lack of coordination between KMC, KWA and KSUDP Is leading to delay in project implementation. 7.2 Sewerage and sanitation ‘Sewerage and sanitation Is one of the key areas of concern for KMC. The city lacks an organised sewerage system and treatment facility. The detalled assessment of the existing sewerage system Including sewerage generation, sewerage network, treatment facility and sanitation system in the city is discussed in the section below. Further, the section highlights the key issues In the sewerage and sanitation system. 7.24 Existing sewerage and sanitation system MoUD has rated Indian cities on safe and sanitation practices of Class-I cities based on 19 sanitation parameters such as access to community tollets, safe management of human excreta and solid waste collection and treatment. Four color codes have been assigned to the cities based on the points they obtained in the rating. None of the cities fall in the green category. The distribution of the 436 cities in the said categories has been presented in the table that follows. As per the table below, the sanitation situation in Kollam city Is Unsatisfactory with regards to discharged waste water, sewerage, solid waste management, improper services and unhygienic conditions. Table 36: Rating and categorization of cities based on sanitation practices Description Poe) Poesy Cities on the brink of public health and environmental “emergency” and 1 < 33 eed Immediate remedial action 204 2 34-66 Needing considerable Improvements | 228 3 67-90 Recovering but stil diseased 4 4 91-100 | Healthy and clean city 0 5 TOTAL 436 a Kollam Rank 191 (36.15 marks Source: MouD 2010 a) Sewerage network Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam et)Ministry of Urban Development In 1975, the sewerage disposal network was planned for the entire city and the project was started in 1980. A sewerage network of 38 km and pumping main of 3.38 km was laid during this period. However, the project was abandoned In 1987 due to a financial crisis and the network was never operationalized. ‘The homestead settlement pattern makes the sewerage systems unviable and individual septic tanks are ‘common in the cities. The sullages from houses are also discharged into roadside drains and a canal, which crosses the clty from north to south. b) Sewerage Treatment Kollam has nelther a sewerage collection system nor a treatment plant. Lack of a common collection and treatment system has resulted In the contamination of both surface and ground water. Most of the houses have Individual septic tanks but no specifications are adopted for thelr construction and maintenances. At present, the septages removed from septic tanks are unscientifically disposed into water bodies and low-lying areas. ‘One of the causes identified for the degradation of both surface and ground water Is the discharge of un- treated wastes Into these water bodies and open ground. It is essential to protect all the sources of water from contamination through safe and scientific disposal of sewerage. ¢) Individual and community tollets Kerala Is a state with no cases of open defecation reported; all the households in the state have access to tollets. More than 90% of the households have access to individual tollets in the city. The sanitation mechanism in Kollam Is based on household on-site septic tanks, generally located in middle and high-income residential areas, and shallow pit latrines in areas with low-income groups. Sanitation improvement in slums/urban poor areas was initiated under NSDP. Out of 15,407 BPL families identified by KMC under NSDP, 870 households received assistance at the rate of Rs. 2,000 for constructing individual twin pit pour flush latrines (TPPFL). d) User charges: KMC Is not levying any user charges on sewerage services. ©) — Service-level indicators Table 37: Service-level benchmarking - Sewerage aed Sewerage and Sanitation 700% 1 [Soverage of tolets o0% Total sanfiaion campaign) Coverage of sewerage network services. 0% | 100% 2 [[3a km length of sewerage network In place. However the system is not operational since long) Collection efficiency of sewerage network 0% | 100% 3 (0 MLD STP capactty/ 24 MLD sewerage generation) ‘Adequacy of sewerage treatment capacity om | 100% 4 TO MLD Capacity’ 60% of waler supplied (24 MLD sewerage generation) ‘Quality of sewerage treatment 0% | 100% 5 (No primary and secondary treatment in place)) 6 | Extent of reuse and recycling of sewerage water 0% | 20% Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 2]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY Sr ToT Dc ee / EO URuuCias (No primary and secondary treatment in place, hence there is no recycled system in KMC)) Extent of cost recovery In sewerage management 0% | 100% 7 [[fhere is no provision for collection of user charges and laxes and hence there is no recovery through the charges, and taxes) Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 95% | 60% 8 | (100-150 complaints dressed in 24-48 hrs during month)’ 100-5150(Total complaint received during the month))r)) 0% | 30% 2 | Efficiency in collection of sewerage related charges ‘Source: KMC engineering department Future Sewage Generation The sewage generation has been calculated with an assumption that 80% of the water supply. Accordingly, the sewage generation has been projected as 66 MLD for 2021, 77 MLD for 2031 and 87 MLD by 2041. The sewage generation projected for various horizon years has been presented in the table below. Table 38: Sewerage future generation cz EI onen 2021 66 2031 77 2044 87 Source: CRIS analysis 7.2.2 Ongoing and proposed projects At present, an integrated sewerage management system is proposed under KSUDP. The project aims at the treatment of the total sewage generated within the city limits by 2041. The components of the project, Include up-gradation, rehabilitation and extension of the existing sewerage system and development of three sewage treatment plants within the city at Kureepuzha, Mundakkal and Shakthikulangara. ‘On the basis of topography and the level of development, KMC Is divided into three zones for laying sewer lines. At present, a sewer network is avallable In A1 Zone of the KMC. The STP subproject, envisages utlizing the existing sewerage network by carrying out rehabilitation wherever required and laying about 3 km of new sewer network to transport the sewage to the proposed STP at Kureepuzha, ‘The proposed STP Is expected to cover the Ai Zone of KMC; the treated effluent is proposed to be discharged into the Ashtamudi Lake after disinfection. 7.2.3 Institutional framework ‘The health department of KMC Is responsible for maintaining the sewage and sanitation system in KMC. ‘The department is responsible for conservancy services, sanitation facilties, solid waste management, and other public health duties. In planning and designing of the project, KMC is supported by KSUDP. and PWD. ‘There are 2 health officers In KMC. One corporation health officer (CHO) Is in charge of health and sanitation functions; the other CHO is In charge of medical facilities and acts as the Project Officer of the Urban Poverty Alleviation Cell Each CHO Is assisted by 9 Health Inspectors, 1 Health Supervisor, and 23 Junior Health Inspectors (HI). The JHIs are in charge of works at the field level which include monitoring and supervising the work of sanitary labourers in thelr wards and attending to specific local complaints. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 123)Ministry of Urban Development 724 Keylssues © Sewerage network in Kollam city is not functioning. Due to this, sewerage disposal and treatment are taken care of by Individual tollets and onsite septic tanks. © Public conveniences along the Ashtamudi lake side (hanging tollets) and the sewage from these hanging tollets Is directly discharged Into the natural streams and open drains causing health concerns. ‘* Because of the homestead settlement patter, individual tollets and open wells are situated in the same premise with an average distance of 8-10 meters. No specifications have been Issued for the construction of septic tanks and septage managements are not regular In the city. It Is Important to Issue guidelines for the construction of septic tanks and septage management; also, there is a need to develop guidelines for regular periodic septic tank cleaning, septage transport, treatment, reuse, and disposal. © There Is a serious concern about database management on the sewerage sector by KMC/KWA. Both the organizations lag in database management. As a result, there are no proper budget estimations for Improvement of the sewerage system and estimation of the works/projects in the sewerage sector. ©The ongoing project for sewerage network rehabilitation and up-gradation was started in 2006, but the progress has been very slow. Also, there are complaints about the design efficiency of the STP constructed recently. 7.3 Solid waste management Solid waste management Is emerging as one of the major Issues faced by most of the urban areas in India. Rapid urbanisation and changing consumption patterns resulted In increased generation of solid waste in cities. The section presents a detalled assessment of the existing SWM system which Includes waste generation, collection, transportation and treatment facility. Further, the section highlights the key Issues in the SWM sector. 7.34 Existing solid waste management system ) Solid waste generation The total quantity of waste generated was around 170 MT per day and the per capita generation of waste was around 434 mg. However, more than half of the waste was generated from domestic sources. More than 2/3rd (85%) of the waste generated Is organic In nature. But segregation of waste at source Is not being practiced in the city. The following table provides water generation from various uses in Kollam. Table 39: Various sources of waste and the quantity generated Domestic Source ‘Commercial Establishment Hotels Markets ‘Slaughter houses ‘Schools and institutions Marriage and Function nals Street sweeping Hospitals T0__| Construction debris 11 [Total T 2 3 = 5 6 7 e a Source: KMC website b) Street sweeping KMC areas have been divided into 9 health circles; the health inspector is responsible for collection, street sweeping, transportation and disposal of waste. The health department has deployed sanitary workers and drivers under the supervision of a sanitary inspector. Street sweeping Is done dally for 96 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [24]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY km. The main roads and the city centre area are cleaned dally between 0630 hours and 1230 hours. Street waste Is collected in small heaps, which are removed by the handcart collection crew. ¢) Solid waste collection and transportation system Solid waste Is not collected from the majority of the divisions. Door-to-door waste collection is practiced In 5 wards within the city centre. The total waste collected from the 5 wards Is around 20 MT per day. The collection of waste In the remaining 47 wards Is not regular. Segregation of waste at source Is generally not practiced in the city but a few households have installed bio-gas units that consume blo- degradable food waste and generate cooking gas while the plastics are sold to the rag-pickers. Also, ‘commercial establishments separate recyclable/reuse wastes like pet bottles, glasses, tubes, and e- wastes and sell the same to scrap dealers. According to KMC, there are 260 primary waste collection points in the city; the storage type includes ‘open storage points; concrete cylindrical bins, small steel bins and all bins are emptied manually. There are 76 secondary storage points within the city. Secondary open collection points are open places of waste disposal conveniently identified by the conservancy staff for waste disposal from households, street sweepings and drain cleanings. These are spread all over the city where waste Is stored openly prior to being collected and transported for disposal KMC owns around 55 pick-up auto-rickshaws to collect waste, out of which 5 are utilized. Tippers are Used to collect waste from streets and to dump the same in the dumping ground. However, about 30 MT of waste Is transported dally from the KMC area to the land fill site at Kureepuzha. KMC does not have provision for door-to-door collection of the solid waste from the 47 wards. In these wards, there Is no routine collection and transportation of waste. Most open storage points are not cleared on a dally basis. The main roads and city centre area are cleaned daily between 0630 hours and 1230 hours. 4) Treatment and Disposal Untreated wastes collected from the city are disposed at the dumping yard in Kureepuzha with an area of 1.82 ha. The waste collected through door-to-door collection Is treated in around 9 biogas plants located in different parts of the city and the biogas generated Is used by the nearby shops and households. Since 2002, KMC is operating a municipal waste composting plant and disposal site (4Ha) at Kureepuzha, which Is 6 km from the city centre. Atotal sum of 30 to 35 MT of unsegregated waste Is transported to the site out of which 15 to 20 MT Is converted into compost. The rejects of the compost plant are disposed into trenches, and then covered with clay. The compost plant was constructed at a cost of Rs. 1.75 crores; It has been handed over to PMT Earthmovers for operation. There are the three Orgavormachines and each has a processing capacity of 15 MT per day. KMC makes a payment of Rs. 2.81 lakhs per month to the contractor for operating the plant. The current Installed capacity of the plant is 45MT per day. The dumping yard Is located very close to the Ashtamudi Lake and Increased dumping of untreated water has resulted in water pollution and alr pollution in the area. Further, it has led to an Increase in mosquitoesiflies, and the number of street dogs. ©) Service-level Indicators Table 40: Service-level benchmarking -SWM rrr ro 7 [ Househort level coverage of SWM services w% T00% 2 [Efficiency of collection of municipal sold waste 5% T00% 3 [Extent of segregation of municipal sold waste — no O% T00% segregation is in place Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 5)Ministry of Urban Development Sr. Tei Cry No Benchmark ‘4 | Extent of municipal solid waste recovered 3% 80% % | Extent of scientiic disposal of municipal solid waste — O% 100% fl ace & | Extent of cost recovery in SWM services O% 100% 7 [Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints oe B0% @_| Efficiency in collection of SWM related user related charges Oe 30% ‘Source: KMC 7.3.2. Future Solid Waste Generation For the purpose of SWM projections, the waste generated per capita for the current year has been considered as 471 grams. Accordingly, the average per day waste generation has been estimated as 170 tons and annual waste generated as 0.62 lakh tons, ‘The per capita waste generation has been projected as 2.2% till 2021; further, it has been projected as 1.9% till 2031 and 1.6% in the year 2041. Accordingly, the annual solid waste generation has been calculated till 2041. Based on the solid waste generation estimates, the infrastructure requirement for primary and secondary collection, transportation, landfll, and treatment capacity has been estimated and the same has been discussed In the sector plans. Table 41: SWM future estimation SE CRY Toy roy (Cetera) Pouca) Pen ee UM Cur) iN (in grams) (in tons) (orc) [ ro} Ts 2013 3.61 an 170 62,050 2021 aid 478 198 73,772 203 478 Teo oat 86,734 204 Bad 496 270 700,087 ‘Source: CRIS analysis 7.3.3 Ongoing projects In 2008, under the KSUDP, a SWM project was proposed and being implemented. The project aimed at an integrated SWM processing, disposal and treatment plant at Kureepuzha, located 5 km from Kollam city; developing a new sanitary landfill facility; and closure of the existing SWM dump site along with the erection and commissioning of an electromechanical compost plant, and a leachate treatment plant for the leachate generated from the compost and landfil facility. The plant was commissioned in July 2010. ‘The plant faced severe agitation from residents due to the proposed leachate treatment plant and hence the waste brought to the plant remained unprocessed. 7.3.4 _ Institutional Framework for SWM KMC has employed around 200 sanitation workers who are on the rolls of KMC. Around 60% of the sanitation workers are deployed for works related to drain cleaning, and the remaining 40% for works related to sweeping. In addition, KMC has close to 100 workers on dally wages basis for SWM-related Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [96]@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY works. The health department deploys sanitary workers and drivers under the supervision of a sanitary Inspector. 735 Keylssues = 2% of the households are covered with door-to-door solid waste collection. = The waste collection is irregular In 47 wards and limited to roadside dumped waste. = Vehicles collect waste from open secondary dump points as and when required, especially in residential areas, = KMC Is able to collect about 25% of the waste as against 80 tonnes of waste generated In the city. = Though the SWM plant was commissioned In 2010, due to protests from residents for the proposed leachate treatment plant in Kureepuzha, the waste Is dumped without treatment. = Seepage of leachate into nearby drinking water wells and Ashtamudi Lake during rainy season Is an Issue. = Land Is unavailable for developing treatment plants. = Residents lack awareness about segregation of blo-degradable and non-degradable waste, impacts of unscientific waste disposal, environmental protection, etc. 7.4 Storm water drainage ‘The city experiences heavy rainfall mainly from June to November. The moderate sloping terrain of the city, barring some low-lying areas, facilitates natural drainage. A number of natural canals exist In the city: These canals act as primary drains and are the main recipients of the city storm water runoff. The natural drains outfall in the sea, the TS Canal and Ashtamudi Lake. About 20% of the road network is covered with storm water drainage. The drainage systems in Kollam can be categorized into three types based on thelr size and functions. 7.44 Existing Drainage system a) Drainage network Primary canals: The major natural canals through which the storm water run-off to the Arablan Sea. In the present situation, these canals are highly degraded because of waste dumping, silting, weed growth. low maintenance and lack of protective measures. Natural and manmade secondary drains: Natural secondary drains are the feeder drains/canals of the primary canals. The man-made secondary drains encompass major roadside drains, which go beyond the level of area drains and which link with the primary drains, Local drains: The local drains are the manmade drains in the neighborhood areas that collect sullage water and storm water from the neighborhood and discharge into the secondary drain. The city has a large network of local drains, which act as major storm water recelvers but these drains are not planned and connected scientitically. Hence, on many occasions, these have become the primary cause for water-logging In the various neighborhoods in the city. ‘Though the city has many natural drains and percolation ponds, reclamation of ponds, farmlands, wetlands and other water bodies has affected the natural water flow and groundwater recharge in the city. Also, construction of new roads and bulldings has blocked many canals, which were Important for drainage and navigation. b) Areas prone to water-logging Vast areas of wetlands and paddy fields have been converted into settlements and Industrial areas in recent times; this along with land use change has resulted in water-logging (localized flooding) In many areas in the heart of the city and also In the low-lying areas of Chatinamkulam. Water-logging occurs uring rainfall of high Intensity and/or for extended duration. Water stagnates for 2-3 days In some low- lying areas. ¢) Service-level indicators Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam B71Ministry of Urban Development Table 42: Service-level benchmarking — storm water drainage Tor) ECs pon ‘Storm Water Drainage ; [Coverage of Storm water drainage network Do% T00% (69km drains? $47km total road network) 2__| Incidence of water logging / flooding maximum of 10_| 0 Source: KMG - Engineering department d) Ongoing Projects A project was proposed under KSUDP for improving the drainage system In the Kollam city. The strategy adopted for drainage Is to run off water as quickly as possible. The project alms at the up-gradation of nearly 27.7 km of drains and construction of new drainage of length 8.05 km, 7.4.2 Institutional structure KMC, the State Irrigation Department, and the Public Works Department are jointly responsible for the operation and maintenance of the existing storm water drainage system of the city. Table 43: Kollam - Storm water drainage: Agencies involved in operation and maintenance Ea eee ony 1 ‘Drains along internal roads KMC’ 2 Drains along the national highway PWD (National Highways) 3 Drains along state highways, district roads, and any other | PWD (Road & Bridge) major roads 4 Drainage canal and other water bodies ‘State Irigation Department Source: KMC. 743 Keylssues = Lack of periodic maintenance of drainage causes choking of drains and water-logging. Carrying capacity of the existing canals/drains has decreased due to heavy silt deposition, discharge of solid wastes in the canals/drains and growth of vegetation in the canalsidrains. = Unplanned development and haphazard reclamation of wet lands and water bodies without giving due consideration to the drainage system result In regular flooding In the city. Filling of Ponds, farmlands, wetlands and other water bodies have affected the natural water flow and groundwater recharge in the city. = Also, construction of new roads and buildings has blocked many canals, which were Important {or navigation and freshwater. Vast areas of wetlands and paddy fields have been converted into settlements and Industrial areas In recent times. Also, the clayey nature of the subsoll in most of the areas prevents water percolation. = The major challenges in developing the Integrated sewerage system include the flat topography of the area, lack of adequate slope of the drains. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 128)@CRiSiL. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY 8. Traffic and Transportation System Traffic and transportation play an important role in the development and spatial growth of an urban area. This section presents the assessment of the existing Roads, Traffic and Transportation system in the city. Further, the section provides key observations, key Issues and institutional responsiblties for delivery of the services, Kollam Is connected with the rest of Kerala by the National Highways, State Highways and other district Toads, railways, inland waterways and sea ports. 8.1 Existing Road Infrastructure In Kollam, the backwaters in the north-east and Arabian Sea in the west have played a crucial role shaping the road network pattern. Kollam city core exhibits a grid iron pattern of road network while the remaining area follows the radial pattern of circulation network, Chinnakkada Jn, meeting points of highways 8.1.1 Road hierarchy system in city ‘The roads serve multiple functions and to varying degrees. The roadways function Is not limited to cater the traffic but also to the provision of direct access to properties, pedestrian and bicycle paths etc. The road hierarchy Is defined In terms of its function such that appropriate objectives for that roadway can be ‘set and appropriate design criteria can be Implemented. The road hierarchy Is formed on the basis of planning and system management aimed at reducing the mixing of incompatible functions, The categories of roads in Kollam city are presented in the table below. Table 44: Road hierarchy in the city EAT EE 1 Primary roads. + NH-66, length of 15 km passes through Kollam City + NH 744 length of 7 km within the Kollam city + Kollam —Kannallur road length of 6 km within the corporation z Secondary rods + Kollam HS —Kundar road tength of 7 Kit 3 Tertiary roads * Collects and distributes traffic between the local roads, a length of 42 km within the KMC area a Local roads: > _A total road length of 347km in KMC a. National Highways Two National Highways pass through Kollam city — 1) National Highway 66 (NH-47) from Salem to Kanyakumari cuts across the city north to south. 2) NH-66 connects the city with other cities such as Thiruvananthapuram in the south, Aleppy and Kochi in the north. NH-66 has a length of about 13 km, passes through the core city of Kollam, The traffic movement Is affected by the local trips. Average width of the road varies from 12m-30 m while carriageway Is about 8-15 m. The Iron bridge over the Kollam thodu with a width of 7m Is a major bottleneck in this road. In the absence of a bypass, through traffic plies along major radial roads. NH 47 Is being major corridors with high inter-city vehicular trattic entering / leaving the city. However, a bypass with a width of 45 m is proposed from Mevaram to Kavandu. National Highway No.744 connects Kollam to Punalur and further to Madural in Tamil Nadu. It has a length of 7 km within the KMC limits but the width of the road varies from 15-16m with a carriageway of 8-12m. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam 9]Ministry of Urban Development ‘The Kollam-Kannallur road connects Kollam with eastern settlements of the district. The total length of 6 km passes through the KMC area and the width of the road varles from 9-13 m with carriageway of 6- ‘9m, b. District roads ‘The major secondary roads In the city Include the Kollam HS-Kundara road which connects the city with the east part of the district. The road has a length of 1 km within the KMC limits but the width of the road varies from 19m with a carriage way of 6m, c. Urban roads ‘An urban road collects and distributes the traffic from and to local roads, also connects primary and secondary roads. The total length of tertiary roads in the city Is about 38 km and the width varies from 5m to 22m. d. Local roads ‘The local roads collect and distribute traffic from and to the neighbourhood area and also provide access to tertiary roads. The local roads are bult and maintained by KMC. Maintenance-related work Is carried out by the engineering department of KMC. Kollam city has a road network of $47 km, of which 58% Is surfaced roads. The table below presents the length of the various roads in the city. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [100]Ministry of Urban Development Table 45: Detalls of road network In Kollam city GE eC) Black top road 188 54% Metal road 60. 17% ‘Concrete road 14 a ‘Others ES 25% Total 347, 100% ‘Source: KMC ‘As per the GKDP, the road density in the city Is about 1.1 km /1000 persons. The city has 80% of motorable traffic uses the arterial and sub-arterial roads. The core area of the city Is sandwiched between the sea and the Ashtamudi Lake and the average land available Is about 1 km, but mixed land Use Is prevalent in these areas due to traffic congestion along the NH and the local roads. At certain points, the National Highway has single or intermediate lane width. Similarly, most of the roads In the central city In and around Chinnakkada are narrow roads and witness Intense commercial activities and heavy traffic causing frequent traffic congestion, ‘The footpaths are inadequate or absent in most of the major roads. Generally, the road surface was found to be poor with cracks, rutting, and potholes. Also, the roads are constrained by narrow ways and bridges, poor pavements and drainage conditions. Adequate footpaths, cycle tracks, pedestrian and vehicle crossing facilities, service roads, etc. are absent in the city. Traffic congestion, long queues at junctions, crowding in buses, dust and smoke, accidents, fuel wastage, etc. are the common scene on the roads. The avallable road capacity is further limited by the preponderance of parked vehicles and also by encroachment for other Informal activities pursued mostly by hawkers, vendors, petty shopkeepers, workshops, etc. Also, road transport contributes a major share of carbon emissions and thereby poses challenges to climate change. ‘The URDPFI guidelines suggest that approximately 15 to 18% of the land use should be devoted to transportation infrastructure. In Kollam, about 6% of the area is under traffic and transportation use. ‘Therefore, it is obvious that additional land area Is required for improving the transportation facilities in the city and also it Is essential to widen the roads In the city to cater to the Increase In vehicular population, IDDP also reported that the condition of the existing State Highways, major district roads and other roads are not as per standards prescribed by the Indian Roads Congress. The roads are upgraded to higher classes without adhering to standards governing width and geomettics. There Is lack of proper planning Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [101]Ministry of Urban Development with regard to long-term development of the region. Master plans are belng prepared at regular intervals but development projects do not seem to be as per the Master Plan proposal. 8.1.2 Important Junctions ‘The NATPAC survey has Identified that 13 junctions have high traffic volume during peak hours. Four major junctions are on NH 66 of which the flyover Junction has reported the highest volume of traffic of 5,182 pu during 15.00-18.00 hours. The following table presents the Important Junctions and POUs at peak time. Per hour - PCU 7000 6366 Per hour - PCU Table 46: Intersections and peak hour PCUs ‘A__[ NH 66 (Thattamala bypass jn-Chavara Bridge) 1_[Thattamala 3 2618 | _08.45-08.45 2__| Kappalandimukku 3 3512 | _09.45-10.45 3__| Rallway station Junction 3 3201 | 10.00-11.00 ‘4_[ Fiyover Junction 3 5182 | _17.00-18.00 | Vellayittambalam 3 2508 | _9.45-10.45 B_[ Main road (from Fiyover jn to Vellayittambalam) 6 _[ Taluk office Jn a 6366 | _10,00-11.00 7_[High School Jr 4 4423 | _09.45-10.45 @__[vall Jn a 3414 | 09.45-10.45 [NH 208 (Chinnakada- Chanthanathoppy) ‘9 | Kadappakada a 4047 [_9.30-10.30 70 | Kallumthazham 3 3388 | _17.30-18.30 ‘D__[.NH 47 bypass (Thaltamala to Kalumthazham) 11_| Ayathil a 2017 | _08.45-08.45 E_| Kollam rallway station to Kannanalloor road 12 | Chemmamukku a 2608 | _10.30-11.30 F | Chinnakkada Tower to Beach road 13_[ Kumar theatre jn a 4084 | 17.00 1076.00 Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [102]@ iSik. Ministry of Urban Development TNFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY ‘The frequent traffic Jams at the Chinnakkda and railway station Junction continue to be a severe for goods vehicle operators have to wait in long queues for hours together to cross the border. Figure 26: A public prote: Inst traffic problems In Kollam a Tia anoreta a pa Misa MUGIM @ntSLle “8 osmd mar 8.4.3 Bridges, Flyovers and Interchanges The Kollam city road network has three major bridges across the Ashatamudi Lake. Two of them are along with NH 66 and those are Iron Bridges and located near taluk office and the Neendakara Bridge. lon Bridge Is one of the oldest bridge in the city that connects. lon Bridge point Is one of the major bottlenecks in the main road of the city as the bridge Is very narrow and unable to accommodate the traffic even after peak hours. However, a parallel bridge Is being constructed along the taluka office-high school junction stretch of the National Highway 66 by NHAI. The bridge has three spans and Is 76 meters long and 10.5 meters wide with a footpath on one side. It is expected that the bottleneck along the Taluk Office Junction-Collectorate road would be eased by the new bridge. The construction of the bridge is almost complete, but uncertainty over the commissioning ofMinistry of Urban Development the bridge remains. This Is because the approach roads to the bridge are yet to be developed. Neendakara Bridge along NH 66, across the Ashtamudi Lake connects Kollam with Needakara Panchayat In the north of the city. Thevally Bridge across Ashtamudi Lake connects Kollam with Anchalummood and Kadavoor areas across this lake. ‘There are also a couple of over bridges across the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram railway track in the city The latest bridge Is at the Police Commissioner's Office junction and the bridge is expected to ease traffic congestion on the Chinnakada stretch. Itis expected to be commissioned in August 2014. 8.4.4 NMT faci NMT Is not prominent in Kollam city due to the accessibility of the majority of the population to good Public transport network; also, the city lacks the infrastructure to support the NMT mode. Bicyoles are the ‘common mode of NMT but thelr percentage share Is only about 0.10% and there are no bicycle lanes. Pedestrians are seen in the core city areas; pedestrian traffic is heavy on routes along the Chinnakkada, Beach road and railway station road and at taxi and bus stands. A few roads have pedestrian pathways but most of the roads are narrow and road space is shared with roadside parking as well. Also, the pedestrian pathways are often encroached on by vendors. 8.1.5 Issues and Key Challenges "Traffic congestion is mainly due to the narrow bridges, roadside parking, loading and unloading activities within the central business areas during peak hours, over-utlisation of the major roads, frequent closure of the rallway-level crossing gates, unplanned bus stops and absence of pedestrian crossing facilites. = The volume of traffic on many roads in the city centre has far exceeded its capacity. = Atthe Chinnakada junction, the traffic volume Is more than 4,000 vehicles per hour during the peak period, = A few roads have pedestrian pathways but most of the roads are narrow and space Is shared with roadside parking. "Also, the pedestrian pathways are encroached upon by vendors. There are no cycle tracks to promote cycling in the city. 8.2 Existing Traffic and Transportation System 8.241 Traffic Volumes In Kollam, NH 66 cuts across the city in the north-south direction and carries a lot of traffic through the city. The highest volume of traffic Is about 73,512 PCU per day In the stretch between the Flyover junction and Chinnakkada round. Also, the stretch to the taluka office carries about 53,522 PCU per day. As per the GKDP, the road section from the taluka office to the high schoo! junction is over-utlized to the extent of 311% of Its capacity. On the beach road, capacity utilization is about 291% of the present capacity. The flyover chinnakkada stretch has the highest traffic volume and the capacity utlization Is about 204%. Dratt city Development Plan — Kollam [104]