ROAD DEFECT

CROCODILE CRACK
Crocodile Cracking is interconnecting or
interlaced cracking in a road seal resembling
the hide of a crocodile. Cell sizes can vary in
size up to 300mm across, but are typically less
than 150mm across.

CROCODILE CRACK

CROCODILE CRACK

CORRUGATION
Corrugations are closely & regularly spaced
transverse undulations in the surface of a road.
Corrugations can occur in both sealed and
unsealed roads. They can be caused by
inadequate stability of an asphalt surface or
pavement or the compaction of the base in wave
form.
Crest to crest spacing is typically less than 2
metres.

CORRUGATION

CORRUGATION

CORRUGATION

CORRUGATION

DELAMINATION
Delamination is a failure mode that can occur in layered
materials. With respect to roads it refers to the loss of large
discrete area of the wearing course layer, usually in
conjunction with a clear delineation of the wearing course
from the layer below.
Possible Causes
Inadequate cleaning or inadequate tack coat before
placement of upper layers.
Seepage of water through asphalt resulting in the breaking
of the bond between the surface and the layer below.
A weak loose layer immediately under the wearing surface.
Adhesion of surface binder to the tyres of vehicles

DELAMINATION

DELAMINATION

DEPRESSION
In road engineering a depression is a localised
area of pavement surface that is slightly lower
in elevation than the surrounding pavement.
Depressions are most easily identifyable after
rain when they fill with water.

DEPRESSION

DEPRESSION

EDGE DROP OFF

An edge drop-off is road geometry defect where
the vertical distance from the edge of seal to the
adjacent shoulder exceeds acceptable limits.
Edge drop-offs generally occur when the road
shoulder is worn, or there is inadequate strength
of the pavement ay the edge of the roadway. A
significant edge drop-off can make the transition
between the road and its shoulder challenging
particularly for smaller vehicles, and this may
result in a loss of control for the vehicle.

EDGE DROP OFF

EDGE BREAK
An Edge Break is a broken or irregular edge of
a road wearing surface.
Edge breaks generally occur when the road
shoulder is worn, there is inadequate strength
of the pavement at the edge if the roadway or
water enters the pavement through the
shoulders. Significant edge breaks coupled
with edge drops can result in tyre damage.

EDGE BREAK

POTHOLE
A pothole is a hole in a road pavement, frequently
rounded in shape, resulting from the loss of pavement
material under traffic.
A pothole is created by the interaction between water
and traffic. Inadequate drainage alongside the road
shoulder can result in water entering underneath the
pavement during prolonged periods of rain. This
weakens the pavement's subsoil resulting in fatigue
failure, or cracking, due to the flexing of the pavement
under vehicular loading.
These cracks in the pavement surface thereby provide
another entry for water and exacerbate the weakening
of the pavement's sublayers.

POTHOLE

RAVELLING
Ravelling is the progressive disintegration of a
(road) pavement surface through loss of both
binder and aggregate.
Water on the pavement is the primary cause
for the loss of the binder, while vehicular
traffic gradually ravels away the aggregate
which has been loosened due to binder loss.

RAVELLING

RAVELLING

RUTTING
Rutting is the longitudinal vertical deformation
of a pavement surface in a wheel path,
measured relative to a straight edge placed at
right angles to the traffic flow and across the
wheel path, with a length/width ratio greater
than 4:1.
A single instance of rutting is called a rut or
wheel rut. Large ruts can hold enough water to
result in vehicles aquaplaning in wet weather.

RUTTING

RUTTING

RUTTING

RUTTING

SHOVING
Shoving is the deflection and bulging of the
road surface generally parallel to the direction
of traffic, and/or horizontal displacement of
surfacing materials. Shoving is typically caused
by braking, accelerating or turning vehicles.
There are a number of factors that can make
roads more susceptible to shoving, including;
inadequate pavement strength or thickness
poor bonds between pavement layers
lack of containment of the pavement edge

SHOVING

SHOVING

SHOVING

COMPILATION

POLISHED

BLEEDING
Bleeding is the partial or complete immersion of
aggregate into the bituminous binder causing low
texture depth and inadequate skid resistance.
pavement surface defect in which binder is near the
top of the aggregate particles. There is minimal surface
texture. In severe cases the bitumen covers the
aggregate.
Causes
BLEEDING occurs when the available void volume in a
seal is insufficient to accommodate the volume of
bitumen, aggregate fines and other detritus present.

BLEEDING

BLEEDING

REFERENCES
http://www.lgam.info
http://www.pavementinteractive.org/categor
y/pavement-management/pavementdistresses/flexible-pavement-distress/