D.Y.

Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi, Pune 44

DEPARTMENT OFELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION

Experiment No. 7
AIM: STUDY OF BROADSIDE ARRAY
OBJECTIVE: To Plot Radiation pattern by using MATLAB for broadside array with
N elements having uniform spacing, equal amplitudes, and with same phase

THEORY:
1. A Linear array of equi-distant elements placed along a straight line, in which all
the elements have the same magnitude and same phase, is called an broadside
array. It is so called, because such an array can have a single major lobe of
radiation along the direction perpendicular to axis of array, pointing in the direction
= 90
2. It can be shown that the radiation pattern of an array of any type of nonisotropic (but identical) elements is same as the product of the pattern of an array
of isotropic point antennas which have the same locations, same relative
amplitudes, and the same phases as the corresponding non-isotropic elements in the
given array.

Array Factor AF
3. The pattern of the above mentioned array of isotopic antennas is called Array

Factor for the given original array of non-isotropic antennas. It should be noted
that the array factor does not depend on the individual characterizes of the type
of antennas actually used in the given array. Thus we see that the basic task of
analyzing any given original array involves analyzing corresponding array of
isotropic elements to find the Array Factor.

Layout of the broadside Array

The figure shows a linear array of equi-distant isotropic antennas. All the elements
have the same amplitude and same phase.

N
d
4
3
2
1

N= number of elements
D= distance between adjacent elements(in meters)
= phase angle of an element wrt its preceding element
= kd cos+
K=2/

Directions of broadside array

1. The broadside radiation is obtained in a single direction =90 when = 0 In other cases,
more than one beam is obtained and the beams are oriented in other directions also.
2. If the element separation is d=/2, the beam would exist in one direction (ie., =90 )
3. If the element spacing is multiple of wavelength ie., if d=n , where n=1,2,3. then in
addition to having broadside radiations, there would be additional maxima directed along
the axis also. In other words, there would be four maxima, two along the axis of the array
and two in the broadside directions.
4. To have only one broadside maxima and to avoid grating lobes, the spacing between the
elements should be kept less than a wavelength (dmax < )
Null Positions
A linear array can have many null points. For broadside array, the angle for any one such a null
point is given by

=cos1

n
Nd

Where n= 1,2,3.. but n being not equal to integral multiple of N. The number of nulls which
can exist will depend on parameters like element spacing d and the phase difference .
An analysis of the arrays leads to the values shown in the table for its various parameters(Balanis
, Ch.6). A source code is developed in MATLAB to obtain the parameters shown in table below

S.No

Parameter

Notatio

Formula

n
1

Magnitude of array factor

AF

Normalized array factor

(AF)n

N
2
AF=

sin
2
sin

1
AF n=
N

N
2

sin
2

sin

Nulls

min

n
1
min = cos Nd

Maxima

max

m
1
max = cos d

Half power points

( )
( )

h =

cos1
6

Minor lobe maxima

First Null Beam width

FNBW

Half power Beam width

HPBW

s =

cos

1.391
Nd

( (

2 s+ 1
2d N

FNBW=2

[
[

HPBW=2

))
1

( Nd )]

( 1.391
Nd )]

cos
2

cos
2

For (d/ ) <<1

First Side Lobe Beam Width

FSLBW

10

Values of for a beam oriented

Beta

FSLBW =2

( )]

3
cos1
2
2 Nd

For (d/ ) <<1

Beta= -kd cos

in a direction

Conclusion:
A MATLAB program has been developed for finding the various parameters of a broadside
array, and the radiation pattern of N element broadside array is plotted

Broadside.m
(Source code)
%TE(E&TC) WTA Laboratory Term II 2010-11 (2008 Syllabus)
%Expt_M1C1_Broadside_Array_10_elements_0_25_lambda.m
close all;
clc;
Nelem=10;
d=0.25;
beta=0;
M=1800;
%theta=linspace(0,pi,M+1);
theta=theta';
dtheta=pi/M;
psi=2*pi*d.*cos(theta)+beta;
AF=sinc((Nelem.*psi./2)/pi)./sinc((psi./2)/pi);
U=(abs(AF)./max(abs(AF))).^2;
Prad=2*pi*sum(U.*sin(theta).*dtheta);
D=4*pi*U/Prad;
DdB=10.*log10(D+eps);

Do=max(D);
DodB=max(DdB);
disp(['Directivity = ',num2str(DodB),' dB']);
disp(['Directivity = ',num2str(Do),' dimensionless']);
AFdB=10.*log10(U+eps);
for i=1:M+1,
if AFdB(i)<=-60,
AFdB(i)=-60;
end
end
AFdBnorm=(AFdB+60)/60;
thetafull=linspace(0,2*pi,2*M+1);
thetafull=thetafull';
rAFdBnorm=flipud(AFdBnorm(2:M,1));
AFdBfull=[AFdBnorm;rAFdBnorm;AFdBnorm(1)];
AF3dB=-3*ones((M+1),1);
AF3dBfull=((60-3)/60)*ones((2*M+1),1);
%Polar plot
figure(1);
polar(thetafull,AFdBfull,'green');
hold on;
polar(thetafull,AF3dBfull,'red');
title(['Polar 2D Array Factor, Broadside Array, 10 elements, 0.25',...
'\lambda']);
view(90,-90);
hold off;
disp(['Polar 2D Array Factor, Broadside Array, 10 elements, 0.25 ',...
'lambda']);
%Cartesian plot
figure(2);
plot(theta.*180/pi,AFdB,'green',theta.*180/pi,AF3dB,'red');
axis([0 180 -60 1]);
xlabel(['\theta',' (degrees)']),ylabel('Normalized Array Factor (dB)');
title(['Cartesian 2D Array Factor, Broadside Array, 10 elements, 0.25',...
'\lambda']);
disp(['Cartesian 2D Array Factor, Broadside Array, 10 elements, 0.25 ',...
'lambda']);

OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM FOR A TYPICAL RUN

Directivity = 7.1316 dB
Directivity = 5.166 dimensionless
Polar 2D Array Factor, Broadside Array, 10 elements, 0.25 lambda
Cartesian 2D Array Factor, Broadside Array, 10 elements, 0.25 lambda