Fourth Edition

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T.
T DeWolf

Pure Bending

Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Pure Bending
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Bending Deformations
Strain Due to Bending
Beam Section Properties
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
S
Sample
l P
Problem
bl 4.2
42
Bending of Members Made of Several
Materials
Example 4.03
4 03
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
St
Stress
Concentrations
C
t ti
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Example 4.03
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Sample Problem 4.4
44
Stress Concentrations
Plastic Deformations
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
Plane of S...
Residual Stresses
Example 4.05, 4.06
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Example 4.07
4 07
Sample Problem 4.8
Unsymmetric Bending
E
Example
l 4.08
4 08
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

4-2

Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Pure Bending

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting
i in
i the
h same longitudinal
l
i di l plane
l
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-3

Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Other Loading Types

Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to p
pure bendingg mayy be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-4

Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment
moment.
From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite
pp
forces.
The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any
y axis contained in the pplane.
These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
i d
indeterminate
i
elementary
l
internal
i
l forces.
f
Fx = x dA = 0
M y = z x dA = 0
M z = y x dA = M
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-5

Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
member remains symmetric
bends uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation,
Aft
d f
ti the
th length
l th off the
th neutral
t l
surface remains L. At other sections,
L = ( y )
= L L = ( y ) = y

y
y
x = =
=
((strain
t i varies
i linearly)
li
l )

L
c
c
m =
or =

y
c

x = m

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-7

Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stress Due to Bending

For a linearly elastic material,
y
c

x = E x = E m
y
= m (stress varies linearly)
c

For static equilibrium,

y
Fx = 0 = x dA = m dA
c

0 = m y dA
c

First moment with respect to neutral

plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface
f
must pass through
h
h the
h
section centroid.

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

For static equilibrium,

y

M = ( y x dA) = ( y ) m dA
c

I
M = m y 2 dA = m
c
c
Mc M
m =
=
I
S
y
Substituting x = m
c
My
x =
I
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Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Beam Section Properties

The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
=
I
S
I = section moment of inertia
I
S = = section modulus
c

m =

A beam section with a larger section modulus

will have a lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
3
1
I 12 bh
S= =
= 16 bh3 = 16 Ah
c
h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area,
area the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
Structural steel beams are designed
g
to have a
large section modulus.
2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4-9

Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Properties of American Standard Shapes

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 - 10

Fourth
Edition

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface

1 Mc
M
= m = m =
c
Ec Ec I

M
=
EI
1

Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments
moments, in-plane
in plane
deformations are nonzero,
y = x =

z = x =

Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane
in plane curvature,
curvature
1
= = anticlastic curvature

2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 - 11