Universal grammar: theory of the genetic component of the language faculty.

It tries to show, with a system of rules, the knowledge which a native speaker
of a language uses in forming grammatical sentences.
All human have the same capacities for language

Base component -> which produces or generates basic syntactic structures.

Transformational component
Phonological component
Semantic component
Skill acquisition
-Skills and abilities
-Classify skills (what skills should I
-Learning skills (how do we learn skills)
-Information processing (memory)
-Storing skills (where do we hold information)
-Arousal (what makes me want to acquire skills)
Input hipotesis (input, interaction and output in SLA)
INPUT: Language which a learner hears or receives and from which he or she
can learn. The language a learner produces is by analogy sometimes called
OUTPUT.
In SLA: INTAKE: Is input which is actually helpful for the learner.
Hipotesis: for language acquisition to occur, it is necessary for the learner to
understand INPUT language, which contains linguistic items that are far from
the learners competence.
INTERACTION : It is necessary to get fluency,
Input alone serves a lot, but interaction brings fluency, and a better
enhancing.

SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH
Individual development is a cultural product (beliefs. Customs, culture)
Thinking and solving problems are tools of intellectual adaptation (adapt to
survive)
Through guided interactions (apprenticeships) with more experienced members
of society, children learn problem solving skills (dialectical processes) which
lead to internalization.

SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHING (SLT)

The Nature of Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching
Method: a way of teaching a language which is based on systematic principles
and procedures, which is an application of views on how a language is best
taught and learned. (how to do sth, it contains a Syllabus

Technique: a task, or an activity in the classroom,

Works in projects, working with music on the background (suggespedia)
Accuracy : quality
Fluency : quantity
Behavioral theory of learning: learning through memorization. Accuracy!!
Mimicry: repeating a word until getting.
Cognitive approach to learning: acquisition, reflection, focus on
communication. Fluency!!
Method: CALLA (Cognitive academic language learning approach)
Technique: teach students content, learning skills

CALLA: Sheltered English for NNS (NON NATIVE SPEAKERS)

COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNING

Application off counseling learning, the method makes use of group learning
in small or large groups. These groups are the Community, the method
places emphasis on the learners personal feelings and their reactions to
language learning.
The teacher is a counselor.

Suggestopedia.
How it works the brain, a mixture of suggestion and pedagogy.
Music, pictures, color.
Stages:
Presentation: a preparatory stage of relax
First concert: the material to be learnt, with classic music on the background
Second concert: relaxing with music, reading the text.
Practice: use of games to consolidate learning.
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE. (8 INTELLIGENCES IN MANY DEGREES)
LINGUISTIC MATH-LOGICAL- MUSICAL- VISUAL SPATIAL- KINASTHATICNATURALISTIC- INTER-PERSONAL- INTRAPERSONAL
Planning lesson around M.I.

COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING

The goal of language is communicate comprehense. The focus for that is
communication in the class. Use the language. Practice the language through
communication
Tasks, texts, and content based teaching.
It doesnt consider grammar structures but communicative competences.

Meaningful activities.

SILENT WAY:
is based on the premise that the teacher should be as silent as possible in the classroom in order
to encourage the learner to produce as much language as possible.
Cuisenaire rods (small coloured blocks of varying sizes originally intended for the teaching of
mathematics) ITEMS INTRODUCED ONE BY ONE.

TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (LEARNING BY DOING)

memory is enhanced through association with physical movement. GIVE ORDERS, OR
INSTRUCTIONS: OPEN THE DOOR.

It becomes repitious
LISTEN -> WATCH > LEARN.

NATURAL APPROACH
NATIVE LANGUAGE MUST NOT USED IN THE CLASS
VOCABULARY
Observation and interpretation
Not based on grammar, but based on communication
Use of language
Emphasis on exposure (input) listening
PRINCIPLES.
1: Acquisition hypothesis ( acquisition and learning)
2: monitor hypothesis (acquisition works better than conscious of learning)
3: natural order hypothesis ( present tense before past tense and future tense)
4: input hypothesis
5: the affective filter hypothesis ( emotional state, attitudes) student need
motivation.
The class must be comprehensible, use visual aids, plenty of vocabulary,
listening and reading, meaningful communication.
STANDARD

A: PRESENTATION STAGE: INTRODUCTION OF NEW ITEMS

B: PRACTICE STAGE: REPETITION, AND NEW ITEMS ARE PRACTISED.
C: PRODUCTION STAGE: STUDENTS USE THE NEW ITEMS MORE FREELY.