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1. INTRODUCTION
Develop a Microcontroller based dedicated MPPT controller for solar PV module
based on the incremental conductance method. As people are much concerned with the fossil
fuel exhaustion and the environmental problems caused by the conventional power generation,
renewable energy sources and among them photovoltaic panels and wind-generators are now
widely used. So Solar Energy is a good choice for electric power generation. The solar energy is
directly converted into electrical energy by solar photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic sources are
used today in many applications such as battery charging, water pumping, home power supply,
swimming-pool heating systems, satellite power systems etc. They have the advantage of being
maintenance and pollution-free but their installation cost is high and inmost applications, they
require a power conditioner (dc/dc or dc/ac converter) for load interface. Since PV modules still
have relatively low conversion efficiency, the overall system cost can be reduced using high
efficiency power conditioners which, in addition, are designed to extract the maximum possible
power from the PV module.
The photovoltaic modules are made up of silicon cells. The silicon solar cell which give
output voltage of around 0.7V under open circuit condition. When many such cells are connected
in series we get a solar PV module. Normally in a module there are 36 cells which amount for a
open circuit voltage of about 20V. The current rating of the modules depends on the area of the
individual cells. Higher the cell area high is the current output of the cell. For obtaining higher
power output, the solar PV modules are connected in series and parallel combinations forming
solar PV arrays. A typical characteristic curve of the called current (I) and voltage (V) curve and
power (W) and voltage (V) curve of the module is shown is fig.1.
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2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Sub module Integrated Distributed Maximum PowerPoint Tracking for Solar Photovoltaic
Applications
Robert C. N. Pilawa-Podgurski, Member, IEEE, and David J. Perreault, Senior Member,
IEEE
This paper explores the benets of distributed power electronics in solar photovoltaic
applications through the use of sub module integrated maximum power point trackers (MPPT).
We propose a system architecture that provides a substantial increase in captured energy during
partial shading conditions, while at the same time enabling signicant overall cost reductions.
This is achieved through direct integration of miniature MPPT power converters into existing
junction boxes. We describe the design and implementation of a high-efciency (>98%)
synchronous buck MPPT converter, along with digital control techniques that ensure both local
and global maximum power extraction. Through detailed experimental measurements under realworld conditions, we verify the increase in energy capture and quantify the benets of the
architecture.
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3. SOLAR CELLS
Photovoltaic or solar cells, at the present time, furnish one of the most-important long
duration power supplies. This cell is considered a major candidate for obtaining energy from the
sun, since it can convert sunlight directly to electricity with high conversion efficiency. It can
provide nearly permanent power at low operating cost, and is virtually free of pollution. Since a
typical photovoltaic cell produces less than 3 watts at approximately 0.5 volt dc, cells must be
connected in series-parallel configurations to produce enough power for high-power
applications. Cells are configured into module and modules are connected as arrays. Modules
may have peak output powers ranging from a few watts, depending upon the intended
application, to more than 300 watts. Typical array output power is in the 100-watt-kilowatt
range, although megawatt arrays do exist. Photovoltaic cells, like batteries, generate direct
current (DC), which is generally used for small loads (electronic equipment). When DC from
photovoltaic cells is used for commercial applications or sold to electric utilities using the
electric grid, it must be converted to alternating current (AC) using grid inverters, solid-state
devices that convert DC power to AC.
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has excess electrons and Ptype silicon has excess holes. Sandwiching these together creates a p-n
junction at their interface, thereby creating an electric field. Figure: 2.1 shows the p-n junction of
a PV cell. When n-type and p-type silicon come into contact, excess electrons move from the ntype side to the p-type side. The result is the build-up of positive charge along the n-type side of
the interface and of negative charge along the p-type side, which establishes an electrical
field at the interface. The electrical field forces the electrons to move from the semiconductor
toward the negative surface to carry current. At the same time, the holes move in the opposite
direction, toward the positive surface, where they wait for incoming electrons.
Light travels in packets of energy called photons. As a PV cell is exposed to sunlight, many of
the photons are reflected, pass right through, or absorbed by the solar cell. The generation of
electric current happens inside the depletion zone of the p-n junction. The depletion region is the
area around the p-n junction where the electrons from the n-type silicon, have diffused into the
holes of the p-type material. When a photon of light is absorbed by one of these atoms in the
n-type silicon it will dislodge an electron, creating a free electron and a hole. The free electron
and hole has sufficient energy to jump out of the depletion zone. If a wire is connected from the
cathode (n-type silicon) to the anode (p-type silicon) electrons will flow through the wire. The
electron is attracted to the positive charge of the p-type material and travels through the
external load creating a flow of electric current. The hole created by the dislodged electron is
attracted to the negative charge of n-type material and migrates to the back electrical contact.
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As the electron enters the p-type silicon from the back electrical contact it combines with the
hole restoring the electrical neutrality.
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Fig 4.1 Changes in the characteristics of the Solar PV module due to change in the insolation
As seen in the PV (power vs. voltage) curve of the module there is a single maxima of
power. That is there exists a maximum power corresponding to a particular voltage and current.
We know that the efficiency of the solar PV module is low about 13%. Since the module
efficiency is low it is desirable to operate the module at the maximum power point so that the
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maximum power can be delivered to the load under varying temperature and insolation
conditions. Hence maximization of improves the utilization of the solar PV module. A maximum
power point tracker (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV
module and transferring that power to the load. A dc/dc converter (step up/step down) serves the
purpose of transferring maximum power from the solar PV module to the load. A dc/dc converter
acts as an interface between the load & module in fig.4.
Fig 4.2 Change in the module characteristics due to the change in temperature.
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5. BLOCK DIAGRAM
A detailed block diagram of the system is shown in Figure: 1.1 which consists of
following major components:
Solar panel
Battery
Charge Controller
DC-DC converter
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5.2. BATTERY
In stand-alone photovoltaic system, the electrical energy produced by the PV array
cannot always be used when it is produced because the demand for energy does not always
coincide with its production. Electrical storage batteries are commonly used in PV system. The
primary functions of a storage battery in a PV system are:
1) Energy Storage Capacity and Autonomy: to store electrical energy when it is produced by the
PV array and to supply energy to electrical loads as needed or on demand.
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2) Voltage and Current Stabilization: to supply power to electrical loads at stable voltages and
currents, by suppressing or smoothing out transients that may occur in PV system.
3) Supply Surge Currents: to supply surge or high peak operating currents to electrical loads or
appliances.
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Most importantly in this thesis, microcontroller also tracks the MPP of the output power.
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Temperature method
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The k value is typically between to 0.7 to 0.8. It is necessary to update Voc occasionally
to compensate for any temperature change. Sampling the Voc value can also help correct for
temperature changes and to some degree changes in irradiance. Monitoring the input current can
indicate when the Voc should be re-measured. The k value is a function of the logarithmic
function of the irradiance, increasing in value as the irradiance increases. An improvement to the
Voc method is to also take this into account.
Benefits:
1. Relatively lower cost.
2. Very simple and easy to implement.
Drawbacks:
1. Not accurate and may not operate exactly at MPP.
2. Slower response as Vmp is proportional to the Voc.
This method uses a short load pulse to generate a short circuit condition. During the short
circuit pulse, the input voltage will go to zero, so the power conversion circuit must be powered
from some other source. One advantage of this system is the tolerance for input capacitance
compared to the Voc method. The k values are typically close to 0.9 to 0.98.
Benefits:
1. It is simple and low cost to implement.
2. This method does not require an input.
3. In low insulation conditions, it is better than others.
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Drawbacks:
1. Irradiation is never exactly at the MPP due to variations on the array that are not considered (it
is not always accurate).
2. Data varies under different weather conditions and locations.
3. It has low efficiency.
In these two methods we have to choose the right constant k value carefully, to accurately
calibrate the solar panel.
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Benefits:
It can determine the maximum power point without oscillating around this value.
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Drawbacks:
1. The incremental conductance method can produce oscillations and can perform erratically
under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions.
2. The computational time is increased due to slowing down of the sampling frequency resulting
from the higher complexity of the algorithm compared to the P&O method.
The voltage to a cell is increased initially, if the output power increase, the voltage is
continually increased until the output power starts decreasing. Once the output power starts
decreasing, the voltage to the cell decreased until maximum power is reached. This process is
continued until the MPPT is attained. This result is an oscillation of the output power around the
MPP. PV modules output power curve as a function of voltage (P-V curve), at the constant
irradiance and the constant module temperature, assuming the PV module is operating at a point
which is away from the MPP. In this algorithm the operating voltage of the PV module is
perturbed by a small increment, and the resulting change of power, P is observed. If the P is
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positive, then it is supposed that it has moved the operating point closer to the MPP. Thus,
further voltage perturbations in the same direction should move the operating point toward the
MPP. If the P is negative, the operating point has moved away from the MPP, and the direction
of perturbation should be reversed to move back toward the MPP. Flowchart of this algorithm is
given below:
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Benefits:
Drawbacks:
There are some limitations that reduce its MPPT efficiency. They are,
1. It cannot determine when it has actually reached the MPP. Under steady state operation the
output power oscillates around the MPP.
For our project we choose the Perturb and observe algorithm as it has more advantages over
drawbacks. The oscillation problem can easily be minimized using minimization techniques by
controller.
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7. CONCLUSIONS
Power output of module improves by using MPPT system. It is observed that the module
gives the output maximum power of 29W at one time (12:00 noon).In early morning it gives
power of about 10W same power is obtained in the evening. The temperature has effect on the
maximum Power. Power output should be increased by increasing the current rating. To increase
the power, biasing power should be decreased. The power delivered to the load in case of stepdown converter is about 30W. Output voltage of the Buck Converter is decreased which is about
15Volt.Temperature of the module is an important parameter. The power output of the module
changes by about 0.5% for every degree rise in temperature. Due to the increase in temperature
the power output decreases very sharply. The module placement also plays an important role in
power output. Module is kept south facing hat is the path of the sun for around the year . Buts its
elevation angle must be adjusted every month to get high power output. The axial tracking for
the individual module which are not too heavy (10W to 60W) can be obtained automatically.
Whereas for the panel or arrays the automatic tracking is not feasible due to large torque required
to rotate the arrays. So in these cases a manual tracking/automatic tracking can be performed by
adjusting the array direction for three times a day. i.e. morning, afternoon and evening. This type
of tracking can add to the power in the module.
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8. FUTURE SCOPE
2) Automatic recording and monitoring of the temperature and insolation level on the module to
predict the maximum power of the module.
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9. REFERENCE
(1) Robert C. N. Pilawa-Podgurski, Member, IEEE, and David J. Perreault, Senior Member,
IEEE, IEEE Trans. On power electronics, vol.28, no.6, June.2013
(2) S. B. Kjaer, Evaluation of the Hill Climbingand the Incremental
Conductancemaximum power point trackers for photovoltaic power systems,IEEE
Trans. Energy. Convers., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 922929, Dec.2012.
(3) J. Stauth, M. Seeman, and K. Kesarwani, A high-voltage CMOS IC and embedded
system for distributed photovoltaic energy optimization with over 99% effective
conversion efficiency and insertion loss below 0.1%, in Proc. IEEE Int. Solid-State
Circuits Conf., Feb. 2012, pp. 100102.
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