Chapter I

Introduction
This

section

includes

the

origin

of

the

study,

statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and

limitation

of

the

study,

statement

of

the

hypothesis

and

definition of operationally used terms.

A. Background of the Study

Pesticides are chemicals used to eliminate or control a
variety of agricultural pests that can damage crops and livestock
and

reduce

invention.

farm

productivity.

Pesticides

are

not

modern

Elemental sulfur was used by ancient Sumerians to

protect their crops from insects. Medieval farmers and scientists

experimented
common crops.

with

chemicals

ranging

from

arsenic

to

lead

on

Nowadays, some farmers cant afford to buy the

commercial pesticide sprayer due to its expensive cost and the

device needs to be pumped while spraying and farmers get easily
tired because of pumping it.
For these reasons, the researchers conduct a study,
which is to create an automatic pesticide sprayer that is easy to
use, affordable, and saves time when compared to the commercial
pesticide sprayer.

B. Statement of the Problem

This study is intended to make an automatic pesticide
sprayer. Specifically, it sought to answer the following sub
problems:

1.

Is

there

significant

difference

between

the

automatic pesticide sprayer and the commercial manual pesticide

sprayer

in

terms

of

the

Is

there

time

bound

of

the

application

of

pesticide?
2.

significant

difference

between

the

automatic pesticide sprayer and the commercial manual pesticide

sprayer in terms of cost?

C. Significance of the Study

The result of the study is beneficial to the community
specifically the farmers. The benefits that we consider in this
study are: (a) less energy loss (b) faster spraying process of
crops (c) and a cheaper product.
To farms, the proposed study can help the farmers. If
the farmers will purchase their own commercial pesticide sprayer
to spray their crops, they will have to consume more energy and
money thus for this reasons, they will probably consume more time
or days unlike if you have this study you dont have to use more
money , consume more time and used a lot of energy.
To future researchers, this proposed study will benefit
and help the future researcher as their guide. The study can also
open in development of for a new study.

D. Scope and Limitation of the Study

The product can only work well with the presence of the
compressed air inside the tank, because the device will run out
of power if the pressure inside the tank also runs out of supply.

If the device would have a leak, it will interrupt the work of

the device causing it not to function well. In addition, the
product will not work if the parts or other equipments are not
in proper position.

E. Review of Related Literature and Related Studies

This

section

includes

the

brief

information

about

related literature and related studies, most of this information

discussed the related literature and studies of the researchers
study. Through this information, it will guide the researcher to
conclude their study.
Related Literature
Grzegorz Doruchowski (2001) added that, If pesticides
must be used, proper handling and application according to the
EPA-approved label are essential.

Select an effective pesticide

for the intended use and, where possible, use products that pose
lower human and environmental risks.
for

guidance

on

required

setbacks

Read the pesticide label

from

water,

agricultural

drainage wells and tile networks, buildings, wetlands, wildlife

habitats,

and

other

sensitive

areas

where

applications

are

prohibited. Never start an application if a significant weather

event such as rainfall is forecast; the rainfall may cause drift
or soil runoff at the application site.

Pesticide application

just before rainfall or irrigation may result in reduced efficacy

if the pesticide is washed off the target crop, resulting in the
need to reapply the pesticide.
According to al-Saleh IA (1994), the use of a wide
range of chemicals to destroy pests and weeds is an important
aspect of agricultural practice in both developed and developing

countries. Undoubtedly, this has increased crop yield and reduced

postharvest losses. However, the expanded use of such pesticides
expectedly

results

in

residues

in

foods,

which

has

led

to

widespread concern over the potential adverse effects of these

chemicals on human health. It is clear that the possibility for
exposure to pesticides is greatest among farm workers.
In
controlled

addition,

and

it

regulated

is

exceedingly

uses

of

plausible

pesticides

may

that

less

offer

the

greatest opportunity for exposure to toxicologically significant

quantities.
induce

Other

persistent

pesticides

that

biological

are

effects

rapidly
also

eliminated

present

but

hazard

connected with long-term, low-dose exposures. Adverse effects may

be caused not only by the active ingredients and the associated
impurities,
other

but

also

constituents

by

of

solvents,
the

carriers,

formulated

emulsifiers,

product.

This

and

review

attempts to describe several aspects of the problem.

S.K. Das Gupta (1996) indicated that Droplet size,
density, and penetration can be visible on water-sensitive papers
tagged on to a plant at different heights. Droplets deposited on
the plant surface spread and increase up to 3 times in size, the
smaller the drop, the greater the spread factor. The accuracy of
the deposition of spray droplets depends on the nozzle. The
orifice of the nozzle tip gets enlarged over a period of time by
the combined effects of the chemical action and the abrasive
effect of the particles.
These may be in the 'filler' portion of wet table
powder

formulations,

where

foreign

particles

are

frequently

suspended in the spray. This is referred to as nozzle-tip erosion

and results in an increase in liquid flow rate, droplet size, and
an alteration in spray pattern. An increased flow rate can lead

to an overdose of pesticides. The discharge from a nozzle or

group

of

nozzles

can

be

measured

with

patternator,

which

monitors the liquid discharged through a flow meter. Water is

sprayed into one, two or three nozzles on to a channeled table
and collected in a sloping section which drains into calibrated
collecting tubes at the end of the channels.
The nozzle is usually mounted 45 cm above the tray and
connected to a similar spray line. The patternator can be placed
under

tractor

boom

to

find

out

the

variation

in

spray

distribution along its length. The coefficient of variation of a

boom pattern can be obtained when limits for individual nozzle
patterns have been defined using a fluorescent tracer technique
to determine liquid distribution.
Laukik P. Raut (2013) mentioned a method in which type
of

backpack

sprayer

has

hand-operated

hydraulic

pump

that

forces liquid pesticide through a hose and one or more nozzles.

The pump is usually activated by moving a lever. A mechanical
agitator plate may be attached to the pump plunger. Some of these
sprayers can generate pressures of 100 pounds per square inch
(psi) or more. Capacity of both these types of backpack sprayers
are usually 5 gallons or less.
Marcovsky (2019) mentioned, The can comes with a straw
to direct the forceful wind that it can produce. The gases inside
the can have been compressed to the point that they have become
liquid, and they evaporate before leaving the can since the valve
draws from the top (unlike most aerosol cans which have a straw
that draws from the bottom of the can). Despite the name "canned
air," the cans actually contain gases that are much easier to
compress into liquids, such as difluoroethane, trifluoroethane,
or tetrafluoroethane. Hydrocarbons, like butane, were often used

in the past, but their flammability forced manufacturers to use

fluorocarbons.
When the can is held upright and activated, gas flows
out through the nozzle. The pressure inside the can therefore
drops, and is no longer sufficient to keep the contents as a
liquid;
pressure

so

some

is

of

the

liquid

re-established.

boils,

The

until

vaporization

the
of

equilibrium
a

liquid

is

endothermic; thus, heat is absorbed, and the can becomes cold.

If the can is held upside down, then its contents are
expelled as a liquid. This liquid evaporates very quickly at
standard temperature and pressure, chilling anything in contact
with it. This process can produce very cold temperatures, easily
sufficient to cause frostbite. Similar cans with dip tubes are
marketed as "freeze spray," and will expel liquid when held right
side up.
Because of their strong cooling effects, gas dusters
can be used to fix dents in cars when the metal is first heated
then sprayed with the extremely cold liquid.
An air compressor fitted with a small nozzle (as part
of a compressor accessory kit) can be used in lieu for cleaning.
This

offers

fixed

equipment

cost,

at

the

expense

of

portability. However, as water vapor may condense in the tank or

at the nozzle.
Related Study
G. A. Matthews (2008) said that, pesticide application
is

multidisciplinary

funding

compared

with

subject,
the

yet

inputs

attracts

into

little

chemistry

and

research
genetic

engineering. Studies with the development of a biopesticide for

locust control have demonstrated the need for careful integration

of formulation and application technology research, to ensure
that

what

is

successful

effective

in

the

under

field.

laboratory

In

conditions

preparing

this

is

also

edition,

the

opportunity has been taken to add two new chapters to discuss the
application

of

biopestecides

and

the

equipment

needed

in

laboratory and field trial experiments. In updating chapters, the

layouts of some have not changed very significantly since the
last edition, but some have been rearranged to reflect changing
emphasis on certain types of equipment or techniques. It is hoped
that this edition will continue to assist with training and
improve the safety and efficiency of application.
E. W. Thorhill and G. A. Matthews (1979), Pesticide
application must be considered in the context of integrated pest
management. Cultural and biological control methods need to be
emphasized,
However,

but

pesticides

populations
choice

pesticides

of

are

need

causing

more

to

remain
use

serious

selective

an

important

judiciously
economic

pesticides

with

component.

only

crop
safe

when

pest

loss.

Careful

and

improved

application techniques are needed to achieve effective control

with minimal impact on the environment. Meteorological conditions
affect the dispersal of spray droplets within crop canopies, so
selection of nozzles and operating conditions are important.
Beck, J. R., Martin, L. R., and Giles, R. H., Jr.
mentioned, Pesticide Applicators are responsible to Federal,
State and local agencies for label compliance and responsible to
property or residence owners for effective results on a site
specific area. Pesticide Applicators have much responsibility and
years of practical field experience but as a group are rarely
involved

in

regulations

the
or

process

efficacy

of

establishing

research

from

pesticide

which

our

policy,

labels

are

written.

Equally

disturbing

complex,

multifaceted

pest

is

the

problems

legal
that

void

more

for

solving

frequently

are

impacting entire communities.

F. Statement of the Hypothesis

Based on the problem of this research, the hypothesis
will be tested at the value of 5% or 0.05 level of significance.
1. Ho: There is no significant difference between the automatic
pesticide sprayer and the commercial manual pesticide sprayer in
terms of the time bound of the application of pesticide.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the automatic
pesticide sprayer and the commercial manual pesticide sprayer in
terms of the time bound of the application of pesticide.

G. Definition of Terms
Automatic- it refers to anything started, operated, or
regulated by a process or mechanism without human intervention.
Pesticide- It is a chemical substance used to kill
pests, especially insects.
Pesticide Sprayer-a device used to spray pesticide.