ISSN 0361 5219, Solid Fuel Chemistry, 2012, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 121127. Allerton Press, Inc.

., 2012.
Original Russian Text M.V. Tsodikov, M.A. Perederii, A.V. Chistyakov, G.I. Konstantinov, Kh.M. Kadiev, S.N. Khadzhiev, 2012, published in Khimiya Tverdogo Topliva, 2012,
No. 2, pp. 5562.

High Speed Degradation

of Sorbed Petroleum Residues and Pollutants
Alta velocidad de desgradacin de
M. V. Tsodikov, M. A. Perederii, A. V. Chistyakov, G. I. Konstantinov,
Kh. M. Kadiev, and S. N. Khadzhiev
Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, Moscow, 119991
Russia e mail: tsodikov@ips.ac.ru
Received November 3, 2011

Abstract The materials presented in the article contain the description of methods and techniques for the
high speed degradation of petroleum residues and pollutants formed upon the production, transportation,
and refining of petroleum.
DOI: 10.3103/S0361521912020115

The development of effective methods for the utili

zation of petroleum residues and pollutants is one of
the most important ecological problems of consider
able current interest [13]. Petroleum and petro
chemical industries have a strong ecological impact
because of the release of harmful hydrocarbon pollut
ants into the natural environment. Crude oil, oil
sludge, tars, and other harmful and toxic substances
are environmental hazards [4, 5].
Oil sludge is the most abundant industrial waste of
petroleum refining industry. Tars, including straight
run tarthe residue after the straight run distillation
of oil to combustible and lubricating components
and acid sludgethe large scale difficult to utilize
waste of petroleum refining industry formed after
treating petroleum oil (transformer oil, condenser oil,
medicinal oil, perfume oil, etc.) with concentrated
sulfuric acid for the removal of impurities, are the sec
ond most frequent type of waste. Acid sludge with dif
ferent degrees of acidity is released into storage
ponds, where the acid is washed out with atmospheric
precip itations in the course of time and SO2 and SO3
are lib erated to result in the pollution of water basins
and the atmosphere. Ponds occupy large areas, which
contain many thousands of tons of wastes; in
Russia and abroad, the total weight of these wastes
is as high as millions of tons. In this case, acid
sludge is filtered through soil to arrive at the sources
of water supply. The utilization of tar is one of the
most important problems of environmental protection
[6, 7].
It is well known that the enormous volumes of oil
and petroleum products are spilled in emergencies at
oil field facilities, oil storage tanks, petroleum pipe
lines, refineries, and petrochemical plants and also at

oil consuming facilitiessea and river ports, railroad

junctions, automotive fleets, gasoline stands, etc. [8].
Sorption by hydrophobic carbon sorbents is the
most effective and most commonly used method for
the fixation and absorption of petroleum products in
the removal of oil spills from the surface of water
areas and also in the purification of polluted soils and
other solid surfaces. These sorbents are manufactured
based on peat, fossil coal, or renewable biomass
using well known technologies [911]. In this case,
problems related to the collection and utilization of
sorbents with absorbed petroleum products decrease
the effec tiveness of this method.
The above problems to be solved require the devel
opment of a process for the exhaustive utilization of
petroleum residues and pollutants. That is, the devel
opment of effective approaches to the utilization of
anthropogenic emissions and industrial wastes is the
problem of considerable current interest.
Here, we report the results of studies on the high
speed degradation of petroleum residues and pollut
ants adsorbed in the pores of carbon sorbents under
the action of microwave radiation. It is well known
that the properties of substances with respect to the
action of microwave radiation are characterized by
complex permittivity ; in this case, the absorption of
microwave radiation by a material is characterized by
the so called dielectric loss evaluated by the dielectric
loss tangent [3]. Previous studies demonstrated that
carbon sorbents possess high microwave energy
absorption coefficients; in this case, the dielectric loss
tangent is higher by several orders of magnitude than
this index on the irradiation of many other organic
substrates [1215]. It was found that carbon sorbents
exhibit different electrophysical properties depending

121

122

TSODIKOV et al.

Table 1. Physicochemical and structural characteristics of carbon sorbents

Sample
no.

Carbon
sorbent

Ad, %

, g/cm3

1
2
3
4

WWS
FCS
GCS
BCS

2.5
13.4
25.1
24.0

0.22
0.16
0.43
0.34

Pore volume, cm3/g

V

Ws

Vma

1.29
2.52
0.97
1.00

0.27
0.23
0.48
0.47

1.02
2.29
0.49
0.53

tan

0.79
2.07
3.31
3.24

1.8
3.0
9.4
7.5

Note: WWS is the wood waste sorbent;

FCS is the flax chaff sorbent; GCS is the gas coal sorbent; BCS is the crushed brown coal sorbent;
is the apparent density; Ad is the mineral matter content (ash content); V is the total pore volume; Ws is the volume of sorbing
pores; Vma is the volume of macropores; is the dielectric constant; and tan is the dielectric loss tangent.

Table 2. Kinetics of heating of carbon sorbents under treatment with microwave energy
Sample
No.
No.
No.
No.

1, WWS
2, FCS
3, GCS
4, BCS

Temperature, C, after heating time, s

5

10

15

20

25

30

80
100
500
380

190
210
660
500

310
330
760
610

420
440
800
700

520
560
870
810

610
630
940
920

on the pore structure and mineral composition

(mainly, the presence of the magnetic iron oxide par
ticles); because of this, the dynamics of formation of
breakdown phenomena and associated heating of the
material are essentially different [12, 13]. It was also
established that, under the action of microwave radia
tion on porous carbon sorbents, two consecutive
stages of the breakdown processes occur initially on
the sur face and then in the bulk of the material [12].
It is well known that the appearance of breakdown
processes is preceded by the polarization of
chemical
bonds in compounds located in the
irradiation field up to their destruction [16]. The
appearance of nonequilibrium (unstable) breakdown
processes, which lead to plasma generation on the
surface of a carbon sorbent particle, served as a basis
for the idea of the destruction
of organic
compounds adsorbed in the pores of carbon sorbents
under the action of microwave radiation [3].
For performing the high speed destruction of
petroleum residues and pollutants, they were sorbed in
the pores of carbon sorbents; thereafter, the sorbent
with a petroleum product adsorbed in the pores was
loaded in a reactor and processed under the action of
microwave energy (2.45 GHz) at an induced tempera
ture of 300600 in a flow of argon or 2 at an
exposure time of no longer than 10 min. The
following sorbents were used in the studies: finely
dispersed hydrophobic sorbents based on wood
waste (WWS) and flax chaff (FCS) [9, 10], spherical
sorbents based

on gas coal (GCS), and crushed sorbents (with irregu

larly shaped particles) based on brown coal (BCS)
[1719]. Table 1 summarizes the physicochemical
and structural characteristics of the carbon sorbents.
For determining the applicability of various carbon
sorbents to the high speed destruction of petroleum
residues and pollutants, we tested them for the ability
to absorb microwave energy. For this purpose, we
investigated the kinetics of heating of sorbent samples
under the following optimized microwave treatment
conditions: the current density I = 200 mA and a
power of 540 W [12]. Table 2 summarizes the results
of test ing.
It was established that the structure of pores and
the composition of sorbents have a considerable
effect on the level of microwave energy absorption;
the dynam ics of heating of carbon sorbents
essentially depends on the presence of pores with a
certain structure and the concentration of mineral
impurities (ash content) [12]. Carbon sorbents exhibit
different electrophysical characteristics depending on
the structure, density and ash content. As can be
seen in Table 1, a decrease in the volume of sorbing
pores Ws and the ash content Ad dramatically
decreases the dielectric constant and the dielectric
loss tangent of sorbents; this decrease is responsible
for a decrease in their ability to absorb microwave
energy. The results given in Table 2 indicate that
sorbent nos. 3 and 4 with high electrophysical
indices were heated to 800950 after treatment
SOLID FUEL CHEMISTRY

Vol. 46

No. 2

2012

Characteristic

Petroleum residue
tar I

tar II

0.930

1.007

Relative viscosity at 80C, mm /s

1715

1760

Yield of fractions boiled out to 500C, wt %

11.1

11.0

Yield of fractions boiled out above 500C, wt %

88.9

88.8

Water content, wt %

Absent

Absent

Ash content, wt %

0.050

0.030

Conradson coking capacity, wt %

12.7

16.5

85.40

85.00

11.32

11.38

2.71

3.04

0.52

0.55

Density at 20C, kg/m3

2

Element concentrations, wt %:

with microwave energy for 2530 s. It was found that

nonstationary breakdown phenomena, which cause
the formation of transient plasma, occurred in the
pores of these sorbents in the first 5 s. Sorbents with
lower ash contents from wood waste (sample no. 1)
and flax chaff (sample no. 2), which are characterized
by much lower electrophysical indices, were heated to
610 and 630, respectively, upon microwave treat
ment for 30 s.
The data given in Tables 1 and 2 clearly demon
strate that the carbon sorbents prepared from fossil
coals with the developed structure of sorbing pores
and high ash content are characterized by high
ability to absorb microwave energy, as evidenced by
the dielec tric loss tangent, which is higher than this
characteris tic of other organic substrates by two or
three orders of magnitude [12, 13].
A petroleum product was applied to each of the
four carbon sorbent samples by impregnation from a
solution in petroleum ether with a concentration of
10, 20, or 30 wt % on a sorbent weight basis; then,
the solvent was distilled off from the samples
initially at room temperature and then in a vacuum
oven at a
reduced pressure and a temperature of 40. Two
types of tar obtained from Western Siberian oil (I)
and bituminous oil from the Moscow oil refinery (II)
were used as petroleum products. Table 3
summarizes the main physicochemical characteristics
of tars.
An M 140 magnetron, which is used in domestic
microwave ovens (oscillation frequency, 2.45

0.05 GHz), was applied as a microwave radiation

source; an ac power supply with a voltage of 220 V

(50 Hz) was employed, and the voltage was regulated
with a laboratory adjustable ratio autotransformer.
The carbon sorbents with tar adsorbed in the pores
were placed in a quartz flow reactor arranged in the
working chamber of a microwave unit and supplied
with a tungstenrhenium thermocouple, which was
placed in a metal casing for microwave radiation
shielding. The correctness of the measurement of the
dynamics of temperature changes in the course of
microwave irradiation was evaluated using a reference
substance of alumina; the results of measurements
were compared with published data on the tempera
ture measured with the aid of an IR remote sensing
thermometer (Condtrol IR T4) [19].
In the course of irradiation, the reactor was blown
with argon or carbon dioxide at a gas flow rate of 8
12 cm3/min. The experiments were carried out at a
constant temperature of 300 or 600 induced by irra
diation. The purging gas after the reactor passed
through a microseparator cooled at 50 to 70 and
entered a receiver, from which it was supplied to a
chromatograph for analysis. After the completion of
the experiment and the cooling of system, the sorbent
was removed and analyzed to determine the residual
amount of tar in it.
Several comparative tests on the destruction of tar
in an electric furnace with convective heating were
also carried out. A quartz reactor with a sorbent and
tar adsorbed in its pores was placed in the furnace
heated to 300 or 600 and exposed for 10 min after
reaching a specified temperature as in the experiments
with the

Table 4. Results of the degradation of tar adsorbed in the pores of carbon sorbents
Experimental conditions

Experi
ment
no.

temperature,
C wt %

tar

tar content,

Products, wt %
sorbent

gaseous

liquid

Tar conver

300

10

BCS

5.64

Traces

>99

300

II

10

BCS

5.5

''

>99

600

10

BCS

6.0

10

>99

600

II

10

BCS

6.2

Traces

>99

600

10

GCS

18.00

20.97

>99

600

II

10

GCS

14.02

20.13

>99

600

20

GCS

14.85

1.23

96

600

30

GCS

5.83

7.94

91

600

10

WWS

32.94

Traces

>99

10

600

10

FCS

37.50

''

>99

11*

300

10

GCS

Traces

10

12*

600

10

GCS

5.8

60

13**

600

II

10

GCS

18.25

25.62

>99

14**

600

10

BCS

15.54

23.64

>99

Notes: * Convective heating.

** Eluant gas: CO2.

use of microwave energy. After completion of the

experiment and the cooling of the system, the sorbent
was unloaded and analyzed to determine the residual
tar content.
The determination of the residual tar content of
carbon sorbent samples was performed using acceler
ated solvent extraction followed by the analysis of the
Temperature,
700

600

500
400
300
200
100
0

60

120

180

240

300

360

420 480
Time, s

Fig. 1. Rate of tar heating in an atmosphere of 2 on (1)

microwave heating or (2) convective heating.

resulting extracts by high performance liquid chroma

tography. An ASE200 automated extractor from
Dionex was used for the extraction of the samples.
Chromatographic analysis was carried out on a
GILSON instrument with a UV2000 detector. The
solvent was hexaneisopropanol in a ratio of 95 : 5;
the extraction cell temperature was 90; the pressure
was
200 atm; and the extraction time was 30 min. A Zor
bax Sil analytical column with L = 250 mm, an inside
diameter of 4.6 mm, and a stationary phase particle
size of 5 m was used; the mobile phase (eluant) was
hexaneisopropanol in a ratio of 95 : 5; the eluant
flow rate was 2 mL/min; the injected sample
volume was
20 L; and the wavelength was 254 nm. Standard solu
tions of initial tars with concentrations from 0.1 to
0.001 mg/mL were used for calibration.
The purging gas was analyzed by GLC on a
Kristall chromatograph with the use of a flame
ionization detector (for the determination of
hydrocarbons) and a katharometer
(for the
determination of oxygen con taining components).
The liquid fractions formed upon microwave
irradiation were analyzed by gas chromatog raphy
mass spectrometry (GCMS). Table 4 summa rizes
the results of these studies.
The data given in Table 4 indicate that the degree of
conversion of tar applied to the test sorbents in a con
centration of 10 wt % (experiment nos. 16, 9, and 10)

HIGH SPEED DEGRADATION OF SORBED PETROLEUM RESIDUES

125

Table 5. Composition of gases formed upon the degradation of tar I under microwave irradiation and convective
heating
Value for
Parameter
microwave irradiation
convective heating
Total yield of gaseous products, wt %
Composition of inorganic gas components, mol %:
2

2
Composition of hydrocarbon gas components, mol %:
Methane
Ethane
Ethylene
Propane
Propylene
Butanes
Butenes
Pentenes
Total yield of liquid products (C6C12), wt %

15.85

11.50

63.85
29.24
0

12.15
10.07
0

3.44
2.22
0.13
0.72
0.18
0.14
0.06
0.02
14.56

35.78
7.31
2.81
2.59
1.13
1.42
7.72
1.02
Traces

Table 6. Composition of the liquid products of tar decomposition (Table 4, experiment no. 13)
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Compound
Isobutenes
Butene 2
Butene
Isopentane
Pentene 2
Pentene 1
Pentane
2 Pentene
Dimethylpentane
Hexane
Benzene

Concentration,
wt %
1.3
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.1
0.7
2.0
2.9
1.1
3.4
15.0

upon microwave irradiation was higher than 99%

regardless of the origin of tar, the temperature of treat
ment, and the physicochemical parameters of the test
sorbents. In this case, in spite of the exhaustive conver
sion of adsorbed tar, a larger amount of carbon
residue remained at 300, whereas more gaseous
products were released at 600.
An increase in the concentration of applied tar to
20 or 30 wt % (Table 4, experiment nos. 7 and 8)
leads to a decrease in the degree of its conversion
under the

No.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Compound
Heptane
Octane
Ethylbenzene
o Xylene
m Xylene
Isopropylbenzene
Propylbenzene
o Methylethylbenzene
1,2,3 Trimethylbenzene
Trimethylbenzene

Total
Unidentified

Concentration,
wt %
3.9
4.5
8.0
12.3
8.5
3.1
3.4
1.1
4.3
2.4
81.5
19.5

action of microwave radiation, but this conversion is

no lower than 90%.
The decomposition of tar adsorbed in the pores of
carbon sorbents in an electric furnace with convective
heating (experiment nos. 11 and 12) occurs differently
than that under microwave irradiation. An insignifi
cant portion of tar was converted at 300; the conver
sion of tar at 600 also remained much lower than
the degree of its decomposition under the action of
microwave energy. Figure 1 shows a comparative
graph

Sorbents

Ash content,
wt %

Fe content,
wt %

Volume of sorbing
pores (Ws), cm3/g

Dielectric
constant ()

Kinetics of heating,
K/s

GCS

25.1

2.05

0.48

9.4

31.3

BCS

24.0

1.85

0.47

7.5

30.6

FCS

13.4

1.39

0.23

3.0

21.0

WW
S

2.5

0.56

0.27

1.8

20.3

of the rates of heating in an atmosphere of argon for

the GCS sorbent with tar adsorbed in pores upon
microwave irradiation and convective heating. As can
be seen in Fig. 1, the rate of increasing the
temperature upon convective heating was lower than
that with the selective heating of the sorbent upon
microwave treat ment by a factor of about 7.
Table 5 summarizes the composition of gases
formed upon the decomposition of tar I adsorbed in an
amount of 10 wt % in the pores of the GCS sorbent
upon microwave treatment and convective heating for
10 min at a temperature of 600650. As can be
seen in Table 5, 2 and CO are the main gas
components of
the decomposition of tar under the action of micro
wave energy; the total concentration of 2 and CO in
the gas is higher than 93%, and hydrogen is the pre
dominant gas component. The concentration of these
components in the gas of the decomposition of tar
upon convective heating is 22.2%, and the degree of
tar conversion is 70%; in this case, methane is the pre
dominant constituent of the gas. This is the funda
mental difference established for the first time between
the mechanisms of degradation under the different
conditions of heating tar adsorbed in the pores of a
carbon sorbent. The CH bond is mainly activated
mol. %
2
50
1
1

40
30

20

10
0

H2

CO
Component

CH4

Fig. 2. Destruction gas composition upon the microwave

irradiation of tar adsorbed in the pores of hydrophilic sor
bents: (1) WWS and (2) FCS.

and decomposed upon microwave treatment to result

in the predominant formation of hydrogen. It is well
known that the CC bond is mainly subjected to ther
molysis upon convective heating and methane is the
main product of degradation.
It was found that the nature of the ionizing gas,
which is an eluant in the process of tar conversion, has
an effect on the composition of the resulting products.
Thus, the replacement of argon by carbon dioxide
makes it possible to noticeably increase the yield of
the gaseous and, to a larger degree, liquid products of
tar degradation (Table 4, experiment nos. 5 and 13).
It is believed that the yields and concentrations of H2
and CO in the gas of tar decomposition upon the
treatment of carbon sorbents with adsorbed tar by
microwave energy in an atmosphere of 2 increase
as a result of the additional occurrence of the carbon
dioxide reforming reaction of the hydrocarbon part
of tar. Table 6 summarizes the composition of the
liquid frac tion formed upon the decomposition of
tar (experi ment no. 13). It can be seen that a
hydrocarbon frac tion containing valuable products
was formed in the process of tar thermolysis under
the action of micro wave energy in addition to
hydrogen and CO. In gen eral, the utilization of
petroleum residues and pollut ants performed in an
atmosphere of carbon dioxide gave better results, and
it allowed us to separate hydro gen and light
hydrocarbon fractions at an increased induced
temperature.
The physicochemical and structural characteristics
of the sorbent in the pores of which tar is adsorbed
exert a principal effect on the destruction of tar under
the action of microwave energy. The experimental
results demonstrated that the sorbents used in the
experiments could be arranged in the following order
according to the degree of tar conversion with maxi
mum total yields of gaseous and liquid degradation
products: GCS > BCS > FCS > WWS. An analysis of
the physicochemical and structural characteristics of
carbon sorbents showed that they could be arranged in
the same order according to the concentrations of
mineral components and, which is most important,
the concentrations of Fe in the elemental composi

HIGH SPEED DEGRADATION OF SORBED PETROLEUM RESIDUES

127

tions of sorbents determined by laser mass spectrome

try on an EMAL 2 laser mass analyzer and also the
dielectric constants (Table 1) and the kinetics of heat
ing upon microwave treatment (Table 2). Table 7 sum
marizes all of the above characteristics of the
sorbents; these data allowed us to observe the direct
dependence of the dielectric constant and the kinetics
of heating of the sorbents, which characterize the
ability of carbon sorbents to absorb microwave
energy, on the iron con tent of the sorbents and on
their pore structures.

become the most effective, cheap, and ecologically

clean method for the utilization of large scale oil tar
waste, whose total amount is currently as high as tens
of millions of tons, and oil spill control.

Previously, we found that the supporting and for

mation of iron oxide in the pores of carbon sorbents
leads to an increase in the absorption of microwaves
at a temperature of 620650 [3]. In a number of
pub lications, this effect was related to the phase
transition of a ferromagnetic state of Fe2O3 to a
paramagnetic state (Curie point), which causes an
increase in the contribution to the dielectric losses as
the lost tangent tan = ''/ ', where '' and ' are
the real and imag inary
values of magnetic
susceptibility, respectively [14, 15, 20].

3. Tsodikov, M.V., Perederii, M.A., Chistyakov,

A.V., et al., Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 2011, no. 6,
p. 43.

Polydisperse carbon sorbents based on biological

wastes, flax chaff (FCS) and wood waste (WWS),
which have a low bulk density and high hydrophobic
ity (floating sorbents), are intended for the collection
of oil and petroleum products from the surface of
water. Studies of these sorbents in the decomposition
of tar under the action of microwave energy showed
the exhaustive conversion of the tar adsorbed in the
pores of hydrophobic sorbents and also the high
energy composition of their decomposition gases with
hydrogen as the main decomposition product (Fig. 2).
This result is responsible for the effective use of micro
wave energy for the utilization of petroleum products
collected with the floating sorbents from the surface of
water areas with the production of valuable energy car
riers.
Thus, the test method of the high speed destruc
tion of tar and other petroleum pollutants under the
action of microwave energy differs from traditional
thermal decomposition methods; it is characterized by
high efficiency, selectivity of action, and environmen
tal safety. It makes it possible to utilize refinery waste
in short time with the production of valuable compo
nents, which are currently the main chemical energy
carriers. This method converts petroleum residues and
pollutants (oil and petroleum products) into hydro
gen, synthesis gas, and an additional amount of valu
able liquid hydrocarbons with no waste; this can

REFERENCES
1. Tsodikov, M.V., Perederii, M.A., and Bukhtenko,
O.V., RF Patent Application no. 2010101719, 2011.
2. Tsodikov, M.V. and Perederii, M.A., RF Patent
Appli
cation no. 201149307, 2010.

4. Arens, V.Zh., Gridin, O.M., and Yashin, A.L.,

Ekol.
Promst. Ross., 1999, no. 9, p. 33.
5. Shimkovich, V.V., Neftepererab. Neftekhim. Prom
st., Ser. Okhr. Okruzh. Sredy, 1996, no. 2, p. 110.
6. Gun, R.B., Neftyanye bitumy (Petroleum Asphalts),
Moscow: Khimiya, 1973.
7. RF Patent 2227802, 1998, Byull. Izobret., 2000.
8. Gridin, O.M., Abstracts of Papers, Nauchno tekhn.
konf. po problemam likvidatsii neftyanykh zagryaznenii
(Sci. Tech. Conf. on Oil Pollution Control), Nefteyu
gansk, 2003, p. 38.
9. Arens, V.Zh. and Gridin, O.M., Ekol. Promst. Ross.,
1997, no. 2, p. 32.
10. Perederii, M.A., Skryabin, A.V., and Suvorov, V.N.,
RF Patent 2205065, Byull. Izobret., 2003, no. 15.
11. Perederii, M.A. and Noskova, Yu.A., Khim. Tverd.
Topl. (Moscow), 2008, no. 4, p. 30.
12. Tsodikov, M.V., Perederii,
M.A., Maksimov,
Yu.V, Gurko, A.A., et al., Ross. Nanotekhnol., 2006,
vol. 1, p. 153.
13. Tsodikov,
M.V.,
Perederii,
M.A.,
Gurko,
A.A., Zhevago, N.K., et al., Naukoemk. Tekhnol.,
2007, no. 4, p. 49.
14. Pozar, D.M., Microwave Engineering, New York:
Wiley,
1998, 2nd ed.
15. Hayes, B.L., Microwave Synthesis: Chemistry at the
Speed of Light, North Carolina: CEM Publ., 2002.
16. Mingos, D.M. and Whittaker, A.G., Chemistry
under Extreme or Non Classical Conditions, Eldik,
R.V. and Hubbard, C.D, Eds., New York: John Wiley
and Sons,
1997.
17. Perederii, M.A., Dvoskin, G.I., and Starostin, A.D.,
RF Patent 2257344, Byull. Izobret., 2005, no. 21.
18. Perederii, M.A., Malikov, I.N., and Karaseva,
M.S., RF Patent 2331580, Byull. Izobret., 2008, no.
23.
19. Krasilnikova, O.K., Artamonova, S.D., and Volosh
chuk, A.M., Khim. Tverd. Topl. (Moscow), 2005, no. 4,
p. 65.
20. Durka, T., Gerven, T., Stankiewicz, A., Chem.

Eng.

HIGH SPEED DEGRADATION OF SORBED PETROLEUM RESIDUES

Technol., 2009, vol. 32, no. 9, p. 1301.

127