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Cannabis Addiction
Cannabis is an incredibly popular and widely used drug in India
and is known as ganga, charas or bhang. India has a long history
of cannabis use, and the drug is one of the five sacred plants
mentioned in the Hindu texts, the Vedas. Despite its widespread
and accepted use, cannabis is illegal to use and possess in any
form. Some figures place regular cannabis users as high as 10
million in India, many of these among the working poor. Many of
these heavy users are dependent on the drug and suffer
from major health problems including respiratory disorders,
memory impairment, mental disturbance, digestive tract
problems, major weight loss and problems with sleep.
Brown Sugar Heroin in India
India is known to be one of the primary consumers of heroin in
the world along with China, Pakistan and Iran. India is also the
largest grower of licit opium in the world, which is used to make a
range of prescription medications including morphine and
synthetic opium drugs. The geographical location of India is
between two the two largest illicit opium growers, Burma and
Afghanistan, and evidence shows that India is used as a major
trafficking route between the two. Additionally, law enforcement
has an increasing problem of dealing with licit opium being
diverted to illegal markets inside of India and being trafficked
beyond its borders.
A form of heroin known as brown sugar is commonly used in the
country, which is made of a mixture of heroin which typically
ranges between 20 to 60 percent purity, and adulterants in the
that of all alcohol, cannabis and opium users 21%, 3% and 0.1%
are below the age of eighteen. An emerging trend about child
drub abusers is the use of a cocktail of drugs through injection,
and often sharing the same needle, which increases their risk of
HIV infection. Overall 0.4% and 4.6% of total treatment seekers in
various states were children.
The problem in India is there are no sensitization programmes
about drug abuse in schools or for children out of school. India
does not have a substance abuse policy. There is also a high
incidence of charging children under the Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985. Children who at
times dont have access to high quality drugs will use volatile
substances easily found in corner stores such as cough syrups,
pain relief ointments, glue, paint, gasoline and cleaning fluids.
There are very few to no health centers that deal with child
substance abuse problems, especially in the rural areas. The use
of tobacco is another major concern amongst children. In India 20
million children a year and nearly 55,000 children a day are drawn
into a tobacco addition. The number is shocking when compared
to the 3000 a day new child smokers in the US.
The use of certain drugs such as whitener, alcohol, tobacco, hard
and soft drugs is especially wide spread among street children,
working children and trafficked children but there is currently a
lack of reliable data on drug abuse amongst children.
In 2008, CHILDLINE India Foundation published a study on
substance abuse amongst children in Manipur. The study found a
wide spread prevalence and acceptance of drug use from heroin
to the most common Spasmo Proxyvon. The high use of
intravenous drugs is accompanied by sharing of needles and
hence a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS.
affects the youth, takes a toll on health, leads to suicides and can
hamper India's demographic dividend if not checked soon.
For those who work in the juvenile justice system, new data are
constantly being reported, but the story is an old one. Juvenile
justice professionals encounter daily the distress of youth, their
families, and communities resulting from juvenile involvement in
substance abuse and delinquent behavior. These professionals
also experience the difficulties of trying to work successfully with
these young people.
The projects described in the remainder of this Summary
developed sound strategies for identifying and intervening with
youth who were involved in illicit drug use and who encountered
the juvenile justice system. The experiences and lessons learned
by these projects can be used by other agencies to replicate
oradapt similar programs to meet the needs of the youth they
serve.
Art. 2 (2) reiterates the principles enshrined in Art. 2 (1) and (7) of
UN Charter. A party has no right to
undertake law enforcement action in the territory of another party
without the prior consent of that party. The principle of nonintervention excludes all kinds of territorial encroachment
including temporary or limited operations. It also prohibits the
exertion of pressure in a manner inconsistent with international
law. The underlying philosophy embodied in Art. 3 is that
improving the effectiveness of domestic criminal justice systems
in relation to drug trafficking is a precondition for enhanced cooperation. While the 1988 Convention seeks to establish a
common minimum standard for implementation, nothing prevents
parties from adopting stricter measures than those mandated in
the text of the Convention, subject always to the requirement that
such initiatives are consistent with applicable norms of public
international law , in particular norms protecting human rights.
Furthermore, States are called upon to introduce domestic
legislation to prevent drug related money-laundering. Although
money laundering was in principle already punishable offence
under the Single Convention, the provisions of the 1988
Convention are much more precise. Art. 3 (1) (b) establishes drug
related money-laundering as a criminal offense, and, in
targeting criminal proceeds, the Convention asks State Parties to
confiscate proceeds from drug related offences and to empower
courts to seize bank and financial records.As has already been
mentioned, the establishment of a control system for precursor
chemicals was a novelty to the drug control regime. According to
Art. 12, the manufacture,transport or distribution of precursor
chemicals should be deemed criminal offences. This is reflected in
the extension of criminal offences for which extradition can be
sought: they include the
offences of drug related money-laundering and the manufacture,
transport and distribution of equipment and precursor chemicals.
Some confusion was created by Art. 14 (2), which stipulates that
measures adopted to prevent illicit cultivation of narcotic plants
shall respect fundamental human rights and take due
account of traditional licit uses, where there is a historic evidence
of such use. Some States tried to interpret this as an
acknowledgement that traditional licit uses still existed and had
Summed up, the main task of the CND is to analyse the global
situation on drug control and, when necessary, advise ECOSOC on
changes to enhance the drug control system. In this context, the
CND acts as guardian of the three international drug conventions.
For example,according to Art. 8 Single Convention, the CND is
authorized to consider all matters pertaining to
the aims of the Single Convention. Similar blanket clauses can be
found in Art. 17 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances
and Art. 21 of the Convention against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
WHO and UNESCO are mainly involved in harm reduction and
education efforts on the demand side. Furthermore, special
functions are assigned to the CND under the drug control
conventions.Most important in the catalogue of competencies is
the CNDs supervision of the classification of controlled
substances. Its authority to decideon the basis of
recommendations by the WHO whether a drug is listed on,
deleted from, or transferred to the schedules, is powerful.
Similarly the CND decides pursuant to the 1988 Convention on
the recommendation of the INCB, on placing precursor chemicals
on the conventions list of controlled substances. Whereas general
decisions of the CNDas those of any other functional
commission of the UN systemremain subject to
approval by the ECOSOC or the General Assembly, this is not the
case when the CND decides on amending the schedules annexed
to the conventions. Although a decision on amending the
schedules is not subject to an initial review by ECOSOC or the
General Assembly, the CNDs powers are restricted by the right of
any party to file an appeal against such a decision. ECOSOC may
then confirm, alter or reverse the decision of the CND. Recently
the position of the CND has been strengthened by the mandate to
receive reports on States efforts to meet the goals agreed upon
at the UNGASS.
2. International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
The INCB differs from the CND and UNODC in that it is an
independent treaty body rather than an UN agency. Notably, it is
not purely an inter-governmental body, as the members are
elected by ECOSOC from candidates proposed by governments
2 lakh.
Important Sections:
Section 4: Central Government to take measures for
preventing and combating abuse of and illicit traffic in
narcotic drugs, etc.
Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government can
take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the
purpose of preventing and combating abuse of narcotic drugs and
psychotropic substances and the illicit traffic. These measures
include with respect to all or any of the following matters, namely
the import into India and export from India and transhipment
of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
1. the possession, transport, import inter-State, export interState, warehousing, sale, purchase, consumption and use of
poppy straw.
2. the possession, transport, import inter-State, export interState, sale, purchase, consumption and use of opium;
3. the cultivation of any cannabis plant, production,
manufacture, possession, transport, import inter-State,
export inter-State, sale, purchase, consumption or use of
cannabis (excluding charas);
4. the manufacture of medicinal opium or any preparation
containing any manufactured drug from materials which the
maker is lawfully entitled to possess;
5. the possession, transport, purchase, sale, import inter-State,
export inter-State, use or consumption of manufactured
drugs other than prepared opium and of coca leaf and any
preparation containing any manufactured drug;
6. the manufacture and possession of prepared opium from
opium lawfully possessed by an addict registered with the
State Government on medical advice for his personal
consumption
Provided that save in so far as may be expressly provided in the
rules made under points 4 and 5, nothing in section 8 shall apply
to the import inter-State, export inter-State, transport, possession,
purchase, sale, use or consumption of manufactured drugs which
are the property and in the possession of the Government,
provided further that such drugs as are referred to in the
preceding proviso shall not be sold or otherwise delivered to any
person who, under the rules made by the State Government
under the aforesaid sub-clauses, is not entitled to their
possession.[4]
In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the
foregoing power, such rules may:
provide that the limits within which licenses may be given for
the cultivation of any cannabis plant shall be fixed from time to
time by or under the orders of the State Government;