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[t]he adoption of international human rights treaties at the highest level of the local normative
pyramid and the acceptance of the jurisdiction of international bodies in the area of human rights,
obliges the local judicial actors to recognize the interpretation of these treaties that has taken place
at international venues.215

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The World Conservation Union, Water Law Series Issue 9: Human Rights and Water ].557^J&$?$0,$+,"($:R(

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/:$28$%8#($28(:'"0%(;@@,0&$:0*2(02(C*&$,(A*6%:#.(02&The Application of Human Rights Treaties for Local
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World Health Organization et al., The Right to Water&].554^J&$?$0,$+,"($:(

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World Health Organization and United Nations Childrens Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water
Supply and Sanitation, Progress in Drinking-water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation&].557^J&

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Amnesty International, Troubled Waters: Palestinians Denied Access to Water&].55?^J&$?$0,$+,"($:&

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Arnaud Courtecuisse, Agence de lEau Artois-Picardie, Water Prices and Households Available Income:
Key Indicators for the Assessment of Potential Disproportionate Costs - Illustration from the ArtoisPicardie Basin (France) ].55/^J&$?$0,$+,"($:(@++CHOOQQQ3#"$Q':,3I'<O#"$Q':,O"><:*:,+E"+:'*O(;$$hC"C%EO((CT7013C>(3&&

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Report of the OHCHR&].55/^J&$?$0,$+,"($:&@++CHOOQQQ3E:9@++'Q"+%E3:*('OC>(,O.55/aG)Q%#3C>(3&

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FoodFirst Information and Action Network, Investigating Some Alleged Violations of the Human Right to
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Henri Smets, Agence Franaise de Dveloppement, The Right to Water in National Legislations ].551^J&

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S6-$2(!01':#($28(GT:%"-"()*?"%:7.(9$18$,"2$(/"@k,?"8$(A$%8*2$.($28(:'"(428"@"28"2:(GT@"%:(*2(:'"(4##6"(*3(S6-$2(
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9"":021(*2(:'"(!01':(:*(D$:"%&]FI+3&.55?^J&$?$0,$+,"&$:&@++CHOO;*%,>'I3;*%,I'3'E9O:<"9%,O55-7O55-760O-7604.%3C>(3&*
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Juan Miguel Picolotti, Center for Human Rights and Environment, The Right to Water in Argentina&].554^J&
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Litigating Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Achievements, Challenges and Strategies(]K"$I'$<&
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h"I@:%P%<%*+hI@"$$%*9%,h"*>h,+E"+%9:%,h.5543C>(3&

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Maike Gorsboth, FoodFirst Information and Action Network, Identifying and Addressing Violations of the
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Q"+%EOn,%"EI@+%E<o:>%*+:(R:*9m.5"*>m.5">>E%,,:*93&
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N"*:+"+:'*J&>%$3:(F608",02"#(3*%(:'"(!"$,0Q$:0*2(*3(:'"(!01':(:*(>%02O021(D$:"%($28(/$20:$:0*2J&b3M3&N;#TI'<<U*&'*&+@%&
AE'<'+:'*&"*>&AE'+%I+:'*&'(&a;<"*&G:9@+,J&b3M3&2'I3&LO)M30ON;#3.O.556O.6&]\;$R&--J&.556^&]#R&a">[:&d;:,,p^3&
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NC%I:"$&G"CC'E+%;E&'*&+@%&G:9@+&+'&S''>J&/0T:'(!"@*%:(*2(:'"(!01':(:*(U**8J&)'<<U*&'*&a;<"*&G:9@+,J&b3M3&2'I3&
LO)M30O.551O00&]K"E3&-1J&.551^&]#R&\"*&z:%9$%E^3*
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d%*%E"$&D,,%<#$RJ&d%*%E"$&D,,%<#$R&D>'C+,&G%,'$;+:'*&G%I'9*:Z:*9&DII%,,&+'&)$%"*&V"+%EJ&N"*:+"+:'*&",&"&a;<"*&G:9@+J&
#R&G%I'E>%>&s'+%&'(&-..&:*&S"P'EJ&M'*%&D9":*,+J&0-&D#,+%*+:'*,g&2%$%9"+%,&"$,'&)'*(:E<&M'<:*%%&+'&a%">&F((:I%&'(&
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G%$%",%J&d%*%E"$&D,,%<#$RJ&d%*%E"$&D,,%<#$R&D>'C+,&G%,'$;+:'*&G%I'9*:Z:*9&DII%,,&+'&)$%"*&V"+%EJ&N"*:+"+:'*&",&"&
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.5-5^3&
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M"+:'*,&F((:I%&"+&d%*%P"&">>E%,,%>&+'&+@%&)%*+E%&('E&a;<"*&G:9@+,&]l_:<#;E9&AE:*I:C$%,l^J&C"E"3&.6J&b3M3&2'I3&
LO)M30O-?7/O-/&]\"*3&7J&-?7/^J&%"@%02:"8(02&? Hum. Rts. Q. -..(]-?7/^3&
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!01':#(42#:%6-"2:#J&a;<"*&G:9@+,&)';*I:$J&b3M3&2'I3&DOaG)O1O4&]D;93&-4J&.55/^&]#R&_';:,%&DE#'E^J&$?$0,$+,"($:(
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LO)FMS3/5O.?J&b3M3&N"$%,&M'3&L3//3--3D3-.&]K"E3&.6J&-?//^3&*

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Johannes Morsink, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Origins, Drafting and Intent

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('E+@I'<:*9^&]<"*;,IE:C+&"+&./?^&]>E"(+&'*&(:$%&Q:+@&+@%&";+@'E^3&

Juzgado Nacional de Primera Instancia [1a Inst.] [National Lower Court of Ordinary Jurisdicton], 13/08/2007,
Asociacin Civil por la Igualdad y la Justicia c. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / acccin amparo, (Arg.),
available at http://www.newsmatic.epol.com.ar/index.php?pub_id=99&sid=1046&aid=22936&eid=28&NombreSeccion=Jurisprudencia%20Ciudad%20de%2
0Bs.As&Accion=VerArticulo.&
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