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Schematic cross sectional view of a steam turbine showing the principal parts of a turbo
machine.
Functions:
1. The rotor functions to absorb / deliver energy to the flowing fluid.
2. The stator is a stationary element which may be of many types:a. Guide blades which function to direct the flowing fluid in such a way that
energy transfer is maximized.
b. Nozzles which function to convert pressure energy of the fluid to kinetic
energy
c. Diffusers which function to convert kinetic energy to pressure energy of
the fluid.
3. The input /output shafts function to deliver / receive mechanical energy to or from
the machine.
4. The housing is a protective enclosure which also functions to provide a path of
flowing fluid.
While a rotor & input /output shaft are essential parts of all turbo machines, the stator
& the housing are optional.
2.
Particulars
Action
Operation
Turbo machine
In this class of machine, energy
transfer takes place between a
rotating
elements
&flowing
fluid.there is no entrapment of the
fluid & during energy transfer the
fluid pressure & momentum
change.
In this type, there is only rotary
motion & energy transfer takes
place in a steady process. Since
there is no entrapment, stopping
the machine at any instant would
lead to the fluid quickly attaining
the state of the surroundings.
3.
Mechanical
Conversion
efficiency
5.
6.
7.
V2
gz
2
V2
+ gz
2
V2
gz
T0 = T +
+
2C P Cp
gz
which may be called temperature equivalent of height is negligible
CP
compared to other terms and may be neglected.
The term
Stagnation temperature T0 = T +
V2
2Cp
h0 h = vdp
p
v 2
+ gz
2
p 0 p = (h0 h)
p 0 = p + (h0 h)
p 0 = p + [(h +
V2
+ gz ) h]
2
v 2
The term
is the pressure equivalent of velocity. gz which is the pressure
2
equivalent of height can be neglected since it is very small compared to other terms.
Hence we can write,
v 2
Stagnation pressure p 0 = p +
2
w = vdp Tds
1
In the above relation, we note that vdp would be a negative quantity for a power
generating turbo machine & positive for power absorbing turbo machine.
Hence Tds which is always a positive quantity would reduce the amount of work
generated in the former case & increase the work absorbed in the later case.
Efficiency of a turbo machine:
Generally, we define 2 types of turbo machine .in case of turbo machine to account for
various losses 2 type of efficiency is considered:
1. Hydraulic efficiency/isentropic efficiency
2. Mechanical efficiency.
1. Hydraulic efficiency/isentropic efficiency:
To account for the energy loss between the fluid & the rotor
Wrotor
fluid
.
W fluid
rotor
2. Mechanical efficiency:
To account for the energy loss between the rotor & the shaft.
Wshaft
rotor
Wrotor
shaft
When we talk about isentropic efficiency in turbo machine, it is necessary to take into
account the values of velocity & heights to determine by what extent stagnation
properties deviate from static properties.
In the turbo machine, developed 1st the velocities were minimal & hence the static &
stagnation properties were more / less same. But in the modern day turbo machines, the
velocities are appreciable & hence, the static & stagnation states are different.
Plotting
on
the
h-s
diagram
for
the
turbo
machine
Ws s = h1 h21
t t =
t s =
s t =
ss =
s t =
Ws t h1 2 h01
=
Wact
h02 h01
ss =
Wact
h1 2 h1
=
Ws s h02 h01
Problems:
1. For a turbo machine handling water, the total total efficiency is 0.7 during flow
through the turbo machine, the stagnation pressure increases by 3.5 bar. Determine
b. Ideal energy input.
c. Actual mechanical energy input. Assuming a mechanical efficiency is 0.09
d. Actual power input for a flow of 3.25 lts/sec.
e. Rise in a temperature due to irreversibilities. Assume Cv = 4.187 kJ/kg-K
Answer:
Given:
t-t = 0.07
Cv=4.187 kJ/kg-K
Q=3.25 lts/sec
Wisen=-vdp=-vp/ = -3500/1000 =-0.35 kJ/kg
Wact = Wisen/ (t-t) = -0.35/0.07 = -5 kJ/kg
du =Wact - Wisen
CvdT = Wact-Wisen
dT =
(Wact Wisen )
Cv
dT = 1.1105 C
10
2. The initial & final total pressure of a fluid are 1 bar & 10 bar respectively.
The initial total temperature is 10 C. What is the work of compression for adiabatic
steady flow with a total total efficiency of 70%. Consider the fluid as air & assume that
it behaves like an ideal gas.
Answer:
Given:
P01=1bar; P02=10bar; T01=283K; t-t=0.75
p 01v02
= p 02 v02
1
p 01 v02
=
v 01
p 02
1
p 02
( mR( T02 T01 ) ) =
Wideal =
mRT01 1
1
1
p 01
3
m
v 02 = 0.1568
Kg
Wideal = 264.57
m3
Kg
t t =
Wideal
Wact
Wact =
Wideal
264.57
Kj
=
= 377.94
t t
0.75
Kg
11
Dimensional analysis:
Model analysis of a turbo machine:
It is a regular procedure adopted to explore the various factors affecting the performance
of the turbo machine. The 1st step would be to examine the different variables involved &
segregating them into groups.
The 1st group involves geometric variables such as length, width, span, and chord length
etc, of the turbo machine.
The 2nd group involves kinematics variables such as linear velocity v, angular velocity
, acceleration (a), rpm (N), mass flow rate, volume flow rate (Q), etc,
The 3rd group involves dynamic variables which are again segregated into 2 types:
1. Fluid variables such as density, specific weight, viscosity, elasticity, surface tension
etc,
2. Performance variables such as pressure drop, power input /output, torque, shear force,
drag, lift, etc,
The choice of the different variables warrants carefull consideration. Similar variables
need to be avoided.
For example density & specific weight may not be chosen generally Buckinghams
theorem is adapted to determine the various dimensionless groups involved in the group.
Problem:
(1).A partially submerged body of length L is towed in water of density & viscosity at
a velocity V.show that the total resistance R experienced by the body is given as
Lg
, 2
R = L2V 2 f
LV V
Ans:
RLVg
1=a1Lb1Vc1R
M0L0T0=La1(LT)b1(ML-3)c1(MLT-2)
a1=-2; b1=-2; c1=-2
1 =R/(L2V2)
2=a2Lb2Vc2
M0L0T0=La2 (LT-1) b2 (ML-3) c2 (ML-1T-2)
a2=-1; b2=-1; c2=-1;
12
2=/LV
3=a3Lb3Vc3g
M0L0T0=La3 (LT-1) b3 (ML-3) c3 (LT-2)
a 3= 1; b3= -1; c3= 0;
3=Lg/V2
R
f 2 2
L V LV
Lg
2 = 0
V
Lg
R = L2V 2 f
, 2
LV V
The operating characteristics of a gas turbine are presumed to depend on the following
physical variables:
mass flow rate, initial temperature, initial pressure, temperature drop across the turbine,
turbine rotor diameter & speed of the rotor using the 3 functional dimensions of length,
mass, &time only.
Find the dimensionless parameters which will express the performance of the gas turbine.
Note: Since the dimensionless parameters have to be obtained using only the 3 functional
dimensions of length, mass & the variables initial temperature & initial drop across the
turbine have to be expressed in terms of other variables whose dimensions can be
expressed in terms of length, mass & time. This is done as follows:
Assuming that the gas behaves like a perfect gas, we may write
Intial pressure:
Pi = RTi
P
Ti = i
i R
Since Pi has already been taken into account as one of the variables affecting the
performance, we may express Ti in terms of i as follows:
Work output per unit mass = -h= - CpT
T= - (W/mass)/Cp
Hence, we may go head & express temperature drop interms of work output interms of
per unit mass. Thus, the different variable affecting the performance & then MLT form as
follows:
Sl.no Variable
Units
MLT form
1.
Mass flow rate (m)
Kg/s
MT-1
2.
Initial temperature & initial Kg/m3
ML-3
density(i)
13
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
initial pressure(Pi)
Final pressure(Pf)
Temperature drop
Rotor diameter(D)
Speed(N)
N/m2 or Kg/m-s2
N/m2
N-m/Kg of m2/s2
m
s-1
ML-1T-2
ML-1T-2
L2T-2
L
T-1
V2
4 =
D
5 =
6 =
V2
K
V2
Dg
14
Physical significance:
To study the physical significance, we need to analyze the different types of forces that
affect fluid flow.
1. Inertia force:
Fi ma
m
V
t
Fi AV 2
Fi
D V
4
2 2
Fi D V
Fi
V
D
FV
V
A
D
FV VD
15
DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
inertia force D 2V 2 DV VLC
=
=
=
1. Reynolds numbers Re=
viscous force
VD
inertia force
V
=
gravity force
Dg
inertia force
3. Weber number Wb =
surface tension force
V
=
inertia force
V
=
4. Macchs number M= compressibility force
K
5. Eulers number =
inertia force
V
=
pressure force
P
1.
Q
- this is referred to as the dimensionless flow rate also called as flow
ND 3
coefficient or capacity coefficient or specific capacity.
He
this is referred to as dimensionless head also called as head co efficient.
N 2D2
In the above expression He is Head in J/Kg or kJ/kg
2.
3.
4.
5.
P
this is referred to as the power coefficient & represents power in
N 3 D 5
dimensionless form Power coefficient is essentially expressed as a product of flow co
efficient & head co efficient.
17
If a plots are made of H vs. Q for different speeds as shown in the fig, it is applicable for
only one turbo machine. As such if we need to do a performance analysis of other
geometrically similar turbo machine, the straight forward approach would be to plot a
graph of H vs Q for different speeds for each turbo machine which is a cumbersome task.
However if a plot is made for head coefficient versus flow co efficient, the
characteristics would be independent of N & D & hence would be applicable for all
geometrically similar turbomachines.
Simplified parameters:
For a given turbo machine of diameter D handling a fluid of density
we have flow coefficient
Q
1 =
ND 3
For a given turbomachine since the diameter is a fixed quantity we can remove it
from the terms and write
Q
11 =
N
He
12 = 2
N
P
13 = 3
N
These terms are referred to as simplified parameters.
Let us conduct a performance test on this turbo machine & a plot a graph of He vs. Q for
any speed say N1.
18
Consider a point on this characteristics curve for which the head & the flow rate are Q1
&He1 respectively. Knowing the values of He1, Q1, N1 we can determine the values of 11
& 21.
Using the same values of 11& 21, we can determine similar points for the speeds N2, N3,
etc,
i.e,
Q
Q
Q
11 = 1 = 1 = 3 = ................
N1 N 2 N 3
He1 He2 He2
= 2 = 3 = .............
N 12
N2
N2
If these similar points are joined the loci is a parabolic curve which passes through the
origin. After this, we can choose one more point on the characteristic curve & repeat the
whole exercise to get one more locus of similar points. On the same line many such loci
may be drawn. If all such points obtained for a speed say N2 are joined, then we get the
performance characteristic curve for sped N2 without having to conduct the performance
test. On similar lines it is possible to draw performance characteristic curve for any
number of speeds with out having to conduct any performance test. This is the
significance & benefit of the simplified parameters.
12 =
Specific speed:
It is noticed that the dimensionless parameters defined for turbo machine contain one
geometric variable D. It would be of some benefit if we were to define a dimensionless
term i.e. independent of the geometric variable D. Such a term would be applicable for
all geometrically similar turbo machines for similar flow conditions. One method of
getting such a term would be the application of dimensional analysis &buckingams
theorem . The easier method would be to perform a mathematical operation on the terms already obtained so as to eliminate D. Proceeding on the same line, we get 2
terms of practical significance which do not have the variable D. the 1st term would have
variable Q, N, He. The 2nd term would have P, N & He.
1
2
Q
N S = 3 =
3
ND
24
1
12
N 2D2
*
He
N Q
He
3
4
This is referred to as specific speed applicable for pumps. Since, speed flow rate & head
developed are of significance in pumps.
1
2
3
5
4
2
P2
(N 2 D2 ) 4
N P
NS = * =
*
=
3
5
5
He
N D
He 4
19
The above term is defined as specific speed for turbines. Since speed power output
&head available are of importance to turbines.
Specific speed of a turbo machine would express similar values of the properties
involved i.e. N, Q, He, P which would given similar flow condition in all
geometrically similar turbo machine. It can be construed that in the plot He vs. Q any
one of the loci of similar points have the same value speed. Hence, for different loci
we have different values of specific speed. Therefore, in order to make this term
significant a condition needs to be imposed. This is taken as the conditions at which
the machine operates at maximum efficiency conditions the specific speed of all
geometrically similar machine falls in a narrow bandwidth as such we may say that
the value of the specific speed obtained would define the type of turbo machine for
example a specific speed of pelton wheel varies from 4-70 metric units. Francis
turbine from 70-430 units. Kaplan turbine 500-100 metric units. These values have
great practical significance. It is known that a pelton wheel is highly suitable for
conditions of high head &low discharge while a Kaplan turbine, has optimum
efficiency while working under low head & high head &high discharge condition
N P
5
from the expression for specific speeds for turbines i.e. Ns =
He 4
It may be noticed that a high value of head would result in a low specific speed.
Units: Specific speed has given by the expression are dimensionless.
N Q
i.e., non dimensional specific speed n s =
3
He 4
N=rad /sec,
He=J/Kg,
Q=m3/sec,
N P
NS =
5
He 4
N=rad/sec; P=watt=Kg/m3; He=J/Kg.
He
He
20
Metric
N-rpm
Q-m3/sec
H-m
P-metric HP
S.I.units
N-rpm
Q-m3/sec
H-m
P-KW
Specific speed of a pump is defined as the speed of the geometrically similar pump
which would develop a head of 1m at a flow rate of 1m3/sec.
Specific speed of turbines is defined as the speed of geometrically similar turbines
which would develop 1Kw of power when working under a head of 1m.
Problems:
1.
D2=.2m
t-t=75%
Q1=2.7m3/min
N1=1500rpm
N2=3000rpm
Q1
Q2
=
3
N 1 D1
N 2 D23
2.7 * 3000 * 0.2 3
m3
Q2 =
= 1.6
kg
1500 * 0.33
He1
He
= 2 23
2
2
N 1 D1
N 2 D2
He2 =222.2 J/Kg = -h0 =VP0/t-t
P0 = -222.2*t-t*1000
P0 = 166665 pa=166.65 Kpa
P=mgH/t = m He = QgHe
P = Q2He2 = 1000*1.6/60*222.2 = 5925.86 W = 5.926 KW
2. The quantity of water available for a hydro electric power is 260 m 3/sec under a head
of 1.73 m. Assuming the speed of the turbine to be 50 rpm & there efficiency to be
82.5%. Find the number of turbines required. Assume Ns = 890 (metric units).
21
We have:
N P
NS =
5
890 =
H4
50 P
5
1.73 4
P = 1247.255MHP = 917356.05W
P0=QgH = .825*1000*260*9.81*1.73
P0=3640343.85 W
Number of turbines = P0/P = 3640343.85 / 917356.05 =3.9 =4
3. A maximum flow turbine with a total pressure ratio of 3:1 & inlet total temperature of
1000 K handles air. The impeller diameter & rotational speed are 30 cm &16000 rpm
with a total to total efficiency of 83%. Find the power output /Kg/sec of air flow if the
rotor diameter is reduced to 20 cm & the rotational speed is 2000 rpm.
Given:
P01/P02 = 3/1
D2 = 0.2m
T01 = 1000K
D1 = .3m
N1=16000rpm
t-t = 83%
N2 = 2000 rpm
T02
) * T T
T01
1
P
= C P T01 1 02 * T T
P01
=1005*1000*(1-(1/3).4/1.4)*.83
22
0.4
1 1.4
= 1005 *1000 * 1 * 0.83
3
W
= 224720.047
Kg
sec
2
He1
He
= 2 2
2
2
N 1 D1
N D
He2 = 1560.55 J/ kg
4. Liquid water of standard density flows at a temperature of 20 C .A static pressure of 10
atm &a velocity of 20 cm/sec. Evaluate the total temperature & total pressure of water.
We have:
T0 = T +
V2
2C P `
20 2
= 293.047 K
2 * 4187
V 2
P0 = P +
2
1000 * 20 2
P0 = 1013250 +
= 11.97 atm
2
T0 = 293 +
5. Air as a perfect gas flows in a duct at a velocity of 60 m/sec. a static pressure of 2 atm.
& a static temperature of 300 K. Evaluate the total temperature & total pressure of the air
at this point. Assume =1.4.
Given: V=60 m/sec.
T= 300 K
P = 2 atm. = 202650 Pa
PV = RT
P=RT
I.e. = P/ (RT) =202650/ (287*300) = 2353.65 g/m3
23
T0 = T +
V2
60 2
= 300 +
= 300.429 K
2C P
2 * 4187
P0 = P +
V 2
= 202.95KPa = 2.11atm
2
P01=8atm. =810600Pa.
(1)Wisen = vdp = vp =
p (1 8)
kj
=
= 709
1000
kg
P02 1
kj
= 180078.0078
(2)W = C P (T01 T02 ) = C P T01 1
kg
P01
24
7. Air as a perfect gas undergoes an increase in total pressure of 180mm. of water during
passage through a blower. The inlet static pressure is 1 atm temperature is 25 C & the
velocity is 50 m/sec. Evaluate the exit total temperature if the process is isentropic.
Evaluate the energy added to the air by blower per Kg of air flow per sec. if the flow is
steady. If the exit velocity is 135 m/sec. find the exit static temperature &pressure.
Given:
P = 180mm
= gh = 1000 * 9.81 * 0.18 = 1765.8 Pa
P1 = 1atm
m
sec
T1 = 298 K
V1 = 50
m
sec
V2
1.184 * 50 2
P01 = P1 + 1 1 = 101325 +
= 102805Pa
2
2
V2 = 135
W = He = Cp (T01 T02 ) * T T
W
0.4
Kg
104570.8 1.4
= 1005 * 1
* 299.24 = 143.336
102805
S
=
T01 P01
0.4
104570.8 1.4
T02 = 299.24 *
= 300.69 K
102805
V 2
P2 = P02
= 93529.183Pa
2
P
Kg
= 02 = 1.2117 3
RT02
M
T2 = T02
V2
= 291.622 K
2C P
25
8. The quantity of water available for a hydrostat ion is 310 cumecs water, the head of
1.8m. Assuming the speed of each turbine to be 60 rpm &efficiency to be 85%.find the
number of turbines required. The power produced by each. Take specific speed of turbine
to be 800metrics.
Cumecs=cubic meter per second=310m3/sec.
Given:
Q=310cumecs
H=1.8m
N=60rpm
Ns=800metric
=.85
P0 = 0 gQH
=.85*1000*9.81*310*1.8
=4652883 W
NS =
800 =
N P
5
H4
60 P
5
1.8 4
P = 772.789 MHP = 772.789 * 735.5W = 568383.43W
Number of turbines =P0/P=4652883/568383.43 =8.18=9
26
He1
He
= 2 2
2
2
N 1 D1
N 2 D2
20
180
=
800 * 0.52 200 * D22
2
D2 = 6 m
Specific speed:
N P
NS = 2 5 2
H 24
69.4 =
200 * P2
5
4
180
P2 = 52854.89 MHP = 52854.89 * 0.7355 = 38874 KW
D
P = 1 (1 m ) m
D
D +2
Unit Quantities
They are parameters measured under conditions of unit head
Q
(1)Unit flow: QU =
H
It is defined as turbo machine working under a
N
(2)Unit Speed: N U =
H
It is defined as speed of turbo machine working under a head of 1m.
P
(3)Unit Power: PU = 3
H2
head
of
1m.
27
1. (1) QU =
(2) PU =
H
P
H
3
2
=
=
0.0516
20
8
3
2
= 0.0115
m3
sec
= 0.08944 KW
20
N
350
=
= 78.26rpm
(3) N U =
H
20
DP
= 12
Dm
0.2
1
P = 1 (1 0.76 ) = 87.2%
12
2.
NS =
N P
H
5
4
350 *
=
8
0.7355 = 27.29metric
5
20 4
28
29
30
The fluid enter the rotor with an absolute velocity say V1 and leaves with an absolute
velocity say V2..
The absolute velocity of the fluid will have components in the axial, radial and tangential
direction which may be referred to as Va,Vw and Vf respectively.
The axial components do not participate in the energy transfer but cause a thrust which
is borne by the thrust bearings. The radial components also do not participate in the
energy transfer but cause a thrust which are borne by the journal bearings. The only
components which participate in the energy transfer is the tangential component Vw.
Va1 and Va2 :Axial components of V1 and V2 respectively.
Vf1 and Vf2 : Radial components of V1 and V2 respectively.
Vw1 and Vw2 : Tangential components of V1 and V2 respectively referred to as whirl
velocity, flow velocity. Let the rotor move with an angular velocity
Velocity Triangles:
These are formed at the inlet and exit by the combination of rotor velocity of a fluid V,
and relative velocity Vr which is the vectorial difference of V and U.
Derivation of Eulers Turbine equation:
By Newtons second law, Torque on the turbo machine
31
d (mVr )
dt
m
T = (Vw1 r1 Vw 2 r2 )
t
W W
=
= P = T *
sec t
T=
But ,
r1 = u1
r2 = u 2
m
P = (Vw1u1 Vw 2 u 2 ) Watt
t
Is the Eulers turbine equation.
Head form the Eulers equation:
H=
1
(Vw1u1 Vw 2 u 2 ) m of fluid .
g
32
(1)
(2)
V12 + U 12 Vr21
Vw1U 1 =
(3)
2
V 2 + U 22 Vr22
Vw 2U 2 = 2
(4)
2
m
P=
(Vw1U 1 Vw 2U 2 )
t
m1 2
P=
[V1 + U 12 Vr21 (V22 + U 22 Vr22 )]
t 2
m V 2 V22 U 12 U 22 Vr21 Vr22
+
Wactual = 1
t
2
2
2
one radius to another which gives rise to centripetal / centrifugal action, This is referred
to as static head.
V 2 V 2
3. r1 r 2 -This represents the energy transferred due to change in relative velocity
2
V 2 V22
represents dynamic energy transfer.
While 1
2
33
Turbo machines are classified as impulse and reaction machines depending on the
relative proportions of the static and dynamic heads involved in the energy transfer. To
aid this, we define a term referred to as degree of reaction Rd.
Degree of reaction Rd can be defined as the ratio of static head to the total head in the
energy transfer.
Rd =
(U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
(V12 V22 ) + (U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
34
35
Problems:
1. In an axial flow turbine, discharge blade angle are 20 degrees each for both the stator
V
and the rotor steam speed at the exit of the fixed blade is 140 m/sec.The ratio of a = 0.7
U
at the entry and 0.76 at exit. Find the inlet rotor blade angle for a mass flow rate of 2.6
Kg/sec.also determine the degree of reaction.
IVT
36
Given :
stator disch arg e angle = 1 = 20 ,
rotor disch arg e angle = 2 = 20 ,
Velocity at stator exit = V1 = 140
m
sec
Va1
= 0.7
U
Va 2
= 0.76
U2
sin ce turbine is axial flow machines,U 1 = U 2 .
IVT :
Va1 = V1 sin 20 = 47.5
m
sec
m
.
sec
Va1
= 0.7
U
V
47.5
m
U = a1 =
= 68.4
0.7 0.7
sec
2
2
2
Vr1 = Va1 + (Vw1 U ) = 47.5 2 + (131.6 68.4) 2
Vr1 = 79.3
m
sec
OVT :
Va 2
= 0.76
U
O V T Preferred:
37
Va 2 = 68.4 * 0.76
Va 2 = 52
m
sec
Va 2
52
m
=
= 152
sin 2
sec
sin 20
= U 2 Vr 2 cos 2
Vr 2 =
Vw2
m
sec
m
sec
Va1
V r1
47.5
= 37.22
79.3
1 = sin 1
m
m
(Vw1U 1 Vw 2U 2 ) =
U (Vw1 Vw 2 )
t
t
P = 2.6(68.4)(131.6 + 74.4) = 36.6 KW
P=
(U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
Rd =
(V12 V22 ) + (U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
Rd =
(79.3 2 152 2 )
= 0.59
(140 2 90.8 2 ) (79.3 2 140 2 )
2. The axial component of air velocity at the exit of the nozzle of an axial flow reaction
state is 180 m/sec.The nozzle inclination to the direction of rotation being 27 degees.Find
the rotor blade angles at the inlet and outlet if the degrees should be 50% and the blade
speed is 80 m/sec.Also for the same blade speed axial velocity and nozzle angle. Find the
degree of reaction if the absolute velocity at the rotor outlet should be axial and equal to
38
IVT
OVT
Given :
Va1 = 180
m
sec
Rd = 0.5
1 = 27
U = 180
m
sec
(U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
Rd = 2
(V1 V22 ) + (U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
0.5[V12 V22 ] 0.5[Vr21 Vr22 ] = [Vr21 Vr22 ]
V12 V22 = Vr21 Vr22
Note: It may be shown that for a 50% reaction turbine, the velocity triangles are
symmetrical and appear as shown.
Vr1 = V2
V1 = Vr 2
tan 1 =
Va1
Vw1
m
sec
180
1 = tan 1
= 46.1
353 180
Vw1 = 353
Rd =
(254.5 2 249.9 2 )
= 0.018
(396.5 2 180 2 ) ( 249.9 2 254.5 2 )
39
Note: Since the condition at the inlet i.e, Va1, 1 and U1 have to remain the same, the
IVT does not change only the OVT changes.
IVT
O V T (preferred)
40
3.) P =
Most of the turbo machines belong to this class. In general, they have a restricted flow
area for a given rotor diameter and have low to medium specific speed.
Significant aspects:
1.) Flow is outwards from the smaller to larger radius the Eulers turbine equation.
m
(Vw1U 1 Vw2U 2 ) requires that Vw 2U 2 > Vw1U1 for pumps and
i.e., P =
t
compressors which are power absorbing machines. For this sake radial flow compressors
and pumps generally have fluid entering at a smaller radius and leaving at a larger radius.
2.) The absolute velocity at inlet is oriented parallel to the axes of the shaft i.e., Va1=V1
and hence there is no whirl component at inlet i.e.,Vw1=0.
3.) Since Vw1=0, the energy transferred is purely a function of exit condition i.e.
m
P = Vw 2U 2 , Watt
t
V U
H = w 2 2 m of fluid .
g
The velocity triangles appear as shown:
41
Head-capacity relationship:
V U
H = w2 2
g
U
H = 2 U 2 V f 2 cot 2
g
Q = 2 = A2V f 2
Q cot 2
U 2
A2
U 22 U 2 cot 2
Q
H =
g
g
A
2
Q=
U2
g
< 90
Backward curved
vane
= 90
Radial vane
> 90
Forward curved vane
From the velocity triangles for the 3 types of vanes it may be noticed that the whirl
component at exit is least for backward curved vane ( < 90 ) and most for a forward
42
curved vane. When operating under similar condition of speed and cross section area. But
from a practical view point a high value of exit velocity V2 is not desirable. This is
because it becomes necessary to construct a diffuser of unreasonably large dimensions
even for moderate sized rotors. Hence backward curved vane with 2 in the range of 2025 degrees is preferred for radial flow pumps and compressors. Forward curved vanes are
not preferred while radial vanes ( = 90 ) are used in select applications requiring very
high pressure.
Axial flow pumps and compressors:
In axial flow machines, we recognize that the blade tips speed is same at the inlet and
exit. Hence, U1=U2.
In axial flow pumps and compressors, the energy transfer is achieved in the number of
stages involving stators and rotors. The first stage generally as a set of guide blades
which functions to act as a nozzle and directs the steam to the rotor in such a way that the
relative velocity is tangential to the blade as shown .The subsequent stages of stator
which function as diffusers. Hence, the last stage would end with the stator. The direction
of fluid flow is parallel to the shaft axes in a general sense and hence the term axial flow,
there is no radial component.
The stators after each subsequent stage function as diffusers and convert the exit kinetic
energy to useful pressure energy. A reasonable assumption is that the axial velocity
component Va is constant. i.e.Va1=Va2=Va.
While, this is generally true for incompressible fluids. It is a reasonable assumption for
compressible fluids too. Since the drop in the axial velocity component is around 5% in
each stage.
43
Derivation of expression for head developed in terms of rotor velocity U and rotor blade
angles 1 and 2 :
From the Inlet Velocity Triangles, we may write
U = Va [tan 0 + tan 1 ]
U = Va [tan 0 + tan 1 ]
From the Outlet Velocity Triangles, we may write
U = Va [tan 2 + tan 3 ]
tan 0 + tan 1 = tan 2 + tan 3
tan 1 tan 2 = tan 3 tan 0
(1)
tan( 1 2 ) =
H=
UVa
g
tan 1 tan 2
1 + tan 1 * tan 2
(3)
tan 1 tan 2
1 + tan 1 * tan 2
44
(2)Common vertex:
Vw 2 Represents the change in the whirl component which directly contributes to the
generation of head pressure increases in an axial flow pump or compressors happens due
to the following reason:
(1)Relative velocity is reduced from Vr1 to Vr2 with a subsequent increase in pressure.
45
(2)It may be noticed that absolute velocity has increased from V1 to V2. A high exit
velocity is not desirable in pumps desirable in pumps and compressors. Hence, the
necessity of a stator at the exit of every stage that will convert velocity energy to pressure
energy.
Expression for Degree of reaction in terms of rotor velocity and rotor blade angles:
We know that, Degree of reaction is given by,
46
(U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
Rd = 2
(V1 V22 ) + (U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
Rd =
(Vr22 Vr21 )
(V12 V22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
we know that , Euler ' s turbine equation for a pump may be written as
1
U = (Vw1u1 Vw 2 u 2 )
g
V12 V22 Vr21 Vr22
2
2
Degree of reaction is the ratio of suction head to the total head . which may be written as
U=
Rd =
1
g
[(
Vr22 Vr21
2
g
) (
1
V22 V12 Vr22 Vr21
2g
)]
Vr21 Vr22
Rd =
Vw 2U 2 Vw`1U 1
Rd =
47
Turbines:
General analysis:
They are power generating turbo machines, which run on both incompressible fluids such
as water as well as compressible fluids such as gases.
The efficiency of turbines may be defined as the ratio of actual work output to the fluid
energy input.
This involves 2 types of efficiencies:
(1)Hydraulic efficiency /isentropic efficiency.
(2)Mechanical efficiency.
The mechanical efficiency takes care of all losses due to energy transfer between
mechanical elements. In the turbines, mechanical efficiency is very high and of the order
of 98 to 99%.
The hydraulic efficiency takes care of losses during flow.
We realize that, turbines must have a residual exit velocity so that flow is maintained.
However, this residual velocity so that flow is it represents a lot far as the rotor is
concerned. Hence, even if we have idealized friction free flow it is not possible to
transfer all the energy in the fluids due to the need to have the final residual exit velocity.
Hence, hydraulic efficiency is a product of 2 terms and is given by
H = * V
Utilization factor:
Utilization factor is defined as the ratio of the actual work transferred from the fluid to
the rotor in an ideal condition to the maximum possible work that could be transferred in
an ideal condition.
48
m 2
V1 + (U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
2
m V22
Wmax = Wactual +
t 2
V22
Wactual = m[( (Vw1U 1 Vw 2U 2 ) +
]
2
Wactual =
(Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 )
V2
(Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 ) + 2
2
Rd =
Hs
Hs + Hd
Rd [ H d + H s ] = H s
Rd H s + Rd H d = H s
Rd H d
(1 Rd )
Utilization factor may be written as
Hs =
49
Hs + Hd
V2
Hs + 1
2g
substituting for H s , we have
Rd H D
+ HD
1 RD
=
Rd H D V12
+
1 RD 2 g
=
=
Rd H D + H D Rd H D
Rd H D 2 g + V12 V12 Rd
HD
V2 R V2
Rd H D + + 1 d 1
2g
2g
V12 V22
2
g
=
2
R V2
V
Rd H D + + 1 d 1
2g
2g
V12 V22
= 2
V1 Rd V22
This expression holds good for Rd values between 0 and 1. This cannot be used for Rd=1
(100% reaction). Since, the expression becomes equal to 1 suggesting 100% utilization
factor which could obviously lead to residual exit velocity V2 becoming zero.
50
Problems:
1. At a stage in an impulse turbine, the mean blade diameter is 80cm. The rotor speed is
3000rpm. The absolute velocity of the fluid discharging from nozzle inclined at 20
degrees to the plane of the wheel is 300 m/sec. If the utilization factor is 0.85 and the
relative velocity at rotor exit equals that at the inlet. Find the inlet and exit rotor blade
angles and the power output for the stage for a mass flow rate of 1 Kg/sec.
IVT
Given :
N = 3000rpm
OVT
1 = 20
= 0.85
d = 0.8 m
m
= 1 Kg / sec .
t
51
In an impulse turbine U 1 = U 2
Vr1 = Vr 2
Rd = 0;
V12 V22
=
V12
300 2 V22
300 2
m
V2 = 116.2
sec
dN * 0.8 * 3000
m
U=
=
= 125.66
60
60
sec
0.85 =
m
sec
IVT :
Va1 = V1 sin 1 = 300 sin 20 = 102.6
Vr21 = V12 + (Vw1 U ) 2 = 300 2 + (281.9 125.66) 2
m
sec
V
102.6
sin 1 = a1 =
Vr1 186.96
Vr1 = 186.96
1 = 33.33
OVT :
V22 = U 22 + Vr22 2UVr 2 cos 2
116.2 2 = 125.66 2 + 186.96 2 2 * 125.66 *186.96 cos 2
2 = 37.6
m
P = [Vw1U 1 Vw 2U 2 ]
t
Vw 2 = U 2 Vr 2 cos 2 = 125.66 186.96 cos 37.6 = 22.4
m
sec
2. Velocity of a steam outflow of a nozzle from a De-Laval turbine is 1200 m/sec. The
nozzle angle is 22 degrees. If rotor blades are equiangular and the rotor tangential speed
is 400 m/sec. Compute (1).rotor blade angle
(2).Tangential force on the blades.
(3).Power output. Assume Vr1=Vr2. Also determine utilization factor.
52
Given :
De Laval turbine is an example for an axial flow steam turbine. i.e.U 1 = U 2
m
sec
m
U = 400
sec
1 = 22
V1 = 1200
Vr1 = Vr 2
m
sec
m
Va1 = V1 sin 1 = 1200 sin 22 = 449.5
sec
Vw1 = V1 cos 1 = 1200 cos 22 = 112.6
m
sec
Va1 449.5
=
Vr1 842.5
1 = 2 = 32.2
Vr1 = Vr 2 = 842.5
m
sec
m
sec
2
2
2
V2 = Vr 2 + U 2 * Vr 2U * cos 2 = 842.5 2 + 400 2 2 * 842.5 * 400 * cos 32.2
Vw 2 = U Vr 2 cos 2 = 312.9
V2 = 547.85
m
sec
P = FT * U
m
U [Vw1 Vw 2 ]
t
P = 1 * 400 * [1112.6 + 312.9] = 570.2 * 10 3 Watts
P=
P 570.2 * 10 3
FT = =
= 1425.5 N
U
400
V 2 V 2 1200 2 547.85 2
= 1 2 2 =
= 0.8
V1
1200 2
3. At the nozzle exit of the certain stage in a steam turbine, absolute velocity is 300
m/sec. Rotor speed is 150 m/sec. at a point where the nozzle angle is 18 degrees. If the
rotor outlet blade angle. Determine the power output from the stage for a steam flow rate
of 8.5 Kg/sec.Assume Vr1=Vr2 and also determine the utilization factor.
53
IVT
Given :
m
V1 = 300
sec
m
U = 150
sec
1 = 18
2 = 1 3.5
m
Kg
= 8.5
t
sec
P=?
m
P = U [Vw1 Vw 2 ]
t
IV T :
m
sec
m
Va1 = V1 sin 1 = 300 sin 18 = 92.7
sec
Vw1 = V1 cos 1 = 300 cos18 = 285.3
m
sec
Va1 92.7
=
Vr1 164
1 = 34.4
54
OVT
OVT :
m
sec
m
sec
m
m
U [V w1 Vw 2 ] = 8.5 *150 * [ 285.3 9.2] = 352
t
sec
2
2
2
2
V V
300 84.7
= 1 2 2 =
= 0.9
V1
300 2
P=
55
4. In a radial inward flow hydraulic turbine the degree of reaction is 0.866 and utilization
factor for the runner is 0.968. The tangential speed at inlet and outlet respectively are 11
m/sec and 5.5 m/sec. Draw the IVT and OVT. Assuming that radial velocity is the same
at all points on the runner and is equal to 5 m/sec. The absolute velocity at the runner
outlet is purely radial with the tangential component. Determine the power output for a
volume flow rate of 16m3/sec.
IVT
OVT
56
Given :
Rd = 0.866
= 0.968
m
U 1 = 11
sec
m
U 2 = 5.5
sec
m
sec
m
=5
sec
Vf1 = Vf 2 = 5
V2 = V f 2
m3
sec
V 2 V22
= 21
V1 Rd V22
Q = 16
0.968 =
V12 5 2
V12 0.866 * 5 2
V1 = 11.29
sin 1 =
m
sec
V1 11.29
=
Vf1
5
1 = 26.5
Vf1
180 1 = sin 1
Vr1
1 = 101.08
Vw1 = V1 cos 1 = 11.29 cos 26.5 = 10.02
V
5
2 = tan 1 2 = tan 1
= 42.2
5.5
U2
m
P = [Vw1U 1 Vw 2U 2 ]
t
Q
P = [Vw1U 1 ] = 1000 * 1.6810.02 * 11 = 176.4 KW
t
57
5. A hydraulic reaction turbine of radial inward flow type works under a head of 160 m of
water at the point fluid entry the rotor blade angle is 119 degrees and the diameter of the
runner is 3.65 m and at the exit is 2.45 m. if the absolute velocity at the wheel outlet is
radially directed with a magnitude of 15.5 m/sec and radial component of velocity at the
inlet is 10.3 m/sec. Determine the power developed by the machine. Assume that 88% of
the available head is converted into work and flow rate is 110 m3/sec. Also determine the
degree of reaction and the utilization factor.
IVT
OVT
58
Given :
H = 160 m
d 2 = 2.45 m
1 = 119
m
sec
m
V2 = 15.5
sec
Q
m3
= 110
t
sec
m
V f 1 = 10.3
sec
T = 0.88
d1 = 3.65
Q
gH = 0.88 *100 * 10 * 9.81 * 160 = 151.9 * 10 6 W
t
If V2 = V f 2 then Vw 2 = 0
P = T
m
Q
[Vw1u1 ] = [Vw1U 1 ]
t
t
m
Vw1U 1 = 1381.3
sec
Vf1
10.3
m
Vw1 U 1 =
=
= 5.7
sec
tan 61
tan 60
1381.3
U1
= 5.7
U1
P=
m
m
,34.4
sec
sec
1381.3
m
Vw1 =
= 34.8
40.1
sec
m
Vr1 = 11.7
sec
d N
U1 = 1
60
U 1 = 40.1
59
V1 = V w1 cos 1 = 36
m
sec
40.1 * 60
= 210 rpm
* 2.45
d N * 2.45 * 210
m
U2 = 2 =
= 26.9
60
60
sec
N=
m
sec
1
1
H s = [(U 12 U 22 ) (V r21 V r22 )] = [(40.12 26.9 2 ) (11.7 2 31.04 2 )] = 855.49 m
2
2
1
1
H d = [V12 V22 ] = [36 2 15.5 2 ] = 527.875 m
2
2
2
2
V V2
= 21
= 0.92
V1 R d V 22
6. In a radial flow Francis turbine the runner outer diameter (inlet) diameter is 75cm and
inner (outlet) diameter is 50 cm, the runner speed is 400rpm. Water enters wheel at a
speed of 15 m/sec at an angle of 15 degrees to the wheel tangent at the point of entry.
Discharge at the outlet is radial and absolute velocity is 5 m/sec.Find the runner blade
angle at the inlet and draw velocity triangles. What is the power output per unit mass flow
rate through the turbine? Find the degree of reaction, utilization factor and static
pressure at the turbine inlet. If the static pressure at the exit is 1 atmosphere.
IVT
OVT
60
Given
d1 = 0.75 m
d 2 = 0.5 m
N = 400rpm
m
V1 = 15
sec
V2 = V f 2 = 5
m
sec
P = 1 atm
IVT :
d N * 0.75 * 400
m
U1 = 1 =
= 15.7
60
60
sec
d N * 0.5 * 400
m
U2 = 2 =
= 10.5
60
60
sec
m
Vw1 = V1 cos 1 = 15 cos15 = 14.5
sec
m
V f 1 = V1 sin 1 = 3.8
sec
Vf1
6.01
= tan 1
180 = tan 1
14.5
U Vw1
= 107.2
Vr1 = V f21 + (U 1 Vw21 ) = 3.8 2 + (15.7 2 14.5 2 ) = 4
tan 2 =
m
sec
Vf 2
U2
2 = 25.46
Vr 2 = U 22 + V22 = 10.5 2 + 5 2 = 11.6
m
sec
m
[Vw1U 1 ] = 1 * [14.5 *15.7] = 227.6 Watts
t
1
254.8
Kj
H s = [(U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )] =
= 127.4
2
2
Kg
P=
V12 V22
j
= 100
2
Kg
Hs
Rd =
= 0.56
Hs + Hd
Hd =
61
V12 V22
=0.95
V12 RdV22
W = h = Cp[T02 T01 ] =
P02 P01
1000
P02 P01 = 227.5 KPa
227.65 =
P02 = P2 +
V22
2
1000 * 25
= 113.0 KPa
2
P01 = 227.5 + 113 = 341.45 KPa
P02 = 101325 +
P1 = P01
V12
1000 * 15 2
= 341.45 * 10 3
= 228.9 KPa
2
2
(Vr21 Vr22 )
(V12 V22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
Change of fluid pressure in the rotor happens only due to change in the relative velocity
component Vr, since, U remains constant.
Degree of reaction, Rd =
(2)Reaction type: Generally any turbine which is not purely an impulse turbine is referred
to as a reaction turbine. It is not a 100% reaction turbine. But, it is still referred to as a
reaction turbine. Most reaction turbines are designed for 50% reaction which is found to
62
V1>V2, Vr1>Vr2
Rd<0(Rd is negative)
V1=V2
Rd=100%
Vr1=Vr2
Rd=0
V1=Vr2; Vr1=V2
Rd=0.5
V2>V1; Vr2>Vr1
Rd>100%
We know that for utilization factor to be maximum, the exit velocity V2 should be
minimum. For a given rotor speed U, the minimum value of V2 is obtained only if V22 is
axial and the velocity triangles would look as shown:
63
V2 = V1 sin 1
V12 V22
V12 Rd V22
max imum =
max imum =
cos 2 1
1 Rd sin 2 1
Form the expression, it is clear that max imum will have the highest value if 1 =0.
But 1 =0, results in V2=0 which is not a practically feasible condition. The zero angle
turbines which would have 1 =0 appears as shown:
Though the zero angle turbines are not practically feasible it represents the ideal
condition to be aimed at. In a Pelton wheel, we arrive at a condition wherein the jet is
deflected through an angle of 165 to 170 degrees. Though an angle of 180 degrees would
be the ideal condition as in case of a zero angle turbine.
Impulse turbine designed for maximum utilization:
64
cos 1 =
AC 2U
=
OA V1
cos 1 U
=
2
V1
U
is referred to as a blade speed ratio which will have limiting value of 0.5
V1
for a zero angle turbine. But in practical situation, 1 is in between 20 to 25 degrees. But
varies from 0.45 to 0.47. The blade speed ratio is very useful performance parameter
and it may be noted that the closer its value is to 0.5, the better it is.
The ratio
Reaction turbine:
We know that,
cos 2 1
max imum =
1 Rd sin 2 1
For a fixed value of 1 , as Rd increases max imum .
But for Rd=1 (100% reaction turbine), this equation doesnt holds good.
Let us examine how max imum is affected by Rd.
Case (1): Rd=1,
65
(Vr21 Vr22 )
Rd = 2
(V1 V22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
Vw1=Vw2
Hence by Eulers turbine equation
P = (Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 )
P = U [Vw1 Vw 2 ]
P = U 2Vw 2
P = 2UV cos 1
2UV1 cos 1
V12
2UV1 cos 1 +
2
2UV1 cos 1
=
V22
2UV1 cos 1 1 +
2(2UV1 cos 1 )
1
V22
1+
4UV1 cos 1
For maximum utilization V2 needs to be axial. If V2 is to be axial, then V1 also should be
axial which means that the denominator of the expression becomes equal to infinity
which reduces to to zero. This only means that 1 should be as low as possible to get
meaning full values of max imum . This represents contradicting condition and hence Rd=1 is
not preferred.
V2>V1, Vr2>Vr1
V12 V22
V12 Rd V22
66
In this case, V2>V1and hence V2 can never be axial and hence the condition for max imum
[An axial orientation for V2 can never be met]
V12 V22
= 2
V1 Rd V22
The utilization factor is given by
As Rd increases, decreases.
This means that the stator has to function to not only diffuse V2 to as low a value as
possible but also turn the fluid through a very large angle. This results in the poor flow
efficiency and hence Rd greater than 100% is not practically preferred.
Case (3): Rd<0 [negative Rd]
Vr1>Vr2
Rd =
(Vr21 Vr22 )
(V12 V22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
V12 V22
= 2
V1 Rd V22
For this condition, it is noticed that rd is negative denominator increases, decreases.
Vr2<Vr1, also means that the pressure is increasing as fluid passes through the rotor.
i.e. the rotor is acting like a diffuser. This is not preferred since pressure always has to
decrease along the flow path for good flow efficiency. Hence, Rd<0 is not practically
preferred.
67
We notice,
1 = 2
2 = 1
The angles are identical but reversed for the rotor and the stator. From the practical view
point, manufacturing of blades becomes simple. Since the same blade can be used for
either the stator or the rotor by merely reversing the direction. It can also be shown that in
a multistage turbines 50% reaction gives maximum stage efficiency. Since Vr2>Vr1,
pressure reduces along the flow path in the rotor resulting in high flow efficiency. In
general, n Rd value between 0 and 1 is preferred due to practical considerations.
From the velocity triangle it can be noted that Vw1=U
m
P = [Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 ]
t
Vw 2 =0 (for maximum utilization factor condition)
P = U 2
Comparing the energy transfer achieved by 50% reaction turbine with an impulse turbine
when both are designed for max imum condition and operating with the same rotor
velocities. We notice that an impulse turbine transfers twice as much energy as 50%
reaction turbine gives the better flow efficiencies.
If multi staging is attempted, the for a given value of energy transfer, a 50% reaction
turbine would need twice the number of stages as that of an impulse turbines. In actual
practice, when multistage is attempted, the initial stages are designed for an impulse
turbine when maximum fluid velocity is available. The subsequent stages are 50%
reaction stages.
(a)With velocity triangle, explain how degree of reaction affects utilization factor in axial
flow turbine and show that a 50% reaction turbine is the most preferred.
(b)With velocity triangles, show that axial flow turbines designed for an impulse
develops twice as much power as that of 50% reaction turbine when operating under
maximum utilization factor coordination.
68
Ans(b)
Impulse turbine
Expression for power output:
Kj
P = (V w1U 1 V w 2U 2 )
Kg
Vw 2 = 0 for max imum condition.
P = Vw1U
but , Vw1 = V1 cos 1 = 2U
P = 2U 2
We notice,
1 = 2
2 = 1
The angles are identical but reversed for the rotor and the stator. From the practical view
point, manufacturing of blades becomes simple. Since the same blade can be used for
either the stator or the rotor by merely reversing the direction. It can also be shown that in
a multistage turbines 50% reaction gives maximum stage efficiency. Since Vr2>Vr1,
pressure reduces along the flow path in the rotor resulting in high flow efficiency. In
general, n Rd value between 0 and 1 is preferred due to practical considerations.
From the velocity triangle it can be noted that Vw1=U
m
P = [Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 ]
t
69
m
[Vw1U1 Vw 2U 2 ]
t
P=
1
(V12 V22 ) + (U 12 U 22 ) (Vr21 Vr22 )
2
For positive work output Vw1U 1 > Vw 2U 2 .This is achieved practically by going in for
U 1 > U 2 which means r1>r2. This means that radius at inlet needs to be greater than
radius at exit .i.e., the flow should be radically inwards.
However, the earliest hydraulic turbines developed were radically outward flow turbines.
The first recorded type of such a turbine HEROS turbine developed around 2000 years
ago.
70
In HEROS turbine, steam is contained in the rotor itself which is provided with nozzles
as shown, when steam issues out of nozzles , a reaction force is experienced by the nozzle
due to which rotor moves in the opposite direction as indicated.
Similarly in principle is the Barkers mill which is a hydraulic reaction turbine of the
radially outward flow type. This is more popular today in the form of lawn sprinkler.
The lawn sprinkler would have negligible inlet velocities compared to exit velocity
triangle is a straight line with V2 and U2 in opposite direction as shown.
It may be shown that lawn sprinkler has poor utilization factor and hence it is not an
effective turbine. However in actual practice, radial flow turbines are inward flow turbine
which may involve radial entry and exit. E.g.: Old Francis turbine or radial entry and
axial turbine or radial entry and axial exit. [Mixed flow], Modern Francis turbine.
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(a)Radial type
Fig.
Fig.
Banki Turbine
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