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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

I.B.O.-5
varjkZ"Vh; foi.ku ykWftfLVDl
(International Business Environment)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- vkFkd ,Dlikstj D;k gS\ vkFkd ,Dlikstj dh rduhdh cktkj igy dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkjvkFkd ,Dlikstj dk lacak ^udnh izokg* tksf[keksa ls gksrk gSA vkFkd ,Dlikstj dk vkkkj ;g gksrk gS fd iQeZ osQ ewY;
esa (ftldh eki mldh izR;kf'kr Hkkoh udnh izokg osQ orZeku ewY; ls dh tkrh gS) fofue; njksa esa ifjorZu gksus dh fLFkfr esa fdruh
ek=kk esa ifjorZu gks tk,xkA
vkFkd ,Dlikstj dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gSa
1- vkFkd ,Dlikstj esa tksf[ke ykxrksa dh izfrLikkZ gksrh gSA dkjksckj izfrLikkZ dj losaQ rFkk fo; ykxrksa ij ykHk izkIr fd;k
tk losQA bl ckjs esa ;g mls izHkkfor djrk gSA
2- blesa tksf[ke ukeek=k osQ fofue; nj ls ugha] vfirq okLrfod fofue; nj esa mrkj&p<+koksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i gksrk gSA ;g eq[;
:i ls eqnzk tksf[ke ugha gS] vfirq ;g O;kolkf;d tksf[ke gSA
3- ;g tksf[ke Hkfo"; dh fcf;ksa esa mRi gksrh gS] ftudh dhersa vHkh dksV ugha dh xbZ gSaA leLr fo; ftudh dhersa dksV
dh xbZ gSa] muosQ ckjs esa izfrLikkZ ykxrsa ugha] vfirq fokh; tksf[kesa gks ldrh gSaA
4- lgh ek;uksa esa ;g tksf[ke fdlh O;olk; dks mlosQ ,d ;k mlls T;knk O;kikfjd cktkjksa esa gksrh gS] ftlesa ml eqnzk esa cgqr
oqQN mldh ykxr gksrh gS] tks de izfr;ksxh gks ldrh gSA
bl izdkj vkFkd tksf[ke dk lacak [krjksa ls gksrk gS] tks ykxrksa osQ izfr;ksfxRo dks okLrfod fofue; njksa esa ifjorZu ls gksrs gSaA
tksf[ke dh xaHkhjrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd ykxrksa dks eqnzkvksa osQ e; foHkkftr djuk fdruk eqf'dy gSA izfrLikh tksf[ke osQ
izfr fdlh O;olk; dh laosnu'khyrk mldh ekax dh yksp ij fuHkZj djrh gSA izfrLikhZ tksf[ke nh?kZdkfyd leL;k gSA okLrfod
fofue; njksa esa izo`fk dk vuqeku dHkh&dHkh vkxs osQ oqQN o"kks osQ fy, yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
vkFkd tksf[ke fliZQ mUgha dkjksckjksa rd lhfer ugha gksrh tks nwljs ns'kksa osQ lkFk dkjksckj djrs gSa] tSls vxj dkjksckj fliZQ ,d
gksVy dk gS vkSj ns'kh eqnzk vizfrLikhZ gks tkrh gSa] rks ml gksVy esa Bgjus okys i;ZVdksa dh la[;k de gks tk,xh vkSj mldk dkjksckj
de gks tk,xkA
vMyj (Adler) vkSj M~;wekl (Dumas) (1984) rFkk fcYckWxZ (Wihlborg) (1987) tSls oqQN ys[kdksa us eqnzk tksf[ke dks okLrfod
udnh izokgksa osQ lef"V vkFkd [krjksa dh O;kid vokkj.kk dk ,d ro ekuk gSA blosQ lkFk ,d leL;k ;g gS fd ;g ukeek=k osQ
fofue; nj esa mrkj&p<+ko ls gq, tksf[keksa osQ e; varj dh vogsyuk dj nsrk gS] ijarq T;knk ewy Lrj ij [kqn fofue; nj lef"V
vkFkd ?kVukvksa osQ lkFk lacafkr gksrh gSa] tks eqnzk fuLlj.k }kjk izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k :i ls dkjksckj dh ykHkiznrk dks izHkkfor djrs
gSa] blfy, ijke'kZ ;g fn;k tkrk gS fd ykxrksa ij vkSj fo; dherksa ij iM+us okys ckgjh izHkkoksa osQ e; varj djuk pkfg,A
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vkFkd ,Dlikstj dh eki (Measuring Economic Exposure)

fdlh oaQiuh osQ lgh vkFkd ,Dlikstj dks lqfuf'pr djuk vR;fkd eqf'dy dke gS] ftlosQ rgr Hkkoh udnh izokgksa dh ek=kk
vkSj fofue; nj laosnu'khyrk dk vanktk yxkus dh {kerk dh t:jr gksrh gS] blfy, ,Dlikstj dk izcak djus osQ fy, fokh; iz.kkyh
dk vuqlj.k djus okyh T;knkrj oaQifu;ksa osQ fy, t:jh gks tkrk gS fd os vkFkd ,Dlikstj dh eki vkSj mlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i gksus
okyh fofue; tksf[ke osQ lacak esa iSQlyk djsaA bl lanHkZ esa O;ogk;Z n`f"Vdks.k oaQiuh osQ okLrfod O;olk;ksa ls ,sfrgkfld vkadM+ksa
dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gS vFkok fdlh u, mie osQ ckjs esa rqyukRed dkjksckj ls vkadM+kas dk mi;ksx djuk gksrk gSA bl ifr dk
vkkkj ewy iQeZ vFkok fons'kksa esa fLFkr mldh lacafkr iQeks osQ le{k mRi tksf[ke dh ifjHkk"kk gksrh gSA blosQ rgr fuEufyf[kr
lekJ;.k lehdj.k dks bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS
CFt = a + bEXCHt + ut

tgka
vofk t esa oqQy lac (ewy) udnh izokgksa dk MkWyj ewY;
vofk t esa vkSlr fofue; nj
u = ;kn`fPNd =kqfV 'kCn ek; 0 osQ lkFk
bl izdkj osQ lekJ;.k fo'ys"k.k osQ ifj.kke osQ rgr izeq[k :i ls rhu iSjkehVlZ 'kkfey gksrs gSa
1- fons'kh fofue; ^chVk* b xq.kkad] tks fofue; nj esa ,d bdkbZ ifjorZu osQ vuqlkj udnh izokg esa ifjorZu dh eki djrk
gSA
2- t lkaf[;dh tks ^chVk* xq.kkad osQ lkaf[;dh; ego dh eki djrk gSA
3- R oxZ (R2) tks fofue; nj esa ifjorZu osQ }kjk Li"V fd, x, udnh izokg ifjorZu'khyrk osQ Hkkx dh eki djrk gSA
chVk xq.kkad ftruk T;knk gksxk] udnh izokgksa osQ ns'kh; eqnzk ewY; ij fn, gq, fofue; nj cnyko dk mruk gh T;knk izHkko gksxkA
blosQ foijhr chVk xq.kkad ftruk de gksxk] fofue; nj esa cnykoksa dk oaQiuh ij mruk gh de izHkko iM+sxkA t lkaf[;dh cM+k gksus
dk vFkZ gksrk gS fd chVk xq.kkad osQ ewY; osQ izfr fo'okl dh ek=kk T;knk gks] ysfdu fdlh oaQiuh dh chVk xq.kkad ;fn cM+k vkSj
lkaf[;dh; :i esa izeq[k gksrk gS vkSj bl rjg mls okLrfod fofue; [krjksa dk lkeuk djuk gksrk gS] rks Hkh bl fLFkfr dk ;g vFkZ
ugha gksrk fd eqnzk esa mrkj&p<+ko oaQiuh dh laiw.kZ tksf[ke osQ izeq[k fukkZjd gSA okLrfod :i ls bl lanHkZ esa izeq[k ckr ;g gS fd
eqnzk esa bu mrkj&p<+koksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i gksus okyh dkWiksZjsV dh oqQy udnh izokg dh ifjorZu'khyrk dh izfr'krrkA bl rjg oaQiuh
osQ ,Dlikstj izcak uhfr ij blosQ izHkko osQ :i esa lcls T;knk izeq[k iSjkehVlZ lekJ;.k dk R2 gksrk gSA
mRiknu igysa (Production Initiatives)
ftu cgqjk"Vh; oaQifu;ksa dh fo'oO;kih mRiknu iz.kkfy;ka gksrh gSa] os fofHk tksf[ke izcak iz.kkyh dk izHkkoh rjhosQ ls mi;ksx djrh
gSa] D;ksafd os vius vusd IykaVksa osQ e; mRiknu dk vkcaVu dj ikrh gSa] fons'kkas esa u, IykaV LFkkfir dj ldrh gSa rFkk deZpkfj;ksa
osQ vfHkizsj.k] vkWVkses'ku vkfn }kjk mRikfnrk esa lqkkj yk ldrh gSaA
vkxr feJ.k (Input Mix)
tks oaQifu;ka igys ls gh fons'kksa esa fofuekZ.k dj jgh gksrh gSa] mlosQ fy, LFkkuh; eqnzk osQ ewY;kl osQ ckn ns'k osQ rgr mRikfnr
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ T;knkrj 'ks;j osQ mi;ksx dh enn ls ykxr cprsa ckn osQ dher O;ogkj ij fuHkZj djsaxhA fo'o O;kikj osQ iz;ksx
esa vkus okyh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa vFkok mPp vk;kr 'ks;j okyh oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh jk"Vh; eqnzk dher o`f mu oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa osQ eqdkcys T;knk gksrh gS] ftuesa vk;kr dk Hkkx de gksrk gS vFkok varjkZZ"Vh; O;kikj osQ lkFk ftudk de lacak gksrk gSA
nh?kZdky osQ fy, viuh mRiknu {kerk c<+krs le; fdlh oaQiuh dks ubZ lqfokkvksa dk fMtkbu bl rjg djuk pkfg, fd oLrqvksa osQ
fofHk lzksrksa dk ,d nwljs osQ fy, iz;ksx djus esa lqfokk gks] ijUrq lkFk gh lkFk ns'k osQ rgr vk;kr dh xbZ vkxrksa osQ lkis{k dher
osQ varjksa osQ mkj esa dk;Zokgh djus lacakh ykHk dh rqyuk vfrfjDr fMtkbu ij vkbZ ykxrksa rFkk fuekZ.k ij ykxrksa osQ lkFk dj ysuh
pkfg,A
IykaVksa osQ e; mRiknu dk LFkkukarj.k
CFt =

EXCHt =

(Shifting Production among Plants)

fo'o Lrjh; mRiknu iz.kkfy;ksa okyh cgqjk"Vh; oaQifu;ka bu vkkkjksa ij vius IykaVksa osQ e; mRiknu dk;Z dks foHkkftr dj ldrh
gSamRiknu dh ykxrksa esa cnyko djuk] ml ns'k esa mRiknu esa o`f djuk] ftldh eqnzk dk voewY;u gqvk gS vkSj ml ns'k esa mRiknu
dks de djuk] ftldh eqnzk dk iquewZY;u gqvk gSA bl rjg fu;kZrd dh ctk; cgqjk"Vh; oaQifu;ksa dks de tksf[ke dk eqdkcyk djuk
gksrk gS] D;ksafd muesa ;g 'kfDr gksrh gS fd ifjorr lkis{k mRiknu ykxrksa osQ vuqlkj os fo'oO;kih vkkkj ij vius mRiknu dk;ks
osQ e; lkeatL; LFkkfir dj losaQ] ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk okLrfodrk ;g gS fd mRiknu osQ gLrkarj.k djus dh flkar :ih 'kfDr okLro
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esa lhfer gksrh gSA bl rjg budk lhfer gksuk dbZ dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS] ftlesa ,d dkjd gS LFkkuh; Jfed la?kksa dh {kerk] ijarq
cgqjk"Vh; oaQifu;ka rks ubZ&ubZ izf;kvksa dh 'kq#vkr djrh jgrh gSa vkSj bl rjg osQ u,&u, mRiknksa dks Hkh fudkyrh gSaA oaQiuh osQ vusd
IykaVksa esa ls fdl IykaV ij bu u, mRiknksas dk mRiknu gks ;g ykxrksa dks ;ku esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk gSA mRiknu osQ gLrkarj.k dh ;qfDr
osQ lanHkZ esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd cgqjk"Vh; oaQifu;ksa us fo'oO;kih vkkkj ij ;kstukvksa osQ iksViQksfy;ks dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k gSA oaQiuh
osQ mRiknu osQ vusd lzksrksa osQ gksus ls] ml le; dh fofue; njksa osQ varxZr ,oa loksZke mRiknu fdiQk;rsa izkIr gks tkrh gSa] ijarq vusd
;kstukvksa osQ gksus ls fofuekZ.k lacakh O;FkZrk dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gS vkSj ykxrksa dks de djus osQ lacak esa ckkk,a vkrh gSaA vkerkSj ij
tc mRiknu dh fdiQk;rsa bl rjg dh gSa fd mlosQ vuqlkj fo'oO;kih cktkj esa eky igqapkus osQ fy, fliZQ ,d ;k nks gh ;kstukvksa
dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gS] ijarq T;knkrj oaQifu;ka bl ifj.kke ij igqaph gSa fd vfuf'prrk osQ fo'o esa mRiknu osQ fofokhdj.k osQ
cgqr T;knk ykHk izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA ;gh otg gS fd NksVh&NksVh ;kstukvksa ij T;knk ykxrksa osQ gksus osQ ckotwn eqnzk lacakh tksf[keksa
osQ gksus ls mRiknu dbZ LFkkuksa ij fd, tkrs gSaA
IykaV dh vofLFkfr (Plant Location)
ftl fu;kZrdkkZ osQ fy, fons'k esa mRiknu djus dh lqfokk ugha gS] og izkIr dj ldrk gS] mlosQ vk;krd dh eqnzk osQ voewY;u
dh fLFkfr esa bdkbZ ykHk iznk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ckgj ls midj.kksa dks eaxkuk mfpr ugha gSA viuh igysa f>>d osQ ckotwn og
oaQiuh vc ubZ ;kstukvksa dh LFkkiuk fons'kksa esa dj ldrh gSA dbZ fLFkfr;ksa esa ;kstukvksa dh LFkkiuk rhljs ns'k esa djuk l{ke fodYi
gksrk gS] ,slk gksuk bu ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSmRiknu dh Je izkkurk ;k ekSfnzd iquO;ZoLFkk osQ fy, ;kstuk,aA blosQ ckotwn Hkh fdlh
ns'k esa brus T;knk lalkkuksa dks yxkus ls iwoZ izcakd dks ;g tkuus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg, fd og jk"V fdrus le; rd vius ykxr
lqyHk dks cuk, j[k losQxk] ysfdu tc jk"Vh; eqnzk dk ewY; c<+ jgk gksrk gS] rc mRiknu dk;Z dks fons'k esa ys tkuk ges'kk mfpr
ugha gksxkA ns'k osQ vanj gh mRiknu djus ls fMtkbu djus vkSj fofuekZ.k dk;ks osQ e; lek;kstu esa lqkkj gksrk gS rFkk xq.kokk fu;a=k.k
dh dfBukb;ksa ls cpk tk ldrk gSA tks oaQifu;ka ,sls lek;kstu ij T;knk fuHkZj jgrh gSa rFkk bl izdkj jk"Vh; mRikfnrk esa o`f djrh
gSa] os mu oaQifu;ksa ls T;knk vPNh gksrh gSa] ftudk mRiknu dk;Z fons'kksa esa gksrk gSA
mRikfnrk dks c<+kuk (Raising Productivity)
fons'kh oaQifu;ksa osQ lkFk izfr;ksfxrk djrs&djrs vusd iQes viuh mRikfnrk dks lqkkjus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSaA bl lanHkZ esa muosQ
}kjk bLrseky fd, tkus okys mik; bl izdkj gksrs gSav{ke IykaVksa dks can djuk] O;kid Lrj ij Lopkfyr e'khuksa dks ykuk] ykHk dV
cSd rFkk fu;ekuqlkj dk;Z osQ lacak esa Jfed la?kksa osQ lkFk lafk djukA vusd iQes ,sls dk;Ze Hkh izkjaHk djrh gSa] ftuesa mRikfnrk
ij cy fn;k tkrk gS rFkk deZpkfj;ksa dks vfHkizsfjr djosQ mRikn dh xq.kokk esa lqkkj fd;k tkrk gSA
;fn eqnzk cnyko osQ lanHkZ esa iwoZ vanktk ugha yxk;k tk ldrk] rks Hkh laHkkO; fLFkfr osQ lacak esa ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk
ldrk gSA bl ;kstuk esa 'kkfey gSafofHk i;kZIr eqnzk ;kstukvksa dks fodflr djuk] oaQiuh dh izfr;ksxh fLFkfr ij buesa ls izR;sd ;kstuk
osQ izHkkoksa dh leh{kk djuk rFkk bu laHkkoukvksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, ;qfDr;ksa osQ lacak esa iSQlys ysukA okLro esa tc fdlh eqnzk esa cnyko
gksrk gS] rc ;kstuk osQ vuqlkj oaQiuh rqjar gh viuh foi.ku vkSj mRiknu ;qfDr;ksa dk lek;kstu dj ikrh gS] D;ksafd lwpuk dks lax`ghr
djus vkSj mudh leh{kk djus dh ykxrsa vR;fkd gksrh gSa] blfy, oaQiuh dks mu ;kstukvksa ij T;knk cy nsuk pkfg,] ftuosQ okLrfod
:i esa gksus dh T;knk vk'kk gksA
iz'u 2- .k lk[k i=k D;k gS\ ;g fdrus izdkj dk gksrk gS\ ;g oszQrk o fooszQrk osQ fgr dk cpko fdl izdkj djrk
gS\
mkjlk[k i=k izys[kh; lk[k cSad dh izfrcrk dks crkrk gS fd eky ;k lsokvksa osQ foozsQrk dks ,d fukkZfjr jkf'k dk Hkqxrku
djs] ysfdu ;g t:jh gS fd og vuqc izys[kksa dks izLrqr djs] tks fun"V vofk osQ Hkhrj lsokvksa osQ izn'kZu ;k eky osQ iksr ynku
dk mnkgj.k gksA izys[kh; lk[k vkt O;kikj pykus osQ fy,] lk[k lkku osQ :i esa rFkk Hkqxrku djus o lqjf{kr cukus osQ izi=k osQ :i
esa vko';d midj.k gSA
izys[kh; lk[k esa iz;ksx izys[kksa osQ la;kstu dks dfBu t:jr fu;af=kr djrh gSaA izys[kh; lk[k osQ fgrkfkdkfj;kas osQ fy, ;g t:jh
gS fd Hkqxrku rHkh fd;k tk,] tc izys[k lgh t:jh 'krks osQ lkFk gks rFkk cSad dks fliZQ izys[kkssa osQ vkkkj ij fu.kZ; ysuk gksA tks
isfjl esa varjkZ"Vh; pSacj vkWiQ dkWelZ }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ gSa] og izys[kksa dh vuq:irk dks tkapus osQ vkkkj iznku djrh gSA izys[kh; lk[k
osQ ms'; fuEufyf[kr gSa
1- ;s tkjhdkkZ cSad dks vk;krd dks fok iks"k.k djus osQ fy, enn nsrs gSa rFkk mlosQ mi;ksx dh ns[k&js[k djrs gSaA
2- ;s Hkqxrku dh lqj{kk osQ fy, fu;kZrdksa osQ useh izi=k gSaA
3- ;s fons'kh lsokvksa] eky o fons'kh midj.kksa osQ ;&fo; osQ fokh;u osQ vkn'kZ lkku gSaA

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4- ;s okf.kfT;d i{kksa osQ ysu&nsu esa lqj{kk o fo'okl iSnk djus dk ,d l'kDr ek;e gSA
izys[kh; lk[k osQ izeq[k dk;ks esa gSavk;krd tks .k osQ fy, vkosnu djrk gS vkosnd dgykrk gSA mldk cSad tks lk[k i=k
(L/C) tkjh djrk gS] og tkjhdkkZ cSad dgykrk gSA fu;kZrd izkIrdkkZ gksrk gSA tkjhdkkZ cSad dks tks ,tsaV gS] ftlosQ fy, lk[k i=k
dks izs"k.k osQ fy, izkIrdkkZ dks Hkstk tkrk gS] ijke'kZd cSad gSA vxj ijke'kZd cSad viuh ^vk'oLrrk* dks lk[k i=k osQ fy, tksM+rk
gS] rc ;g vk'oklu nsus okyk cSad gks tkrk gSA
lk[k i=kksa dks izeq[k :i ls fuEu izdkj ls tkjh fd;k tk ldrk gS
1- ;g olwyh vfkdkj ;k fcuk olwyh vfkdkj osQ gks ldrk gSA iwoZ ekeys esa fons'kh cSad vkiwrdkkZ ;k izkIrdkkZ osQ foijhr
olwyh dk vfkdkj ys ldrk gSA vxj izys[kksa dks [kqyk cSad ;k vk;krd }kjk Hkqxrku ugha fd;k x;k gks rFkk ckn osQ ekeys
osQ cSad osQ ikl ,slk dksbZ vfkdkj ugha gksrk gSA
2- bldh iqf"V dh tk ldrh gS] tc ,tsaV vfHkdkkZ cSad fons'k esa bldh iqf"V djrk gSA
3- [k.Muh; lk[k dks izk;% ns[kk ugha tkrkA ;g fdlh Hkh le; fdlh Hkh i{k }kjk j dh tk ldrh gS] lkekU;r% izkFkhZ }kjkA
4- T;knkrj lk[k i=k v[k.Muh; gksrs gSaA budks lHkh i{kksa dh lgefr osQ fcuk lkekU;r% fujLr ;k la'kksfkr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
lk[k i=kksa osQ rgr Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ifr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
Sight L/Cs: vfkdrj lkbV MkV vFkok izys[kksa dh izLrqfr ij lk[k dks Hkqxrku osQ fy, miyCk djk;k tkrk gSA lkbV MkV
osQ rgr tkjhdkkZ cSad usxksf'k,Vx cSad ;k fgrkfkdkjh dks Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, ck;dkjh gksrk gS] tSlk Hkh ekeyk gks lk[k dh 'krks
osQ vuqlkj izys[kksa dh izkfIr gks ldrh gSA blosQ cnys esa vk;krd izys[kksa osQ foijhr tkjhdkkZ cSad dks Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, ck;dkjh
gSA
Lohr lk[k (Acceptance Credits)Lohr lk[k Hkqxrku osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy, lk[k i=k osQ rgr VkbZe (Usance) MkV dks fy[kus
osQ fy, izkokku djrk gSA Lohr lk[k dks eqfr lk[k ;k Lohdkjus ij lqiqnZxh lk[k dh rjg Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA Lohr lk[k osQ rgr
tkjhdkkZ cSad T;knk le; osQ fy, LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mlosQ laik'od dks n'kkZus okys izys[kksa dks Lohr dh ifjiDork ls
iwoZ lacafkr i{k osQ fy, tkjh fd;k tkuk gksrk gS] cSad dks blosQ vuqlkj gh .k dh leh{kk djuk t:jh gksrk gSA izys[kh; Lohr
lk[k dks izkFkfed :i ls vkosnd dks fok iznku djus osQ fy, rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu vxj vofk fcyksa dks fMLdkmaV fd;k tkrk
gS] rc ;s fu;kZrd dks Hkh fok izcak djus osQ fy, dk;Z'khy iwath miyCk djk,axsA vkosnd pkgs rks fgrkfkdkjh ls fuEufyf[kr esa ls
fdlh ls Hkh vofk fofue; i=k fy[kok ldrk gS1- Lo;a vkosnd] 2- tkjhdkkZ cSad rFkk 3- lykgdkj cSadA
vkLFkfxr Hkqxrku lk[k i=k (Deferred Payment Letter of Credit)vkLFkfxr Hkqxrku lk[k Lohr lk[k osQ leku gksrh gSA
fdlh Hkh MkV dh t:jr ;k izLrqfr ugha gksrhA tkjhdkkZ cSad dks lk[k dh 'krks osQ vuqlkj izLrqrdkkZ cSad dks uksfViQkbZ djuk pkfg,]
tc Hkqxrku fd;k tk,xk rFkk bl izdkj dks v[k.Muh; vaMjVsdx nsxkA
iQksjisQVx (Forfaiting)
vFkZiQksjisQVx dk vfHkizk; ,d dM+h osQ lkkuksa osQ [kjhnus ls gS] lkekU;r% fofue; i=k] opu i=k o vU; eqDr izi=k xSj&olwyh
vfkdkj vkkkj ijA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd vxj vk;krd Hkqxrku ugha djrk gS] rks fu;kZrd ij dksbZ okilh ugha gksxhA iQksjisQVj uksVksa dh
laiw.kZ vofk osQ fy, lger nj ij C;kt de djrk gSA .k lkkuksa dks fu;kZrd (foozsQrk) }kjk fy[kk tkrk gS] ftldks vk;krd
(ozsQrk) }kjk Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk voy (aval) (xkjaVj cSad dk uke) ;k vk;krd osQ cSad dh v'krhZ; xkjaVh gksxhA Hkqxrku osQ
cnys esa] rc iQksjisQVj vk;krd ls .k osQ olwyh osQ fy, ftEesnkjh ysrk gSA og ;k rks laiw.kZ ifjiDork rd lkkuksa dks kkj.k djrk
gS ;k nwljs iQksjisQVj csprk gSA uksVksa dk kkjd blosQ ckn cSad dks izR;sd dks izkI; dks izLrqr djrk gS] ftl ij budk Hkqxrku fd;k
tkrk gSA
vfkdre lkekU; :i ls mi;ksx .k izi=kopu i=k o fofue; i=k ;k MkV T;knkrj lkekU; :i ls iQksjisQVx .k izi=k
gSaA iQksjisQVx le>kSrs osQ rgr opui=k ;k fofue; i=k MkV dks lIyk;j ozsQfMV dh fdLr osQ fy, tkjh fd;k tk ldrk gSA oqQN
fo"k;ksa esa vk;krd vkiwrdkkZ dh lk[k .k osQ rgr vius .kksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, lk[k i=k [kksyus osQ fy, izkFkfedrk ns ldrk
gSA bu lk[k i=kksa osQ rgr iSnk gksus okys vkLFkfxr Hkqxrku MkV dks NwV djuk laHko gSA iQksjisQVx y{;ksa osQ fy, v[k.Muh; lk[k
i=k dks vk;krd osQ ns'k esa vk;krd osQ cSad }kjk tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA
fu;kZrd dks ykHk
1- Hkqxrku dh xkjaVh nh tkrh gSA
2- ;g cSysal 'khV ls ckgj gSA
3- Hkqxrku dks Kkr le; ij izkIr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bl izdkj jksdM+ izokg dh xkjaVh nh tkrh gSA

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4- 100 izfr'kr fok laHko gSA

5- fu;kZrd dks fdlh Hkh tksf[ke ls eqDr djrh gSA
cSadj Lohfr;ka
O;kikj osQ fy, geus jk"Vh; o varjkZ"Vh; nksuksa :iksa esa ewy izys[k dh rjg fofue; i=k dks ns[kkA fofue; i=k .k osQ fyf[kr
lk{; dks crkrk gS o bldks lsV esa fy[kk tkrk gSA ;g O;kikj dk iwoZ izdkj fok lkku gS o vusd 'krkfCn;ksa osQ O;kikj ls fodflr
gqvk gS rFkk vc bldks laoSkkfud o osQl dkuwu }kjk 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA oSkkfud ifjHkk"kk] ijkE; izi=k dkuwu] 1881 osQ
rgr^foi=k ,slk izys[k gS] ftlosQ Hkhrj 'krZ jfgr vkns'k blosQ fy[kus okys osQ gLrk{kj osQ rgr fo'ks"k O;fDr dks ,d fuf'pr jde]
fuf'pr O;fDr osQ vkns'kkuqlkj ;k foys[k osQ okgd dks ns; dks gksrk gSA*
B/E esa rhu izeq[k ikV;ka gksrh gSafy[kus okyk fu;kZrd (Drawer), vnkdkkZ (Drawee), vk;krd (importer) ;k dksbZ vkSj O;fDr
ftls lEcksfkr fd;k gS rFkk vnkrk (Payee) ftldks vnkdkkZ Hkqxrku djsxk] blosQ vfrfjDr B/E osQ thou dky esa vkSj i{k Hkh lacafkr
gSa] tks fo'ks"k vfkdkj dk ykHk izkIr djrs gSa rFkk nkf;Ro HkhA buesa 'kkfey gksrs gSaLohdkj djus okyk (Acceptor)] kkjd (Holder),
okgd (Bearer), ewY; osQ fy, kkjd (Holder for Value), ;Fkkfofk kkjd (Holder in due Course), i`"BkadudkkZ (Endorser) rFkk
i`"Bkafdrh (Endorsee)] tks vkns'kdkkZ }kjk gLrk{kfjr gksrk gS] tks fdlh fof'k"V O;fDr dks fof'k"V jkf'k dks Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, dgrk
gSA B/E o vU; izdkj osQ O;kikfjd izi=kksa dk bLrseky vusd izdkj osQ O;kikfjd ysu&nsuksa dks fok izcak djkus dk gksrk gSA
B/E ,d O;kikjh osQ fy, vU; O;kikjh }kjk fy[kk tkrk gS] rkfd eky dk varnsZ'kh; fo; ;k fu;kZr vFkok vk;kr dk fokh;u
fd;k tk losQA ;g Lo;a esa rjyh; gksrs gSa rFkk ;g }Sfrd cktkj esa fo;'khy gksrs gSaA }Sfrd cktkj esa budks fuos'kdksa dks cspk o
fMLdkm.V fd;k tkrk gSA
lkekU; O;kikj osQ rgr fu;kZrd fcy dks cukrk gS rFkk gLrk{kfjr djrk gS] n'kZuh fcy (ekax ij jksdM+) ;k vofk fcyA vxj
bldks xzkgd 'krZ ij blosQ mQij ij gLrk{kj }kjk Lohdkj djrk gS] fukkZfjr Hkkoh frfFk ij ;g ns; gSA fuf'pr gh ozsQrk fcy dk Hkqxrku
u djosQ mldks vLohdkj dj ldrk gSA fy[kus okyk vnkdkkZ osQ uke o irs osQ vykok B/E fy[kus dh frfFk dks crk,xk] jkf'k dks
vadksa o 'kCnksa esa] 'krs o vnkrkA ;g T;knkrj kkjd dh vis{kk fof'k"V O;fDr;ksa dks ns; gksrk gSA fofue; i=k dk O;kid :i ls O;kikj
fok ysus osQ fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
cSadj Lohfr (d) fofue; i=k gS] ([k) fof'k"V fnol ij oqQN jkf'k dks nsus dk vkns'k gS] (x) ges'kk cSad }kjk Lohr o fy[kk
tkrk gS] (?k) Lohdkj djus okyh cSad ifjiDork ij BA dk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, ck; gSA cSad ml ij vius xzkgd }kjk fy[ks B/
E dks Lohdkjrk gS rFkk mlosQ ckn fMLdkm.V ij mldks }Sfrd cktkj esa csprk gSA Lohdk;Z deh'ku dks 'kkfey djrs gq, izkfIr;ksa dks
mlosQ xzkgdksa dks nsrs gSaA blosQ ckn cSad ifjiDork ij vafdr ewY; ij fcy dk Hkqxrku djrk gSA
cSad Lohfr;ksa dk ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd og fu;kZrd dks ;ksX; cukrh gS fd og vk;krd dks .k iznku dj losQA blosQ vykok
fcy dks Lohdkjus osQ fy, cSad viuh xkjaVh dks 'kkfey djrk gS fd bldks ifjiDork vof/ ij iw.kZ fd;k tk,xk o Lohfr dks ml
nj ij cspk tk,xk] tks cSad dh ozsQfMV jsVx dks crkrh gSA
iz'u 3- fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,
(d) ABC rduhd
mkjp;ukRed LVkWd fu;U=k.k ,d ,slh izf;k gS] ftlosQ rgr LVkWd fu;U=k.k dh fofk vkSj ek=kk en&nj&en cnyrh jgrh
gSA
A-B-C rduhd fo'ys"k.kABC rduhdh LVkWd fu;a=k.k dh vkkkj rduhdh gS rFkk bls izLFkku fcUnq dgk tkrk gSA ABC
fo'ys"k.k dks lkexzh izcUku osQ lHkh i{kksa_ tSls;] izkfIr o fujh{k.k] LVksj dhfiax rFkk LVksj fuxZeu] fcyksa dk ijh{k.k] LVkWd fu;U=k.k
o ewY; fo'ys"k.k vkfn esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
;fn leLr LVksj enksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk,] ftlesa laiw.kZ LVkWd dks #i, esa izn'kr fd;k x;k gS] rks ge ns[ksaxs fd yxHkx 10%
ensa oqQy ok"kd miHkksx ykxr osQ fy, mkjnk;h gksrh gSa] 20% ensa 15% ok"kd miHkksx ykxr osQ fy, mkjnk;h gksrh gSa] tcfd 75%
ensa ek=k 5% ykxr osQ fy, mkjnk;h gksrh gSaA de la[;k okyh mPp miHkksx ewY; ensa A ensa dgykrh gSa] e;e miHkksx ewY; enksa
B ensa dgykrh gSa] tcfd cM+h la[;k esa ensa ftudk miHkksx ewY; fuEu gksrk gS] C ensa dgykrh gSaA Li"Vr% le> ysuk pkfg, fd AB-C fo'ys"k.k en dh bdkbZ ykxr ij fuHkZj ugha djrk] vfirq ek=k mlosQ ok"kd miHkksx ;k vkorZ ij fuHkZj djrk gS] rFkkfi ;g en
osQ ego ij fuHkZj ugha djrkA
lkjka'kr% dgk tk ldrk gS A enksa dks fu;af=kr djus esa yxus okyk le; iz;kl o O;; tks izfriQy nsxk] og C enksa dks fu;af=kr
djus ls izkIr izfriQy ls mQpk gksxkA

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blls A-B-C fo'ys"k.k dk ms'; Li"V gks tkrk gSA ;g ok"kd miHkksx ewY; dh n`f"V ls ;g enksa dh ml cM+h la[;k esa ls oqQN
egoiw.kZ enksa dks vyx djrk gS] ftudk ok"kd miHkksx ewY; cgqr gh de gSA ,slk D;ksa fd;k x;k gS] ;g crkuk ljy gSA fcuk
O;ofLFkr fo'ys"k.k osQ] lHkh enksa ij oqQN de vFkok vfkd leku :i ls ;ku fn;k tk,xkA ifj.kker% fu;a=k.k vuko';d :i ls
egaxk gks tk,xk rFkk og dk;ZoqQ'ky Hkh ugha jg ik,xkA A-B-C fo'ys"k.k p;ukRed LVkWd fu;a=k.k izLrqr djrk gS] ftlesa A enksa ij
vfkdre] B enksa ij ;Fkk;ksX; ;ku fn;k tk,xk] tcfd C enksa ij ;ku dks nSfud dk;Zfofk;ksa rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA A ensa
ftuosQ lacak esa vfkdre dk;Z djuk gksrk gS] fdUrq ;fn ge LVkWd Lrj de djsa] rks ;s loksZR"V ifj.kke nsrs gSaA
([k) VSUd oaQVsuj
mkjdUVsujhdj.k dh vokkj.kkdUVsujhdj.k dh vokkj.kk }kj ls }kj (Door-to-Door- step) izf;k ij vkkkfjr gSA ISP
vUrZjk"Vh; ekud laxBu us dUVsujksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk gS fd eky osQ okgu dh lqfokk osQ fy, ifjogu midj.k dk ,d
Hkkx] tks dUVsujksa dks chp esa [kkyh fd;s vFkok iqu% Hkjs fcuk gh ,d ;k vfkd ifjogu osQ izdkjksa osQ }kjk ogu djrk gSogh
dUVsujhdj.k dgykrk gSA leqh dUVsujksa esa oqQN fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gS] tks mUgsa etcwrh iznku djrh gSa tSls fd ;g j[kj[kko osQ fy,
midj.kkas ls lqlfTtr gksrk gS rFkk bl rjg ls fufeZr gksrk gS fd bls ljyrk ls Hkjk rFkk [kkyh fd;k tk losQA dUVsujhdj.k dkxksZ
dh 'kq#vkr ls gh ifjogu dks lkeF;Z iznku djrk gSA lkFk gh blesa ;g Hkh crk;k tkrk gS fd LVkWd chek rFkk izys[ku ykxrsa oqQy
lqiqnZxh dh ykxrksa dk 40 gksrh gSa rFkk dUVsujhdj.k gsrq ;g ykxr de gksrh gSA
dUVsujhdj.k dh vko';drkdUVsujhdj.k izR;sd bdkbZ Hkkj iz.kkyh esas cgqeq[kh ekuk tkrk gSA bl izdkj osQ ijEijkxr tgkt
osQ vkdkjkuqlkj gh Hkkj foHkktu (Break Bulk) fd;k tkrk gSA bu tgktksa ij fofHkUu izdkj dk lkeku yknk tkrk gSA lkFk gh buesa
oLrqvksa dks yknrs le; ;g ;ku j[kuk t:jh gksrk gS fd tks Hkh oLrq yknh tk,] og ,d gh dksfV dh gks] tSls iwQyksa osQ lkFk I;kt
dks ugha yknk tk ldrkA ijEijkxr tgktksa osQ czsd cYd dks yknrs le; fuEufyf[kr dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS
(1) lkeku foyac ls Hkstus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i f'kij dks cSad osQ C;kt dh ek=kk esa vfkdrk gksrh FkhA
(2) pwafd ijEijkxr tgktksa esa czsd cYd eky dks yknus eas fo'ks"k lkokkuh j[kuh iM+rh Fkh] blfy, ijEijkxr tgktksa osQ fy,
muosQ dk;Ze dks cuk, j[kus esa cgqr dfBukbZ gksrh FkhA xyr dk;Ze gksus osQ dkj.k LVkWd vlarqfyr gks tkrk Fkk vkSj ozsQrk
dk vius [kqnjk O;kikfj;ksa osQ lkFk opucrk dk vuqlj.k djus esa #dkoV vkrh Fkh] ftlosQ dkj.k dHkh&dHkh vkiwfrZdkkZ]
ozsQrk vkSj [kqnjk O;kikfj;ksa osQ chp vuko';d >xM+s gks tkrs Fks] ftlls ns'k dk O;kikj izHkkfor gksrk FkkA
(3) ijEijkxr tgktksa dh ynkbZ esa cgqr laHkky dh t:jr gksrh Fkh] ftlls midj.k dk vuqi;qDr mi;ksx@mis{kk vFkok vKkurk
osQ dkj.k yxkrkj {kfr gksrh jgrh FkhA mnkgj.kLo:idkxksZ dks idM+us osQ fy, cus gqd ls oSxksa eas Nsn gks tkrs FksA blh izdkj
dkisZV jksy ij iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys gqd ls {kfr gks tkrh gSA dkVwZuksa osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys dkaVs ls dkVZwuksa esa Nsn
gks tkrs FksA
(4) lkokkuh vkSj fu;kstu osQ ctk;] tc nks vleku oLrqvksa dh HkjkbZ ,d lkFk dh tkrh Fkh] rks vlaxrrk osQ dkj.k {kfr Hkh cgqr
gksrh FkhA blosQ dkj.k u osQoy oLrqvksa dh {kfr] cfYd xaHkhj nq?kZVuk,a Hkh gksrh FkhA
dUVsujkas osQ vk;ke
dUVsujhdj.k osQ vUrxZr ,d fuf'pr Hkkj lhek dk fukkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl Hkkj lhek osQ vUnj&vUnj gh oLrqvksa dks dUVsujksa
esa yknk tk ldrk gSA dUVsujksa osQ vk;ke vUrZjk"Vh; ekudksa osQ }kjk fukkZfjr fd;s tkrs gSaA bu vk;keksa osQ }kjk oLrqvksa dks }kj ls }kj
rd igqpk;k tkrk gSA dUVsujksa esa ynkbZ eq[;r% fyV dh lgk;rk ls gksrh gSA tc dkxksZ dks Hkjk tkrk gS] rks og iwjh {kerk ls ynku
osQ i'pkr [khapus okyh xkM+h ;k jsy ls fyV ;k ozsQu osQ }kjk ml LFkku ij igqpk;k tkrk gS] tgk dUVsuj gksrs gSaA ;gk ij lhek 'kqYd
fujh{k.k osQ oDr dUVsujksa dks [kksyk tkrk gS
dUVsujhdj.k osQ ykHk
dUVsujhdj.k osQ fuEufyf[kr ykHk gksrs gSa
f'kilZ (iksr ynkudkkZ) dks ykHk
(1) oLrqvksa osQ j[kj[kko&ykxr esa cpr
(2) njokts ls njokts rd forj.k iz.kkyh
(3) cUnjxkg izHkkj esa cpr
(4) fo'oluh; o Rofjr forj.k
(5) ekyxksnke o LVkWd ykxr esa deh
(6) lkekuksa dh gkfu o {kfr dh Lohdk;Zrk esa deh

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(7) chek ykxr esa deh

(8) izys[ku esa deh
(9) foi.ku dh csgrj fLFkfr
(10) iSfoaQx ykxr esa dehA
tgkt ekfyd dks ykHk
(1) ykxr esa deh
(2) dkxksZ ij iw.kZ fu;U=k.k
(3) foijhr voLFkkvksa osQ le; esa lqkkjA
(x) leqnz ;k=kk pkVZj
mkjleqh ;k=kk pkVZjleqh ;k=kk vuqcUk esa tgkt dk tks ,dy leqh ;k=kk gsrq fd;k tkrk gS] ;k fiQj lger dkxksZ dh
ek=kk dh fujUrj ph; leqh ek=kk gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA ;gk ij leq ;k=kk pkVZj osQ vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks ;ku esa j[kk tkrk
gS
(1) tgkt dk ekfyd lger dkxksZ ek=kk dks ,d vFkok nks lger cUnjxkgksa esa ls fudklh cUnjxkg rd ifjogu gsrq ,d fuf'pr
nj rd vfxze esa lger 'krks osQ vkkkj ij gh pkVZj dks tgktksa dks nsus dk opu fn;k tkrk gSA
(2) dHkh&dHkh tgkt dh {kerk dks ,d ls T;knk pkVZj fdjk;s ij fn;s tkrs gaSA bl fLFkfr esa tgkt ekfyd gj pkVZj osQ lkFk
vyx&vyx vuqcUk djrs gSaA
(3) tgkt ekfyd leqh ;k=kk pkVZj tgkt osQ dIrku dks ukfer fd;s x;s cUnjxkg ij le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj djosQ ,d fuf'pr
vofk osQ vUrxZr mfYyf[kr frfFk ;k iwoZ fjiksVZ gsrq dgk tkrk gSA
(4) ;gk tgkt ynkbZ gsrq fjiksVZ ugha dh tkrh gS] rks pkVZj }kjk le>kSrs dks j dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g gkfu dk nkok djrs gSaA
leqh; ;k=kk osQ vkkkj ij VSEi ysus gsrq pkVZjksa dks HkkM+s dk Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gSA ;g HkkM+k ,deq'r vFkok izfrVu vkkkj ij
fy;k tk ldrk gSA pkVZjj fliZQ HkkM+s dk gh Hkqxrku djrs gSa] ysfdu oqQN fLFkfr;ksa esa mUgsa iw.kZ ;k vkaf'kd rkSj ij tgkth oqQy O;;ksa
(stevedoring) dks Hkh ogu djuk iM+rk gSA tgkth oqQy O;;ksa esa ynkbZ] fVfeax ,oa LikWfVx vkSj NqM+kbZ O;; vkfn dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk
gSA pkVZfjax le>kSrk ;g crkrk gS fd pkVZj nj fdl lhek rd bu O;;ksa dks iwjk djsxhA vr% pkVZj nj fuEufyf[kr pkj :iksa esa ls dksbZ
Hkh gks ldrh gS
(1) ykbuj njsatgkth oqQyh O;; tgkt ekfyd }kjk ogu fd;s tk;saxs] tks lger HkkM+s esa ls mls olwy ysxkA vr% HkkM+s esa
tgkth oqQyh O;; lfEefyr jgrk gSA bu njksa dks ldy nj osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
(2) izQh bu ,.M vkmQV (FIO)lger HkkM+k nj esa tgkth dk;Z djus okys oqQyh osQ O;; dks lfEefyr ugha fd;k tkrkA ;g
pkVZjj ls vyx ls olwys tkrs gSaA bu njksa dks eqDr 'krks ij nj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
(3) izQh bu ,.M xzkl vkmQVbl fLFkfr esa lger nj ls ynkbZ O;;ksa dks gVk fy;k tkrk gS vkSj NqM+k;s tkus okys O;;ksa dks
tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA
(4) xzkl bu ,.M izQh vkmQVbl fLFkfr esa lger nj esa ynkbZ O;;ksa dks tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS vkSj NqM+kbZ O;;ksa dks gVk fn;k
tkrk gSA
dke ij yxkus osQ lacak esa tgkt ekfydksa dk fodYi (Choice of Shipowners in Employment)VSEi tgkt ekfyd vius
tgktksa dks dke ij yxkus esa fdlh dM+s fu;e dk ikyu ugha djuk pkgrs o og leqh ;k=kk osQ vkkkj ij tgkt dks Hkstus dk fu.kZ;
ysrs gSaA tgktksa dks vyx&vyx dkxksZ dks fHkUu izpkyu {ks=kksa esa muosQ fy, loksZi;qDr 'krks vkSj n'kkvksa osQ vkkkj ij ,dy leqh ;k=kk
;k fujarj ;k ph; ;k=kk vkkkj ij fn, tkrs gSaA vr% leqh ;k=kk pkVZj esa tgkt dk yxkuk dbZ izdkj osQ dkjdksa ls izHkkfor gksrk
gS] ftuesa fuEufyf[kr lfEefyr gSa(1) HkkM+k cktkj esa Hkfo"; dh izo`fk] (2) tgktksa dh fof'k"Vrk] (3) ekSle dh lgh fLFkfr vkfnA
(?k) varjkZ"Vh; okf.kT; pSEcj

mkjvUrjkZ"Vh; okf.kT; pSEcj vUrjkZ"Vh; okf.kT; pSEcj iwjs fo'o esa iQSys gq, gSaA ;g ,d vUrjkZ"Vh; fudk; gS] ftldh
lnL;rk 150 ls Hkh T;knk gSA ;g pSEcj fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djrk gS
(i) vUrjkZ"Vh; O;kikj o okf.kT; dks izksRlkfgr djrk gSA
(ii) vusd okf.kfT;d xfrfofk;k djrk gSA
(iii) lnL;ksa dh vksj ls lEcfUkr ,tsfUl;ksa ls ckr djrk gSA
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blesa pSEcj vUrjkZ"Vh; okf.kT; pSEcj vkWiQ dkWelZ yUnu rFkk oqQvkykyEiqj esa vykHkizn gSaA blosQ lnL; pSEcjksa dh ljdkjksa rFkk
vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBuksa tSls fo'o O;kikj laxBu] GATT, fo'o cSad] vadVkM vkfn osQ lkFk lg;ksx djrs gSaA
lajpukvUrjkZ"Vh; okf.kT; pSEcj dh vUrjkZ"Vh; kks[kkkM+h dk irk yxkus o mls jksdus gsrq dbZ ,tsfUl;k dk;Z dj
jgh gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa
okf.kfT;d vijkk lsok
bldk fuekZ.k rhu fo'ks"khr C;wjks vkSj lkbcj vijkk bdkbZ dks feykdj fd;k x;k gS] tks vijkk esa izR;sd i{k dks ns[krh gSA
;g vijkk osQ rkSj&rjhdksa vkSj mldk lkeuk djus osQ fo"k; esa yxkrkj lq>ko iznku djrh gSA
vUrjkZ"Vh; leqnzh C;wjksbldk xBu o"kZ 1981 esa gqvk FkkA ;g nLrkosth lk[k kks[kkkM+h] pkVZj ikVhZ vkSj tgkt osQ fopyu]
lfgr lHkh izdkj osQ leqnzh vkSj O;kikfjd vijkkksa dks ns[krh gSA bldk {ks=kh; dk;kZy; oqQykyeiqj esa gS] tks iM+kslh fjiksfVx lsaVj osQ
?kj dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA ;g osQUnz tynL;qrk (Piracy) lacakh lwpukvksa ij rqjar dk;Z djrk gS rFkk lacafkr ,tsalh dks lcwr eqgS;k
djkrk gSA
okf.kfT;d vijkk C;wjks;g C;wjks O;fDrxr diV lykg lsok iznku djrk gS] ftlosQ vUrxZr nLrkostksa dk izek.khdj.k] tkp
vkSj vijkk dh jksdFkke lEcUkh izf'k{k.k lfEefyr gksrs gSaA okf.kfT;d vijkk C;wjks cSadksa vkSj fokh; lsok iznkrkvksa osQ fy, lsok osQ
:i esa 1992 esa xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g lnL;ksa dks kks[kkkM+h dh c<+rh gqbZ tfVyrkvksa osQ izfr lpsr djrk gS rFkk fokh; leqnk;
dks vijkfk;ksa osQ ,tsalh vkSj O;fDr;ksa dks leqnzh vkijkfkd O;ogkjksa esa iQlkus dh u;h ;kstuk ls cpus osQ gsrq psrkouh nsrk gSA
;g kks[kkkM+h vkSj vuqfpr O;ogkjksa ls lEcfUkr eqksa ij cSadksa] fokh; laLFkkuksa fu;kedksa vkSj fofk izorZu ,tsafl;ksa osQ fy, lEidZ
dk egoiw.kZ fcUnq gSA C;wjks osQ dke dk cM+k fgLlk iQthZ cSad midj.k ls lEcfUkr kks[kkkM+h gS] tks egkekjh osQ Lrj rd iSQy pqdk
gSA blosQ fof'k"V dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSa
(v) nLrkostksa dk izek.khdj.k
(c) fokh; ysu&nsuksa dk fo'ys"k.k
(l) iQthZ dEifu;ksa dh igpku vkSj lEifk dh olwyh
(n) dkuwuh vnkyrksa esa fo'ks"kK lykg iznku djuk] vkSj
(;) izf'k{k.k] lsfeukjksa ,oa ysDpjksa dk vk;kstu djukA
iz'u 4- fuEufyf[kr esa varj crkb,A
(d) ?kjsyw ykWftfLVDl vkSj varjkZ"Vh; ykWftfLVDl
mkj?kjsyw ,oa vUrjkZ"Vh; ykWftfLVDl?kjsyw rFkk vUrjkZ"Vh; ykWftfLVDl esa rhu izdkj osQ vUrj ik;s tkrs gS]a tks fuEufyf[kr gS
a
(i) oLrq dh ykxr dk ,d cM+k Hkkx vUrjkZ"Vh; O;kikj esa ykWftfLVDl ykxr dgykrk gSA
(ii) ?kjsyw O;kikj osQ rjhdksa ls vUrjkZ"Vh; O;kikj osQ rjhosQ vyx gksrs gSaA
(iii) vUrjkZ"Vh; ykWftfLVDl esa jktuSfrd] lkaLfrd o laLFkkxr roksa dks Hkwfedk eq[; gksrh gS] tcfd ?kjsyw ykWftfLVDl esa bldh
dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gksrhA
ykWftfLVDl ykxrykWftfLVDl (vUrjkZ"Vh;) ykxr osQ fo"k; esa ppkZ djus osQ fy;s loZizFke ifjogu ykxr ij ;ku nsuk
egoiw.kZ gSA varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj eq[;r% leqnz ekxZ ls vfkd gksrk gS] blfy;s leqnzh HkkM+k fn;k tkrk gSA ;g leqnzh HkkM+k vfUre mRikn
oLrq osQ ykxr dk de ls de 1% rd gksrk gSA leqnzh HkkM+k esa nksuksa rjiQ dh ?kjsyw ifjogu ykxr rFkk vU; ykWftfLVDl ykxrksa dks
tksM+k tkrk gSA orZeku C;kt nj ij LVkWd j[kus dh ykxr oLrq osQ ewY; osQ 30% rd gks ldrh gSA ;g ,d vuns[kh ykxr gksrh gS
tks vHkkSfrd j[kj[kko ls mRiUu gksrh gSA
;kfU=kdh?kjsyw o vUrjkZ"Vh; ykWftfLVDl dk nwljk vUrj ;kfU=kdh gSA nksuksa gh izf;kvksa esa vyx&vyx ;kfU=kdh dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA ;kfU=kdh eq[;r% vuqHko rFkk fof'k"Vrkvksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS] vr% lEcfUkr ns'k dh izf;k o fofu;ekasa dks fcuk tkus dksV
djuk vR;Ur dfBu gksrk gSA ;kfU=kdh dh otg ls gh eky dk nwljh txg igqpkus dk le; ij vyx&vyx gks ldrk gSA ;g le;
mRikfnr le; dgykrk gSA tc fodkl'khy ns'k fons'kh O;kikj osQ ysu&nsu osQ oszQrk rFkk foozsQrk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] rks ysu&nsu
esa gksus okyh nsjh foyEc fLofpax IokbUV dgykrh gS] ftlls oqQy ysu&nsu dh rqyuk osQ eqdkcys esa vfkd o bl lcls ykWftfLVDl
ykxr Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA vr% ;g Li"V gS fd fodkl'khy ns'k tks vUrjkZ"Vh; O;kikj esa yxs gkas] muosQ fy;s ykWftfLVDl ykxr izfrLikkZ
o ykxr ykHk dh n`f"V ls vR;Ur egoiw.kZ ro gks ldrh gSA

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jktuSfrd o lkaLfrd okrkoj.k?kjsyw o vUrjkZ"Vh; ykWftfLVDl osQ vUrxZr jktuSfrd o lkaLfrd okrkoj.k dks eq[; ekuk
tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ vkns'k dks iqu% izkIr djus osQ fy;s ;g vko';d gS fd vkns'k osQ vuqcaku forj.k ij fu;U=k.k j[kk tk;s]
D;ksafd vk;krd vkiwfrZ osQ vkkkj ij gh Lo;a ysu&nsu dh vfuf'prrk ls viuh j{kk djuk pkgrs gaSA vr% ,d vUrjkZ"Vh; cktkj esa
bu roksa ij ;ku nsuk t:jh gksrk gSA
([k) LFky vkSj jsy }kjk eky dk ogu
mkjLFky vkSj jsy }kjk eky dk oguLFky rFkk jsyekxZ osQ }kjk eky osQ ogu dks nks izdkj ls lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gS
1- CMR dUosa'ku (1956) tks LFky ekxZ ls lEcfUkr gksrk gSA
2- CIM dUos'ku (1970) tks jsy ekxZ ls lEcfUkr gksrk gSA
;g dUosU'ku eq[;r% mu ns'kksa ls lEcfUkr gksrs gSa] tks dkxksZ osQ ifjogu gsrq ykxw fd, tkrs gSaA blosQ eq[; gLrk{kjdkkZ if'peh
;wjksih; ns'k gSaA Hkkjr o vU; iM+kslh ns'kksa us bl iz.kkyh dks ugha viuk;kA
cgqizfr:i ifjogu }kjk eky dk ogu
vkt cgqr lkjs ns'k ;k rks UNCTAD/ICC osQ fu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA
lkFk gh ;g oLrqvksa lacakh vfkfu;e dk ftlosQ varxZr fofHkUu izdkj osQ ;krk;kr fu;eksa osQ dkuwuh i{kksa dk Hkh ikyu
djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa fofHkUu ;krk;kr lkku 1993 ,DV dks egoiw.kZ fu;e osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] tks 16 vDVwcj] 1992
dks ykxw gks x;k FkkA
Hkkjrh; vfkfu;e lcls egoiw.kZ vkkqfud dkuwu gSA ;g tEew&d'ehj dks NksM+dj lkjs Hkkjr ij ykxw gksrk gSA bl ,DV osQ
vuqlkj] okgd og O;fDr dgykrk gS] tks oLrq dks LFkyh; ek;e] jsy ek;e ;k leqnzh ek;e ls ys tkrk gSA
cgqizfr:i ifjogu dk vFkZ Hkkjr esa eky dh Lohfr vkSj Hkkjr osQ ckgj eky dh fMyhojh rd oLrqvksa dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls
fd;k x;k eky okgu ls yxk;k tkrk gSA eky dk okgu cgqizfr:i ifjogu lapkyd (MTO) dks lkSaik tkrk gSA MTO dks fdlh Hkh
izdkj dh lsok dks ykxw djus dk vfkdkj ukSifjogu osQ egkfuns'kd ls izkIr gksrk gSA MTD ,d ,slk i=k gS] ftlesa Hksts tk jgs eky
dh lqjf{kr la[;k] ;k=kk nwjh o fujh{kd }kjk {kfrxzLr gq, lkeku dk o.kZu bR;kfn mfYyf[kr gksrk gSA MTD osQ nLrkost esa ykbuj ynku
fcy osQ leku xq.k gksrs gSaA ;g lnSo lkeku dks ys tkus osQ fy, izkIr vkKk osQ fy, gksrk gS] tks izk;% Hksts tk jgs lgefr i=k osQ
iw.kZ ;k [kkyh i`"Bkadu LFkku dks Hkjrk gSA
MTO dk nkf;Rocgqizfr:i ifogu osQ izfr MTO osQ nkf;Ro fuEufyf[kr gksrs gSa
1- MTO osQ vUrxZr mUgha oLrqvksa dks fy;k tkrk gS] ftudk mYys[k MTO esa gSA
2- MTO dk eq[; nkf;Ro eky Hkstus okys ;k leFkZudkkZ dks lkSaik tkrk gSA
3- eky dh gkfu ;k {kfr osQ lkFk&lkFk eky dks lkSaius esa nsjh gksus dh ftEesnkjh Hkh MTO dh gh gksrh gSA
4- dkuwu eky ogu osQ e; dh nsjh dk mkjnkf;Ro fuf'pr djrk gSA ;fn eky okgd rFkk MTO osQ e; dksbZ egoiw.kZ Lohfr
gqbZ gksrh gS] tks lkeku dh fMyhojh osQ le; osQ vkkkj dks izHkkfor djrh gS] rks blosQ ckn lkeku lqiqnZxh osQ 90 fnuksa esa
lger vofk osQ vUrxZr lkeku dh fMyhojh ugha dh tk;s] rks ekuk tkrk gS fd lkeku dgha [kks x;kA
5- MTO osQ f[kykiQ dk;Zokgh rc rd ugha dh tk ldrh] tc rd fd lkeku dh fMyhojh esa [kpZ fd;s 9 ekg osQ vUnj&vUnj
dk;Zokgh u dh tk;s ;k lkeku dh rkjh[k vFkok fdl rkjh[k ij leku dh Lohfr ;k lkeku [kks;k] ;g u irk pysA
6- le;kofk dks 90 fnuksa dk ekuk x;k gSA
(x) fu;kZr&vk;kr ;krk;kr vkSj eky ;krk;kr
mkjeky ;krk;krtc ;kstuk ;qx dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZ] rks jsyos osQ }kjk eky ;krk;kr esa Hkh vlkkkj.k o`f gqbZ rFkk bl vofk
osQ nkSjku jktLo vtZd eky ;krk;kr esa Hkh rhozrk ls o`f gqbZ tSlk fd iznk rkfydk esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bl lkj.kh osQ vuqlkj jk"Vh;
vkkkfjd lajpuk esa jsyos dk ego vR;fkd c<+ x;k gS o ;g ns[kk tk jgk gS fd vkt eq[; mRikn tSls dks;yk] vk;ju] lhesUV]
[kk|kUu o moZjd vkfn mRiknksa dk 90 rd dk ifjogu jsyos osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
mi;qZDr lkj.kh osQ vkkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd
(1) Hkkjrh; jsyos izkFkfedrk osQ rkSj ij de ewY; o nj okys inkFkks osQ okgd gSAa blesa eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr lkeku vk ldrs gS
a
(i) vk;ju o dks;yk
(ii) ykbZe LVksu
(iii) lhesUV
(iv) [kk|kUu inkFkZ

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ued
(vi) xUuk o [kk| rsy vkfnA
;fn O;kid :i ls ns[kk tk,] rks eky ;krk;kr dks rhu oxks esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS
(i) iw.kZ VsaM yksM ;k oSxu yksM esa tkus okys Fkksd ek=kk esa eky
(ii) lkekU; eky ftUgsa ^vU; eky* osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS
(iii) dUVsujhr dkxksZA
bu rhuksa izdkj osQ eky esa
(1) iw.kZ VsaM yksM ;k oSxu yksM esa tkus okys Fkksd ek=kk osQ eky dh izeq[krk osQ vkkkj ij bls jsyos osQ HkkM+s ls vtZu fd;s
x, eky dk va'k ekuk tkrk gS_
(2) lkekU; eky dks ^vU; eky* dgk tkrk gS rFkk
(3) dUVsujhr eky esa jsyos dUVsuj dh lqfokk,a iznku dh tkrh gSaA ;s lqfokk,a nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa
(1) 4-5 vkSj 6 Vu {kerk esa ?kjsyw dkxksZ osQ vUr%ekWMy gsrq ?kjsyw dUVsujksa dh lqfokk iznku djukA
(2) cUnjxkgksa rFkk vUrnsZ'kh; LFkkuksa osQ chp cgq ekWMy ifjogu gsrq vkbZ-,l-vks- dUVsuj dh lqfokkA
fu;kZr&vk;kr ;krk;kr
Hkkjro"kZ esa cYd dkxksZ ifjogu gsrq jsyos dh Hkwfedk egoiw.kZ gSA vkt vUrnsZ'kh; osQUksa ls cUnjxkgksa rd fu;kZr gsrq vusd oLrq,
ys tkbZ tkrh gSa] tSls
(i) ykSg&v;Ld
(ii) eSaxuht v;Ld
(iii) ckWDlkbV
(iv) lhesUV
(v) dks;yk
(vi) ued o phuh
(vii) [kk|kUu inkFkZ vkfnA
vk;kr gsrq fuEufyf[kr oLrqvksa dks yk;k tkrk gS
(i) ih-vks-,y(ii) moZjd
(iii) [kk| rsy
(iv) dks;yk o
(v) v[kckjh dkxt
vkt Hkkjrh; cUnjxkgksa esa mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys vkbZ-,l-vks- dUVsuj dkxksZ esa rhozrk ls o`f gqbZ gS
(i) 1985&86 esa ;g 3-1 feyh;u Vu Fkk] tks c<+dj
(ii) 1996&97 esa 20-6 feyh;u Vu rd gks x;kA
lkFk gh vUrnsZ'kh; osQUksa ij dkxksZ dk vkokxeu Hkh c<+ x;kA jsyos osQ }kjk Hkh ns'k osQ vusd LFkkuksa ij ifjogu osQ lkku LFkkfir
fd, x,] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa
(i) buys.M dUVsuj fMiks (vkbZ-lh-Mh-)
(ii) dUVsuj izsQV LVs'ku (lh-Mh-,l-)
'kq#vkrh nkSj esa jsyos us lkr LFkkuksa esa vkbZ-lh-Mh- dks ik;yV ifj;kstuk osQ :i esa LFkkfir fd;k
(i) cSaxyksj
(ii) ubZ fnYyh
(iii) xqaVwj
(iv) vukirhZ
(v) dks;EcVwj
(vi) xqokgkVh
(vii) yqfk;kuk
(v)

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dks jsy&eU=kky; osQ lkoZtfud {ks=kd mie dgk tkrk gSA CONCOR dk eq[; ms'; gS eky osQ cgq ekWMy
ifjogu esa vU; ljdkjh ,tsfUl;ksa osQ lkFk feydj eqDr lsok dh xq.kokk esa lqkkj dk;Z djukA CONCOR us vkt vusd osQUksa esa
ICDs o CFSs dh lqfokk,a LFkkfir dhA jsyos us 1981 esa cSaxyksj esa izFke ICO dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rFkk ISO dUVsuj osQ ifjogu gsrq
vUrnsZ'kh; osQU ls vk;kr rFkk fu;kZr nksuksa {ks=kksa esa jsyos us cgqr izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk cukbZA vr% bl vofk osQ nkSjku vUrnsZ'kh; osQUksa
dh rjiQ ls ISO dUVsuj osQ ifjogu esa rhozrk ls o`f gqbZ gS] tks lkj.kh esa n'kkZbZ xbZ gS
vkbZ-lh-Mh- osQ vUrxZr jsyos }kjk vkbZ-,l-vks- oaQVsuj ;krk;kr
CONCOR

o"kZ
Vh-bZ-;w- dh la[;k
1981&82
229
1991&92
108]277
1992&93
155]585
1993&94
237]160
1994&95
285]000
1996&97
703]542
1997&98
721]719
vkt CONCOR us fnYyh osQ ikl nknjh esa 5]00]000 TEUs izfro"kZ {kerk dh ,d ICD dh LFkkiuk dh gSA ;g pkyw gksus osQ
i'pkr ;g ,d cM+s laxzg.k rFkk forj.k osQU osQ :i esa dk;Z djsxkA
(?k) ewY;kuqlkj njsa vkSj euekuh njsaA
mkj
(ii) [kqyh nj vkSj ewY;kuqlkj nj

N
[kqyh njas

ewY;kuqlkj njsa

(1) ;g nks izdkf'kr ;k r; njksa osQ vuqlkj fuf'pr

ugha dh tkrh rFkk ;g njas fo'ks"k izdkj dh
oLrqvksa ij gh ykxw dh tkrh gSaA
(2) bl fLFkfr esa tc dksbZ leqh okgd bl nj dks
uksV djsxk] mls dkaiazsQl osQ ykbuj ;k VSEi
tgkt osQ lkFk izfrLikkZ djuh gksrh gSA
(3) ;g izfrLikkZ lHkh okgdksa gsrq gkfudkjd gksrh
gS] vr% [kqyh nj dks 'kk;n gh dksV fd;k
tkrk gSA

(1) ewY;kuqlkj (Advolarm) dk rkRi;Z oLrqvksa osQ

ewY;ksa ls gS] tks mu ij yxs gksrs gSaA
(2) ;gk oLrqvksa osQ ewY;ksa dh njas oLrq osQ ewY;kuqlkj
fuf'pr dh tkrh gSa] tks gYosQ otu dh gksrh
gSaA
(3) otu esa gYoQh ijUrq ewY;oku gksus ij ekyokgd
lkekU; njksa esa T;knk ewY; nj yxk ldrs gSaA

iz'u 5- fuEufyf[kr ij la{ksi esa fVIi.kh fyf[k,A

(d) izfr lgk;rk ykbuj HkkM+k VsfiQd dk ,d pkfjf=kd xq.k gSaA
mkjykbuj ukSifjogu% ykbuj ukSifjogu izk;% ykbuj O;kikj esa yxs tgkt osQ csM+s dh Hkkfr gksrk gS] tks fdlh fo'ks"k O;kikj
esa yxs gksrs gSaA blosQ ekfyd dh viuh ,d fyfeVsM dEiuh gksrh gS o vusd fLFkfr;ksa esa ykbuj dkUsal osQ lnL; gh blosQ ekfyd
gksrs gSaA tgkt osQ ekfyd dk esgurkuk HkkM+k vk; gh gksrh gS] tks dkxksZ dh ek=kk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ykbuj ukSifjogu osQ vUrxZr vusd
lwpukvksa dks j[kk tkrk gS
1- tgkt dk ukeA
2- cUnjxkg] cFkZ ;k xksnh dk uke tgk tgkt ij ynku gksxkA
3- og fnukd tc dkxksZ izkIr djus gsrq tgkt rS;kj fd;k tk;sxkA
4- dkxksZ izkfIr dh vfUre frfFkA
5- ;k=kk dh vuqekfur frfFkA
6- cUnjxkg ;k cUnjxkgksa dh k`a[kykA
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tgkt dk Lokeh okgd gksrk gS] ijUrq blosQ dk;Z lkekU; okgd dh Hkkfr gksrs gSaA og tgkt ftudh fu;r ;k=kk lwfp;k gksrh gSa]
og fu;r cUnjxkgksa ij gh tkrs gSaA bUgsa ykbuj tgkt dgk tkrk gSA blosQ }kjk peM+k] pk;] e'khujh] fufeZr oL=k o bySDVkWfud dh
oLrqvksa dk O;kikj fd;k tkrk gSA fu;fer ykbuj ukSifjogu gsrq lsok dh i;kZIr vko`fk o cUnjxkg dojst osQ lkFk ty;k=kk lwph dh
gksuk Hkh t:jh gksrk gSA
ykbuj tgktksa dk pqukoykbuj tgktksa osQ pquko osQ le;] f'kij dks fuEufyf[kr dkjdksa dks ;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;s
1- ty;k=kk dhs fu;ferrkA
2- ykbuj fu;eksa ij okguA
3- gsx@foLch@gsEcxZ fu;eksa osQ vUrxZr ykbuj tgkt dk lapkyu dj jgs okgd dk mkjnkf;RoA
4- HkkM+k njksa dh fLFkjrk osQ fy;s dkaizsaQl lnL;rkA
5- mi;qDr oxhZdj.k laLFkk }kjk oxhZr tgktA
6- chfer tgktA
7- tgkt dh vk;q osQ fy, L/C dh tkpA
8- tgkt fdlh fuf"k cUnjxkg ij u tk,A
9- tgkt dh jk"Vh;rk fdlh UN lsD'ku osQ vUrxZr ugha gksuh pkfg;sA
10- laonsu'khy@uk'koku dkxksZ osQ fy, vko';d lqfo/k;sa tgkt ij gksaA
11- tgkt ij vkSj izh&LVSd ij jhiQj Iyx dh miyCkrkA
12- ynku dk Fkzw fcyA
13- leqnzh jkLrs dh lwph dk izdk'kuA
14- cgqr mPp ewY; okys dkxksZ osQ ifjogu osQ nkSjku okgd }kjk fo'ks"k lqj{kk dk izko/kuA
15- vko';d dUVsuj dh miyC/rkA
16- leqnz ;ksX; vkSj ISO dUVsujA
([k) ynku fcy eky dk gdnkjh nLrkost gSA
mkjynku fcy % leqnzh dkuwuleqnzh dkuwu dkuwu dh ml 'kk[kk dks dgk tkrk gS tks fd ynku fcy esa (Maritime Law)
eky osQ okgu ij ykxw dh tkrh gSA bl dkuwu dk fodkl eq[;r% ;w-,l- dkaxzsl }kjk pkVZj ,DV] 13 iQjojh] 1993 ls 'kq: gqvk FkkA
;g ;w-,l- osQ tgkt ekfydksa dh O;oLFkk dks lqn`<+ djus gsrq vesfjdk esa cuk;k x;k FkkA dqN ns'kksa us Hkh ;gk leku dkuwu cuk,]
ijUrq os varjkZ"Vh; Lohfr izkIr ugha dj losQA varjkZ"Vh; f'kfiax leqnk; us vusd iz;kl fd;s] ftuosQ iQyLo:i varjkZ"Vh; dUoas'ku
cuk;k x;k] ;g gsx fu;e osQ uke ls izfl gqvk] tks 25 vxLr] 1924 esa cz'ksy esa varjkZ"Vh; dUosa'ku esa Lohr fd, x,A ;wukbVsM
fdaxMe og izFke ns'k Fkk] ftlus flrEcj] 1925 esa bl dUoas'ku dks viuk;k o vU; ns'k Hkh blosQ lkFk bl dk;Z esa lfEefyr gq,A
ynku fcy osQ dk;Zynku fcy eq[;r% rhu rjg osQ dk;Z djrk gS
1- ;g gdnkjh dk izys[k (nLrkost) gSA
2- ;g lkeku osQ okgu osQ vuqcak dk lk{; gksrk gSA
3- ;g lkeku osQ eky okgu dks Lohdkj djrk gSA
gdnkjh dk izys[kgdnkjh osQ nLrkost dk kkjd fcy dks lkeku dh lqiqnZxh osQ fy, ekyokgd osQ ikl j[krk gSA gdnkjh
xzg.k djus okys O;fDr osQ ikl dk;Z dks nwljs O;fDr dks iznku djus dk vfkdkj gksrk gSA bl rjg ;g ijkE; izi=k gksrk gSA ;gk
gsx fu;e gdnkjh osQ nLrkost dk o.kZu ugha fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq ;g funsZf'kr djrk gS fd nLrkost ls lEcfUkr fu;e Lohfr ;ksX;
gaS] tks fdlh Hkh nLrkost dks ukekafdr dj ldrk gSA ;g fu;e lkeku osQ gj fu;e dks 'kkfey djrk gS rFkk dkxksZ tks ynku fcy
ij n'kkZ;k tkrk gS] ij Hkyh izdkj ;ku fn;k tk ldrk gSA ;gk eky okgd dks ynkbZ ij ;ku nsuk pkfg;sA [krjukd oLrqvksa dks lkeku
dh la[;k ls vyx dj nsuk pkfg;sA
(x) iathdj.k osQ fy, izkFkZuki=k tgkt ekfyd }kjk fey tkrk gSA
mkjtgkt dk iathdj.k vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk cuk;s x;s ekudksa dk dBksjrk ls ikyu djrs gq, cuk;k x;k ,d etcwr rFkk gYdh
lajpukRed bdkbZ gSA bl iz.kkyh osQ ykHk fuEufyf[kr gSa
1- fdlh Hkh Hkw&Hkkxh; ty{ks=k dks ikj djus gsrq iathdj.k vko';d gksrk gSA
2- tgkt tc cUnjxkg ij igqprk gS] rks iathdj.k osQ izek.k i=k osQ fcuk mldh fudklh lEHko ugha gSA
3- iathdj.k ls ;g irk py tkrk gS fd tgkt dk ekfyd fdl ns'k dk gSA

N
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4- iathdj.k ls fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa ls Hkh NqVdkjk feyrk gSA vr% iathdj.k djokuk vfr vfuok;Z gksrk gSA
,d Hkkjrh; daiuh us tc ,d u;k tgkt [kjhnk] rks mldk iathdj.k djokuk t:jh gksrk gSA iathdj.k dk dk;Z iathdj.k djus
okys cUnjxkg ij jftLVkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd jftLVkj dks ekfld iaftdk cukuh gksrh gSA ;g lwpuk jftLVkj }kjk ukSifjogu
ea=kky; osQ vfkdkjh dks tek djuh gksrh gSA iathdj.k djus ls igys tgkt dk losZ{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dk;Z tgkt osQ losZ{kd
osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] ftls iathdj.k vfkdkjh fofkor :i ls fu;qDr djrk gSA iathdj.k ls iwoZ losZ{k.k jftLVkj osQ fy, tgkt dk
lgh fooj.k izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA blesa iathr tgkt dk VuHkkj lfEefyr gksrk gSA
tgkt dk ekfyd iathdj.k osQ fy, izkFkZuki=k nsrk gSA ;fn tgkt dh ekfyd dEiuh gS] rks izkFkZuki=k dEiuh dk vfkr ,tsaV
ns ldrk gSA izkFkZuki=k LokfeRo dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkuh pkfg, rFkk mlesa ;g Hkh fy[kk tkuk pkfg, fd tgkt dgka vkSj dc cuk Fkk\
mlesa 'ks;jksa dh la[;k] dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A Lokeh ;fn ,d ls vfkd gksa] rks izkFkhZ dks ,d lwph Hhk nsuh pkfg, rFkk ?kks"k.kk djuh
pkfg, fd tgka rd mls Kkr gS vkSj fo'okl gS vU; lHkh iathr tgkt osQ Lokeh gSaA
tgkt dk ,d uke gksuk Hkh vko';d gSA iathr djokus okys tgkt dk izLrkfor uke fdlh ;ksX; vfkdkjh osQ }kjk Lohr
gksuk pkfg,A tgkt osQ iathdj.k dk ,d Hkkx gksus osQ dkj.k uke esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ifjorZu gksus dh n'kk esa iathdj.k esa ifjorZu
djuk gksxkA tgkt dk uke o fuekZ.k ftlesa iathdj.k la[;k o iathr VuHkkj lfEefyr gS] tgkt osQ eq[; foe ij o LVse osQ nksuksa
vksj fn;k gksuk pkfg,A bu lc uDdk'kh lwpuk vkSipkfjdrkvksa dh iwr osQ i'pkr] jftLVkj tgkt dk iathdj.k djsxk rFkk ,d
iathdj.k izek.ki=k tkjh dj nsxkA
(?k) ykWftfLVDl xfrfofk feJ.k esa LVkd fu;a=k.k egoiw.kZ gksrk gSA
mkjLVkWd fu;U=k.k dh vokkj.kkykWftfLVd xfrfofk;ksa esa LVkWd ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k j[kk tkuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA blosQ eq[;
dkj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa
(i) LVkWd ykWftfLVDl ykxr dk 25&30 rd vo'kksf"kr djrk gSA
(ii) ;g laxBu dh oqQy 'kfDr dk Hkkx izn'kr djrk gSA
(iii) ;g fuf"; lkku osQ :i esa dk;Z'khy iwth dh ek=kk dks tdM+ ysrk gSA
(iv) bldk izR;{k izHkko laxBu dh ykHknk;drk ij jgrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tgk xzkgd lsok osQ ,sfPNd Lrj ij forj.kksa dks cukuk gksrk gS] ogha U;wure LVkWd dh
ek=kk dk Hkh feyku fd;k tkuk vko';d gksrk gSA vr% gesa ;gk ij ,slh iz.kkyh dks viukuk pkfg,] tks fcuk LVkWd okyh fLFkfr;ksa
ls cpko djosQ vuqowQyre Lrj ij igqpsA ;gh LVkWd fu;U=k.k dgykrk gSA
LVkWd fu;U=k.k (Inventory Control)HkaMkj fu;a=k.k dk lEcU/ eq[;r% LVkWd fu;U=k.k ls gksrk gSA LVkWd fu;U=k.k ij gh fdlh
Hkh mRikn osQ HkkSfrd forj.k dh liQyrk fuHkZj djrh gSA LVkWd dk Lrj eq[; :i ls oLrq dh ekx ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA tSls cktkj esa
iqLrdksa dh ekx gS] rks ml fo"k; fo'ks"k ls lEcfU/r iqLrd dk HkaMkj lnSo j[kuk gksxkA vFkkZr ,d oLrq dh lgh ekx dk lgh vuqeku
mfpr LVkWd Lrj cuk;s j[kus gsrq vfr vko';d gSA
LVkWd osQ Lrj dks fu/kZfjr djus osQ fy;s fuEufyf[kr ro izeq[k gSa
(i) miHkksDrk lsokvksa osQ Lrj osQ lEcU/ esa iQeZ dh uhfrA
(ii) fo; iwokZuqeku dh mfpr o lgh fLFkfrA
(iii) forj.k iz.kkyh dh vuqf;k'khyrk (responsiveness) vFkkZr LVkWd dks ,d txg ls nwljh txg Hkstus gsrq iQeZ dh ;ksX;rk
o cktkj esa ml oLrq dh mfpr miyC/rkA
LVkWd ykxr osQ vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr ykxrsa vkrh gSa
(a) HkaMkj x`g dh ykxr
(b) fuekZ.k ykxr] rFkk
(c) iqu% iwfrZ ykxr vkfnA

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