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    116 просмотров121 страница

    PHP Notes

    Загружено:

    SuhasKurdukar
    php notes

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 121

    PHP

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 2

    Introduction to PHP
     Server side technology for dynamic webpage generation,
    command line scripting and client-GUI applications
     Scripting language
     Code is directly inserted in HTML documents
     Hypertext Pre-processor
     PHP code is executed by server and client receives
    processed results as an HTML document
     Compatibility of different browsers problem is solved
     Script is never visible to client
     Page extension is .php

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 3

    example1.php
    Actual Source File
    <HTML>
    <BODY>
    <?
    echo ("<H1>This is an example</H1>");
    ?>
    </BODY>
    </HTML>
    Client Side Source
    <HTML>
    <BODY>
    <H1>This is an example</H1>
    </BODY>
    </HTML>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 4

    How to run PHP pages


     Web Server & PHP Engine required
     PHP engine is present on web server to process PHP
    code and generate web pages as output.
     Web Server Apache ( www.apache.org )
     PHP Engine www.php.net

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 5

    Executing PHP pages


     Command line execution:
    $ chmod +x simple.php
    $ ./simple.php
    (or)
    $ php simple.php

     Browser:- Type url


    http://localhost/index.php

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 6

    helloworld.php
    <HTML>
    <BODY>
    <?
    echo ("<H1>Hello World!</H1>");
    ?>
    </BODY>
    </HTML>

    - Page present under standard directory


    - URL: http://localhost/helloworld.php
    - URL: http://web.iiit.ac.in/~<username>/helloworld.php

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 7

    Comments Single & Multi Line

    <?php
    echo "Hello World!"; // prints Hello World!
    echo "<br />Psst...You can't see my PHP
    comments!"; // echo "nothing";
    # echo Single Line";
    // echo single line";
    /* echo "My name is Humperdinkle!";
    echo "No way! My name is Uber PHP Programmer!";
    */
    ?>
    Output:
    Hello World!
    Psst...You can't see my PHP comments!

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 8

    Variables
     Names are preceded by $ symbol
     Variables must start with a letter or underscore "_
    followed by any number of alphabets, digits or
    underscores.
     Variables should not include spaces or other special or
    reserved characters to define the names of a variable
     Case-sensitive
    

    $var1 and $VAR1 are different variables

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 9

    Variables - Example
    

    <HTML>
    <BODY>
    <?
    $website = "http://www.bitafterbit.com";
    echo ("<BR>Surf to: $website");
    echo ('<BR>Surf to: $website');
    ?>
    </BODY>
    </HTML>

     Double quotes are used for interpolation while single quotes


    does not interpolate

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 10

    Heredoc

     Create multi-line strings without using quotations


    <?
    $my_string = <<<TEST
    Tizag.com
    Webmaster Tutorials
    Unlock your potential!
    TEST;
    echo $my_string;
    ?>

    Command prompt Output:


    Tizag.com
    Webmaster Tutorials
    Unlock your potential!

    <?
    echo <<<END
    This uses the "here document"
    syntax to output multiple lines
    with $variable interpolation. Note
    that the here document terminator
    must appear on a line with just a
    semicolon no extra whitespace!
    END;
    ?>

     The closing sequence TEST; must occur on a line by itself and


    cannot be indented!
     It will not span multiple lines on browser because we didnt
    have any <br /> tags contained inside our string! !

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 11

    String Concatenation operator


     The period "." is used to add two strings together
    <?
    $a_string = "Hello";
    $another_string = " Billy";
    $new_string = $a_string . $another_string;
    echo $new_string . "!";
    ?>

    Output:
    Hello Billy!

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 12

    Arithmetic Operators
    <?
    $addition = 2 + 4;
    $subtraction = 6 - 2;
    $multiply = 5 * 3;
    $division = 15 / 3;
    $modulus = 5 % 2;
    echo Subtraction: 6 - 2 = ".$subtraction.\n";
    echo Multiplication: 5 * 3 = ".$multiply.\n";
    ?>
    Output:
    Subtraction: 6 - 2 = 4
    Multiplication: 5 * 3 = 15

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 13

    Comparison Operators
    Comparison
    Operator
    ==

    Description
    Checks if 1st value is equal to 2nd value

    >

    Checks if 1st value is greater than 2nd value

    <

    Checks if 1st value is lesser than 2nd value

    !=

    Checks if 1st value is not equal to 2nd value

    >=

    Checks if 1st value is greater than or equal to 2nd value

    <=

    Checks if 1st value is lesser than or equal to 2nd value

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 14

    Arithmetic & Assignment Operators


    Op

    Example

    Equivalent Operation

    +=

    $x += 2;

    $x = $x + 2;

    -=

    $x -= 4;

    $x = $x - 4;

    *=

    $x *= 3;

    $x = $x * 3;

    /=

    $x /= 2;

    $x = $x / 2;

    %=

    $x %= 5;

    $x = $x % 5;

    .=

    $my_str.="hello";

    $my_str = $my_str . "hello";

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 15

    Pre/Post-Increment & Pre/Post-Decrement


    <?
    $x =
    echo
    echo
    echo
    echo
    $x =
    echo
    echo
    echo
    echo
    ?>

    4;
    $x++. ;
    $x. ;
    $x--. ;
    $x.\n;
    4;
    ++$x. ;
    $x. ;
    --$x. ;
    $x. ;

    Output:
    4 5 5 4
    5 5 4 4

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 16

    Logical Operators
    Logical Operator
    &&

    Description
    Boolean AND

    ||

    Boolean OR

    Boolean XOR

    Boolean NOT

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 17

    If statement
    <?
    $a=3; $b=2;
    if ($a > $b)
    print "a is bigger than b";
    ?>
    Output:
    a is bigger than b

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 18

    If-else statement
    <?
    $Lastname = "Bit";
    if ($Lastname == "Bit")
    echo ("Hello, Mr. Bit!");
    else
    echo ("Who are you?");
    ?>
    Output:
    Hello, Mr. Bit!

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 19

    HTML & PHP


    <HTML>
    <BODY>
    <?

    $surname = "Bit";
    if ($surname == "Bit"):
    ?>
    Hello, Mr. Bit!
    <?
    else:
    ?>
    Who are you?
    <?
    endif
    ?>
    </BODY>
    </HTML>

    Output:
    Hello, Mr. Bit!

    <?
    if (condition) :
    ?>
    HTML instructions
    <? endif ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 20

    elseif
    <?
    $a=3; $b=3;
    if ($a > $b) {
    print "a is bigger than b";
    }
    elseif ($a == $b) {
    print "a is equal to b";
    }
    else {
    print "a is smaller than b";
    }
    ?>
    Output:
    a is equal to b

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 21

    Switch vs If - Else
    <?
    $var=2;
    switch ($var) {
    case 1:
    echo ("\$var is 1");
    break;
    case 2:
    echo ("\$var is 2");
    break;
    case 5:
    echo ("\$var is 5");
    break;
    default:
    echo ("\$var value isnt
    1, 2 or 5, but $var");
    break;
    }
    Use escape character
    ?>

    <?
    $var=2;
    if ($var==1)
    echo ("\$var value is 1");
    elseif ($var==2)
    echo ("\$var value is 2");
    elseif ($var==1)
    echo ("\$var value is 3");
    else
    echo("\$var value isn't 1, 2,
    or 5, but $var");
    ?>

    here to print $

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 22

    For loop & break, continue

    for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement


    <?
    for($i=1; $i<=10; $i++)
    {
    print $i ;
    }
    ?>
    Output:
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    <?
    for ($i=1;;$i++)
    {
    if ($i > 10)
    break;
    if ($i==4)
    continue;
    print $i ;
    }
    ?>
    Output:
    1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 23

    For Loop HTML table creation


    <HTML>
    <BODY>
    <?
    echo ("<TABLE ALIGN=CENTER BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=1
    CELLPADDING=5>");
    for ($j=1;$j<=5;$j++)
    {
    echo ("<TR>");
    for ($k=1;$k<=3;$k++)
    echo ("<TD> Line $j, Cell $k </TD>");
    echo("</TR>");
    }
    echo ("</TABLE>");
    ?>
    </BODY>
    </HTML>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 24

    While Loop (1)


    <?
    $i = 1;
    while ($i <= 10)
    {
    print $i++;
    }
    ?>
    Output:
    12345678910

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 25

    While Loop (2)


    <HTML>
    <BODY>
    <?
    $j=1;
    echo ("<TABLE ALIGN=CENTER BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=5>");
    while ($j<=5)
    {
    echo ("<TR>");
    $k=1;
    while ($k<=3)
    {
    echo ("<TD> Line $j, Cell $k </TD>");
    $k++;
    }
    echo("</TR>");
    $j++;
    }
    echo ("</TABLE>");
    ?>
    </BODY>
    </HTML>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 26

    While Loop - Alternative


    <?
    while (condition)
    BodyOfLoop;
    endwhile;
    ?>
    (OR)
    <?
    while (condition) :
    ?>
    HTML instructions
    <? endwhile ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 27

    do - while
    <?
    $i = 0;
    do {
    print $i;
    } while ($i>0);
    ?>
    Output:
    0

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 28

    String Functions
    Function

    Description

    chop()

    Alias of rtrim()

    chr()

    Returns a character from a specified


    ASCII value

    echo()

    Outputs strings

    join()

    Alias of implode()

    ltrim()

    Strips whitespace from the left side of a


    string

    ord()

    Returns the ASCII value of the first


    character of a string

    print()

    Outputs a string

    printf()

    Outputs a formatted string

    rtrim()

    Strips whitespace from the right side of


    a string

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 29

    String Functions
    Function

    Description

    str_replace()

    Replaces some characters in a string (casesensitive)

    strcmp()

    Compares two strings (case-sensitive)

    strlen()

    Returns the length of a string

    strpos()

    Returns the position of the first occurrence


    of a string inside another string (casesensitive)

    strrev()

    Reverses a string

    strtolower()

    Converts a string to lowercase letters

    strtoupper()

    Converts a string to uppercase letters

    substr()

    Returns a part of a string

    trim()

    Strips whitespace from both sides of a string

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 30

    echo(), print()
    void print (string arg)
    print("Hello World"); //Hello World
    print "print() also works without parentheses.";
    //print() also works without parentheses.
    void echo ( string arg1 [, string argn...])
    $foo=foobar;
    $bar=barbaz;
    echo $foo,$bar; // foobarbarbaz

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 31

    chop() / rtrim() (1)


     chop(string [, charlist])
     rtrim(string [, charlist])
    Strip whitespace (or other characters) from the end of a string.

    The following characters are removed from the end of


    the string if the charlist parameter is empty:
    "\0" - ASCII 0, NULL
    "\t"
    - ASCII 9, a tab
    "\n" - ASCII 10, a new line
    "\x0B" - ASCII 11, a vertical tab.
    "\r" - ASCII 13, a carriage return
    ""
    - ASCII 32, an ordinary white space

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 32

    rtrim() (2)
    <?php
    $text = "\t\tThese are a few words :) ...\t ";
    $trimmed = rtrim($text);
    print "$trimmed - 1st print\n";
    // These are a few words :) ... - 1st print
    $trimmed = rtrim($text," \t.");
    print "$trimmed - 2nd print\n";
    // These are a few words :) - 2nd print
    $clean = rtrim($trimmed,"\0x00 .. \0x1F");
    // trim the ASCII control characters at the end of $trimmed
    // (from 0 to 31 inclusive)

    print "$clean - 3rd print\n";


    // There are a few words :) - 3rd print
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 33

    ltrim(), trim()
     string ltrim ( string str [, string charlist])

    Strip whitespace (or other characters) from the


    beginning of a string.
     string trim ( string str [, string charlist])

    Strip whitespace (or other characters) from the


    beginning and end of a string

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 34

    chr()
     string chr ( int ascii)

    Returns a one-character string containing the character


    specified by ascii.
    <?
    $str=abc;
    $str.=chr(65);
    echo $str;
    ?>
    Output:
    abcA

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 35

    ord()
     int ord ( string string)

    Return ASCII value of character


    $str=A;
    if( ord($str) == 65 )
    {
    echo "The character of A;
    }
    Output:
    The character is A

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 36

    strcmp()
     int strcmp (string str1, string str2)

    Binary safe string comparison


    Returns

    < 0 if str1 is less than str2;


    > 0 if str1 is greater than str2,
    0 if they are equal.

    <?php
    echo strcmp("Hello world!","Hello world!"); //0
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 37

    strlen()
     int strlen ( string str)

    Get string length


    <?
    $str=hello;
    echo strlen($str);
    ?>

    //5

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 38

    strpos(), strrpos()
     int strpos(string str, string search [, int offset])

    Find position of first occurrence of a string


     int strrpos ( string str, char search)

    Find position of last occurrence of a char in a string


    <?
    $str="This is a string is a string";
    echo strpos($str,"is,3),"<br>"; //5
    echo strrpos($str,"s"),"<br>";
    ?>

    //22

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 39

    strrev()
     string strrev ( string str)

    Reverse a string
    <?
    echo strrev("Hello world!");
    ?>
    Output:
    "!dlrow olleH"

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 40

    strtolower(), strtoupper()
     string strtolower ( string str)

    Make a string lowercase


    $str = "Mary Had A Lamb & LOVED It So";
    $str = strtolower($str);
    print $str; //mary

    had a lamb & loved it so

     string strtoupper ( string str)

    Make a string uppercase


    $str = strtoupper($str);
    print $str; //MARY

    HAD A LAMB & LOVED IT SO

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 41

    substr()
     string substr ( string string, int start [, int
    length])

    Return part of a string


    $str=This is a string
    echo substr($str,5);

    //is a string

    echo substr($str,5,6);

    //is a s

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 42

    str_replace()
     str_replace(search_str, replace_str, str, count);

    Replace all occurrences of the search string with the


    replacement string
    $str=This is a string;
    echo str_replace(s,z,$str,$a); //Thiz iz a
    ztring
    echo $a;

    //3

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 43

    Date and time function


    string date ( string format [, int timestamp])
    Format a local time date
    1st arg Format characters:- d, D, m, M, y, Y, h, i, s, ...
    2nd arg mktime(hour,minute,second,month,day,year,is_dst)
    <?
    echo(date("M-d-Y",mktime(0,0,0,12,36,2001)). \t");
    echo(date("M-d-Y",mktime(0,0,0,14,1,2001)). \t");
    echo(date("M-d-Y",mktime(0,0,0,1,1,2001)).\t");
    echo(date("M-d-Y",mktime(0,0,0,1,1,99)));
    ?>
    //Jan-05-2002

    Feb-01-2002

    Jan-01-2001

    Jan-01-1999

    $today = date("m.d.y"); // 03.10.01


    $today = date('H:m:s \m \i\s\ \m\o\n\t\h'); // 17:03:17
    m is month

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 44

    Arrays

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 45

    Arrays
    Easiest way
    $colorList=array("red","green","blue","black","white");

    Initialise array elements one-by-one


    $colorList[0] = "red";
    $colorList[1] = "green";
    $colorList[2] = "blue";
    $colorList[3] = "black";
    $colorList[4] = "white";

    Array can be created like this also


    $colorList[] = "red";
    $colorList[] = "green";
    $colorList[] = "blue";
    $colorList[] = "black";
    $colorList[] = "white";

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 46

    Printing arrays
    echo $colorList[0];

    //red

    for ($i=0;$i<=4;$i++){
    echo $colorList[$i];
    }
    foreach ($colorList as $value) {
    echo $value;
    }
    // Elements are pass by value

    Output:
    red
    green
    blue
    black
    white

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 47

    1-based index with array()


    $firstquarter = array(
    1 => 'January', 'February', 'March );
    print_r($firstquarter);

    Output:
    Array (
    [1] => January
    [2] => February
    [3] => March
    )

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 48

    Automatic index with array()


     array array ( [mixed ...])
    Create an array
    $array=array(1,1,1,1,1,8=>1,4=>1,19,3=>13);
    print_r($array);
    Output:

    0 1

    Array

    1 11

    1 11

    1 1

    13 1

    [0] => 1
    [1] => 1
    [2] => 1
    [3] => 13
    [4] => 1
    [8] => 1
    [9] => 19
    )

    19
    1

    19

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 49

    Array
    (

    2-dimensional array (1)

    [Griffin] => Array


    (

    $families = array (

    [0] => Peter

    "Griffin"=>array ( "Peter", "Lois", "Megan" ),

    [1] => Lois

    "Quagmire"=>array ( "Glenn" ),
    "Brown"=>array ("Cleveland","Loretta","Junior)
    );

    [2] => Megan


    )

    [Quagmire] => Array

    print_r($families);

    (
    [0] => Glenn
    )
    [Brown] => Array
    (
    [0] => Cleveland
    [1] => Loretta
    [2] => Junior
    )
    )

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 50

    2-dimensional array (2)


    $myLists['colors'] = array("apple"=>"red",
    "grass"=>"green",
    "sky"=>"blue",
    "night"=>"black",
    "wall"=>"white");
    $myLists['cars'] = array("BMW"=>"M6",
    "Mercedes"=>"E 270 CDI",
    "Lexus"=>"IS 220d",
    "Mazda"=>"6",
    "Toyota"=>"Avensis");
    echo $myLists['cars']['Toyota']; //Avensis

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 51

    Associate arrays (1)

    $colorList = array(
    "apple"=>"red",
    "grass"=>"green",
    "sky"=>"blue",
    "night"=>"black",
    "wall"=>"white
    );
    Array created one by one elements like:
    $colorList["apple"] = "red";
    $colorList["grass"] = "green";
    $colorList["sky"] = "blue";
    $colorList["night"] = "black";
    $colorList["wall"] = "white";

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 52

    Associate arrays (2)


    You can mix your array and use numbers and strings in the same
    list like this:
    $colorList["apple"] = "red";
    $colorList[5] = "green";
    $colorList["sky"] = "blue";
    $colorList["night"] = "black";
    $colorList[22] = "white";

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 53

    sizeof(), unset(), isset()


    sizeof : no of elements are in the array.
    echo sizeof($colorList);
    unset: remove an element from the array.
    unset($colorList["sky"]);
    isset: check whether an array has a requested element
    if (isset($colorList["grass"]))
    echo "OK";

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 54

    Array functions

    array_combine
    array_push
    array_pop
    array_unshift array_shift
    array_flip
    array_unique
    array_key_exists
    array_reverse
    array_splice
    array_walk
    array_walk_recursive
    each

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 55

    array_combine, array_push & array_pop


    <?php
    $a1=array("a","b","c","d");
    $a2=array("Cat","Dog","Horse","Cow");
    $a3=array_combine($a1,$a2);
    print_r($a3);
    # Array ( [a] => Cat [b] => Dog [c] => Horse [d] => Cow )

    array_push($a3,Eagle","Bird");
    print_r($a3);
    # Array ([a] => Cat [b] => Dog [c] => Horse [d] => Cow
    [0] => Eagle [1] => Bird )
    array_pop($a3);
    print_r($a3);
    # Array ([a] => Cat [b] => Dog [c] => Horse [d] => Cow
    [0] => Eagle )
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 56

    array_unshift
    & array_shift
    <?
    $a=array("a"=>"Cat","b"=>"Dog");
    $return_value = array_unshift($a,"Horse");
    print_r($a);
    # Array ( [0] => Horse [a] => Cat [b] => Dog )

    print $return_value; # 3 (length of array)


    echo array_shift($a); # Horse
    print_r ($a);
    # Array ( [a] => Cat [b] => Dog )
    $b=array(0=>"Cat",1=>"Dog"); # numeric keys
    array_unshift($b,"Horse");
    print_r($b);
    #Array ( [0] => Horse [1] => Cat [2] => Dog )
    echo array_shift($b) # Horse

    print_r($b);
    #Array ( [0] => Cat [1] => Dog )

    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 57

    array_flip, array_unique & array_key_exists


    <?

    $a=array(0=>"Dog",1=>"Cat",2=>"Horse");
    # keys & values are exchanged

    print_r(array_flip($a));
    # Array ( [Dog] => 0 [Cat] => 1 [Horse] => 2 )

    $b=array(0=>"Dog",1=>"Cat",2=>Dog");
    print_r(array_flip($b));
    # Array ( [Dog] => 2 [Cat] => 1 )

    $c=array("a"=>"Cat","b"=>"Dog","c"=>"Cat");
    print_r(array_unique($c));
    # Array ( [a] => Cat [b] => Dog )
    if (array_key_exists("a",$a))
    {
    echo "Key exists!";
    # Key exists!
    }
    else
    {
    echo "Key does not exist!";
    } ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 58

    array_reverse,
    array_splice
    <?
    $a=array("a"=>"Dog","b"=>"Cat","c"=>"Horse");
    print_r(array_reverse($a)); # by default false
    # Array ( [c] => Horse [b] => Cat [a] => Dog )

    print_r(array_reverse($a, true));
    # by default false as shown above. Not working in some
    versions
    # Array ( [a] => Horse [b] => Cat [c] => Dog )

    $a1=array(0=>"Dog",1=>"Cat",2=>"Horse,3=>"Bird");
    $a2=array(0=>"Tiger",1=>"Lion");
    print_r(array_splice($a1,0,2,$a2));
    # Array ( [0] => Dog [1] => Cat )

    print_r($a1);
    # Array ( [0] => Tiger [1] => Lion [2] => Horse [3] => Bird)

    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 59

    array_walk & array_walk_recursive

    <?
    function myfunction($value,$key,$p)
    {
    a has the value Cat
    echo "$key $p $value<br />";
    b has the value Dog
    }
    c has the value Horse
    $a=array("a"=>"Cat","b"=>"Dog","c"=>"Horse");
    array_walk($a,"myfunction","has the value");
    ?>
    <?
    The key a has value Cat
    function myfunction($value,$key)The key b has value Dog
    The key 1 has value Bird
    {
    echo "The key $key has value $value<br />";
    }
    $a1=array("a"=>"Cat","b"=>"Dog");
    $a2=array($a1,"1"=>"Bird");
    array_walk_recursive($a2,"myfunction");
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 60

    join() / implode()
     string implode ( string glue, array pieces)

    Returns a string containing a string representation of all


    the array elements in the same order, with the glue
    string between each element.
    <?php $array = array('lastname', 'email', 'phone');
    $comma_separated = implode(",", $array);
    print $comma_separated;
    ?>
    Output:
    lastname,email,phone

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 61

    explode()
     array explode ( string separator, string string [, int
    limit])
     Split a string by string
    $pizza = "piece1 piece2 piece3 piece4 piece5 piece6";
    $pieces = explode(" ", $pizza);

    $data = "foo:*:1023:1000::/home/foo:/bin/sh";
    list($user,$pass,$uid,$gid,$gecos,$home,$shell) =
    explode(":",$data);

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 62

    split()
     if you don't require the power of regular expressions, it
    is faster to use explode(), which doesn't incur the
    overhead of the regular expression engine.
     split string into array by regular expression
     array split ( string pattern, string string [, int
    limit])

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 63

    array_keys()
    array array_keys (array array, mixed [search_element])
    $great_wines = array (
    "Australia" => "Clarendon Hills 96",
    "France" => "Comte Georges de Vogue 97",
    "Austria" => "Feiler Artinger 97");
    $great_labels = array_keys($great_wines);
    // $great_labels=array ("Australia", "France", "Austria");

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 64

    array_values()
     array array_values(array array)
    $great_wines = array (
    "Australia" = "Clarendon Hills 96",
    "France = "Comte Georges de Vogue 97",
    "Austria = "Feiler Artinger 97");
    $great_labels = array_values($great_wines);
    // $great_labels = array ("Clarendon Hills 96",
    "Comte Georges de Vogue 97",
    "Feiler Artinger 97");

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 65

    array_merge()
    array_merge (array array1, array array2, . . ., array
    arrayN)

    The array_merge() function merges 1 to N arrays together, appending


    each toanother in the order in which they appear as input parameters.
    $arr_1 = array ("strawberry", "grape", "lemon");
    $arr_2 = array ("banana", "cocoa", "lime");
    $arr_3 = array ("peach", "orange");
    $arr_4 = array_merge ($arr_2, $arr_1, $arr_3);

    //$arr_4 = array("banana", "cocoa", "lime",


    "strawberry, "grape", "lemon", "peach",
    "orange");

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 66

    Sorting
     bool sort (array array)

    2nd optional argument


    int $sort_flags
    SORT_REGULAR
    SORT_NUMERIC
    SORT_STRING

    sorting array elements from lowest to highest value


     bool rsort (array array)

    Sorts the array by its values in a reverse order


     bool asort (array array)

    Sorts the array by its values


     bool arsort (array array)

    Sorts the array by its values in reverse order


     bool ksort (array array)

    Sorts the array by its keys


     bool krsort (array $array)

    Sorts the array by its keys in a reverse order

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 67

    each()
    <?php
    $countries = array ( "ca" => "Canada",
    "cr" => "Costa Rica",
    "de" => "Germany",
    "uk" => "United Kingdom",
    "us" => "United States");
    while (list ($key, $val) = each ($countries)) {
    echo "Element $key equals $val<BR>\n";
    }
    ?>

    Output:
    Element
    Element
    Element
    Element
    Element

    ca
    cr
    de
    uk
    us

    equals
    equals
    equals
    equals
    equals

    Canada
    Costa Rica
    Germany
    United Kingdom
    United States

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 68

    strip_tags()
    string strip_tags(string string [,string allowable_tags])
    $user_input = "i just <b>love</b> PHP and <i>gourmet</i>
    recipes!";
    $stripped_input = strip_tags($user_input);

    // $stripped_input = "I just love PHP and gourmet recipes!";

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 69

    strtok()
     string strtok (string string, string tokens)
    $info = "WJ Gilmore:mor@hotmail.com|Columbus,Ohio";
    $tokens = ":|,";
    $tokenized = strtok($info, $tokens);

    // print out each element in the $tokenized array


    while ($tokenized) :
    echo "Element = $tokenized<br>";

    Element =WJ Gilmore


    $tokenized = strtok ($tokens); Element = mor@hotmail.com
    endwhile;
    Element = Columbus
    Element = Ohio
    Note strtok does not take the first argument on subsequent executions

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 70

    Constants
     Value cannot be changed or undefined during the execution of
    the script
     Boolean, integer, float and string
     A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore,
    followed by any number of letters, numbers, or underscores.
     Should not prepend a constant with a $
     Can also use the function constant() to read a constant's
    value
     Use get_defined_constants() to get a list of all defined
    constants
    define("FOO_BAR", "something more");
    echo FOO_BAR //something more

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 71

    Variables vs Constants
     Constants do not have a dollar sign ($) before them
     Constants may only be defined using the define()
    function, not by simple assignment
     Constants may be defined and accessed anywhere
    without regard to variable scoping rules
     Constants may not be redefined or undefined once they
    have been set
     Constants may only evaluate to scalar values

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 72

    include
     The include() function takes all the text in a specified
    file and copies it into the file that uses the include
    function.
    // menu.php
    <html> <body>
    <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/default.php">Home</a> |
    <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/about.php">About Us</a> |
    <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/contact.php">ContactUs</a>
    // home.php
    <?php include("menu.php"); ?>
    <h1>Welcome to my home page</h1>
    <p>Some text</p>
    </body> </html>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 73

    require
     The require() function is identical to include(), except that it
    handles errors differently.
     The include() function generates a warning (but the script will
    continue execution) while the require() function generates a fatal
    error (and the script execution will stop after the error).
    <html> <body>
    <?php require("wrongFile.php");
    echo "Hello World!"; ?>
    </body> </html>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 74

    Regular Expressions

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 75

    ereg
     int ereg(string pattern, string source, array [regs]);

    if (ereg("^.+@.+\\..+$", $email)) {
    echo ("E-mail address is valid.");
    }
    else{
    echo ("Invalid e-mail address.");
    }

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 76

    ereg example
    if (ereg("^(.+)@(.+)\\.(.+)$", $email, $arr))
    {
    echo ("E-mail address is valid. <BR>\n" .
    "E-mail address: $arr[0] <BR>\n" .
    "Username: $arr[1] <BR>\n" .
    "Domain name: $arr[2] <BR>\n" .
    "Top-level domain name: $arr[3] <BR>\n);
    }
    else
    {
    echo ("Invalid e-mail address. <BR>\n");
    }

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 77

    eregi
     eregi() behaves identically to ereg(), except it ignores
    case distinctions when matching letters.
     case insensitive

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 78

    ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()


     string ereg_replace(string pattern, string
    replacement, string string);
    $str = "Then the pair followed Pa to
    Manhasset";
    $pat = "followed";
    $repl = "FOLLOWED";
    echo (ereg_replace($pat, $repl, $str));

    //Then the pair FOLLOWED Pa to Manhasset

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 79

    ereg_replace example
    $str = "Where he still held the cash as an
    asset";
    $pat = "c(as)h";
    $repl = "C\\1H";
    echo (ereg_replace($pat, $repl, $str));

    // Where he still held the CasH as an asset

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 80

    Forms

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 81

    welcome.html (1)
    <form action="welcome.php" method="get">
    Name: <input type="text" name="name" />
    Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
    <input type="submit" />
    </form>
    Submitted URL:
    http://www.w3schools.com/welcome.php?name=P
    eter&age=37

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 82

    welcome.php (2)
    Welcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?>.<br />
    You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!
    (OR)
    Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["name"]; ?>.<br />
    You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years
    old!

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 83

    order.html (1)
    <html><body>
    <h4>Tizag Art Supply Order Form</h4>
    <form action="process.php" method="post">
    <select name="item">
    <option>Paint</option>
    <option>Brushes</option>
    <option>Erasers</option>
    </select>
    Quantity: <input name="quantity" type="text" />
    <input type="submit" />
    </form>
    </body></html>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 84

    process.php (2)
    <html><body>
    <?php
    $quantity = $_POST['quantity'];
    $item = $_POST['item'];
    echo "You ordered ". $quantity . " " . $item . ".<br />";
    echo "Thank you for ordering from Tizag Art Supplies!";
    ?>
    </body></html>
    Output:
    You ordered 6 brushes.
    Thank you for ordering from Tizag Art Supplies!

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 85

    Functions

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 86

    Passing arrays to functions


    <?php
    function takes_array($input)
    {
    echo "$input[0] + $input[1] = ", $input[0]+$input[1];
    }
    takes_array(array(1,2,3));
    ?> // 1 + 2 = 3

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 87

    Passing function parameters by reference


    <?php
    function add_some_extra(&$string)
    {
    $string .= 'and extra.';
    }
    $str = 'This string, ';
    add_some_extra($str);
    echo $str;
    ?>

    //This string, and extra.

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 88

    Use of default parameters in functions


    <?php
    function makecoffee($type = "cappuccino")
    {
    return "Making a cup of $type.\n";
    }
    echo makecoffee();
    echo makecoffee(null);
    echo makecoffee("espresso");
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 89

    Using non-scalar types as default values


    <?php
    function makecoffee($types = array("cappuccino"), $coffeeM
    aker = NULL)
    {
    $device = is_null($coffeeMaker) ? "hands" : $coffeeMaker;
    return "Making a cup of ".join(", ", $types)." with
    $device.\n
    }
    echo makecoffee();
    echo makecoffee(array("cappuccino", "lavazza"), "teapot");
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 90

    Use of return()
    <?php
    function square($num)
    {
    return $num * $num;
    }
    echo square(4);
    ?>

    // outputs '16'

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 91

    Returning an array to get multiple values


    <?php
    function small_numbers()
    {
    return array (0, 1, 2);
    }
    list ($zero, $one, $two) = small_numbers();
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 92

    Returning a reference from a function


    <?php
    function &returns_reference()
    {
    return $someref;
    }
    $newref =& returns_reference();
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 93

    <HTML> <BODY>
    <?
    function createBoard ($lines,
    {
    $j=1;
    echo ("<TABLE ALIGN=CENTER
    while ($j<=$lines){
    echo ("<TR>");
    $k=1;
    while ($k<=$cols){
    if (($j+$k)%2>0)
    echo ("<TD WIDTH=30
    else
    echo ("<TD WIDTH=30
    $k++; }
    echo("</TR>");
    $j++; }
    echo ("</TABLE><BR><BR>");
    }
    createBoard(8,8);
    createBoard(4,4);
    ?>
    </BODY></HTML>

    $cols)

    BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=0>");

    HEIGHT=30 BGCOLOR=#000000> </TD>");


    HEIGHT=30 BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF> </TD>");

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 94

    Output

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 95

    File functions
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    fopen
    fread
    fwrite
    fclose
    file_get_contents
    file_put_contents
    filesize
    is_file
    unlink
    copy
    rename

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 96

    fopen(), fclose()
    $file = fopen("test.txt","r");
    #some code to be executed
    fclose($file);
    2nd arg:- r, r+, w, w+, x, x+, a, a+

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 97

    feof(), fgets(), fgetc()


    Reading a File Line by Line
    <?
    $file = fopen("welcome.txt", "r") or exit("Unable to
    open file!");
    #Output a line of the file until the end is reached
    while(!feof($file))
    {
    echo fgets($file). "<br />";

    ?>

    Reading a File Character by Character

    fclose($file);

    while (!feof($file))
    {
    echo fgetc($file);
    }

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 98

    fread()
     string fread ( resource $handle , int $length )
     <?
    // get contents of a file into a string
    $filename = "/usr/local/something.txt";
    $handle = fopen($filename, "r");
    $contents = fread($handle, filesize($filena
    me));
    fclose($handle);
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 99

    fwrite()
    fwrite(file,string,length)
    $myFile = "testFile.txt";
    $fh = fopen($myFile, 'w') or die("can't open file");
    $stringData = "Bobby Bopper\n";
    fwrite($fh, $stringData);
    $stringData = "Tracy Tanner\n";
    fwrite($fh, $stringData);
    fclose($fh);
    $cat testFile.txt
    Bobby Bopper
    Tracy Tanner

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 100

    file_get_contents(), file_put_contents()
    Reads entire file into a string
    string file_get_contents ( string filename [, int
    $flags [, resource $context [, int $offset [, int
    $maxlen ]]]] )

    Write a string to a file


    int file_put_contents ( string filename, mixed data [,
    int flags [, resource context]])

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 101

    touch(), unlink(), copy(), rename()


    bool touch (string $filename[,int $time[,int $atime]])

    Sets access and modification time of file


    If the file does not exist, it will be created
    bool unlink ( string filename)

    Deletes a file
    bool copy(string source, string destination);
    $filename = "text.txt";
    copy($filename, "../temp/" . $filename);
    //Copies to /temp/text.txt
    bool rename(string oldname, string newname);

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 102

    rewind(), fseek(), feof()


     int rewind(int fp);
    Rewind the position of a file pointer. The return value is true
    on success, false on failure
     int fseek(int fp, int offset);
    

    The fp argument is of course the file handle; the offset is the


    number of bytes or characters from the beginning of the file.
     int feof(int fp);
    

    while (!feof($file)) {

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 103

    Directory functions
    
    
    
    
    
    

    opendir
    readdir
    mkdir
    chdir
    rmdir
    is_dir

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 104

    Directory functions - opendir(), is_dir(),


    readdir(), filetype(), closedir()
    <?php $dir = "/tmp/";
    // Open a known directory, and proceed to read its
    contents
    if (is_dir($dir)) {
    if ($dh = opendir($dir)) {
    while (($file = readdir($dh)) !== false) {
    print "filename: $file : filetype: " .
    filetype($dir . $file) . "\n"; //false, fifo, char, dir,
    block, link, file, socket, unknown
    }
    closedir($dh);
    }
    }/* http://gnuisance.net/blog/t/2007/file-types.html
    ?>

    */

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 105

    mkdir(), chdir(), rmdir()


    bool rmdir ( string dirname)

    Removes directory
    bool mkdir ( string pathname [, int mode [,
    bool $recursive ]])

    Makes directory mkdir ("/path/to/my/dir", 0700);


    bool chdir ( string $directory )

    Change directory

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 106

    Determining File Attributes (1)


     bool file_exists(string filename);
    

    if exists -- return true

     int filesize(string filename);


    

    return file size in bytes or FALSE in case of error

     string filetype(string filename);


    

    return string fifo,char,dir,block,link,file

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 107

    Determining File Attributes (2)


     bool is_dir(string filename);
     bool is_file(string filename);
     bool is_link(string filename);
     bool is_readable(string filename);
     bool is_writeable(string filename);
     bool is_executable(string filename);

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 108

    DB Connectivity

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 109

    Connect to MySQL Database


    <?php
    $dbhost = 'db.php-mysql-tutorial.com:3306';
    $dbuser = 'root';
    $dbpass = 'password';
    $conn = mysql_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass) or die('Error
    connecting to mysql');
    $dbname = 'petstore';
    mysql_select_db($dbname,$conn);
    ?>

    <?php
    // it does nothing but closing a mysql database connection

    mysql_close($conn);
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 110

    Creation
    of
    DB
    &
    Tables
    <?php
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    $db_list = mysql_list_dbs($conn);
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $query = 'CREATE DATABASE phpcake';
    $result = mysql_query($query);
    echo "database created...<br>";
    mysql_select_db('phpcake') or die('Cannot select database');
    $query = 'CREATE TABLE contact( '.
    'cid INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, '.
    'cname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, '.
    'cemail VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, '.
    'csubject VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, '.
    'cmessage TEXT NOT NULL, '.
    'PRIMARY KEY(cid))';
    $result = mysql_query($query);
    echo "table created...<br>";
    mysql_close($conn);
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 111

    Retrieve Data (1)


    <?php
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $query = "SELECT name, subject, message FROM
    contact";
    $result = mysql_query($query);
    while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC))
    //while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result))
    {
    echo "Name :{$row['name']} <br>" .
    "Subject : {$row['subject']} <br>" .
    "Message : {$row['message']} <br><br>";
    }
    mysql_close($conn);
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 112

    Retrieve Data (2)


    <?php
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $query = "SELECT name, subject, message FROM contact";
    $result = mysql_query($query);
    while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_NUM))
    // numeric indexes
    {
    echo "Name :{$row[0]} <br>" .
    "Subject : {$row[1]} <br>" .
    "Message : {$row[2]} <br><br>";
    }
    mysql_close($conn);
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 113

    Retrieve Data (3)


    <?php
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $query = "SELECT name, subject, message FROM contact";
    $result = mysql_query($query);
    while(list($name,$subject,$message)= mysql_fetch_row($result))

    {
    echo "Name :$name <br>" .
    "Subject : $subject <br>" .
    "Message : $row <br><br>";
    }
    mysql_close($conn);
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 114

    Retrieve Data (4)


    <?php
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $query = "SELECT name, subject, message FROM contact";
    $result = mysql_query($query);
    while($row
    {
    $name
    $subject
    $message

    = mysql_fetch_row($result))
    = $row[0];
    = $row[1];
    = $row[2];

    echo "Name :$name <br>" .


    "Subject : $subject <br>" .
    "Message : $row <br><br>";
    }
    mysql_close($conn);
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 115

    Insert
    into table
    <html>
    <head><title>Add New MySQL User</title></head>
    <body>
    <?
    if(isset($_POST['add']))
    {
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $username = $_POST['username'];
    $password = $_POST['password'];
    $query = "INSERT INTO user (host, user, password,
    select_priv,
    insert_priv, update_ priv) VALUES ('localhost',
    '$username',
    PASSWORD('$password'), 'Y', 'Y', 'Y')";
    mysql_query($query) or die('Error, insert query
    failed');
    $query = "FLUSH PRIVILEGES";
    mysql_query($query) or die('Error, insert query
    failed');
    mysql_close($conn);
    echo "New MySQL user added";
    }

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 116

    Insert
    elseinto table contd...
    {
    ?>
    <form method="post">
    <table width="400" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2">
    <tr>
    <td width="100">Username</td>
    <td><input name="username" type="text" id="username"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td width="100">Password</td>
    <td><input name="password" type="text" id="password"></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td width="100">&nbsp;</td> <td>&nbsp;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    <td width="100">&nbsp;</td>
    <td><input name="add" type="submit" id="add" value="Add New
    User"></td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    </form>
    <?
    }
    ?>
    </body>
    </html>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 117

    Update Query
    <?php
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    $db_list = mysql_list_dbs($conn);
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $query = "update employee set salary=10000 where fname='aaa'";
    $result=mysql_query($query) or die('Error, insert query
    failed');
    if($result) {
    echo "Successful";
    }
    else {
    echo "Error";
    }
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 118

    Delete Query
    <?php
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    $db_list = mysql_list_dbs($conn);
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $query = "delete from employee where salary=10000'";
    $result=mysql_query($query) or die('Error, delete query
    failed');
    if($result) {
    echo "Successful<br>";
    }
    else {
    echo "Error<br>";
    }
    mysql_close($conn);
    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 119

    Dropping DB
    <?php
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    $db_list = mysql_list_dbs($conn);
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $query = 'DROP DATABASE phpcake';
    $result = mysql_query($query);
    echo "database deleted";
    mysql_close($conn);

    ?>

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 120

    Execute Query From File


    <?php
    $conn=mysql_connect('localhost','root','');
    $db_list = mysql_list_dbs($conn);
    mysql_select_db('test,$conn);
    $queryFile = 'myquery.txt';
    $fp
    = fopen($queryFile, 'r');
    $query = fread($fp, filesize($queryFile));
    fclose($fp);
    $result = mysql_query($query);
    echo "query loaded from file and executed<br>";

    ?>
    myquery.txt
    update employee set salary=10000 where fname='aaa';

    CS3001
    Lecture 13 / Slide 121

    References
     http://www.tizag.com/phpT/
     http://www.w3schools.com/PHP/DEfaULT.asP
     http://in2.php.net/tut.php

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