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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.S.O.-16
Hkkjr esa lkekftd leL;k,a
( Social Problems in India )
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- lkekftd leL;kvksa vkSj lkekftd vkanksyuksa osQ var%lacak dh tkp dhft,A
mkjtulkkkj.k dk frcksku bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd dksbZ leL;k oSQls n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA vijkk dh igpku vklkuh
ls gksrh gS vkSj yksx bldk leL;k osQ :i esa frcksku djrs gSaA ,slk Hkh gksrk gS fd cgqr&lh leL;k, vfLrRo esa rks gks ldrh
gSa ysfdu mudk frcksku ugha gksrkA oqQN yksx ,sls gksrs gSa tks fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr ls yksxksa dks voxr djkus dh ps"Vk djrs
gSaA lkekftd vkanksyu blh dkj kjaHk gksrs gSaA cgqr&ls lektksa esa efgyk, vusd fu;ksZX;rkvksa] tSlslaifk ij mudk LokfeRo u
gksuk] fokok iquookg ij jksd] rykd dk fu"ksk] vleku osru vkfn ls ihfM+r gksrh gSaA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks oqQN lektksa us osQoy
oqQN n'kdksa iwoZ gh leL;k osQ :i esa ekuk FkkA efgykvksa dk eqfDr vkanksyu mudh n'kk osQ fr yksxksa dks tkx:d cukus dh ps"Vk
dj jgk gSA
lkekftd leL;k, ^D;k okLrfod :i esa vfLrRo esa gSa* dh rqyuk esa D;k gksuk pkfg, ;k D;k vkn'kZ osQ :i esa ekuk tkrk
gS osQ varjky dks n'kkZrh gSaA lkekftd vkn'kZ mldh ewY; .kkyh ij vkkkfjr gksrs gSaA lkekftd leL;k, ,d lekt dh
vokaNuh; n'kkvksa osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dh tk ldrh gSaA vokaNuh; D;k gS] ;g ewY;ksa }kjk lkekftd ewY; xR;kRed gSaos ifjorr
gksrs jgrs gSaA oqQN o"kks iwoZ ftls ,d leL;k ekuk tkrk jgk_ vc laHko gS fd mls vokaNuh; u ekuk tk,A oqQN o"kks iwoZ] yM+dksa
vkSj yM+fd;ksa dk fo|ky; vkSj egkfo|ky; esa lkFk&lkFk i<+uk vfkdka'k yksxksa }kjk ekU; ugha Fkk] ij vc bls dksbZ cqjk ugha
ekurkA blh rjg igys yksx nw"k.kdy&dkj[kkuksa osQ kq,] owQM+k&djdV ufn;ksa esa Mkyuk] ouksa dks dkVuk vkfn ls cgqr pfrr
ugha gksrs FksA ;|fi] vc i;kZoj.k laj{k.k osQ fy, tkx:drk rFkk cy bPNk gSA vlarqfyr ikfjfLFkfrdh osQ ;FkkFkZ vkSj lUrqfyr
rFkk ykHkn i;kZoj.k osQ vkn'kZ esa varjky fn[kkbZ iM+ jgk gSA
leL;k osQ lanHkZ esa cgqer dh Hkh i;kZIr Hkwfedk gksrh gSA dksbZ lkekftd n'kk rc rd lkekftd leL;k ugha curh] tc rd
fd og i;kZIr yksxksa }kjk leL;k osQ :i esa ekU; u gks tk,A er&fuekZrk yksxksa dh lksp&fopkj dks Hkkfor dj ldrs gSaA nw"k.k
vkSj ouksa dh dVkbZ osQ fo"k; esa oqQN fd;k tk ldrk gS] igys bl ij cgqr FkksM+s&ls yksxksa osQ eu esa fopkj FkkA bu leL;kvksa
}kjk lekt ij iM+us okys xaHkhj ifj.kkeksa osQ fr vc vfkd tkx:drk gSA isM+ksa dh dVkbZ ls gksus okys nq"Hkkoksa dks de djus
osQ fy, ;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA ;fn yksxksa osQ NksVs&ls lewg }kjk fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr dks gkfudkjd ekuk tkrk gS rks mUgsa yksxksa
dks f'kf{kr djus dh vko';drk gS] ftlls tu&tkx:drk c<+sA
bu fLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj djus ls ;g ckr Lor% mHkj vkrh gS fd leL;k, fdlh Hkh Lrj dh gksa budh oqQN fo'ks"krk, gksrh
gSaA tSls leL;k dksbZ Hkh gks] og cgqr&ls dkjdksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA blosQ ewy esa dk;Z&dkj.k lEcUk gksrk gSA tSls ;fn
fuj{kjrk lekt dh ,d leL;k gS] rks blesa yksxksa dh f'k{kk osQ fr #fp] fo|ky;ksa dk vHkko] yM+fd;ksa dh ifjfLFkfr] NksVs cPpksa
dh cM+s cPpksa }kjk ns[kHkky] oqQiks"k.k o fukZurk eq[k dkjd gSa] rks bl leL;k osQ lekkku osQ fy, bu dkj.kksa dk fujkdj.k djuk
gksxkA

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;s leL;k,a ,d&nwljs ls tqM+h gksrh gSa] O;fDr;ksa dks fHk&fHk rjhdksa ls Hkkfor djrh gSaA bl n`f"V ls lekt'kkL=kh uhFk gSujh
dk ;g ekuuk mfpr gS fd lkekftd leL;k, lekt'kkL=kh; f;k] fopkjkkjk dh n`f"V ls fu:fir rFkk fofHk lSkfUrd
mikxeksa dh fo"k;&oLrq gSaA
lkekftd vkUnksyu esa lkewfgd ;Ru dh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS D;ksafd vDlj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd lkekftd leL;kvksa
osQ fo# vkanksyuksa dks vk;ksftr djuk ljy dk;Z ugha gSA cgqr&ls ,sls fufgr LokFkZ lewg gksrs gSa tks pkgrs gSa fd ;FkkfLFkfr fujarj
cuh jgsA ouksa osQ BsosQnkj isM+ksa dks dkVs tkus lacakh jksd dk fojksk djsaxsA 'kjkc dh nqdku osQ ekfyd e|&fu"ksk dk dHkh Hkh i{k
ugha ysaxsA ,d le; i'pkr~ vkanksyu] ljdkj rFkk vU; laLFkkvksa dks ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ekU;rk nsus ,oa nkoksa dh oSkkfudrk dks euokus
esa leFkZ gksrs gSaA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ljdkj }kjk bl dkj dh uhfr;k cukbZ tkrh gSa tks ifjfLFkfr osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djsa] ;Fkkouksa
dh dVkbZ osQ fo# fu;e] fL=k;ksa dh n'kk lqkkjus osQ fy, cgqr& ls dkuwu (leku osru] ngst&fojkskh dkuwu] lrh Fkk]
mkjkfkdkj lacakh dkuwu vkfn) uhfr;ksa dk cuuk gh Lo;a ls i;kZIr ugha gS bls f;kfUor djuk gksrk gSA k;% blesa foyEc ;k
vi;kZIr ;kl gksrk gSA rc vkanksyu dks uhfr;ksa osQ f;kUo;u ij ;ku osQfUr djuk iM+rk gSA dbZ ckj leL;k dk iw.kZ lekkku
ugha gksrk gSA lkekftd vkanksyu n'kkZrs gSa fd yksxksa osQ lkewfgd ;Ru vfkdkfj;ksa dks f;k'khy cuk nsrs gSaA
iz'u 2- u`tkrh;rk D;k gS\ Hkkjr esa u`tkrh;rk dh leL;kvksa osQ fofok vk;keksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjtkrh; (Ethnic) dk lkekU; vFkZ tkrh; uLy gSA blesa ^u`* milxZ yxdj 'kCn cuk ^u`tkrh;*A fdUrq fdlh Hkh u`tkrh;
leqnk; dks iwjh rjg uLyh; vuqeku osQ :i esa ugha j[kk tk ldrkA u`tkrh; 'kCn esa fofHkUu vFkks] thou&ewY;ksa o iwokZxzgksa dk
lekos'k gSA blesa tkrh; vkkkj ij ekuo ls ekuo osQ fy, HksnHkko fd;k x;k gSA u`tkrh;rk dk ewy vFkZ yqIr gks pqdk gSA
vktdy bldk ;ksx vfkd O;kid vFkZ esa gksrk gSA bldk ;ksx ,sls ijLij fudV ls lac lewg dh vkRepsruk dks n'kkZus osQ
fy, gskrk gS ftudh Hkk"kk] kked fo'okl vkSj lkaLfrd fojklr leku gksrh gSA
vxj tkfr (Race) fdlh lewg dh vksj laosQr djrh gks] rks u`tkrh; igpku ml lewg dh l`tukRed fr;k dks n'kr
djrh gS] tks Lo;a dks lekt esa fuEu Lrj dk le>rk gSA
(c:u Ms o equatu nkl] 1992] 69)
,u ckFkZ vkSj csusfMDV ,saMjlu osQ fopkj esa u`tkrh; lewg us vius&vkidks vyx ekudj tks lhekjs[kk [khap yh] og vkRe
ifjHkk"kk dh ,d egoiw.kZ dlkSVh gSA
u`tkrh;rk dh leL;ku`tkrh;rk dh leL;k mkj&vkSifuos'kd uo Lora=k jk"Vksa] tSlseysf'k;k] ikfdLrku] Jhyadk rFkk
ukbthfj;k vkfn esa mHkj dj lkeus vkbZA bl leL;k dh tutkrh;okn ;k fiNM+siu vkfn osQ :i esa O;k[;k cM+h vklkuh ls dj
nh tkrh gS] tks U;k;laxr ugha gSA u`tkrh; leL;k us osYl rFkk LdkWV] csfYt;e esa ckSykSuysfe'k ,oa Lisu esa ckLd;wt osQ la?k"kZ
osQ :i esa vkfn tSls if'pe fodflr jk"Vksa dks Hkh Hkkfor fd;k gSA la?k"kks ,oa Vdjkoksa ls eqDr rhr gksus okys vejhdk tSls
jk"V esa v'osrksa dh u`tkrh; leL;k dks Li"V rkSj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj cgqr le; rd u`tkrh; Vdjkoksa ,oa rukoksa ls eqDr
rhr gksus okyk rFkkdfFkr lektoknh [ksek Hkh vc ksfV;u] lc;u] cksLukbZ] Lyko rFkk pSd vkfn osQ la?k"kks dh pisV esa gS vkSj
;g ,d fo'oO;kih #>ku curk tk jgk gSA fiNys oqQN n'kdksa ls u`tkrh;rk dk fo"k; [kkldj Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa osQ lanHkZ esa
cgqtkrh; ;k cgq&lkaLfrd lektksa dh lkekftd&jktuhfrd okLrfodrkvksa dk varjax ?kVd cu x;k gSA
Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk] tkfr] keZ vkfn dbZ rjg dh cgqfofokrk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] blfy, u`tkrh; la?k"kZ ;gk osQ jktuhfrd ifjn`'; dk
,d vax cu x;k gSA vfkdka'k ns'kksa esa] ftuesa gekjk ns'k Hkh 'kkfey gS] fodkl vkSj ifjorZu dh f;kvksa us u`tkrh; la?k"kZ dh
fLFkfr;k iSnk dj nh gSa] D;ksafd bu fodkl dh f;kvksa osQ ykHk dk forj.k vleku :i ls gksrk gSA blosQ vykok lkk osQ <kps
dh fr vkSj Lo:i jktuhfrd usr`Ro osQ 'kklu dh viuh Hkwfedk gSA
fdlh vU; leqnk; dh rqyuk esa fdlh lewg dh igpku dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk vkSj ml igpku ls ml leqnk; osQ ,d lnL;
;k vU; lnL;ksa osQ fy, euksoSKkfud o lkekftd n`f"V ls fopkj egoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
u`tkrh;rk dh igpkueukslekt'kkL=kh; i{kfofy;e th- lqeusj osQ vuqlkj yksxksa dk viuk lewg gh muosQ thou dk
osaQ gksrk gSA os 'ks"k lewgksa dks vius fof'k"V lewg osQ lanHkZ esa ns[krs gSaA mUgksaus O;fDr;ksa dh bl o`fk dks vius u`tkfr oasQfdrk
(Ethnoeccentricism) ls fpiosQ jgus dh o`fk dgkA bls lkekU;hr iwokZxzg Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA
fopkj.kh; gS fd D;k dkj.k gS fd ekuo tkfr bruh vklkuh ls u`tkrh; iwokZxzgksa dk f'kdkj gks tkrh gS] tcfd ekuo esa
lkekU;hdj.k rFkk ladYiukvksa vkSj Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkktu dh LokHkkfod o`fk ikbZ tkrh gSA mudh ;s Jsf.k;k muosQ }kjk vkjaHk esa
kIr vuqHko osQ cgqr fudV gksrh gSaA muosQ bl Js.khdj.k dk vkkkj viQokg ;k donfUr;k] dYiuk ;k euksHkko vkfn gksrs gSaA
bl lkekftd Js.khdj.k dh f;k osQ dkj.k Jsf.k;ksa osQ Hkhrjh vkSj ckgjh lewgksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA vius fof'k"V fu;eksa vkSj

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fo'oklksa dh lgk;rk ls vius jgu&lgu dk rjhdk fodflr dj ysrk gSA blfy, dk;kZRed n`f"V ls u`tkrh; vfHko`fk osQ fuekZ.k
dk lacak bl ckr ls gS fd og fdl lewg dk lnL; gSA ,p- rktVsy (1981) vkSj ts-lh- VuZj (1982) }kjk frikfnr lkekftd
Js.khdj.k osQ flkarksa osQ vuqlkj R;sd lkekftd lewg vius ls fHkUu ^ckgjh lewg* osQ foijhr viuh igpku cukus dh dksf'k'k
djrk gSA eksVs rkSj ij] igpku dks ,slh f;k dgk tk ldrk gS ftlosQ }kjk og O;fDr vius lkekftd lewg ls cakk gksrk gS
vkSj ftlosQ }kjk og vius lkekftd O;fDrRo dks pfjrkFkZ djrk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd igpku osQ lanHkZ esa bl lw=khdj.k osQ dbZ
fufgrkFkZ gks ldrs gSaA fofHkUu Hkk"kk;h ekeyksa ls tqM+s HkkoukRed tks'kks[kjks'k (mRlkg) dks laHkor% ns'k esas vyx&vyx Hkk"kk lewgksa
dh lkekftd igpku dh ljapuk dh ifjHkk"kk osQ lanHkZ esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
u`tkrh; iwokZxzgksa osQ ekud y{k.k ls bl ckr dh vis{kk dgha vfkd tfVy gS fd muosQ fopkjksa ls cgqla[;d ;k vYila[;d
lewg osQ yksx lger gSa ;k ughaA bu lewgksa osQ R;sd lnL; ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og fof'k"V dkj osQ vkpkj&O;ogkj
cuk, j[ks vkSj tks yksx ,slk ugha djrs] mu ij dbZ rjg osQ ckgjh Hkko ;k ncko Mkys tkrs gSaA igpku dh Hkkouk euq"; dh
vR;fkd LokHkkfod o`fk gS] ysfdu tc u`tkrh; igpku dks lqn`<+ djosQ bldk la?kVu lkk esa Hkkxhnkjh osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS]
rks ;g la?kVu dgha vfkd Hkko'kkyh gks tkrk gSA
u`tkrh; fo'ks"krkvksa dk eryc oxhZdj.k osQ fy, Js.khdj.k djuk gSA bls ge fLFkj lw=khdj.k dj ldrs gSa] tcfd u`tkrh;rk
,d xfr'khy f;k gS] ftlosQ }kjk yksxksa dk dksbZ lewg ;k leqnk; fdlh fof'k"V fLFkfr dh vko';drkvksa dh frf;k osQ :i
esa vuqowQy j.kuhfr osQ rkSj ij vius&vkidks fiQj ls laxfBr djrk gSA
iz'u 3- Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd Je osQ fofok y{k.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
mkjm|ksx 'kCn dk lEcU/ lkekU;r;k e'khu rduhd osQ iz;ksx ls gSA m|ksx txr~ esa mRiknu eq[; :i ls e'khuksa osQ }kjk
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj e'khu lapkyu osQ fy, ekuo Je dk ;&fo; fd;k tkrk gSA ;kuh yksx Je csprs gSa vkSj blosQ cnys esa
mUgsa osru ;k etnwjh feyrh gSA etnwj dks ;gk nks rjg dh vktknh gSigyh rks ;g fd dke djus ;k u djus dh vktknh gksrh
gS] nwljkog tgk pkgs dke djus osQ fy, Lora=k gSA ysfdu vly esa ;g gks ldrk gS fd og bu nksuksa Lora=krkvksa dk mi;ksx
djus esa l{ke u gks D;ksafd dke djsxk rks etnwjh feysxh] ugha djsxk] rks Hkw[kksa ejus dh ukScr vk tk,xhA vkSj tgk pkgs dke
rHkh djsxk] tc ogk dke miyC/ gksxkA ;kuh ;s nksuksa Lora=krk, egt lSkfUrd gh gSaA ysfdu iwoZ dh lkeUrh ;k nkl izFkk ij
;ku nsa rks Li"V gks tk,xk fd tSls nkl dk viuk dksbZ vf/dkj ugha Fkk] og Lokeh dh bPNk ij dke djus dks ck; FkkA bl
rjg lkearh O;oLFkk esa fdlku (dk'rdkj) tehankj dh tehu ij dke djrk FkkA mls NksM+dj og fdlh nwljh txg ugha tk ldrk
Fkk] ysfdu vkt etnwjksa&Jfedksa dh fLFkfr vkSj dke dh 'krs igys ls csgrj gSaA
Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd ;qx vkSj Jfed
Hkkjr esa m|ksxhdj.k dh 'kq#vkr 1850 osQ n'kd esa gqbZ FkhA blh le; esa vkS|ksfxd etnwj oxZ dk Hkh izknqHkkZo gqvkA dikl
vkSj iVlu osQ dkj[kkus ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa iuius yxsA nksuksa fo'o ;qksa osQ e;orhZ le; esa Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh
ekx esa vlk/kj.k o`f gqbZA exj fczfV'k ljdkj us cqfu;knh m|ksxksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, dksbZ xaHkhj iz;kl ugha fd,A vktknh osQ
ckn gh dgha Hkkjr ljdkj us lpsr :i ls] viuh iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ tfj;s m|ksxhdj.k dh dksf'k'ksa dhaA 1960 ls 1965 osQ e;
dkj[kkuksa esa jkstxkj dh c<+ksrjh dh nj fliZQ 6.6% gh FkhA exj 1970 esa oqQy Je&'kfDr dk fliZQ 2% gh dkj[kkuksa esa dk;Zjr FkkA
Hkkjr esa 1951 osQ ckn ls etnwjksa osQ jkstxkj dk o`Qf"k ls m|ksx dh rjg ekewyh&lk cnyko vkus yxk gSA 1951 esa 10.6% ls c<+dj
;g 1971 esa 11.2% gks x;kA cM+s iSekus ij m|ksxksa esas fuos'k ls gh ,slk gks ik;k gSA 1981 dh tux.kuk esa o`Qf"k osQ eqdkcys vU;
{ks=kksa esa etnwjksa dk >qdko] vPNh rknkn esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dk fgLlk 1971 osQ 11%
ls c<+dj 1981 esa 13% osQ djhc igqp x;k gSA
izkbejh (izkFkfed)] lsoasQMjh (f}rh;d) rFkk Vf'kZ;jh (r`rh;d) {ks=kksa esa
jkstxkj 1901-1981
o"kZ
1901
1951
1961
1971
1981

N
izkbejh
(izkFkfed)

lsosaQMjh
(f}rh;d)

Vf'kZ;jh
(r`rh;d)

oqQy ;ksx

71.8
72.2
72.3
72.1
70.59

12.6
10.6
11.7
11.2
12.92

15.6
17.3
16.0
16.7
16.49

100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00

lzksr% tux.kuk 1901, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981

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iz'u 4- ledkyhu ;qx esa fgalk ,oa vkradokn osQ dkj.kksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjfgalk ,oa vkrad osQ dkj.koLrqr% vkradokn ,d lkekftd ?kVuk gSA bldk tUe ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s fofHkUu
lkekftd dkjdksa ls gksrk gSA fofHkUu lektksa esa fgalk ,oa vkradokn osQ vyx&vyx fo'ks"k :i gksrs gSa] ysfdu ,d :i lHkh esa
dkWeu gksrk gSjktuSfrd 'kfDr ,oa lkk osQ }kjk 'kkflr i{kikr iw.kZ uhfr ,oa vleku n`f"Vdks.k osQ f[kykiQ fojksk Hkko ls foksg
dk Loj] ftls O;fDrxr laxBu {kerk osQ cy ij eq[kj djrs gq, lkk osQ lekukUrj lkk fr"Bk dh ladYiukA blesa pus osQ lkFk
?kqu filus okys eqgkojs osQ leku gh dbZ ckj furkUr funksZ"k yksxksa dh tku ij Hkh cu vkrh gSA ;kuh ,d ms'; fo'ks"k dks ysdj
'kfDr ;ksx (bldh oSkkfudrk ij ,der gksuk u ljy gS] u laHko gS vkSj u roZQlaxr gh gS)A blosQ ckotwn vkradokn gS] fgalk
gS rks blosQ oqQN dkj.k vo'; gksaxs ghA
vesfjdk esa fd, x, 'kksk v;;uksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd fr us ekuo dks fgalk dh osQoy {kerk nh gS ysfdu ;g rks lkekftd
fLFkfr&ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ge ml {kerk dk ;ksx dSls dj losQ gSaA v;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd ,f'k;k] vhdk
vkSj ysfVu vesfjdk esa fgalk vkSj vfLFkjrk cgqr vfkd gS] bu ns'kksa esa lkekftd o vkFkd ifjorZu rsth ls gks jgk gS] ysfdu
O;ogkj ;ksX; jktuSfrd laLFkk,a fodflr gksuh 'ks"k gSaA
cgqr&ls lekt'kkfL=k;ksa osQ er esa yksxksa esa oapu osQ dkj.k vlUrks"k iSnk gksrk gS vkSj tc bldk jktuhfrdj.k gks tkrk gS] rks
;g vlarks"k fgalk osQ :i esa dV fd;k tkrk gSA bls bl dkj le>k tk ldrk gS %
oapu
vlarks"k dh o`f
vlarks"k dk jktuhfrdj.k
fgalk osQ :i esa vlarks"k dh vfHkO;fDr
oapu] f'k{kk] f'k{k.k] jkstxkj osQ voljksa vFkok 'kkjhfjd vkSj lkekftd vko';drkvksa dh iwr osQ tfj;ksa osQ vHkko osQ :i
esa gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ukSdjh ikus osQ fy, dkuwuh lkku miyCk ugha gSa rks yksx gfFk;kjksa dh rLdjh] u'khyh nokvksa
vkfn osQ voSk O;kikj dks viuk ldrs gSaA ;fn bu voSk dk;ks dks jksdk ugha tkrk gS] rks vU; leL;k, mRiUu gksaxhA fHkUu&fHkUu
Lrjksa ij oapu eglwl fd;k tk,xk vkSj ;g Hkkouk iSnk gksxh fd fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, jktuhfrd O;oLFkk v{ke gSA oaapu osQ
iQyLo:i vlarks"k gks ldrk gSA gM+rky] can] n'kZu] ekspkZ vkfn osQ :i esa vlarks"k dV gks ldrk gSA ;fn ;s rjhosQ jkT; dk
;ku vkd"kr ugha dj losQ rks xSj&ijaijkxr rjhosQ viuk, tkus dh laHkkouk gks ldrh gSA dHkh&dHkh bu ekxksa dk jktuhfrdj.k
gksrk gSA tc ,slk gksrk gS] rks dkuwuh f;k dks rkd ij j[kk tk ldrk gSA bl volj ij gR;k] cSad MdSrh] O;fDrxr laaifk
dh ywVikV] vigj.k vkfn rjhdksa ls vlarks"k dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA funksZ"k O;fDr;ksa dh gR;kvksa ls yksxksa esa Hk; iSQyrk gSA
jktuhfrd dkj.kksa ls canh cuk, x, O;fDr;ksa dh fjgkbZ ls vkradokfn;ksa dks fLFkfr dk ykHk mBkus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA
fgalk osQ :i
(i) fgalkRed vijkk ('kkjhfjd geyk vFkok mldh kedh)
(ii) lM+dksa ij fgalk (mdlko] n'kZu] iqfyl fgalk] leFkZdksa }kjk frfgalk] vkarfjd ;q)
(iii) vkRe&fgalk (vkRegR;k] 'kjkc dk O;lu] u'kk vkfn)
(iv) okgu nq?kZVukvksa ls gksus okyh fgalk
(v) lapkj ek;eksa esa fgalk (y{k.k lef"V] fgalk osQ luluh[kst lekpkj vFkok o`kkar ftuesa vkxs vkSj fgalk HkM+d ldrh
gS)A
(vi) lkekftd fgalk (lgu'khyrk dk neu)
gkaykfd fgalk vR;ar Hk;Hkhr djus okyh gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh fuUnkRed Hkh] ijarq rc de fuUnkRed gksrh gS tc ;g fdlh
leqnk; esa yEcs le; rd pfyr jgh gksA ,slk rc vfkd gksrk gS] tc bls frf"Br laLFkkvksa ;k fopkjkkjkvksa }kjk laj{k.k nku
fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] bldh O;k[;k fgalk dh vfrlaosnu'khyrk osQ :i esa dh tkrh gSA fgalk osQ fr vfrlaosnu'khyrk
vkSj lgu'khyrk gky gh dh ?kVuk, gSa] ;g dgsa fd bls gky gh esa vfr egoiw.kZ vk;ke feyk gSA
okLro esa fgalk ;k vkradokn ls fuiVus osQ fy, vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.k gSaA Hkkjr lfgr oqQN ns'kksa essa vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksa osQ
neudkjh R;ksa dks >syk gS vkSj jaxHksn ljdkjsa vkradiw.kZ jgh gSaA fiQj Hkh Hkkjr osQ vle] tEew vkSj d'ehj rFkk iatkc esa
vkradoknh dk;ks osQ fy, oSls gh fu;e ugha viuk, tk ldrs] D;ksafd Hkkjr ljdkj dh ;g kkj.kk gS fd mi;qZDr jkT;ksa esa
vkradoknh xfrfofk;k vyxkookfn;ksa dh gSaA

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iz'u 5- Hkkjr esa vljnkj ifjokj fu;kstu dk;Ze ls tqM+s vojkskksa dh tkp dhft,A
mkjifjokj fu;kstu ls vfHkk; gS pkg dj cPpksa dk gksuk ;kuh tc pkgsa cPpk gks] u pkgsa u gksA
ifjokj fu;kstu ls vfHkk; ifjokj osQ lzksrksa dh {kerk ij ifjokj dks lhfer j[kuk] lkFk gh cPpksa osQ e; mfpr varj cuk,
j[kuk nksuksa gSA ifjokj fu;kstu dk vuqowQyu Li"V :i ls ifr&iRuh osQ xHkZ fujksku osQ psru ;kl dh pkg djrk gSA
lkekftd vkanksyu osQ :i esa ifjokj fu;kstu dk rkRi;Z vuqowQy okrkoj.k rS;kj djosQ yksxksa osQ cPpk iSnk djus dh kkj.kk
dks muosQ laxfBr ;kl }kjk ifjorZr djuk gSA ^tUe fu;a=k.k* vkanksyu dk ms'; vkSjrksa dks vfr'k; iSnk djus ls eqDr djkuk
Fkk vkSj bls vkSjrksa dh vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ vfkdkj }kjk eqfDr fnykus osQ :i esa ns[kk x;k FkkA
ifjokj fu;kstu dk;Ze Hkh xfrfofk;ksa osQ ,d leku lewg dks lekfgr djrk gS] tks le; osQ lkFk cPps iSnk djus dh o`fk
esa ifjorZu ykus osQ ms'; ls pyrk jgrk gSA ifjokj fu;kstu dk;Ze dk ms'; ;k rks vkSjrksa vkSj muosQ cPpksa dh LokLF; frLFkfr
dks lqkkjuk vFkok tUe nj de djuk rFkk bl rjg ns'k dh tula[;k fu;a=k.k uhfr osQ lkFk cgqr&ls ns'k ifjokj fu;kstu osQ
LokLF; n`f"Vdks.k ij Hkh tksj nsrs gSaA ifjokj fu;kstu dk;Ze osQ dfri; vo;o fuEufyf[kr gSa %
(i) lwpuk] f'k{kk] lEs"k.k xfrfofk;k
(ii) xHkZ&fujkskdksa dh vkiwr vkSj lsok,
(iii) vfkdkfj;ksa dk f'k{k.k
(vi) 'kks/
(v) 'kkldh; <kpkA
tc ljdkj Lo;a dks ifjokj vkSj leqnk; osQ lEiw.kZ dY;k.k dks c<+kus osQ fy, ifjokj fu;kstu osQ ek;e ls frc gksrh
gS] rks dk;Ze f'k{kk] LokLF;] lwfr vkSj cky lkokkuh] ifjokj fu;kstu o iks"k.k osQ lkFk foLr`r xfrfofk;ksa dks lekfgr dj
ysrk gSA 1977 ls Hkkjrh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;Ze leL;k osQ dY;k.kdkjh mik; ij T;knk tksj nsrk gqvk ifjokj dY;k.k dk;Ze
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl ;kstuk esa HkkX;okfnrk] Hkkjrh; lkaLfrd n`f"V o Hkkjrh; er vfkd larku ij cy nsus osQ dkj.k
ckkd gSaA
iz'u 6- ckkksa dk fuekZ.k fukZu yksxksa dks oSQls izHkkfor djrk gS\ mfpr mnkgj.k nsdj fyf[k,A
mkjHkkfor dkSuvlekurk dk dkjd vktknh osQ ckn Hkh vljnkj jgkA cM+s o le` fdlku dks ikuh dh lqyHkrk esa
o`f gqbZ rFkk NksVs fdlkuksa] xjhcksa o ?kj dh vkSjrksa dks ikuh dh lqyHkrk ls oafpr gksuk iM+kA
cM+s ckakksa dk xjhc xzkeokfl;ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls tutkfr osQ yksxksa] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj nwljs Hkwfeghu oxks ij foijhr Hkko
iM+kA bldh dher mUgsa vius ewy LFkku ls foLFkkfir gksdj vkSj ckn esa mlls csn[kyh osQ :i esa pqdkuh iM+hA blosQ cnys esa
jkT; }kjk mUgsa cgqr de eqvkotk fn;k x;kA bu ckakksa vkfn osQ fuekZ.k osQ dkj.k fdrus yksxksa dks foLFkkfir gksuk iM+k] blosQ iwjs
vkadM+s gesa miyCk ugha gSaA ysfdu kjafHkd vkadM+ksa osQ vuqlkj 1951 vkSj 1990 osQ chp cus ckakksa osQ dkj.k yxHkx 1 djksM+
40 yk[k yksxksa dks foLFkkfir gksuk iM+kA bldk eryc ;g gqvk fd 1991 dh ns'k dh oqQy 84 djksM+ 50 yk[k vkcknh osQ
1-66 fr'kr yksxksa ij foLFkkiu dk Hkko iM+kA
foLFkkfir yksxksa dks bu ;kstukvksa dk ykHk 'kk;n gh feyk gksA bu ;kstukvksa ls foLFkkfir yksxksa esa ls 40 fr'kr ls vfkd
tutkrh; yksx gSaA ns'k dh tula[;k esa budk fr'kr 7-85 fr'kr gSA buosQ vykok] vU; 40 fr'kr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj
Hkwfeghu oxks ls gSA ftu ckakksa vkSj nwljh fodkl ;kstukvksa osQ dkj.k mUgsa foLFkkfir gksuk iM+k] mldk ykHk mUgsa ugha feykA
mUgsa u osQoy bu ;kstukvksa dk dksbZ ykHk ugha feyrk] cfYd blosQ dkj.k mudh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh vfkd fcxM+ tkrh gSA bl
fo"k; eas fd, x, v;;uksa ls irk pyrk gS fd bu ;kstukvksa osQ dkj.k foLFkkfir gq, yksxksa esa ls 30 fr'kr ls Hkh de yksxksa
dks 30 lky ls Hkh vfkd vofk esa iqu% clk;k tk ldk gSA buesa ls oqQN yksx i;kZoj.k dk fouk'k djus okys dk;ks esa yx x,A
;s yksx taxy ls ydM+h dkV dj tykus vkSj cspus dk dke djus yxsA cgqr&ls nwljs yksx 'kgjksa esa tkdj >qXxh&>ksaifM+;ka cukdj
jgus yxs] tgka mudk vkSj Hkh 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA buesa ls cgqr cM+h la[;k esa yksx etcwj gksdj cakqvk etnwj cu tkrs gSaA vuqeku
gS fd ns'k esa Hkou fuekZ.k esa yxs 50 yk[k ls Hkh vfkd etnwjksa esa ls ,d&pkSFkkbZ la[;k bu cakqvk etnwjksa dh gSA bl dkj fodkl
ls Hkkfor gksus okys yksxksa dks u osQoy ikuh dh lqyHkrk ls oafpr gksuk iM+rk gS] cfYd mUgsa viuh Lora=krk vkSj euq"; osQ :i
esa thus osQ vfkdkj dks Hkh [kksuk iM+rk gSA
iz'u 7- ^lkekftd :ikarj.k* dh ladYiuk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
mkjlkekftd :ikUrj.k ,d O;kid vokkj.kk osQ :i esa xR;kRedrk dks bafxr djus osQ fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA bl vokkj.kk
dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ lkekftd Lo:i] vkfr vFkok pfj=k esa ifjorZu vFkok viuh ewy igpku dks [kks nsus okys cnyko ls gSA ekDlZ

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osQ vuqlkj :ikUrj.k lkekftd ifjorZu dk og i{k gS tks lekt esa mRiUu gksus okys mu varfoZjkskksa dh vksj bafxr djrk gS] tks
lekt dks Rofjr ifjorZu ;k kafr dh rjiQ vxzlj djrk gSA lkekftd :ikUrj.k ml ifjorZu dks fufnZ"V djrk gS] tks lekt osQ
Lo:i esa ifjorZu ;k uohu fojpuksa dh mRifk djrk gSA
iz'u 8- ^ueZ (e`nq) jkT;* osQ vFkZ dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
mkjjkT; lacakh fofHkUu flkarksa ,oa O;fDrxr fopkjkkjkvksa esa xqUuj e`.kky dk ^e`nq jkT;* ladYiuk dkiQh egoiw.kZ gSA
xqUuj e`.kky dh bl ladYiuk dk vFkZ gS] ,d ,slk jkT; tks viuh uhfr;ksa esa fouez gks] tks tksj&tcjnLrh ls viuh uhfr;k u
euokrk gks] tks vius ukxfjdksa osQ izfr fouez ,oa mnkj n`f"Vdks.k j[krk gksA vius ukxfjdksa dks vkFkd fodkl ,oa fuHkZjrk osQ leku
volj miyCk djkrk gksA U;k; osQ varxZr lHkh dks ,d leku ns[krk gksA vkFkd fodkl esa lcdh Hkkxhnkjh dk leFkZd gksA
uhfr;ksa osQ fuekZ.k esa iz'kklfud laxBuksa ,oa iz'kklfud ra=kksa esa ,d:irk ,oa leku lgHkkfxrk dk i{kkj gksA blosQ vfrfjDr jkT;
osQ izR;sd ukxfjd dks lafokku osQ vuqlkj pykus dk leFkZd gks] rks ,sls jkT; dks xqUuj e`.kky us e`nq jkT; dgk gSA

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