WRITINGTASK1IELTSSIMON

Content

1.Linegraph.........2
1.1.TipsforLinegraph.....2
1.2.InternetUsersaspercentageofpopulation....3
1.3.InternatioalmigrationinUK...4
1.4.UKacidrainemission...5
1.5.Waterconsumption...6
1.6.Carownership....7
2.Barchart.8
2.1.Marriagesanddivorces.....8
2.2.Levelsofparticipation....9
2.3.Consumergood.....11
2.4.Houseprices......12
3.Table...13
3.1.Tipsfortable...13
3.2.Railnetworks..14
3.3.PovertyproportioninAustralia..15
3.4.Dailyactivities.....16
3.5.Goodsconsumer....17
4.Piechart..18
4.1.Cam7,page101..18
4.2.Diet....19
5.Map...20
5.1.VillageofChorleywood....20
5.2.Gallery....21
5.3.Housedesign....22
5.4.2proposedsupermarket..23
6.Process.....24
6.1.Tipsforprocessdiagram.24
6.2.ForecastinAustralia.25
6.3.Brickmanufactuting..26
6.4.Watercycle....27

1.Linegraph

1.1.TipsforLinegraph

Linegraphsalwaysshowchangesovertime.Here'ssomeadviceabouthowtodescribe
them:

Trytowrite4paragraphsintroduction,summaryofmainpoints,2detailparagraphs.

Foryoursummaryparagraph,lookatthe"bigpicture"whatchangeshappenedtoall
ofthelinesfromthebeginningtotheendoftheperiodshown(i.e.fromthefirstyearto
thelast).Isthereatrendthatallofthelinesfollow(e.g.anoverallincrease)?

Youdon'tneedtogivenumbersinyoursummaryparagraph.Numbersarespecific
details.Justmentiongeneralthingslike'overallchange','highest'and'lowest',without
givingspecificfigures.

Neverdescribeeachlineseparately.Theexaminerwantstoseecomparisons.

Ifthegraphshowsyears,youwon'thavetimetomentionallofthem.Thekeyyearsto
describearethefirstyearandthelastyear.Youshouldalsomentionany'special'
years(e.g.apeakorasignificantrise/fall).

Startdescribingdetails(paragraph3)withacomparisonofthelinesforthefirstyear
shownonthegraph(e.g.in1990,thenumberof...).

Usethepastsimple(increased,fell)forpastyears,and'will'or'isexpected/predicted
to'forfutureyears.

Don'tusethepassive(e.g.thenumberwasincreased),continuous(e.g.thenumber
wasincreasing),orperfecttenses(e.g.thenumberhasincreased).


1.2.InternetUsersaspercentageofpopulation

ThelinegraphcomparesthepercentageofpeopleinthreecountrieswhousedtheInternet
between1999and2009.

ItisclearthattheproportionofthepopulationwhousedtheInternetincreasedineach
countryovertheperiodshown.Overall,amuchlargerpercentageofCanadiansand
AmericanshadaccesstotheInternetincomparisonwithMexicans,andCanadaexperienced
thefastestgrowthinInternetusage.

In1999,theproportionofpeopleusingtheInternetintheUSAwasabout20%.Thefigures
forCanadaandMexicowerelower,atabout10%and5%respectively.In2005,Internet
usageinboththeUSAandCanadarosetoaround70%ofthepopulation,whilethefigurefor
Mexicoreachedjustover25%.

By2009,thepercentageofInternetuserswashighestinCanada.Almost100%ofCanadians
usedtheInternet,comparedtoabout80%ofAmericansandonly40%ofMexicans.


1.3.InternationalmigrationinUK

ThechartgivesinformationaboutUKimmigration,emigrationandnetmigrationbetween
1999and2008.

Bothimmigrationandemigrationratesroseovertheperiodshown,butthefiguresfor
immigrationweresignificantlyhigher.Netmigrationpeakedin2004and2007.

In1999,over450,000peoplecametoliveintheUK,whilethenumberofpeoplewho
emigratedstoodatjustunder300,000.Thefigurefornetmigrationwasaround160,000,and
itremainedatasimilarleveluntil2003.From1999to2004,theimmigrationrateroseby
nearly150,000people,buttherewasamuchsmallerriseinemigration.Netmigrationpeaked
atalmost250,000peoplein2004.

After2004,therateofimmigrationremainedhigh,butthenumberofpeopleemigrating
fluctuated.Emigrationfellsuddenlyin2007,beforepeakingatabout420,000peoplein2008.
Asaresult,thenetmigrationfigurerosetoaround240,000in2007,butfellbacktoaround
160,000in2008.

(159words)


1.4.UKacidrainemission

ThegraphbelowshowsUKacidrainemissions,measuredinmillionsoftones,fromfour
differentsectorsbetween1990and2007.

I'vemadethefollowingessayintoagapfillexercise.

Thelinegraphcomparesfoursectorsin______oftheamountofacidrainemissionsthat
theyproducedoveraperiodof17yearsintheUK.

ItisclearthatthetotalamountofacidrainemissionsintheUK____________between1990
and2007.Themost______decreasewasseenintheelectricity,gasandwatersupply
sector.

In1990,around3.3milliontonesofacidrainemissionscamefromtheelectricity,gasand
watersector.Thetransportandcommunicationsectorwas______forabout0.7milliontones
ofemissions,whilethedomesticsector______around0.6milliontones.Justover2million
tonesofacidraingasescamefromotherindustries.

Emissionsfromelectricity,gasandwatersupplyfelldramaticallytoonly0.5milliontonesin
2007,a______ofalmost3milliontones.Whileacidraingasesfromthedomesticsectorand
otherindustriesfellgradually,thetransportsector______asmallincreaseinemissions,
______apeakof1milliontonesin2005.

Fillthegapsusingthesewords:produced,reachingfell,responsible,saw,considerably,
terms,drop,dramatic.

1.5.Waterconsumption

Thegraphandtablebelowgiveinformationaboutwateruseworldwideandwater
consumptionintwodifferentcountries.

Thechartscomparetheamountofwaterusedforagriculture,industryandhomesaroundthe
world,andwateruseinBrazilandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.

Itisclearthatglobalwaterneedsrosesignificantlybetween1900and2000,andthat
agricultureaccountedforthelargestproportionofwaterused.Wecanalsoseethatwater
consumptionwasconsiderablyhigherinBrazilthanintheCongo.

In1900,around500kmofwaterwasusedbytheagriculturesectorworldwide.Thefigures
forindustrialanddomesticwaterconsumptionstoodataroundonefifthofthatamount.By
2000,globalwateruseforagriculturehadincreasedtoaround3000km,industrialwateruse
hadrisentojustunderhalfthatamount,anddomesticconsumptionhadreached
approximately500km.

Intheyear2000,thepopulationsofBrazilandtheCongowere176millionand5.2million
respectively.WaterconsumptionperpersoninBrazil,at359m,wasmuchhigherthanthatin

theCongo,atonly8m,andthiscouldbeexplainedbythefactthatBrazilhad265timesmore
irrigatedland.

(184words,band9)
1.6.Carownership

ThegraphbelowgivesinformationaboutcarownershipinBritainfrom1971to2007.

Thegraphshowschangesinthenumberofcars______householdinGreatBritain______a
periodof36years.

Overall,carownershipinBritainincreased______1971and2007.Inparticular,thenumber
ofhouseholdswithtwocarsrose,whilethenumberofhouseholds______acarfell.

In1971,______halfofallBritishhouseholdsdidnothaveregularuseofacar.Around44%
ofhouseholdshadonecar,butonlyabout7%hadtwocars.Itwasuncommonforfamiliesto
ownthreeormorecars,______around2%ofhouseholdsfallingintothiscategory.

Theonecarhouseholdwasthemostcommontypefromthelate1970s______,although
therewaslittlechangeinthe______forthiscategory.Thebiggestchangewasseeninthe
proportionofhouseholdswithoutacar,whichfellsteadilyoverthe36yearperiod______
around25%in2007.Incontrast,theproportionoftwocarfamiliesrosesteadily,reaching
about26%in2007,andtheproportionofhouseholdswithmorethantwocarsrose______
around5%.

Fillthegapsintheessaywiththefollowingwords:almost,to,figures,per,between,by,over,
with,without,onwards.

2.Barchart

2.1.Marriagesanddivorces

TherstbarchartshowschangesinthenumberofmarriagesanddivorcesintheUSA,and
thesecondchartshowsguresforthemaritalstatusofAmericanadultsin1970and2000.

ItisclearthattherewasafallinthenumberofmarriagesintheUSAbetween1970and2000.
ThemajorityofadultAmericansweremarriedinbothyears,buttheproportionofsingleadults
washigherin2000.

In1970,therewere2.5millionmarriagesintheUSAand1milliondivorces.Themarriagerate
remainedstablein1980,butfellto2millionbytheyear2000.Incontrast,thedivorcerate
peakedin1980,atnearly1.5milliondivorces,beforefallingbackto1millionattheendofthe
period.


Around70%ofAmericanadultsweremarriedin1970,butthisguredroppedtojustunder
60%by2000.Atthesametime,theproportionofunmarriedpeopleanddivorceesroseby
about10%intotal.TheproportionofwidowedAmericanswasslightlylowerin2000.

(174words)

2.2.Levelsofparticipation

Thechartsbelowshowthelevelsofparticipationineducationandscienceindevelopingand
industrialisedcountriesin1980and1990.

Thethreebarchartsshowaverageyearsofschooling,numbersofscientistsandtechnicians,
andresearchanddevelopmentspendingindevelopinganddevelopedcountries.Figuresare
givenfor1980and1990.

Itisclearfromthechartsthatthefiguresfordevelopedcountriesaremuchhigherthanthose
fordevelopingnations.Also,thechartsshowanoverallincreaseinparticipationineducation
andsciencefrom1980to1990.


Peopleindevelopingnationsattendedschoolforanaverageofaround3years,withonlya
slightincreaseinyearsofschoolingfrom1980to1990.Ontheotherhand,thefigurefor
industrialisedcountriesrosefromnearly9yearsofschoolingin1980tonearly11yearsin
1990.

From1980to1990,thenumberofscientistsandtechniciansinindustrialisedcountriesalmost
doubledtoabout70per1000people.Spendingonresearchanddevelopmentalsosawrapid
growthinthesecountries,reaching$350billionin1990.Bycontrast,thenumberofscience
workersindevelopingcountriesremainedbelow20per1000people,andresearchspending
fellfromabout$50billiontoonly$25billion.

(187words)

2.3.Consumergood

ThebarchartcomparesconsumerspendingonsixdifferentitemsinGermany,Italy,France
andBritain.

ItisclearthatBritishpeoplespentsignificantlymoremoneythanpeopleintheotherthree
countriesonallsixgoods.Ofthesixitems,consumersspentthemostmoneyon
photographicfilm.

PeopleinBritainspentjustover170,000onphotographicfilm,whichisthehighestfigure
shownonthechart.Bycontrast,Germanswerethelowestoverallspenders,withroughlythe
samefigures(justunder150,000)foreachofthesixproducts.

ThefiguresforspendingontoyswerethesameinbothFranceandItaly,atnearly160,000.
However,whileFrenchpeoplespentmorethanItaliansonphotographicfilmandCDs,Italians
paidoutmoreforpersonalstereos,tennisracquetsandperfumes.Theamountspentby
Frenchpeopleontennisracquets,around145,000,isthelowestfigureshownonthechart.

(154words)
2.4.Houseprices


Thebarchartcomparesthecostofanaveragehouseinfivemajorcitiesoveraperiodof13
yearsfrom1989.

Wecanseethathousepricesfelloverallbetween1990and1995,butmostofthecitiessaw
risingpricesbetween1996and2002.Londonexperiencedbyfarthegreatestchangesin
housepricesoverthe13yearperiod.

Overthe5yearsafter1989,thecostofaveragehomesinTokyoandLondondroppedby
around7%,whileNewYorkhousepriceswentdownby5%.Bycontrast,pricesroseby
approximately2%inbothMadridandFrankfurt.

Between1996and2002,Londonhousepricesjumpedtoaround12%abovethe1989
average.HomebuyersinNewYorkalsohadtopaysignificantlymore,withpricesrisingto5%
abovethe1989average,buthomesinTokyoremainedcheaperthantheywerein1989.The
costofanaveragehomeinMadridrosebyafurther2%,whilepricesinFrankfurtremained
stable.

(165words)

3.Table


3.1.Tipsfortable

Tablesseemdifficultwhentheycontainalotofnumbers.Here'ssomeadvice:

Trytowrite4paragraphsintroduction,summaryofmainpoints,2detailparagraphs.

Beforeyoustartwriting,highlightsomekeynumbers.Choosethebiggestnumberin
eachcategoryinthetable(i.e.ineachcolumnandrow).Ifthetableshowsyears,look
forthebiggestchangesinnumbersoverthetimeperiod.Youcouldalsomentionthe
smallestnumbers,butyoucanignoe'middle'numbers(neitherbiggestnorsmallest).

Foryoursummaryparagraph,trytocomparewholecategories(columnsorrows)
ratherthanindividual'cells'inthetable.Ifyoucan'tcomparewholecategories,
comparethebiggestandsmallestnumber.Write2sentencesforthesummary.

Inyourtwo'details'paragraphs,neverdescribeeachcategory(columnorrow)
separately.Theexaminerwantstoseecomparisons.Trytoorganisethenumbersyou
highlightedinto2groupsoneforeachparagraph(e.g.highestnumbersforall
categoriestogether,andlowestnumberstogether).

Describe/comparethenumbersyouhighlightedincludeatleast3numbersineach
paragraph.

Usethepastsimpleforpastyears,and'will'or'isexpected/predictedto'forfuture
years.Ifnotimeisshown,usethepresentsimple.

3.2.Railnetworks

Thetablebelowgivesinformationabouttheundergroundrailwaysystemsinsixcities.

Thetableshowsdataabouttheundergroundrailnetworksinsixmajorcities.

Thetablecomparesthesixnetworksintermsoftheirage,sizeandthenumberofpeoplewho
usethemeachyear.Itisclearthatthethreeoldestundergroundsystemsarelargerandserve
significantlymorepassengersthanthenewersystems.

TheLondonundergroundistheoldestsystem,havingopenedin1863.Itisalsothelargest
system,with394kilometresofroute.Thesecondlargestsystem,inParis,isonlyabouthalf
thesizeoftheLondonunderground,with199kilometresofroute.However,itservesmore
peopleperyear.Whileonlythirdintermsofsize,theTokyosystemiseasilythemostused,
with1927millionpassengersperyear.

Ofthethreenewernetworks,theWashingtonDCundergroundisthemostextensive,with
126kilometresofroute,comparedtoonly11kilometresand28kilometresfortheKyotoand
LosAngelessystems.TheLosAngelesnetworkisthenewest,havingopenedin2001,while
theKyotonetworkisthesmallestandservesonly45millionpassengersperyear.

(185words)

3.3.PovertyproportioninAustralia

Thetablebelowshowstheproportionofdifferentcategoriesoffamilieslivinginpovertyin
Australiain1999.

ThetablegivesinformationaboutpovertyratesamongsixtypesofhouseholdinAustraliain
theyear1999.

Itisnoticeablethatlevelsofpovertywerehigherforsinglepeoplethanforcouples,and
peoplewithchildrenweremorelikelytobepoorthanthosewithout.Povertyrateswere
considerablyloweramongelderlypeople.

Overall,11%ofAustralians,or1,837,000people,werelivinginpovertyin1999.Agedpeople
weretheleastlikelytobepoor,withpovertylevelsof6%and4%forsingleagedpeopleand
agedcouplesrespectively.

Justoveronefifthofsingleparentswerelivinginpoverty,whereasonly12%ofparentsliving
withapartnerwereclassedaspoor.Thesamepatterncanbeseenforpeoplewithno
children:while19%ofsinglepeopleinthisgroupwerelivingbelowthepovertyline,thefigure
forcoupleswasmuchlower,atonly7%.

(150words,band9)

3.4.Dailyactivities

ThechartbelowshowsaveragehoursandminutesspentbyUKmalesandfemaleson
differentdailyactivities.

I'vemadethefollowingessayintoagapfillexercise.

Thetablecomparestheaverage______oftimeperdaythatmenandwomenintheUK
spend______differentactivities.

ItisclearthatpeopleintheUKspendmoretime______thandoinganyotherdailyactivity.
Also,therearesignificantdifferencesbetweenthetime______bymenandwomenon
employment/studyandhousework.

Onaverage,menandwomenintheUK______forabout8hoursperday.Leisure______
______thesecondlargestproportionoftheirtime.Menspend5hoursand25minutesdoing
variousleisureactivities,suchaswatchingTVordoingsport,______womenhave4hours
and53minutesofleisuretime.

Itisnoticeablethatmenworkorstudyforanaverageof79minutesmorethanwomenevery
day.Bycontrast,womenspend79minutesmorethanmendoinghousework,andtheyspend
____________asmuchtimelookingafterchildren.

Fillthegapsusingthesewords:doing,up,over,spent,while,sleeping,sleep,twice,amount,
takes
3.5.Goodsconsumer

Thetablebelowgivesinformationonconsumerspendingondifferentitemsinfivedifferent
countriesin2002.

Percentageofnationalconsumerexpenditurebycategory2002

Thetableshowspercentagesofconsumerexpenditureforthreecategoriesofproductsand
servicesinfivecountriesin2002.

Itisclearthatthelargestproportionofconsumerspendingineachcountrywentonfood,
drinksandtobacco.Ontheotherhand,theleisure/educationcategoryhasthelowest
percentagesinthetable.

Outofthefivecountries,consumerspendingonfood,drinksandtobaccowasnoticeably
higherinTurkey,at32.14%,andIreland,atnearly29%.Theproportionofspendingonleisure
andeducationwasalsohighestinTurkey,at4.35%,whileexpenditureonclothingand
footwearwassignificantlyhigherinItaly,at9%,thaninanyoftheothercountries.

ItcanbeseenthatSwedenhadthelowestpercentagesofnationalconsumerexpenditurefor
food/drinks/tobaccoandforclothing/footwear,atnearly16%andjustover5%respectively.
Spainhadslightlyhigherfiguresforthesecategories,butthelowestfigurefor
leisure/education,atonly1.98%.

(155words)

4.Piechart

4.1.Cam7,page101

Thepiechartscomparetheamountofelectricityproducedusingfivedifferentsourcesoffuel
intwocountriesovertwoseparateyears.

Totalelectricityproductionincreaseddramaticallyfrom1980to2000inbothAustraliaand
France.Whilethetotalsforbothcountriesweresimilar,therewerebigdifferencesinthefuel
sourcesused.

Coalwasusedtoproduce50ofthetotal100unitsofelectricityinAustraliain1980,risingto
130outof170unitsin2000.Bycontrast,nuclearpowerbecamethemostimportantfuel
sourceinFrancein2000,producingalmost75%ofthecountryselectricity.

Australiadependedonhydropowerforjustunder25%ofitselectricityinbothyears,butthe
amountofelectricityproducedusingthistypeofpowerfellfrom5toonly2unitsinFrance.
Oil,ontheotherhand,remainedarelativelyimportantfuelsourceinFrance,butitsuse
declinedinAustralia.Bothcountriesreliedonnaturalgasforelectricityproductionsignificantly
morein1980thanin2000.

(170words)
4.2.Diet

Fillthegapswiththesewords:constitutes,drops,amount,fifth,higher,make,one,relative,
figure,up

Thepiechartscomparetheproportionofcarbohydrates,proteinandfatinthreedifferent
diets,namelyanaveragediet,ahealthydiet,andahealthydietforsport.

Itisnoticeablethatsportspeoplerequireadietcomprisingasignificantlyhigherproportionof
carbohydratesthananaveragedietorahealthydiet.Theaveragedietcontainsthelowest
percentageofcarbohydratesbutthehighestproportionofprotein.

Carbohydrates____________60%ofthehealthydietforsport.Thisis10%______thanthe
proportionofcarbohydratesinanormalhealthydiet,and20%morethantheproportioninan
averagediet.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhoeatanaveragedietconsumeagreater______
______ofprotein(40%)thanthosewhoeatahealthydiet(30%)andsportspeople(25%).

Thethirdcompoundshowninthechartsisfat.Fat______exactly____________ofboththe
averagedietandthehealthydiet,butthe____________toonly15%forthehealthysports
diet.

5.Map

5.1.VillageofChorleywood

ThemapshowsthegrowthofavillagecalledChorleywoodbetween1868and1994.

Itisclearthatthevillagegrewasthetransportinfrastructurewasimproved.Fourperiodsof
developmentareshownonthemap,andeachofthepopulatedareasisneartothemain
roads,therailwayorthemotorway.

From1868to1883,Chorleywoodcoveredasmallareanexttooneofthemainroads.
ChorleywoodParkandGolfCourseisnowlocatednexttothisoriginalvillagearea.The
villagegrewalongthemainroadtothesouthbetween1883and1922,andin1909arailway
linewasbuiltcrossingthisareafromwesttoeast.Chorleywoodstationisinthispartofthe
village.

TheexpansionofChorleywoodcontinuedtotheeastandwestalongsidetherailwaylineuntil
1970.Atthattime,amotorwaywasbuilttotheeastofthevillage,andfrom1970to1994,
furtherdevelopmentofthevillagetookplacearoundmotorwayintersectionswiththerailway
andoneofthemainroads.

(174words)
5.2.Gallery

Thefirstpictureshowsthelayoutofanartgallery,andthesecondshowssomeproposed
changestothegalleryspace.

Itisclearthatsignificantchangeswillbemadeintermsoftheuseoffloorspaceinthegallery.
Therewillbeacompletelynewentranceandmorespaceforexhibitions.

Atpresent,visitorsenterthegallerythroughdoorswhichleadintoalobby.However,theplan
istomovetheentrancetotheParkinsonCourtsideofthebuilding,andvisitorswillwalk
straightintotheexhibitionarea.Inplaceofthelobbyandofficeareas,whichareshownonthe
existingplan,thenewgalleryplanshowsaneducationareaandasmallstoragearea.

Thepermanentexhibitionspaceintheredevelopedgallerywillbeabouttwiceaslargeasitis
nowbecauseitwilloccupytheareathatisnowusedfortemporaryexhibitions.Therewillalso
beanewroomforspecialexhibitions.Thisroomisshowninredontheexistingplanandis
notcurrentlypartofthegallery.

(178words,band9)
5.3.Housedesign

Thediagramsshowhowhousedesignsdifferaccordingtoclimate.

Themostnoticeabledifferencebetweenhousesdesignedforcoolandwarmclimatesisinthe
shapeoftheroof.Thedesignsalsodifferwithregardtothewindowsandtheuseof
insulation.

Wecanseethatthecoolclimatehousehasahighangledroof,whichallowssunlighttoenter
throughthewindow.Bycontrast,theroofofthewarmclimatehousehasapeakinthemiddle
androofoverhangstoshadethewindows.Insulationandthermalbuildingmaterialsareused
incoolclimatestoreduceheatloss,whereasinsulationandreflectivematerialsareusedto
keeptheheatoutinwarmclimates.

Finally,thecoolclimatehousehasonewindowwhichfacesthedirectionofthesun,whilethe
warmclimatehousehaswindowsontwosideswhichareshadedfromthesun.Byopening
thetwowindowsatnight,thehousedesignedforwarmclimatescanbeventilated.

(162words,band9)

5.4.2proposedsupermarket

ThemapbelowisofthetownofGarlsdon.Anewsupermarket(S)isplannedforthetown.
Themapshowstwopossiblesitesforthesupermarket.

Themapshowstwopotentiallocations(S1andS2)foranewsupermarketinatowncalled
Garlsdon.

ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwositesisthatS1isoutsidethetown,whereasS2isinthe
towncentre.Thesitescanalsobecomparedintermsofaccessbyroadorrail,andtheir
positionsrelativetothreesmallertowns.

Lookingattheinformationinmoredetail,S1isinthecountrysidetothenorthwestof
Garlsdon,butitisclosetotheresidentialareaofthetown.S2isalsoclosetothehousing
area,whichsurroundsthetowncentre.

TherearemainroadsfromHindon,BransdonandCransdontoGarlsdontowncentre,butthis
isanotrafficzone,sotherewouldbenoaccesstoS2bycar.Bycontrast,S1liesonthemain
roadtoHindon,butitwouldbemoredifficulttoreachfromBransdonandCransdon.Both

supermarketsitesareclosetotherailwaythatrunsthroughGarlsdonfromHindonto
Cransdon.

(171words)

6.Process

6.1.Tipsforprocessdiagram

Processdiagramsshowhowsomethingisdoneormade.Theyalwaysshowsteps/stages.
Here'ssomeadviceabouthowtodescribethem:

Trytowrite4paragraphsintroduction,summaryofmainpoints,2detailparagraphs.

Writetheintroductionbyparaphrasingthequestion(rewriteitbychangingsomeofthe
words).

Foryoursummary,firstsayhowmanystepsthereareintheprocess.Thensay
where/howtheprocessbeginsandends(lookatthefirstandlaststages).

Inparagraphs3and4,describetheprocessstepbystep.Includethefirstandlast
stepsthatyoumentionedinthesummary,buttrytodescribetheminmoredetailorin
adifferentway.

Youcoulddescribethestepsinoneparagraph,butitlooksmoreorganisedifyou
breakthedescriptionintotwoparagraphs.Juststartparagraph4somewhereinthe
middleoftheprocess.

Mentioneverystageintheprocess.

Use'sequencing'languagee.g.atthefirst/second/following/finalstageofthe
process,next,afterthat,then,finallyetc.

Times(e.g.pastdates)arenotusuallyshown,sousethepresentsimpletense.

It'susuallyagoodideatousethepassivee.g.'Atthefinalstage,theproductis
deliveredtoshops'(becausewedon'tneedtoknowwhodeliveredtheproduct).

6.2.ForecastinAustralia

ThediagrambelowshowshowtheAustralianBureauofMeteorologycollectsup
totheminuteinformationontheweatherinordertoproducereliableforecasts.

ThefigureillustratestheprocessusedbytheAustralianBureauofMeteorologytoforecast
theweather.

Therearefourstagesintheprocess,beginningwiththecollectionofinformationaboutthe
weather.Thisinformationisthenanalysed,preparedforpresentation,andfinallybroadcastto
thepublic.

Lookingatthefirstandsecondstagesoftheprocess,therearethreewaysofcollecting
weatherdataandthreewaysofanalysingit.Firstly,incominginformationcanbereceivedby
satelliteandpresentedforanalysisasasatellitephoto.Thesamedatacanalsobepassedto
aradarstationandpresentedonaradarscreenorsynopticchart.Secondly,incoming
informationmaybecollecteddirectlybyradarandanalysedonaradarscreenorsynoptic
chart.Finally,driftingbuoysalsoreceivedatawhichcanbeshownonasynopticchart.

Atthethirdstageoftheprocess,theweatherbroadcastispreparedoncomputers.Finally,it
isdeliveredtothepublicontelevision,ontheradio,orasarecordedtelephone
announcement.

(170words)
6.3.Brickmanufactuting

Herearemy2mainparagraphsdescribingthesteps:

Atthebeginningoftheprocess,clayisdugfromtheground.Theclayisputthroughametal
grid,anditpassesontoarollerwhereitismixedwithsandandwater.Afterthat,theclaycan
beshapedintobricksintwoways:eitheritisputinamould,orawirecutterisused.

Atthefourthstageintheprocess,theclaybricksareplacedinadryingovenforonetotwo
days.Next,thebricksareheatedinakilnatamoderatetemperature(200900degrees

Celsius)andthenatahightemperature(upto1300degrees),beforespendingtwotothree
daysinacoolingchamber.Finally,thefinishedbricksarepackagedanddelivered.

6.4.Watercycle

Thediagrambelowshowsthewatercycle,whichisthecontinuousmovementofwateron,
aboveandbelowthesurfaceoftheEarth.

Thepictureillustratesthewayinwhichwaterpassesfromoceantoairtolandduringthe
naturalprocessknownasthewatercycle.

Threemainstagesareshownonthediagram.Oceanwaterevaporates,fallsasrain,and
eventuallyrunsbackintotheoceansagain.

Beginningattheevaporationstage,wecanseethat80%ofwatervapourintheaircomes
fromtheoceans.Heatfromthesuncauseswatertoevaporate,andwatervapourcondenses
toformclouds.Atthesecondstage,labelledprecipitationonthediagram,waterfallsasrain
orsnow.
Atthethirdstageinthecycle,rainwatermaytakevariouspaths.Someofitmayfallintolakes
orreturntotheoceansviasurfacerunoff.Otherwise,rainwatermayfilterthroughtheground,
reachingtheimperviouslayeroftheearth.Saltwaterintrusionisshowntotakeplacejust
beforegroundwaterpassesintotheoceanstocompletethecycle.

(156words,band9)