4.

Flexural Members -- Elastic

4.1. Reading Assignment:
Section 3.3 of Text.
4.2. Unreinforced Concrete Beam:
1. Assumptions:
a

Strains vary linearly with distance from N.A.

Stress--strain relationship linear

c. Concrete is capable of some tension.

compression

stresses
0.5f c

fr

(strains)

tension

2. Plain concrete beam. - before cracking

r ( c )
hc

E c r( c ) = f r c
hc
hc
Cc

2c
3
2 (h c)
3
Tc

h--c

E c r = f r
stresses

strains

c
Cc = 1 fr
cb
2 h c
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T c = 1 f r(h c)b
2
Equilibrium Cc = Tc

c
1f
cb = 1 f r(h c)b
2
2 r h c
simplify
c 2 = (h c) 2

c = (h c)

c = h
2

Therefore, moment when cracking is about to occur:

M cr = (Moment Arm) Force
M cr = 2 hT c = 2 hC c = 1 f rh 2b
3
3
6

3. Plain concrete beam -- After cracking

let cracking extend distance into beam.
r

E c r = f r
Cc

h
2

N.A.

2 (h )
3

h
2

Tc
r

E c r = f r
stresses

strains

h
C c = T c = 1 fr
b
2
2
M = 2 (h )C c = 1 f rb(h ) 2
6
3
When = 0, we get the same result as the one without cracking.
65

forces

4.3. Reinforced Concrete Beam - Uncracked

1. Assumptions:
a. Strains vary linearly with distance from N.A.
b. Linear stress--strain relationship;
c. Strain compatibility between steel and concrete = s = c
2. Reinforced concrete beam. Before cracking

1 = r(

c )
h c

f1
Cc

h d

d--c

h--c

s=

c
r = 1 (h
c )

strains

d c c

Ts
Tc

c
f r = f 1 (h
c )
stresses

forces

Equilibrium:
Summation of forces in tension must be equal to the summation of forces in compression.
Express all forces in terms of a single stress f1:
C c = 1 f 1cb
2

h c
Tc = 1 f1
(h c)b = 1 f 1 bc (h c) 2
c
2
2

66

The tension force in steel, Ts, can be determined as (compensate for area of concrete taken by
steel):
T s = f s As f c A s
T s = f s As

(d c)
Ec A s
c

= Es s As

(d c)
Ec As
c

(d c)
c
= E s 1 (d
Ec As
c
c ) As 1
substitute for 1 and simplify
Ts = Es

f1 d c
f (d c)
( c ) As 1
Ec As
c
Ec
Ec

Ts =

Ec As
c Es As
f 1 (d
c ) Ec Ec

factor out

Ts =

c[
]
f 1 (d
c ) (n 1)A s

substitute for n =

Es
Ec

Equilibrium:

or

Cc = T s + T c

1 f cb = f (d c)A (n 1) + 1 f (h c) 2 b
s
1
c
c
2 1
2 1
Multiply both sides by 2c/f1:
c 2b = 2 (d c)A s(n 1) + (h c) 2b
We would like to obtain the ratio c/d in terms of known section properties. Expand the previous
equation:
c 2b = 2 dA s(n 1) 2c(n 1)A s + h 2b 2hcb + c 2b
Simplify and divide by bd2 we get
67

2
A
A
0 = 2 d s (n 1) 2 c (n 1) s + h 2b 2h c b
d bd
d
bd
d db
d b

(4.1)

define as the reinforcement ratio:

As
bd
then Eq. (4.1) given above can be written as:
=

0 = 2 s(n 1) 2 c (n 1) + (h) 2 2 h c
d
d
dd
simplify and solve for c/d:
Uncracked

c = 2(n 1) + (hd) 2
d
2(n 1) + 2(hd)

(4.2)

Note:
Knowing Eq. (4.2), we can solve for c; solve for f1 = fr c / (h--c)
Knowing c, we can solve for Cc, Ts, and Tc;
Knowing forces, Cc, Ts, and Tc; we can find moment capacity of the section.
M capacity = C c(2 c) + T s(d c) + T c(h c) 2
3
3

For any concrete tension < fr

If Mapplied > Mat Fr Tension stress in concrete will be greater than fr and section will become
cracked Section.

68

4.4. Example 1. Calculate Cracking Moment (Mcr)

Calculate the moment of the section shown below when maximum tensile stress in concrete
is equal to fr (Cracking Moment)
As =0.22 in2

1 = r(

c )
h c

f1 = fr

c
hc
Cc

6 5
5--c

b=4

Ts
c
r = 1 (h
c )
strains

Tc

c
f r = f 1 (h
c )
stresses

forces

Given Material Properties

fc = 3200 psi
fr = 500 psi = 0.5 ksi
E c = 57, 000 3200 = 3, 220, 000 psi = 3, 220 ksi
Solution

0.22(in 2)
As
=
= 0.011
4(in) 5(in)
bd

29, 000 (ksi)

Es
= n =
= 9.01 9
Ec
3, 220 (ksi)
h = 6 = 1.2
d
5
2(n 1) + (h) 2
2 0.011 8 + (1.2) 2
c =
d
=
= 0.627
d
2 0.011 8 + 2 (1.2)
2(n 1) + 2(h)
d
c = 0.627d = 0.627 5(in) = 3.14 inches

69

f1 = fr

c
c

= 0.5

3.14
= 0.549 ksi
6 3.14

Having f1, we can easily calculate all forces:

C c = 1 f 1cb = 1 0.549(ksi) 3.14(in) 4(in) = 3.45 kip
2
2
Ts = f1

c
(n 1)A s
c

= 0.549(ksi)

5(in) 3.14(in)
(9 1) 0.22(in 2) = 0.57 kips
3.14(in)

h c
Tc = 1 f1
(h c)b
c
2
2

[6(in) 3.14(in)]
4(in) = 2.86
= 1 0.549(ksi)
3.14(in)
2

kips

Check equilibrium, does it satisfy Cc = Ts + Tc ?

Cc = 0.57 + 2.86 = 3.43 kips = Cc kips ; the difference is due to rounding
error associated with calculating c

Calculate moment about N.A. ( or any point on the cross section)

Force
Kips
C c = 3.45 kips

Moment Arm
inches
2 c = 2 3.14 = 2.09
3
3

Moment
in--kips

T s = 0.57

d c = 5 3.14 = 1.86

= 1.06

T c = 2.86

2 (h c) = 2 (6 3.14) = 1.91
3
3

= 5.46

= 7.21

Total M = 13.73 in--kips

70

4.5. Example 2. Calculate Moment Capacity of a Cracked Beam

Consider the section from the previous example after cracking has progressed 3 inches into beam.
r(

As =0.22 in2

c )
3 c

fr

c
3c

3--c c
6

Cc
Tc

fr

d--c
3

Ts
4

r ( 5 c )
3 c
strains

stresses

forces

Given:
From previous example problem we have:
fc = 3200 psi
fr = 500 psi = 0.5 ksi
E c = 57, 000 3200 = 3, 220, 000 psi = 3, 220 ksi
Solution

r =

500 (psi)
= 0.000155
3, 220, 000 (psi)

s = r

5 c
5 c
= 0.000155
3 c
3 c

Calculate forces (kips)

2
c
c2
Cc = 1 fr
c 4(in) = 1 0.5(ksi) c
4 =
2 3 c
2
3 c
3 c

T c = 1 f r(3 c) 4(in) = 3 c
2
T s = 0.000155

53

c
5 c
29, 000(ksi) 0.22(in 2) = 0.99
c
3 c

71

Let

5 c
c2
= 3 c + 0.99
3 c
3 c
Solve for c we get:
c = 2.0 inches
Calculate forces;
Cc =

c2
22
=
= 4 kips
32
3 c

T c = 3 c = 3 2 = 1 kips

53

T s = 0.99

c
c

= 2.97 kips

Check equilibrium, does it satisfy Cs = Ts + Tc ?

Cs = 2.97 + 1 = 3.97 kips = Cc = 4.0 kips ; the difference is due to
rounding error associated with calculating c

Calculate moment about N.A. ( or any point on the cross section)

Force
Kips
C c = 4 kips

Moment Arm
inches
2 c = 2 2 = 1.33
3
3

Moment
in--kips

T s = 2.97

d c=52=3

= 8.91

Tc = 1

2 (3 c) = 2 (3 2) = 0.67
3
3

= 0.67

= 5.32

Total M = 14.9 in--kips

72

4.6. Example 3. Calculate Moment Capacity of a Beam when Tension Steel Yields (My)
Calculate yield moment (when tension steel is yielding). Assume linear stress-strain relationship for
concrete.
y (

As =0.22 in2

c )
5 c

Ec y

c
5c

c
6

Cc

5
5--c

r = 0.000155

Ts

y = 0.00103
4

strains

stresses

Given:
From previous example problem we have:
fc = 3200 psi

fy = 30,000 psi

fr = 500 psi
E c = 57, 000 3200 = 3, 220, 000 psi = 3, 220 ksi
Solution
Calculate important parameters
500(psi)
r =
= 0.000155
3, 220, 000(psi)
y =

fy
30 ksi
=
= 0.00103
Es
29, 000 ksi

a = 0.000155 (5 c) = 0.151(5 c)
0.00103
Calculate forces (kips)
C c = 0.00103(

c )(3220 ksi) 1 4(c) = 6.66 c 2

5 c
2
5 c

T c = 1 (0.5 ksi)[0.151(5 c)(4 in)] = 0.151(5 c)

2
T s = A s fy = (0.22 in 2) (30 ksi) = 6.6 kips

73

Tc

fr

forces

Let

T
6.66

c2
= 0.151(5 c) + 6.6
5 c

c 2 + 1.246c 5.651 = 0
Solve for c
c =

1.246 1.246 2 + 5.651 4

2

c = 1.83 in

Calculate forces;
C c = 6.66

1.83 2
=
5 1.83

7.08

kips

T c = 0.151(5 1.83) = 0.48

kips

T s = 6.6 kips
Check equilibrium, does it satisfy Cs = Ts + Tc ?
Ts + Tc = 6.6 + 0.48 = 7.08 kips = Cc = 7.08 kips

o.k.

Calculate moment about N.A. ( or any point on the cross section)

Force
Kips
C c = 7.08 kips

Moment Arm
inches
2 c = 2 1.83 = 1.22
3
3

Moment
in--kips

T s = 6.6

d c = 5 1.83 = 3.17

T c = 0.48

2 a = 2 0.151(5--1.83) = 0.32
3
3

= 8.64
= 20.92
= 0.15

Total M = 29.71 in--kips

74

4.7. Linear Stress--Strain Relationship for Concrete in Compression

When the tension stress exceeds the modulus of rupture, cracks form. If the concrete compression stresses less than approximately 0.5fc and the steel stress has not reached the yield point,
both steel and concrete behave elastically. This situation generally happens under service loads.
Since the contribution of tension in concrete is negligible in most case, it is assumed that tension
cracks have progressed all the way to the neutral axis and that sections plane before bending are plane
in the bent member. Therefore, we will assume that concrete tension capacity is zero.
c = s(

kd )
d kd

fc

Cc
2 kd
3

kd
h

1 kd
3

d 1 kd
3

d--kd

Ts
s = y
b
Equilibrium:

strains

stresses

C=T

1 f (kd)b = A f
s s
2 c
From geometry we have:
c = s

kd
k
= s
d kd
1 k

for linear stress--strain relationship we have

f c = c Ec
therefore we have
C = T
k ) E kdb = A f
1 f (kd)b = 1 E (kd)b = 1 (
c
c c
s
s s
2
2
2 1 k c

75

forces

divide both sides by bd and note =

As
bd

k
1
E k = fs
2 s1 k c
divide both sides by s E c and note

fs
E
= s = n
s Ec
Ec

then we will have:

1k k
= n
2
1 k
simplify
k 2 = 2(1 k)n
k 2 + 2nk 2n = 0
solve for k
k =

2n 4(n) 2 + 4(2n)
2

simplify

k =

(n)2

+ 2n n

(4.3)

Remember this equation is good only when concrete behaves linearly.

The yield moment capacity of the section can be determined by taking moment about steel
location:
M y = A s fs (d kd)
3
M y = A s fs d(1 k )
3

76