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Caso clnico
Fiebre tifoidea: caso clnico, estudio epidemiolgico, patogenia,
diagnstico y tratamiento
Teodoro Carrada Bravo*
RESUMEN
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VHSDOSDEDFPSRUGHEDMRGHOUHERUGHFRVWDO3DGHFtDGRORUDEGRPLQDOGLIXVR/DWRPRJUDItDDEGRPLQDOFRPSXWDUL]DGDPRVWUyHQJURVDPLHQWRGHODSDUHGHQHOtOHRQWHUPLQDO\JDQJOLRVPHVHQWpULFRVDJUDQGDGRV\DJOXWLQDGRVHQHOFXDGUDQWHLQIHULRUGHUHFKR3UXHEDVGH
ODERUDWRULROHXFRFLWRVSRUPP3DVSDUWDWRDPLQRWUDQVIHUDVD8/GHVKLGURJHQDGDOiFWLFD8/0RVWUyWDPELpQURVpROD
GLVWULEXLGDHQHOWURQFR/RVKHPRFXOWLYRVUHSHWLGRVUHVXOWDURQQHJDWLYRV(QHOHVWXGLRGHOKtJDGRVHREVHUYDURQDJUHJDGRVOREXOLOODUHV
GHFHOGLOODVGH.XSIIHUQyGXORVWLIRLGHRV/RVFXOWLYRVEDFWHULROyJLFRVGHOWHMLGRKHSiWLFR\ODELRSVLDGHODURVpRODIXHURQSRVLWLYRVSDUD
Salmonella typhi(OFXOWLYRIHFDOREWHQLGRGHODHVSRVDGHOHQIHUPRIXHSRVLWLYRSDUDS. typhi \FRQODWLSLFDFLyQPROHFXODUGHO$'1
EDFWHULDQRVHGHPRVWUyTXHODHVSRVDHUDSRUWDGRUDVLOHQFLRVDGHODLQIHFFLyQWLIRLGHD&RPRODFHSDDLVODGDGHSalmonellaIXHVHQVLEOH
in vitroDXRURTXLQRORQDVVHDGPLQLVWUyDOHQIHUPRXQIiUPDFRGHHVWHJUXSR(OSDFLHQWHVHGLRGHDOWDFRPRFXUDGR
6HUHYLVDODKLVWRULDQDWXUDO\ODSDWRJHQLDHOGLDJQyVWLFRGHODERUDWRULR\ODTXLPLRWHUDSLDGHODHEUHWLIRLGHDQRFRPSOLFDGD
Palabras clave: HEUHWLIRLGHDFDVRFOtQLFRHSLGHPLRORJtDSDWRJHQLDWUDWDPLHQWRV
ABSTRACT
$\HDUROGPDQZDVDGPLWWHGWRWKHKRVSLWDOEHFDXVHRIIDWLJXHDQRUH[LDPDODLVHRFFLSLWDOKHDGDFKHIHYHUDQGGLIFXOW\FRQFHQWUDWLQJ2QSK\VLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQKHDSSHDUHGWLUHGDQGWKLQ+LVWHPSHUDWXUHZDV&7KHOLYHUHGJHZDVWHQGHUDQGSDOSDWHGFPEHORZ
WKHULJKWFRVWDOPDUJLQZLWKGLIIXVHDEGRPLQDOWHQGHUQHVV$QDEGRPLQDOFRPSXWHGWRPRJUDSK\FVFDQVKRZHGWKLFNHQLQJRIWKHWHUPLQDO
LOHXPZDOODQGFOXPSHGHQODUJHGPHVHQWHULFO\PSKQRGHVLQWKHULJKWORZHUTXDGUDQW/DERUDWRU\WHVWZKLWHFHOOVFRXQWPP3; asSDUWDWHDPLQRWUDQVIHUDVH8/ODFWDWHGHK\GURJHQDVH8/+HDOVRKDGURVHRODVSRWVGLVWULEXWHGRQWKHWUXQN5HSHDWHGEORRG
FXOWXUHVZHUHQHJDWLYH0LFURVFRS\RIDOLYHUELRSV\VKRZHGOREXODUDJJUHJDWHVRI.XSIIHUVFHOOVW\SKRLGQRGXOHV%DFWHULDOFXOWXUHVRI
WKHOLYHUVWLVVXHDQGURVHRODVSRWVELRSV\ZHUHSRVLWLYHIRUSalmonella typhi7KHIHFDOFXOWXUHRIWKHSDWLHQWVZLIHZDVDOVRSRVLWLYHIRU S.
typhiDQGWKHPROHFXODUW\SLQJRIWKHEDFWHULDO'1$VKRZHGWKHZLIHZDVDVLOHQWFDUULHUDQGPDLQVRXUFHRIWKHW\SKRLGLFLQIHFWLRQ6LQFH
the isolated SalmonellaZDVVHQVLWLYHin vitroWRXRURTXLQRORQHVWKLVGUXJZDVDGPLQLVWHUHGDQGWKHSDWLHQWZDVHJUHVVHGDVFXUHG7KLV
DUWLFOHUHYLHZVWKHQDWXUDOKLVWRU\DQGSDWKRJHQHVLVODERUDWRU\GLDJQRVtVDQGFKHPRWKHUDS\RIXQFRPSOLFDWHGW\SKRLGIHYHU
Key words: 7\SKRLGIHYHUFOLQLFDOFDVHHSLGHPLRORJ\SDWKRJHQHVLVWUHDWPHQWV
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/DYHUVLyQFRPSOHWDGHHVWHDUWtFXORWDPELpQHVWiGLVSRQLEOHHQ
internet: www.revistasmedicas.com.mx
447
Carrada Bravo T
448
39.9
90
4,600
54
29
2
1RUPDOHV
4
3.8
25.9
7.9
6.2
3.0
3.2
0.7
790
235
Figura 17RPRJUDItDDEGRPLQDOFRPSXWDGD6HREVHUYDHOFRORQ
DVFHQGHQWH$ORVJDQJOLRVPHVHQWpULFRVDXPHQWDGRVGHYROXPHQ
1\HOHQJURVDPLHQWRHGHPDWtJHQRGHODSDUHGGHOLOHRQ
)LHEUHWLIRLGHDFDVRFOtQLFRHVWXGLRHSLGHPLROyJLFRSDWRJHQLDGLDJQyVWLFR\WUDWDPLHQWR
Figura 25RVpRODWLIRLGHD/DWHUFHUDSDUWHGHORVHQIHUPRVFRQ
WLIRLGHDWHQGUiHUXSFLRQHVPiFXORSDSXODUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV(QHVWH
SDFLHQWHHOFXOWLYRGHURVpRODIXHSRVLWLYRSDUDSalmonella typhi.
perifricos (gura 6). El esquema de la gura 7 proporciona una visin macromolecular conjunta de la
bacteria y ciertos detalles de la estructura de la pared
celular. El diagnstico fue: ebre entrica y hepatitis
tifoidea.
INVESTIGACIN EPIDEMIOLGICA
El paciente habitaba en una colonia pobre, de formacin reciente, carente de agua y drenajes sanitarios.
Su esposa tena 20 aos de edad, de ocio sirvienta.
Rentaban un solo cuarto que serva para cocinar y
dormir. Tomaban agua de garrafn y usaban excusados comunales en psimas condiciones higinicas.
Rara vez se lavaban las manos antes de comer. l
449
Carrada Bravo T
XQLQRFXODWHG SVHXGRQRPDV
control
DHUXJLQRVD
shigella
sonnel
salmonella
W\SKL
escherichia
coli
SURWHXV
mirabilis
Figura 4 %LRSVLD KHSiWLFD PD\RU DXPHQWR 6H YH HO QRGXOLOOR
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Figura 7(VWUXFWXUDPROHFXODUGHSalmonellaHVTXHPDWL]DGD6H
PXHVWUDQORVDQWtJHQRVDJHODU+VRPiWLFR2\ODFiSVXOD9L
DQWLIDJRFtWLFD.(OOLSRSROLVDFiULGRWLHQHXQDIXQFLyQLPSRUWDQWH
HQODSDWRJHQLDGHODWLIRLGHD'LVHxRGHODXWRU
Figura 60LFURVFRSLDHOHFWUyQLFDGHEDUULGR/DSalmonella typhi
HV XQ EDFLOR PX\ PyYLO WLHQH DJHORV SHULIpULFRV ODUJRV \
RQGXODGRV7LHQHWDPELpQSHORVUtJLGRVPiVFRUWRVDEXQGDQWHV\
VXSHUFLDOHV;
450
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Kb
485.0
436.5
388.0
339.5
291.0
242.5
194.0
145.5
97.0
48.5
Figura 8. Macrorrestriccin genmica de las cepas de S. typhi.
/DV FROXPQDV \ FRUUHVSRQGHQ D ODV DLVODGDV GHO HQIHUPR
HUDQLGpQWLFDVHQQ~PHUR\SRVLFLyQDODVEDQGDVGHODFROXPQD
REWHQLGDVGHODHVSRVD/DV\HUDQGHRWURVSDFLHQWHVFRQ
tifoidea resistente al cloranfenicol (controles).
451
Carrada Bravo T
Figura 10,OHtWLVWLIRLGHDHQFRUWHKLVWROyJLFRPD\RUDXPHQWR6HYH
ODUHVSXHVWDLQDPDWRULDLQWHQVDFRQSUHGRPLQLRGHPDFUyIDJRV\
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Figura 11OHRQWHUPLQDOSLH]DPDFURVFySLFDGHXQHVWXGLRSRVPyUWHP6HREVHUYDQGRVSODFDVGH3H\HUKLSHUWUyFDVRYRLGHV
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se aisl S. typhi.
452
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Figura 12$GHQLWLVPHVHQWpULFDWLIRLGHDHVWXGLRSRVPyUWHP6HYH
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YROXPHQ\FRQVLVWHQFLDFRQiUHDVKHPRUUiJLFDV\IRFRVQHFUyWLFRV
FRPSiUHVHFRQODJXUD
TRATAMIENTO
Sirve para acelerar la curacin, prevenir las complicaciones y abatir las defunciones.13 El diagnstico de
ebre tifoidea debe considerarse cuando el episodio
febril dure ms de una semana; incluso al quinto da,
si hay toxemia grave. Los enfermos generalmente
son tratados a domicilio, con antimicrobianos orales,
reposo en cama, dieta blanda suciente y vigilancia
mdica estricta. Quienes tienen vmito persistente,
diarrea grave con deshidratacin o distensin abdominal debern hospitalizarse para rehidratarlos y
aplicarles medicamentos parenterales.1,3,5
La eleccin del antibitico se fundamenta en el
anlisis de los patrones de sensibilidad-resistencia
de las cepas de S. typhi aisladas en el laboratorio, me-
Cuadro 2(OXVRRSRUWXQRGHORVDQWLELyWLFRVPHMRUDHOSURQyVWLFRGHODHEUHWLIRLGHD
Terapias
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Cloramfenicol oral
)OXRURTXLQRORQDV
Mortalidad (%)*
Recadas (%)
'XUDFLyQGHODHEUHGtDV
3-5
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GHORVHQIHUPRVUHFXSHUDGRVVXHOHQH[FUHWDUS. typhiGXUDQWHWUHVPHVHVSHURVyORGHORVSDFLHQWHVVHUiQSRUWDGRUHV
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indicadas para los nios.
453
Carrada Bravo T
454
60
25
63
279
393
$PR[LFLOLQD
Ceftriaxona
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$]LWURPLFLQD
$]WUHRQDP
32
56
90
0 (0-4.6)
4.8 (3.7-6.3)
5.8 (5.7-5.9)
4.4 (4.2-4.5)
3.9 (3.8-3.9)
6.9 (6.7-7.2)
6.4 (6.3-6.6)
6.0 (5.8-6.2)
5.4 (5.3-5.5)
Desapareci
ODHEUHGtDV
0 (0-3.0)
5.3 (3.7-8.2)
2.2 (0.9-5.0)
5.6 (4.3-7.2)
Tasa de
recadas (b)*
0 (0-3.0)
5.9 (4.3-7.9)
Portadores
fecales (c)*
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** Cepas resistentes in vitroDOFORUDQIHQLFRODPSLFLOLQD\WULPHWRSULPVXOIDPHWR[D]RO
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a
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b
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c
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47
7ULPHWVXOID
29
Nios
Total de
enfermos
35
Nm.
ECC
Cloranfenicol
Frmaco
aplicado
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